THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  ILLINOIS 
LIBRARY 


fc3o.T 

cm 

'WO  »  \oo-  \o  \ 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 
AGRICULTURE  LIBRARY 


Bulletin  ioo 


190S 

THE  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

OF  THE 

COLORADO  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE 


FLORA  OF  COLORADO 


P.  A.  RYDBERG,  Ph.D* 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE  EXPERIMENT  STATION 
FORT  COLLINS,  COLORADO 
1906 


Press  of 

The  new  Era  Printing  Company 
Lancaster,  Pa. 


t# 

1  4C 


<o3  0 , 7 
C.  *t  \  V 

,\H-  \  0 


The  Agricultural  Experiment  Station 


FORT  COLLINS,  COLORADO 


THE  STATE  BOARD  OF  AGRICULTURE 


Hon.  P.  F.  SHARP,  President  . 

Hon.  HARLAN  THOMAS  . 

Hon.  JAMES  L.  CHATFIELD  . 

Hon.  B.  U.  DYE  . 

Hon.  B.  F.  ROCKAFELLOW  . 

Hon.  EUGENE  H.  GRUBB  . 

Hon.  A.  A.  EDWARDS  . 

Hon.  R.  W.  CORWIN  . 

Governor  JESSE  F.  McDONALD, 
President  BARTON  O.  AYLESWORTH, 


. . .  Denver  .... 
...  Denver  . . . . 
. . .  Gypsum  .  . . 
. . .  Rocky  Ford 
. .  .  Canon  City 
. . .  Carbondale 
. . .  Fort  Collins 
. . .  Pueblo  _ 

ex-officio. 


TERM  EXPIRES 

. 1907 

. 1907 

. 1909 

. 1909 

. I9II 

. I9II 

. 1913 

. 1913 


0\ 

O 


A.  M.  HAWLEY,  Secretary 


EDGAR  AVERY,  Treasurer 


EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE  IN  CHARGE 

P.  F.  SHARP,  Chairman.  B.  F.  ROCKAFELLOW.  A.  A.  EDWARDS 


STATION  STAFF 


L.  G.  CARPENTER,  M.S.,  Director . Irrigation  Engineer 

C.  P.  GILLETTE,  M.S . Entomologist 

W.  P.  HEADDEN,  A.M.,  Ph.D . Chemist 

W.  PADDOCK,  M.S . Horticulturist 

W.  L.  CARLYLE,  M.S . Agriculturist 

G.  H.  GLOVER,  B.S.,  D.V.M . Veterinarian 

W.  H.  OLIN,  M.S . Agronomist 

R.  E.  TRIMBLE,  B.S . Assistant  Irrigation  Engineer 

F.  C.  ALFORD,  M.S . Assistant  Chemist 

EARL  DOUGLASS,  M.S . Assistant  Chemist 

S.  ARTHUR  JOHNSON,  M.S . Assistant  Entomologist 

B.  O.  LONGYEAR,  B.S . Assistant  Horticulturist 

J.  A.  McLEAN,  A.B.,  B.S. A . Animal  Husbandman 

E.  B.  HOUSE,  B.S . Assistant  Irrigation  Engineer 

A.  H.  DANIELSON  . Assistant  Agriculturist 

P.  K.  BLINN,  B.S . Field  Agent,  Arkansas  Valley,  Rocky  Ford 

E.  R.  BENNETT,  B.S . Potato  Investigations 

Western  Slope  Fruit  Investigations,  Grand  Junction: 

O.  B.  WHIPPLE,  B.A . Field  Horticulturist 

ESTES  P.  TAYLOR,  B.S . Field  Entomologist 


OFFICERS 

President  BARTON  O.  AYLESWORTH,  A.M.,  LL.D. 

L.  G.  CARPENTER,  M.S . Director 

A.  M.  HAWLEY  . Secretary 

MARGARET  MURRAY  . . . Stenographer  and  Clerk 


hi 


CONTENTS. 


Preface  . ix 

Introduction  . xi 

Key  to  the  Orders . xvii 

Subkingdom  Pteridophyta .  i 

Order  i.  Ophioglossales .  i 

Family  i.  Ophioglossaceae  .  i 

Order  2.  Filicales  .  1 

Family  2.  Polypodiaceae  .  1 

Order  3.  Salviniales  .  5 

Family  3.  Marsileaceae .  5 

Order  4.  Equisetales  .  5 

Family  4.  Equisetaceae  .  5 

Order  5.  Isoetales  . 5 

Family  5.  Isoetaceae  .  5 

Order  6.  Lycopodiales  .  6 

Family  6.  Lycopodiaceae  .  6 

7.  Selaginellaceae  .  6 

Subkingdom  Spermatophyta  .  7 

Class  1.  Gymnospermae  .  7 

Order  7.  Pinales  .  7 

Family  8.  Pinaceae  .  7 

9.  Juniperaceae  .  9 

Order  8.  Gnetales  .  10 

Family  10.  Ephedraceae  .  10 

Class  2.  Angiospermae  .  11 

Subclass  1.  Monocotyledones  .  11 

Order  9.  Pandanales  .  11 

Family  11.  Typhaceae  .  11 

12.  Sparganiaceae  .  11 

Order  10.  Naiadales  .  12 

Family  13.  Zanichelliaceae  . 12 

14.  Naiadaceae  .  13 

Order  11.  Alismales  .  13 

Family  15.  Scheuchseriaceae  .  14 

16.  Alismaceae  .  14 

Order  12.  Hydrocharitales  .  15 

Family  17.  Elodiaceae  .  15 

Order  13.  Poales  .  15 

Family  18.  Poaceae  .  15 

19.  Cyperaceae  .  57 

Order  14.  Arales  .  74 

Family  20.  Araceae  .  74 

21.  Lemnaceae  .  74 

Order  15.  Xyridales  .  75 

Family  22.  Commelinaceae  .  75 

23.  Pontederiaceae  .  75 

Order  16.  Liliales  .  76 

Family  24.  Melanthaceae  .  76 

25.  Juncaceae  .  77 

26.  Alliaceae  .  81 


v 


VI 


CONTENTS. 


27.  Liliaceae  . 82 

28.  Convallariaceae  .  83 

29.  Dracaenaceae  .  85 

30.  Calochortaceae  .  85 

31.  Trilliaceae  .  86 

32.  Smilaceae  .  86 

Order  17.  Amaryllidales  .  86 

Family  33.  Ixiaceae  .  86 

Order  18.  Orchidales  .  87 

Family  34.  Orchidaceae  .  87 

Subclass  2.  Dicotyledones  .  91 

Order  19.  Salicales  .  91 

Family  35.  Salicaceae  .  91 

Order  20.  Fagales  .  96 

Family  36.  Betulaceae  . 96 

37.  Corylaceae  . 9 7 

38.  Fagaceae  . 97 

Order  21.  Urticales  .  99 

Family  39.  Urticaceae  .  99 

40.  Cannabinaceae  .  100 

41.  Ulmaceae  .  3  00 

Order  22.  Santalales  .  100 

Family  42.  Loranthaceae  .  100 

43.  Santalaceae  .  101 

Order  23.  Polygonales  .  101 

Family  44.  Polygonaceae  .  101 

Order  24.  Chenopodiales  .  113 

Family  45.  Chenopodiaceae  . .  113 

46.  Amaranthaceae  .  120 

47.  Corrigiolaceae  .  121 

48.  Allioniaceae  .  122 

49.  Tetragoniaceae .  124 

50.  Portulacaceae  .  125 

51.  Alsinaceae  .  127 

52.  Caryophyllaceae  .  132 

Order  25.  Ranales  .  134 

Family  53.  Ceratophyllaceae  .  134 

54.  Ranunculaceae  .  134 

55.  Nymphaeaceae  .  147 

56.  Berberidaceae  .  148 

Order  26.  Papaverales .  148 

Family  57.  Papaveraceae  .  148 

58.  Fumariaceae  . 149 

59.  Brassicaceae  .  150 

60.  Capparidaceae  .  168 

Order  27.  Rosales .  169 

Family  61.  Crassulaceae  .  169 

62.  Saxifragaceae .  170 

63.  Parnassiaceae  .  175 

64.  Hydrangeaceae  .  175 

65.  Grossulariaceae  .  176 

66.  Rosaceae  .  178 

67.  Malaceae  .  191 

68.  Amygdalaceae .  193 

69.  Mimosaceae  .  193 

70.  Cassiaceae  .  194 

71.  Fabaceae  .  194 

Order  28.  Geraniales  .  217 

Family  72.  Geraniaceae . 218 

73.  Linaceae .  219 


CONTENTS.  vii 

74.  Oxalidaceae  .  220 

75.  Zygophyllaceae  .  220 

76.  Rutaceae  . • .  221 

Order  29.  Polygalales  .  221 

Family  77.  Polygalaceae  .  221 

Order  30.  Euphorbiales .  221 

Family  78.  Euphorbiaceae  .  222 

79.  Callitrichaceae  .  225 

Order  31.  Sapindales  .  225 

Family  80.  Limnanthaceae  .  225 

81.  Spondiaceae  .  225 

82.  Celastraceae  .  226 

83.  Aceraceae  .  226 

Order  32.  Rhamnales  .  227 

Family  84.  Frangulaceae  .  227 

85.  Vitaceae  . . .  228 

Order  33.  Malvales  .  229 

Family  86.  Malvaceae  .  229 

Order  34.  Hypericales  .  231 

Family  87.  Elatinaceae  .  231 

88.  Frankeniaceae  .  231 

89.  Hypericaceae  .  231 

90.  Cistaceae  .  232 

91.  Violaceae  .  232 

Order  35.  Opuntiales .  234 

Family  92.  Loasaceae  . 234 

93.  Cactaceae .  237 

Order  36.  Thymeliales .  239 

Family  94.  Elaeagnaceae  .  239 

Order  37.  Myrtales .  240 

Family  95.  Lythraceae .  240 

96.  Epilobiaceae  .  240 

97.  Gunneraceae  .  248 

Order  38.  Umbellales  .  249 

Family  98.  Hederaceae  .  249 

99.  Cornaceae  .  249 

100.  Ammiaceae  .  250 

Order  39.  Ericales  .  258 

Family  101.  Monotropaceae .  258 

102.  Pyrolaceae . 258 

103.  Ericaceae  .  259 

104.  Vacciniaceae  .  260 

Order  40.  Prinulales  .  261 

Family  105.  Primulaceae  .  261 

Order  41.  Oleales  .  264 

Family  106.  Oleaceae .  264 

Order  42.  Gentianales  .  264 

Family  107.  Gentianaceae  . * .  264 

108.  Menyanthaceae  .  268 

Order  43.  Asclepiadales  . : .  269 

Family  109.  Apocynaceae  . • . 269 

no.  Asclepiadaceae  .  270 

Order  44.  Polemoniales  .  271 

Family  in.  Cuscutaceae  .  272 

1 12.  Convolvulaceae  . 273 

1 13.  Polemoniaceae  .  274 

1 14.  Hydroleaceae  .  281 

1 15.  Heliotropaceae  . 284 

1 16.  Boraginaceae  .  284 

f 


Vlll 


CONTENTS. 


1 17.  Verbenaceae .  294 

1 18.  Lamiaceae  .  294 

1 19.  Solanaceae . , .  300 

120.  Rhinanthaceae  .  304 

121.  Pinguiculaceae .  319 

122.  Orobanchaceae  .  319 

123.  Martyniaceae .  320 

Order  45.  Plantaginales  .  320 

Family  124.  Plantaginaceae  .  320 

Order  46.  Rubiales  .  321 

Family  125.  Rubiaceae  .  321 

126.  Caprifoliaceae .  323 

127.  Adoxaceae .  324 

Order  47.  Campanulales  . - .  325 

Family  128.  Cucurbitaceae  .  325 

129.  Campanulaceae .  325 

130.  Lobeliaceae  .  326 

Order  48.  Valerianales  .  326 

Family  131.  Valerianaceae  .  326 

Order  49.  Carduales .  327 

Family  132.  Ambrosiaceae  .  327 

133.  Carduaceae  .  329 

134.  Cichoriaceae  .  402 

Summary .  412 

Gazetteer  of  Localities  Mentioned  .  417 

Index  .  431 


PREFACE 


It  was  not  the  original  intention  of  the  Experiment  Station  to 
prepare  and  publish  a  work  on  the  Flora  of  Colorado.  The  con¬ 
ditions  of  the  State,  the  character  of  the  flora,  which  is  so  different 
from  that  of  the  east,  forced  the  necessity  of  collections  and  the 
study  of  local  flora  by  the  botanists  of  the  Agricultural  College 
and  Experiment  Station  from  the  very  first.  The  economic  study 
of  Colorado  plants,  especially  the  search  for  those  which  might  be 
adapted  to  arid  conditions,  increased  this  necessity.  Opportunity 
was  furnished  by  collections  of  grasses  and  forest  products  for  the 
World’s  Fair,  and  occasion  was  always  taken  when  trips  were  made 
for  any  purpose,  to  obtain  additional  specimens.  In  the  course  of 
time  the  collection  became  so  extensive  that  unless  put  in  form  for 
publication  the  time  and  expense  involved  would  be  lost,  and  the 
work  which  had  been  done  would  be  of  little  service  to  us,  and  of 
none  to  the  public  in  general. 

Some  systematic  collection  was  done  by  Professor  James  Cassidy, 
Professor  of  Botany  (1881-1889),  in  the  intervals  of  his  many 
duties,  up  to  the  time  of  his  death  in  1889.  His  successor,  Professor 
C.  S.  Crandall,  gave  much  time  to  the  work,  especially  after  the 
establishment  of  the  experimental  grass  station  in  cooperation  with 
the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture.  This  afforded  occasion  and 
opportunity  for  trips  in  search  of  promising  species  of  native  grasses. 
Subsequent  collections,  especially  of  forest  products  and  grasses 
for  the  World’s  Fair  in  1893,  gave  rise  to  further  collecting  trips 
to  various  parts  of  the  State.  Enthusiastic  aid  was  given  by 
Mr.  J.  H.  Cowan,  an  energetic  and  promising  student,  who  became 
Professor  of  Horticulture  and  Botany  upon  the  resignation  of 
Professor  Crandall,  but  whose  promising  career  was  terminated  by 
death  before  he  had  entered  upon  the  active  duties  of  the  position. 
By  this  time  the  collection  was  of  considerable  size,  had  been  in¬ 
creased  by  exchanges,  and  represented  much  time  and  expense. 
A  great  many  calls  came  for  information,  and  it  was  at  first 
thought  to  publish  only  a  list  of  the  plants  which  were  represented 
in  our  own  collection.  The  pressing  demands  and  many  duties,  as 
well  as  the  lack  of  facilities,  made  it  difficult  for  Professor  Paddock 


IX 


X 


PREFACE. 


to  undertake  the  completion  of  the  work,  and  this  was  rendered  un¬ 
necessary  by  the  fortunate  arrangement  with  the  New  York  Bot¬ 
anical  Garden,  by  which  Dr.  Rydberg  took  our  collection  for  naming, 
and  undertook  the  preparation  of  the  Flora  for  publication.  With 
the  facilities  of  the  Garden  and  the  cordial  aid  given  by  Dr.  Britton 
and  Dr.  Rydberg,  and  the  special  knowledge  of  Rocky  Mountain 
Botany  of  Dr.  Rydberg,  it  became  possible  to  make  this  include 
much  more  than  our  own  collection,  which  had  been  the  original  idea. 
The  unrivaled  and  almost  exhaustive  collections  accessible  to  them, 
the  completeness  of  the  knowledge  of  Dr.  Rydberg,  have  made  this 
a  much  more  extensive  and  consequently  much  more  valuable  work 
than  was  originally  designed.  It  therefore  includes  the  work  of  nearly 
all  collectors  from  the  earliest  times,  and  may  be  considered  an 
exhaustive  list  of  the  plants  at  present  known  in  Colorado.  The 
extent  of  the  service  may  be  recognized  when  it  is  stated  that  while 
our  own  collection  numbered  about  1,400  plants,  this  Flora  includes 
2,912,  a  number  greater  than  is  known  for  any  other  State  except 
California.  The  amount  of  work  involved  in  its  preparation,  sup¬ 
plying  keys  to  the  genera  and  families,  and  the  completeness  of  the 
work  speak  for  themselves. 

Acknowledgment  should  also  be  gratefully  given  to  the  State 
Board  of  Agriculture,  and  especially  to  Hon.  P.  F.  Sharp,  President 
of  the  Board,  without  whose  assistance,  encouragement  and  financial 
aid  it  would  not  have  been  possible  for  the  Station  to  consider  the 
completion  and  publication  of  a  work  of  such  magnitude.  At  one 
time  it  was  proposed  to  lessen  the  expense  by  issuing  a  part  of  the 
edition  as  a  College  bulletin  at  a  fixed  price,  but  the  Board  took  the 
liberal  view  that  the  saving  would  not  compensate  for  the  other  dis¬ 
advantages  and  that  the  generous  friendliness  of  the  State  would  jus¬ 
tify  the  special  effort  in  putting  this  at  the  service  of  those  needing 
it,  and  thus  the  Station  is  enabled  to  issue  the  Flora  as  one  of  its 
bulletin  series.  It  is  believed  that  the  publication  will  be  of  use  to 
all  systematic  botanists,  to  the  schools  of  the  State,  to  those  inter¬ 
ested  in  the  economic  study  of  Colorado  plants,  as  well  as  to  all  those 
interested  in  the  fascinating  Flora  of  the  Plains  and  Mountains  of 
Colorado.  It  is  a  necessary  step  in  the  systematic  and  economic 
study  of  our  plants. 

The  preparation  of  the  copy,  keys  and  index  has  all  been  assumed 
by  Dr.  Rydberg,  and  also  the  laborious  task  of  reading  the  proof. 
In  addition  the  proof  has  been  read  by  Professor  Paddock  and  by 
the  undersigned,  but  in  the  latter  case  attention  was  directed  prin¬ 
cipally  to  the  places  and  elevations. 


L.  G.  Carpenter. 


INTRODUCTION. 


In  1901,  Professor  L.  G.  Carpenter  wrote  to  Dr.  N.  L.  Britton, 
director-in-chief  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden,  inquiring  if 
anybody  connected  with  the  Garden  would  be  willing  and  had  time 
to  complete  the  determinations  of  the  botanical  collections  accumu¬ 
lated  at  the  Agricultural  College  at  Fort  Collins,  especially  during 
the  time  Professor  C.  S.  Crandall  was  professor  of  Botany  at  that 
institution.  As  the  author  was  well  acquainted  with  the  flora  of 
the  Rocky  Mountain  region,  Dr.  Britton  referred  the  matter  to 
him  and  at  the  same  time  gave  him  permission  to  undertake  the 
work  provided  proper  arrangements  were  made.  After  some  corre¬ 
spondence  with  Professor  Carpenter  and  Professor  W.  Paddock, 
such  agreements  were  made  as  to  make  it  possible  not  only  to  under¬ 
take  this  work  but  also  to  prepare  a  catalogue  for  publication. 

The  work  has  taken  more  time  than  was  expected  at  first,  partly 
because  it  had  to  be  done  mostly  in  the  spare  time  from  the  author’s 
official  duties  at  the  museum  of  the  Botanical  Garden,  and  partly 
because  the  author  could  not  always  secure  the  help  he  expected  in 
the  more  mechanical  work  of  recording  the  localities.  The  printing 
has  also  been  delayed  a  good  deal,  and  has  been  interrupted  a  few 
times  for  various  reasons,  so  the  work  appears  in  print  about  a  year 
later  than  was  expected. 

The  catalogue  is  mainly  based  on  the  collections  of  the  Agricul¬ 
tural  College  at  Fort  Collins,  mentioned  above,  and  the  herbaria 
at  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden.  Some  additional  records  have 
been  secured  from  other  sources,  as  for  instance,  the  National  Her¬ 
barium  at  Washington,  the  Gray  Herbarium  at  Harvard  University 
and  the  herbarium  of  the  College  of  Pharmacy  of  the  City  of  New 
York.  The  author  has  also  consulted  the  various  publications  on 
the  flora  of  Colorado.  The  most  important  of  these  are : 

T.  C.  Porter  and  J.  M.  Coulter,  Synopsis  of  the  Flora  of  Colorado ; 
J.  M.  Coulter,  Manual  of  the  Botany  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Region ; 
T.  S.  Brandegee,  Flora  of  South-western  Colorado ;  Alice  Eastwood, 
Flora  of  Denver  and  Vicinity;  John  Torrey’s  report  on  E.  James’ 
collection  in  Long’s  Expedition ;  Asa  Gray’s  reports  on  the  collec¬ 
tions  of  C.  C.  Parry,  E.  Hall  and  Harbour ;  Professor  E.  L.  Greene’s 
various  publications  in  Pittonia,  Plantae  Bakerianae  and  Leaflets 


XI 


Xll 


INTRODUCTION. 


and  the  publications  of  Professors  T.  S.  Brandegee,  Aven  Nelson 
and  M.  E.  Jones,  Mr.  G.  E.  Osterhout  and  Miss  Alice  Eastwood  in 
the  Botanical  Gazette,  Bulletin  of  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club,  Zoe, 
Erythea  and  the  Proceedings  of  the  California  Academy  of  Sciences. 

The  author  has  tried  to  verify  the  records  referring  to  Colorado 
plants  given  in  these  publications.  Some  of  these  records  have 
been  proven  erroneous.  In  some  cases  the  specimens  were  wrongly 
determined,  in  others  the  stations  at  which  they  were  collcted  are 
not  within  the  present  boundaries  of  the  state  of  Colorado.  Of 
course,  all  such  species  have  been  excluded  from  this  catalogue. 
The  author  has  also  excluded  a  few  more,  which  he  thought  should 
be  included  in  the  same  category,  although  he  has  not  been  able  to 
prove  them  erroneously  referred  to  the  flora  of  Colorado,  as  for 
instance  Californian,  Mexican,  or  Alleghanian  species,  accredited 
to  Colorado  but  not  to  the  intervening  states.  He  has  also  been 
forced  by  circumstances  to  exclude  a  score  or  so  species  recently 
described  from  Colorado,  but  wholly  unknown  to  the  author.  Not 
being  able  to  include  them  in  his  “  keys  ”  and  being  uncertain 
whether  the  descriptions  really  characterize  new  and  valid  species  or 
merely  represent  redescriptions  of  old  ones,  he  thought  it  best  to 
leave  them  out  until  more  information  could  be  had. 

At  first  it  was  suggested  that  a  catalogue  should  be  prepared 
similar  to  the  author’s  Catalogue  of  the  Flora  of  Montana  and  the 
Yellowstone  National  Park.  After  some  consultation  with  Professor 
Carpenter,  it  was  agreed  that  the  publication  would  be  of  more  value 
to  the  plant  lovers  of  Colorado,  if  some  characterization  of  the 
plants  could  be  given.  A  descriptive  botany  or  so-called  manual 
was  out  of  question.  The  author  would  not  have  time  to  prepare 
such  a  one  within  a  reasonable  time  and  the  College  did  not  have 
funds  available  to  pay  for  the  cost  of  preparing  it.  The  author 
had  already  begun  the  work  on  a  botany  of  the  whole  Rocky 
Mountain  region.  He  was  preparing  the  “  keys  ”  first,  leaving  the 
main  descriptive  work  to  be  done  later.  Some  of  these  keys  were 
already  made,  and  he  hoped  to  have  most  of  them  ready  by  the 
time  the  catalogue  was  ready  to  go  to  print.  It  would  not  take 
much  more  work  to  abstract  from  these  keys  the  parts  referring 
to  the  Colorado  genera  and  species,  than  to  cite  a  number  of  refer¬ 
ences  to  descriptions  as  was  done  in  the  Flora  of  Montana  and  the 
Yellowstone  National  Park.  The  author  showed  Professor  Carpen¬ 
ter  a  catalogue  prepared  in  this  way,  viz.,  Dr.  T.  C.  Porter’s  Flora 
of  Pennsylvania.  This  was  taken  as  a  model,  except  that  the  locali- 


INTRODUCTION. 


xm 


ties  as  given  on  the  labels  should  be  recorded  instead  of  merely  the 
counties.  A  gazetteer  explaining  the  localities  is  given  as  an  appen¬ 
dix.  This  was  partly  prepared  by  the  author,  but  completed,  cor¬ 
rected  and  revised  at  Fort  Collins,  principally  by  Mrs.  L.  G. 
Carpenter. 

As  stated  before,  the  keys  were  mainly  abstracted  from  those  of 
the  author's  larger  work  in  preparation,  i.  e.,  as  far  as  these  were 
made.  As  the  Manual  will  be  a  purely  scientific  work,  the  keys 
are  perhaps  drawn  in  a  more  technical  style  than  desirable  in  a 
catalogue  to  be  used  principally  by  the  local  and  the  amateur 
botanists  of  Colorado  and  by  tourists.  To  reconstruct  the  keys 
would  involve  too  much  extra  labor.  Besides  it  is  hard  or  rather 
impossible  to  use  only  plain  English  without  losing  the  fine  shades 
of  distinctions  which  can  be  expressed  by  more  technical  words. 
For  example,  the  only  purely  English  word  for  the  technical  words : 
“  villous,”  “  floccose,”  “  pannose,”  “  tomentose,”  “  tomentulose,”  etc., 
is  “  woolly.” 

The  measurements  in  the  keys  are  given  in  the  metric  system,  a 
system  now  used  by  nearly  all  the  scientific  departments  of  the 
United  States  Government  and  of  most  colleges  and  universities  of 
this  country.  In  the  English  system  formerly  used  in  descriptive 
botany,  etc.,  the  inch  was  divided  into  12  lines.  It  is  very  hard  to 
find  a  ruler  now-a-days  with  this  division,  while  rulers  with  the 
metric  system  are  to  be  had  nearly  everywhere.  For  those  un¬ 
familiar  with  this  system,  the  following  comparative  table  is  given. 
The  equivalents  are  near  enough  for  all  practical  purposes : 


1  mm. 
3  mm. 
1  cm. 
5  cm. 

I  dm. 
1  m. 


1 

2  o 


inch. 

Us  inch. 

^5  inch. 

2  inches. 

4  inches. 

40  inches  (nearly) 
foot. 


1  line  —  2  mm. 

inch  —  3  mm. 

1  inch  =25  mm.  or  2T/2  cm. 
1  span  =  1  dm. 

1  foot  =  3  dm. 
or  1  yard  —  9  dm. 

1,000  ft.  =  300  m. 


The  altitudes  were  also  given  in  meters,  but  they  were  changed 
into  feet  by  the  request  of  Professor  Carpenter,  who  claimed  that 
the  people  of  Colorado,  for  whom  principally  the  work  is  prepared, 
as  a  rule  think  of  altitudes  in  feet  only.  As  the  United  States  Land- 
Office  has  not  as  yet  adopted  the  metric  system  as  their  standard, 
the  altitudes  may  just  as  well  be  given  in  feet.  This  statement  is 


XIV 


INTRODUCTION. 


made  to  explain  why  two  different  standards  are  used  in  the  same 
work.  The  altitudes  are  those  at  which  the  different  species  grow 
within  the  state  of  Colorado,  so  far  as  records  show.  Many  of  the 
plants  which  grow  at  an  altitude  of  14,000  feet  in  Colorado,  grow 
at  sea-level  along  the  arctic  coast. 

The  nomenclature  used  is  in  principle  agreeing  with  the  so-called 
American  Code  adopted  at  a  meeting  in  Philadelphia,  printed  in  the 
Bulletin  of  the  Torrey  Botanical  Club  in  May,  1904,  and  submitted  to 
the  International  Botanical  Congress  at  Vienna  last  summer,  with 
a  few  modifications  resulting  from  a  compromise  with  the  European 
botanists.  This  code  as  modified  is  now  followed  by  a  majority  of 
the  leading  systematic  botanists  in  this  country.  The  fundamental 
principle  underlying  is  that  the  selection  of  generic  as  well  as  specific 
names  should  always  be  governed  by  the  priority  of  publication.  The 
European  botanists  have  adopted  this  principle  as  far  as  specific 
names  are  concerned,  but  most  of  them  are  not  yet  willing  to  apply 
the  same  rules  to  generic  names.  In  the  older  publications  on  the 
Rocky  Mountain  flora  the  so-called  Kew  Rules  were  adhered  to, 
which  after  all  gave  very  little  consideration  to  priority.  Many  of 
the  names  in  this  catalogue  will  be  unfamiliar  to  some  of  its  users, 
but  in  most  cases  the  old  names  are  given  as  synonyms  in  italic  and 
also  in  the  index.  In  the  index  there  has  been  inserted  also  a  few 
common  names  not  given  in  the  text  followed  by  the  equivalent  latin 
generic  name  in  parenthesis.  Most  of  these  are  local  names  un¬ 
known  to  the  author  before  they  appeared  in  a  recent  publication  on 
western  botany. 

With  regard  to  generic  limitations,  the  author  belongs  to  that 
radical  school  which  believes  in  small  genera  with  closely  related 
species  rather  than  in  larger  ones  with  a  heterogeneous  mass  of 
different  groups  of  plants  having  relatively  little  relationship  to  each 
other.  Many  of  the  older  genera  have  therefore  been  divided.  The 
division  of  genera  as  well  as  species  has  gone  perhaps  a  little  further 
than  many  would  think  advisable,  but  the  author  has  tried  to  be  con¬ 
sistent  in  his  work. 

The  author  has  not  published  any  new  species  or  genera  in  this 
work.  He  has  also  tried  to  avoid  the  publishing  of  new  names  or 
new  combinations  of  names.  Anything  that  had  not  been  published 
before,  the  author  has  endeavored  to  publish  in  the  Bulletin  of  the 
Torrey  Botanical  Club  while  the  catalogue  was  being  set  in  type. 
The  reasons  for  so  doing  are  the  following :  ( 1 )  The  publication  of 
technical  descriptions  should  be  limited  to  technical  books  and  peri- 


INTRODUCTION. 


xv 


odicals;  (2)  in  this  catalogue  there  could  not  very  well  be  given  a 
fuller  synonymy  with  citations  of  places  of  publication,  nor  fuller 
discussions,  which  are  always  desirable  and  often  necessary  for 
clearness  sake;  (3)  if  the  diagnoses  of  new  species  had  been  inter¬ 
polated  here  and  there,  the  uniformity  of  the  catalogue  would  have 
suffered. 

As  it  is,  the  Flora  is  the  result  of  much  labor  and  stands  as  a  brief 
index  of  the  present  knowledge  of  the  flora  of  the  state.  In  its 
present  form,  the  author  hopes  that  it  will  be  valuable  for  the  pur¬ 
pose  for  which  it  was  prepared,  viz.,  as  a  record  of  the  higher  vegeta¬ 
tion  of  the  state  of  Colorado  as  far  as  known  to-day  and  as  a  guide 
and  help  to  those  interested  in  its  flora.  Whatever  shortcomings 
there  may  be,  the  author  hopes  will  be  forgiven.  The  technical  sys- 
tematist  will  undoubtedly  find  many  facts  omitted  which  he  would 
expect  to  find  in  a  “  Flora  of  Colorado.” 

From  the  summary  given  after  the  catalogue  it  can  be  seen  that 
the  higher  vegetation  (fernworts  and  flowering  plants)  of  Colorado 
comprises  over  700  genera  and  2,900  species,  a  number  sur¬ 
passed  only  by  California  and  perhaps  by  Florida  out  of  all  states 
in  the  Union.  The  largest  families  are  Carduacece  or  the  Composites 
proper,  with  568  species  or  about  igY%  of  the  flora;  Poacece  or 
grasses,  267  species  or  9% ;  Fabacece  or  Pea  Family,  185  or  6^3%  ; 
Brassicacce  144,  Rhinanthacece  106,  Cyperacece  101,  Polygonacece  94, 
Rammculacece  92,  and  Rosacea  89  species,  or  between  3%  and  4%, 
etc.  Just  as  remarkable  as  the  large  number  of  species  of  Compo¬ 
sites  (about  Ys  of  the  whole  flora),  is  the  small  number  of  Pterido- 
phytes.  The  ferns  proper  are  only  25,  to  which  are  to  be  added  15 
other  fernworts.  The  same  may  be  said  of  the  Gymnosperms,  only 
20  in  number. 

The  author  has  had  the  help  of  several  specialists  in  certain  groups. 
Professor  L.  M.  Underwood  has  prepared  the  manuscript  of  the 
Pteridophyta,  and  Mr.  H.  D.  House  that  of  the  family  Violacece. 
Mr.  G.  V.  Nash  has  given  valuable  assistance  in  the  grasses. 
The  account  of  the  Polygonacece  was  written  in  conjunction  with 
Dr.  J.  K.  Small.  Dr.  Theodor  Holm  has  characterized  the  groups 
and  species  of  Carex  and  listed  the  specimens  of  that  genus,  while 
the  author  prepared  the  key  to  the  groups.  Mr.  S.  H.  Burnham, 
Mr.  H.  D.  House  and  Mr.  W.  W.  Eggleston  have  assisted  in  listing 
the  localities  and  Mrs.  William  Mitchell  in  copying  the  keys. 

P.  A.  Rydberg. 

New  York  Botanical  Garden, 

New  York,  March,  1906. 


I 


f 


KEY  TO  THE  ORDERS. 


Subkingdom  PTERIDOPHYTA. 

Plants  without  flowers  or  seeds,  but  producing  spores  each  of  which,  on 
germination,  develops  into  a  flat  or  an  irregular  prothallium.  The  prothallia 
bear  the  reproductive  organs  (antheridia  and  archegonia).  As  a  result  of 
the  fertilization  of  an  egg  in  the  archegonium  by  a  sperm  produced  in  the 
antheridium  a  fern  or  an  allied  plant  is  developed. 

Page. 

Leaves  broad  entire  or  dissected.  (Fern-like  plants.) 

Spores  of  one  kind,  minute,  borne  in  sporangia. 

Vernation  straight  or  inclined;  eusporangiate,  the  sporangia  ringless, 
leathery,  opening  by  a  transverse  slit,  arranged  in  spikes  or  panicles. 

Order  i.  Ophioglossales.  i 

Vernation  circinate ;  leptosporangiate,  the  sporangia  membranous,  pro¬ 
vided  with  a  ring  which  opens  elastically.  Order  2.  Filicales.  i 

Spores  of  two  kinds,  minute  microspores  and  larger  macrospores,  borne 
in  sporocarps  ;  leaves  filiform  or  quadrifoliate.  Order  3.  Salviniales.  5 
Leaves  scale-like  or  awl-like.  (Moss-like  or  rush-like  plants.) 

Sporangia  in  an  apical  cone,  borne  under  peltate  scales :  stems  hollow, 
rush-like.  Order  4.  Equisetales.  5 

Sporangia  in  the  axils  of  small  or  leaf-like  bracts  :  stems  solid. 

Leaves  awl-like,  often  much  elongated,  borne  on  a  short  corm-like  cau- 
dex :  aquatic  plants.  Order  5.  Isoetales.  5 

Leaves  narrow  or  scale-like,  flat,  borne  on  erect  or  creeping  stems  :  ter¬ 
restrial  plants.  Order  6.  Lycopodiales.  6 

Subkingdom  SPERMATOPHYTA. 

Plants  with  flowers  which  produce  seeds.  Microspores  (pollen-grains) 
borne  in  microsporangia  (anther-sacs)  develop  each  into  a  tubular  prothal¬ 
lium;  a  macrospore  (embryo-sac)  develops  a  minute  prothallium,  and  to¬ 
gether  with  the  macrosporangium  (ovule)  in  which  it  is  contained,  ripens 
into  a  seed. 

Ovules  and  seeds  borne  on  the  face  of  a  bract  or  a  scale :  stigmas  wanting. 

Class  1.  Gymnospermae.  7 

Ovules  and  seeds  in  a  closed  cavity  (ovary)  :  stigmas  present. 

Class  2.  Angiospermae.  ii 

1.  Gymnospermae. 

Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  both  in  aments ;  perianth  none ;  trees  or 
^  shrubs  with  needle-  or  scale-like  leaves.  Order  7.  Pinales.  7 

Staminate  flowers  in  aments ;  pistillate  ones  single  or  in  pairs ;  perianth 
present,  urnshaped;  ours  horsetail-like  shrubs  with  jointed  branches  and 
leaves  reduced  to  sheathing  scales.  Order  8.  Gnetales.  10 


XVII 


XV111 


KEY  TO  THE  ORDERS. 


2.  Angiospermae. 

Cotyledon  x  :  stem  endogenous.  Subclass  i.  Monocotyledones. 

Cotyledons  normally  2:  stem  exogenous  (with  rare  exceptions). 

Subclass  2.  Dicotyledones. 


1.  Monocotyledones. 


Perianth  rudimentary  or  degenerate,  its  members  often  bristles  or  mere 
scales,  not  corolla-like,  or  wanting. 

Flowers  not  in  the  axils  of  dry  or  chaffy  bracts  (scales  or  glumes). 
Perianth  of  bristles  or  chaffy  scales.  Order  9.  Pandanales. 

Perianth  fleshy  or  herbaceous,  or  wanting. 

Fruit  baccate;  endosperm  present.  Order  14.  Arales. 

Fruit  drupaceous;  endosperm  wanting.  Order  10.  Naiadales. 

Flowers  in  the  axils  of  dry  or  chaffy,  usually  imbricated,  bracts  (scales  or 
glumes).  Order  13.  Poales. 

Perianth  of  2  distinct  series,  the  inner  series  usually  corolloid. 

Gynoecium  of  distinct  carpels.  Order  11.  Alismales. 

Gyncecium  of  united  carpels. 

Endosperm  mealy.  Order  15.  Xyridales. 

Endosperm  fleshy,  horny  or  cartilaginous. 

Ovary  and  fruit  superior.  Order  16.  Liliales. 

Ovary  and  fruit  wholly  inferior  or  half-inferior. 

Endosperm  present  and  usually  copious ;  flowers  regular ;  andrce- 
cium  not  reduced.  Order  17.  Amaryllidales. 

Endosperm  wanting. 

Flowers  regular,  monoecious  or  dioecious :  aquatic  plants. 

Order  12.  Hydrocharitales. 

Flowers  irregular,  perfect :  terrestrial  or  epiphytic  plants. 

Order  18.  Orchidales. 

2.  Dicotyledones. 


A.  Corolla  wanting. 

I.  Calyx  wanting,  at  least  in  the  staminate  flowers. 

Herbs.  Order  30.  Euphorbiales. 

Trees  or  shrubs. 

Fruit  i-seeded:  seeds  without  tufts  of  hairs. 

Fruit  a  nut  or  an  achene.  Corylacese  in  Order  20.  Fagales. 

Fruit  a  drupe  or  a  samara.  Oleaceae  in  Order  41.  Oleales. 

Fruit  many-seeded :  seeds  each  with  a  tuft  of  hairs. 

Order  19.  Salicales. 

II.  Calyx  present  at  least  in  the  staminate  or  in  the  perfect  flowers. 

1.  Flowers,  at  least  the  staminate,  in  aments,  or  ament-like  spikes  ;  fruit 

a  nut  or  an  achene.  Order  20.  Fagales. 

2.  Flowers,  at  least  the  staminate,  not  in  aments, 
a.  Ovary  superior. 

Gynoecium  of  1  or  several  and  distinct  carpels :  stigma  and  style 
of  each  solitary. 

Carpel  solitary. 

Ovary  neither  enclosed  nor  seated  in  a  hypanthium  or  a  calyx- 
tube. 

Flowers  not  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  ;  land  plants. 

Urticacese  in  Order  21.  Urticales. 
Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves  ;  aquatic  plants. 

Ceratophyllacese  in  Order  25.  Ranales. 
Ovary  enclosed  in  or  seated  in  a  hypanthium  or  a  calyx-tube. 
Stamens  borne  under  the  gynoecium. 

Allioniacese  in  Order  24.  Chenopodiales. 
Stamens  borne  on  the  hypanthium  or  adnate  to  the  calyx- 
tube.  Order  36.  Thymeleales. 

Carpels  several. 


1 1 

91 


1 1 

74 

12 

IS 

13 

75 

76 


86 


15 

87 


221 


96 

264 

9i 


96 


99 

134 


122 

239 


KEY  TO  THE  ORDERS. 


xix 


Stamens  inserted  below  the  ovary. 

Families  in  Order  25.  Ranales. 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  edge  of  a  cup-shaped  hypanthium. 

Families  in  Order  27.  Rosales. 
Gynoecium  of  2  or  several  united  carpels ;  stigmas  or  styles  2  or 
several. 

Ovary,  by  abortion,  i-celled  and  i-ovuled. 

Leaves  with  sheathing  stipules  (ocreae). 

Order  23.  Polygonales. 
Leaves  estipulate,  or  if  stipules  are  present  they  are  not 
sheathing. 

Trees  or  shrubs;  ovary  not  seated  in  a  hypanthium. 

Ulmaceas  in  Order  21.  Urticales. 

Herbs  or  vines. 

Stipules  herbaceous :  inflorescence  spicate  or  racemose : 
leaf-blades  palmately  veined. 

Cannabinaceae  in  Order  21.  Urticales. 
Stipules  scarious  or  hyaline  or  none ;  inflorescence  cy- 
mose :  leaf-blades  pinnately  veined. 

Families  in  Order  24.  Chenopodiales. 
Ovary  several-celled,  or  with  several  placentae,  several-ovuled. 
Stamens  hypogynous,  inserted  under  the  gynoecium  in  the  per¬ 
fect  flowers,  not  on  a  disk  in  the  pistillate  flowers. 
Flowers  perfect. 

Stamens  not  tetradynamous. 

Stamens  2 ;  inflorescence  spicate. 

Besseya  in  Order  44.  Polemoniales. 
Stamens  3-10;  inflorescence  cymose. 

Order  24.  Chenopodiales. 

Stamens  tetradynamous. 

Brassicaceae  in  Order  26.  Papaverales. 
Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious. 

Euphorbiaceae  in  Order  30.  Euphorbiales. 
Stamens  perigynous  or  epigynous,  inserted  on  the  margin  of  a 
hypanthium  or  a  disk. 

Fruit  a  samara.  Aceraceae  in  Order  31.  Sapindales. 

Fruit  drupe-like  or  berry-like.  Order  32.  Rhamnales. 

b.  Ovary  inferior. 

Flowers  not  in  involucrate  heads. 

Fruit  a  berry  or  a  drupe,  or  nut-like. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  perianth-members  and  alternate  with 
them,  or  fewer. 

Tetragoniaceae  in  Order  24.  Chenopodiales. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  perianth-members  and  opposite  them, 
or  twice  as  many.  Families  in  Order  37.  Myrtales. 

Fruit  a  capsule. 

Sepals  as  many  as  the  ovary-cavities  or  one-half  as  many. 

Order  37.  Myrtales. 

Sepals  (4-5)  at  least  twice  as  many  as  the  ovary-cavities. 
Styles  2-3 ;  leaves  alternate. 

Saxifragaceas  in  Order  27.  Rosales. 
Styles  solitary ;  leaves  opposite. 

Glaux  in  Order  40.  Primulales. 
Flowers,  at  least  the  staminate,  in  involucrate  heads. 

Ambrosiaceae  in  Order  49.  Carduales. 


B.  Corolla  present. 

I.  Petals  distinct,  at  least  at  the  base. 

1.  Carpels  solitary,  or  several  and  distinct,  or  united  only  at  the  base. 
Stamens  at  the  base  of  the  receptacle,  i.  e.,  hypogynous. 


134 

169 


101 


100 


100 

113 


313 
11 3 
150 
222 

226 

227 


124 

240 

240 

170 

264 

327 


XX 


KEY  TO  THE  ORDERS. 


Plants  with  relatively  firm  stems  and  leaves,  not  succulent. 

Order  25.  Ranales. 

Plants  with  succulent  stems  and  leaves. 

Crassulacese  in  Order  27.  Rosales. 
Stamens  on  the  margin  of  a  hypanthium  (the  hypanthium  very  small 
in  some  Saxifragaceae).  Order  27.  Rosales. 

2.  Carpels  several  and  united, 
a.  Ovary  superior. 

$  Stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  ovary  or  receptacle. 

§  Stamens  numerous. 

Sepals  imbricated. 

Calyx  deciduous.  Order  26.  Papaverales. 

Calyx  persistent. 

Styles  or  stigmas  distinct  or  united,  but  not  discoid  ;  land 
plants.  Capparidacese  in  Order  26.  Papaverales. 

Styles  or  stigmas  united  into  a  disk  ;  aquatic  plants  ;  petals 
and  sepals  numerous. 

Nymphaeaceae  in  Order  25.  Ranales. 
Sepals  valvate ;  stamens  with  united  filaments. 

Order  33.  Malvales. 

§§  Stamens  few,  not  over  twice  as  many  as  the  petals. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them. 

Anther-sacs  opening  by  hinged  valves. 

Berberidaceae  in  Order  25.  Ranales. 
Anther-sacs  opening  by  slits. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Order  30.  Euphorbiales. 

Flowers  perfect. 

Portulacaceae  in  Order  24.  Chenopodiales. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them,  or 
more,  sometimes  twice  as  many. 

Stamens  6  :  petals  4 :  sepals  2  or  4. 

Families  in  Order  26.  Papaverales. 
Stamens,  petals  and  sepals  of  the  same  number,  or  stamens 
more,  usually  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals  or  petals. 
Ovary  1 -celled. 

Ovules,  or  seeds,  on  basal  or  central  placentae. 

Families  in  Order  24.  Chenopodiales. 
Ovules,  or  seeds,  on  parietal  placentae. 

Stamens  with  united  filaments  and  no  staminodia. 

Order  33.  Malvales. 

Stamens  with  distinct  filaments. 

Staminodia  present. 

Parnassiaceae  in  Order  27.  Rosales. 
Staminodia  wanting. 

Families  in  Order  34.  Hypericales. 

Ovary  several-celled. 

Stamens  adnate  to  the  gynoecium. 

t  Asclepiadaceae  in  Order  43.  Asclepiadales. 

Stamens  not  adnate  to  the  gynoecium. 

Stamens  with  wholly  or  partly  united  filaments. 
Anthers  opening  lengthwise. 

Families  in  Order  28.  Geraniales. 


Anthers  opening  by  pores. 

Order  29.  Polygalales. 
Stamens  with  distinct  filaments. 

Anthers  opening  by  pores. 

Families  in  Order  39.  Ericales. 
Anthers  opening  by  slits. 

Stigmas  or  styles  distinct  and  cleft,  or  foliaceous, 
or  united  by  pairs.  Order  30.  Euphorbiales. 
Stigmas  or  styles  all  distinct  or  all  united,  neither 
cleft  nor  foliaceous. 


134 

169 

169 


148 

168 

147 
229 

148 
221 
125 

148 


113 

229 

175 

231 

270 

217 

221 

258 

221 


KEY  TO  THE  ORDERS. 


xxi 


Stamens  2.  Order  41.  Oleales. 

Stamens  more  than  2. 

Ovule  solitary  in  each  carpel. 

Styles  distinct ;  ovule  pendulous. 


b. 


Families  in  Order  28.  Geraniales. 
Styles  united  ;  ovule  erect  or  ascending. 
Limnanthaceae  in  Order  31.  Sapindales. 
Ovules  2  or  more  in  each  carpel. 

Order  34.  Hypericales. 
tt  Stamens  inserted  on  the  margin  of  a  disk  or  hypanthium  (peri- 
gynous  or  hypogynous). 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  opposite  them. 

Styles  and  upper  part  of  the  ovaries  distinct ;  ovules  and  seeds 
many.  Saxifragaceae  in  Order  27.  Rosales. 

Styles  united,  ovules  and  seeds  solitary  or  2. 

Order  32.  Rhamnales. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them,  or  more. 
Styles  distinct ;  upper  part  of  the  ovaries  distinct,  at  least  at 
maturity.  Saxifragaceae  in  Order  27.  Rosales. 

Styles  united. 

Hypanthium  flat  or  obsolete :  disk  fleshy. 

Plants  without  secreting  glands  in  the  bark. 

Order  31.  Sapindales. 
Plants  with  secreting  glands  in  the  bark. 

Rutaceae  in  Order  28.  Geraniales. 
Hypanthium  cup-shaped  or  campanulate :  disk  obsolete  or  in¬ 
conspicuous.  Order  37.  Myrtales. 

Ovary  inferior. 

Stamens  numerous. 

Hypanthium  not  produced  beyond  the  ovary. 

Ovary  partly  inferior.  Hydrangiaceae  in  Order  27.  Rosales. 
Ovary  wholly  inferior.  Order  35.  Opuntiales. 

Hypanthium  produced  beyond  the  ovary. 

Families  in  Order  37.  Myrtales. 
Stamens  not  more  than  twice  as  many  as  the  petals. 

Styles  wanting  ;  stigmas  sessile. 

Gunneraceae  in  Order  37.  Myrtales. 

Styles  present. 

Styles  distinct. 

Ovules  several  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary ;  fruit  a  capsule 
or  a  fleshy  many-seeded  berry. 

Fruit,  if  dehiscent,  valvate. 

Families  in  Order  27.  Rosales. 


Fruit  circumscissile. 

Portulacaceae  in  Order  24.  Chenopodiales. 
Ovules  solitary  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary  ;  fruit  a  drupe  or 
2-5  more  or  less  united  achenes.  Order  38.  Umbellales. 
Styles  united,  or  single. 

Plants  without  tendrils. 

Ovary  enclosed  in  or  surpassed  by  the  hypanthium  or  ad- 
nate  to  it. 

Ovules  solitary  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary. 

Order  38.  Umbellales. 

Ovules  several  in  each  cavity. 

Ovary  with  parietal  placentae. 

Loasaceae  in  Order  35.  Opuntiales. 
Ovary  with  central  or  basal  placentae. 

Families  in  Order  37.  Myrtales. 
Ovary  exceeding  the  hypanthium,  the  top  free. 

Hydrangiaceae  in  Order  27.  Rosales. 


264 

217 

225 

231 


170 

227 

170 

225 

221 

240 

170 

234 

240 

248 


169 

125 

249 


249 

234 

240 


175 


XXII 


KEY  TO  THE  ORDERS. 


Plants  with  tendrils ;  fruit  a  pepo ;  leaf-blades  palmately 
veined.  Cucurbitaceae  in  Order  47.  Campanulales. 

II.  Petals  more  or  less  united. 

Ovary  superior. 

Stamens  free  from  the  corolla. 

Gynoecium  of  a  single  carpel.  Families  in  Order  27.  Rosales, 

Gynoecium  of  several  united  carpels. 

Filaments  united. 

Stamens  diadelphous.  Fumariaceae  in  Order  26.  Papaverales. 
Stamens  monadelphous. 

Anther-sacs  opening  by  slits. 

Oxalidaceae  in  Order  28.  Geraniales. 
Anther-sacs  opening  by  pores. 

Calyx  and  corolla  very  irregular. 

Order  29.  Polygalales. 

Calyx  and  corolla  regular. 

Families  in  Order  39.  Ericales. 
Filaments  distinct.  Families  in  Order  39.  Ericales. 

Stamens  partially  adnate  to  the  corolla. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  opposite  them,  or 
twice  as  many  or  more;  ovary  1 -celled;  placentae  central  or  basal. 

Order  40.  Primulales. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with 
them,  or  fewer. 

Corolla  not  scarious,  veiny ;  fruit  various,  but  not  a  pyxis. 
Carpels  distinct,  except  sometimes  at  the  apex. 

Order  43.  Asclepiadales. 

Carpels  united. 

Ovary  1 -celled,  with  central  placentae. 

Order  42.  Gentianales. 
Ovary  2-3-celled,  or  falsely  4-celled,  or  if  i-celled  with 
parietal  placentae.  Order  44.  Polemoniales. 

Corolla  scarious,  veinless ;  fruit  a  pyxis. 

Order  45.  Plantaginales. 


Ovary  inferior. 

Stamens  with  the  filaments  free  from  the  corolla. 

Stamens  10;  anther-sacs  opening  by  terminal  pores  or  chinks. 

Vacciniaceae  in  Order  39.  Ericales. 
Stamens  5  or  fewer ;  anther-sacs  opening  by  longitudinal  slits. 

Order  47.  Campanulales. 


Stamens  adnate  to  the  corolla. 


Ovary  with  2-many  fertile  cavities  and  2-many  ovules  ;  calyx  un¬ 
modified,  at  least  not  a  pappus. 

Plants  tendril-bearing. 

Cucurbitaceae  in  Order  47.  Campanulales. 
Plants  not  tendril-bearing. 

Ovules  mostly  on  basal  placentae  ;  plants  parasitic. 

Order  22.  Santalales. 
Ovules  variously  borne,  but  not  on  a  basal  placenta ;  plants  not 
parasitic.  Order  46.  Rubiales. 

Ovary  with  one  fertile  cavity. 

Flowers  not  in  heads,  often  in  head-like  spikes  or  racemes. 

Order  48.  Valerianales. 
Flowers  in  involucrate  heads.  Order  49.  Carduales. 


325 


169 

149 

220 

221 

258 

258 

261 


269 

264 

271 

320 

260 

325 

325 

100 

321 

326 

327 


FLORA  OF  COLORADO 


Subkingdom  PTERIDOPHYTA.  Fern -wo  rts. 

Order  i.  OPHIOGLOSSALES. 

Family  i.  OPHIOGLOSSACEAE  Presl.  Adder’ s-Tongue  Family. 

i.  BOTRYCHIUM  Sw.  Moonwort. 

Plant  large,  the  sterile  leaf  ternately  decompound,  sessile  at  the  middle  of  the 
stem.  i.  B.  virginianum. 

Plant  small ;  the  leaf  under  5  cm.  long. 

Leaf  triangular,  sessile  near  the  top  of  the  stem.  2.  B.  lanceolatum. 

Leaf  oval,  slightly  stalked  from  near  the  middle  of  the  stem  or  lower. 

3.  B.  Lunaria. 

1.  Botrychium  virginianum  (L.)  Sw.  Rich  woods,  N.  S.  to  Labr.,  B.  C. 
and  Wash,  to  Texas  and  Fla. — Arkansas  Canon  ( Brandegee ). 

2.  Botrychium  lanceolatum  (S.  G.  Gmel.)  Angs.  In  woods,  N.  J.  and  N.  S. 
to  Alaska  and  Wash. — “  Colorado.” 

3.  Botrychium  Lunaria  (L.)  Sw.  In  open  places,  Newf.  to  Alaska  and 
Utah :  rare. — Alt.  about  12,000  ft. — Gray’s  Peak. 


Order  2.  FILICALES. 

Family  2.  POLYPODIACEAE  R.  Br.  Fern  Family. 

Sori  round,  or  at  least  less  than  twice  as  long  as  broad. 

Sori  naked. 

Leaves  jointed  to  the  rootstock,  simply  pinnate.  i.  Polypodium. 

Leaves  continuous  with  the  rootstock,  ternately  compound. 

2.  Phegofteris. 

Sori  covered  with  a  membranous  indusium  when  young. 

Indusium  superior. 

Indusium  circular  fixed  by  the  center.  3.  Polystichum. 

Indusium  heart-shaped  or  reniform  fixed  by  the  sinus.  4.  Dryopteris. 
Indusium  inferior  or  lateral. 

Indusium  inferior,  breaking  at  maturity  into  stellate  lobes. 

5.  Woodsia. 

Indusium  lateral,  thrown  back  at  maturity  like  a  delicate  hood. 

6.  Filix. 


1 


1 


2 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


Sori  linear  or  oblong,  at  least  twice  as  long  as  broad. 

Sori  marginal. 

Indusium  present  formed  of  the  recurved  leaf  margin. 

Indusium  double,  the  inner  membranous  one  opening  outwardly ;  leaves 
large,  scattered.  7.  Pteridium. 

Indusium  single. 

Leaves  dimorphous,  the  sporophyls  contracted  and  more  or  less  pod¬ 
like.  8.  Cryptogramma. 

Leaves  uniform  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  chaffy  or  tomentose,  the  ultimate  segments  small  and  bead- 
like.  9.  Cheilanthes. 

Leaves  smooth  with  dark  polished  stalks ;  segments  broader. 

10.  Pellaea. 

Indusium  wanting;  under  surface  (in  the  Colorado  species)  with  white  pow¬ 
der;  rachises  zigzag.  11.  Northolaena. 

Sori  dorsal,  oblique  to  the  midribs  or  rachises,  covered  with  a  special  in¬ 
dusium. 

Leaves  pinnate  or  pinnately  compound. 

Sori  straight.  12.  Asplenium. 

Sori  curved,  often  crossing  the  veins ;  indusia  occasionally  horseshoe¬ 
shaped.  13.  Athyrium. 

Leaves  dichotomous,  the  divisions  few  and  narrow ;  small  rock-loving  plants 
of  the  mountains.  14.  Belvisia. 

1.  POLYPODIUM  L.  Polypody. 

1.  Polypodium  hesperium  Maxon.  [P.  vulgare  of  western  botanists.]  On 
rocks,  Mont,  to  B.  C.,  Wash.,  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  about  8500  ft. — Red  Moun¬ 
tain  road,  south  of  Ouray. 

2.  PHEGOPTERIS  Fee.  Beech-Fern. 

1.  Phegopteris  Dryopteris  (L.)  Fee.  In  moist-rocky  places;  Newf.  to 
Alaska,  Ore.,  Colo,  and  Va. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Green  Mountain  Falls. 

3.  POLYSTICHUM  Roth.  Holly-Fern. 

1.  Polystichum  Lonchitis  (L.)  Roth.  On  rocks,  Arctic  America  to  N.  S., 
Calif,  and  Colo. — Alt.  8500-10,000  ft. — Ruby;  Red  Mountain  road,  south  of 
Ouray;  Fish  Creek  Falls,  Routt  Co. 

4.  DRYOPTERIS  Adans.  Male-Fern,  Wood-Fern. 

1.  Dryopteris  Filix-mas  (L.)  Schott.  On  rocks,  N.  S.  to  northern  Mich., 
Alaska,  Calif.,  Ariz.  and  Colo. — Alt.  6000-8500  ft. — Red  Mountain  road,  south 
of  Ouray;  Horsetooth  Mountain;  Canon  City;  Rist  Canon. 

5.  WOODSIA  R.  Br. 

Teeth  of  young  leaves  coarse,  not  ciliate. 

Stalks  and  pinnules  covered  with  minute  flattened  hairs.  1.  W.  scopulina. 

Stalks  and  pinnules  smooth.  2.  W .  oregana. 

Teeth  of  young  leaves  fine,  ciliate  at  the  tips.  3.  W.  mexicana. 

1.  Woodsia  scopulina  D.  C.  Eaton.  On  exposed  rocks,  Mich,  to  B.  C., 
Calif.,  Ariz.  and  Colo. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — North  Cheyenne  Canon;  vicinity 
of  Arthur’s  Rock;  Boulder;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon; 
foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  South  Boulder  Canon. 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


3 


2.  Woodsia  oregana  D.  C.  Eaton.  On  exposed  rocks,  northern  Mich,  to 
B.  C.,  Calif.,  Ariz.  and  Neb. — Alt.  4000-11,500  ft. — Hills  about  Box  Canon, 
west  of  Ouray;  Red  Mountain  road,  south  of  Ouray;  Cheyenne  Canon; 
Horsetooth  Mountain;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  hills  south  of  La  Veta;  Par- 
lin,  Gunnison  Co. ;  Alpine  Tunnel. 

3.  Woodsia  mexicana  Fee.  Foot-hills  from  Colo,  and  Ariz.  to  Mex. — Alt. 
7500-9500  ft. — Manitou ;  South  Cheyenne  Canon ;  Colorado  Springs ;  Chey¬ 
enne  Mountain;  Ouray. 


6.  FILIX  Adans.  Bladder-Fern. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  2-3-pinnate.  1.  F.  fragilis. 

Leaves  broadly  triangular,  3-4-pinnate.  2.  F.  montana. 

1.  Filix  fragilis  (L.)  Underw.  [Cystopteris  fragilis  Bernh.]  On  moist 

rocks,  Newf.  and  Labr.  to  Alaska,  Calif.,  Ariz.  and  Ga. — Alt.  5000-13,000  ft. — 
Horsetooth  Mountain;  Crystal  Creek;  near  Ouray;  Red  Mountain,  south  of 
Ouray;  Upper  La  Plata  River;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Cheyenne  Canon;  Steam¬ 
boat  Springs;  Minnehaha;  Sierra  Blanca;  gulch  west  of  Bear  River;  Par- 
lin,  Gunnison  Co. ;  Lake  City ;  Pike’s  Peak ;  Rist  Canon ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ; 
Michigan;  Leroux  Creek;  Howe’s  Gulch;  Silverton;  Mount  Garfield. 

2.  Filix  montana  (Lam.)  Underw.  On  rocks,  Lab.  and  Que.  to  B.  C.  and 
Colo. — Alt.  about  10,500  ft. — Mt.  Antero,  Saguache  Range. 

7.  PTERIDIUM  Scopoli.  Bracken. 

1.  Pteridium  aquilinum  pubescens  Underw.  [Pteris  aquilina  of  western 
botanists.]  On  poor  soil  in  open  places,  Mont,  to  Calif.,  Colo,  and  Ariz. — 
Alt.  8500-10,000  ft. — Red  Mountain  road,  south  of  Ouray;  near  Pagosa  Peak; 
Bosworth’s  ranch;  Rabbit-Ear  Range. 


8.  CRYPTOGRAMMA  R.  Br.  Parsley-Fern. 

Leaves  3-4-pinnatifid,  densely  cespitose ;  texture  firm.  1.  C.  acrostichoides. 

Leaves  2-3-pinnatifid,  scattered;  texture  flaccid.  2.  C.  Stelleri. 

1.  Cryptogramma  acrostichoides  R.  Br.  On  loose  rocks,  Lake  Superior  to 
Alaska,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  8500-11,500  ft. — Near  Pagosa  Peak;  Mt.  Hes¬ 
perus;  Estes  Park,  Larimer  Co.;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Twin  Lakes;  Red 
Mountain  road,  south  of  Ouray;  Clear  Creek;  Fish  Creek  Falls,  Routt  Co. 

2.  Cryptogramma  Stelleri  (S.  C.  Gmel.)  Prantl.  [Pellaea  gracilis  Hook.] 
On  moist  rocks,  Labr.  and  Pa.  to  Colo,  and  Alaska. — Alt.  7500-9500  ft. — 
Canons  west  of  Ouray. 


9.  CHEILANTHES  Sw.  Lip-Fern. 

Leaves  hairy  or  tomentose,  not  scaly. 

Stalks  covered  with  woolly  hairs  when  young,  at  length  nearly  smooth. 

1.  C.  Feei. 

Stalks  and  rachises  with  narrow  lanceolate  scales.  2.  C.  Eatoni. 

Leaves  covered  beneath  with  imbricated  scales,  not  tomentose.  3.  C.  Fendleri. 


4 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


1.  Cheilanthes  Feei  Moore.  [C.  lanuginosa  Nutt.]  On  dryish  rocks,  Ill. 
and  Minn,  to  B.  C.,  Ariz.  and  Tex. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Trail  Glen;  Ute  Pass; 
West  Indian  Creek;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Colorado  Springs;  Canon  City. 

2.  Cheilanthes  Eatoni  Baker.  On  rocks,  Ariz.  to  Colo,  and  Texas. — Alt. 
about  5800  ft. — Arkansas  Canon. 

3.  Cheilanthes  Fendleri  Hook.  On  dry  rocks,  Texas  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — 
Alt.  5000-8500  ft. — Horsetooth  Mountain ;  Cheyenne  Canon ;  Green  Moun¬ 
tain  Falls;  Glen  Eyrie;  Boulder;  Arkansas  Canon;  Manitou. 

10.  PELLAEA  Link.  Rock-Brake. 

Simply  pinnate  ;  texture  thin ;  pinnae  obtuse,  narrower  when  fertile. 

1.  P.  Breweri. 

Bi — tri-pinnate  ;  texture  coriaceous. 

Pinnae  obtuse  or  barely  acute.  2.  P.  atropurpurea. 

Pinnae  mucronulate.  3.  P.  Wrightiana. 

1.  Pellaea  Breweri  D.  C.  Eaton.  On  rocks,  Mont.,  Ore.  and  Calif. — Re¬ 
ported  from  Colorado,  but  exact  locality  not  given. 

2.  Pellaea  atropurpurea  (L.)  Link.  On  rocks,  New  England  to  B.  C., 
southward  to  Ga.,  Texas  and  Ariz. — Alt.  about  7500  ft. — Box  Canon,  Ouray. 

3.  Pellaea  Wrightiana  Hook.  On  rocks,  Kans.  to  Texas  and  Calif.— Canon 
City. 

11.  NOTHOLAENA  R.  Br.  Cloak-Fern. 

1.  Notholaena  Fendleri  Kunze.  On  exposed  rocks,  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. 
— Alt.  6000-9500  ft.— Cheyenne  Canon,  base  of  Pike’s  Peak;  Queen’s  and 
William’s  Canons;  Arkansas  Canon;  Colorado  Springs;  Ute  Pass;  Clear 
Creek  Canon,  at  Dumont;  South  Cheyenne  Canon;  between  La  Veta  and 
Gardner;  La  Veta;  Bergen  Park. 

12.  ASPLENIUM  L.  Spleen  wort. 

Leaves  simply  pinnate. 

Rachis  chestnut  brown  or  blackish. 

Pinnae  2-3  cm.  long,  auriculate  on  the  upper  side  at  base. 

1.  A.  platyneuron. 

Pinnae  1  cm.  long,  obliquely  oval,  not  auriculate  at  base. 

2.  A.  Trichomanes. 

Rachis  green ;  pinnae  ovate-rhomboidal,  oblique  at  base.  3.  A.  viride. 

Leaves  bipinnate.  4.  A.  Andrewsii. 

1.  Asplenium  platyneuron  (L.)  Oakes.  [A.  ebeneum  Aiton]  On  rocks, 
Me.  to  Fla.,  Tex.,  N.  M.  and  Colo. — Green  Horn  Mountains  {Greene). 

2.  Asplenium  Trichomanes  L.  On  limestone  rocks,  quite  generally  east  of 

the  Rocky  Mountains. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — South  Boulder  Canon ;  Horsetooth 
Mountain ;  Horsetooth  Gulch. 

3.  Asplenium  viride  Huds.  On  rocks,  N.  Br.  and  Vt.  to  Alaska,  Ore.  and 
Wyo. — Reported  from  Colorado,  but  exact  locality  not  given. 

4.  Asplenium  Andrewsii  A.  Nelson.  Sandstone  cliff,  in  Colo. — Boulder 
Creek. 

13.  ATHYRIUM  Roth.  Lady-Fern. 

1.  Athyrium  Filix-foemina  (L.)  Roth.  In  moist,  shady  places,  Newf.  to 
B.  C.,  Calif,  and  Fla. — Alt.  about  9000  ft. — ‘Near  Pagosa  Peak;  Fish  Creek 
Falls,  Routt  Co. 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


o 


14.  BELVISIA  Mirb. 

1.  Belvisia  septentrionalis  (L.)  Mirb.  ( Asplenium  septentrionale  Hoffm.) 
On  rocks,  S.  D.  to  Mont.,  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  6000-6500  ft. — Horsetooth 
Mountain;  South  Boulder  Canon;  Arkansas  Canon. 

Order  3.  SALVINIALES. 

Family  3.  MARSILEACEAE  R.  Br.  Marsilia  Family. 

1.  MARSILEA  L. 

s.  Marsilea  vestita  Hook.  &  Grev.  Wet,  sandy  soil,  Ark.  and  Tex.  to 
Calif.,  B.  C.  and  S.  D. — Saguache  (Wolf). 

Order  4.  EQUISETALES. 

f  amily  4.  EQUISETACEAE  Michx.  Horsetail  Family. 

1.  EQUISETUM  L.  Horsetail. 

Stems  annual,  copiously  branching. 

Spike-bearing  stems  pale,  soon  withering ;  sheaths  of  branches  4-toothed. 

1.  E.  arvense. 

Spike-bearing  stems  withering  at  apex,  producing  branches  below ;  sheaths  of 
branches  3-toothed.  2.  E.  pratense. 

Stems  perennial,  evergreen  ;  branches  few. 

Stems  smoothish,  14-30-furrowed.  3.  E.  laevigatum. 

Stems  roughened,  5-10-furrowed.  4.  E.  variegatum. 

1.  Equisetum  arvense  L.  In  sandy  places,  Greenl.  and  Va.  to  Calif,  and 
Alaska. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Fort  Collins;  Ouray;  West  Indian  Creek; 
Mancos ;  Bob  Creek,  west  of  Mt.  Hesperus ;  Hotchkiss. 

2.  Equisetum  pratense  Ehrh.  Along  streams,  N.  Sc.  to  N.  J.,  Colo,  and 
Neb. — Alt.  up  to  10,500  ft. — Bob  Creek,  west  of  Mt.  Hesperus. 

3.  Equisetum  laevigatum  A.  Br.  Moist  places,  N.  J.  to  Tex.,  B.  C.  and 
Calif. — Alt.  4000-12,500  ft. — Gunnison;  Parlin;  Ft.  Collins;  West  Spanish 
Peak;  Cucharas  River,  below  La  Veta;  Wahatoya  Creek;  Trimble  Springs; 
Mancos ;  Grand  Junction. 

4.  Equisetum  variegatum  Schleich.  In  sandy  soil,  Arctic  America  to  N. 
Y.  and  Nev. — Clear  Creek,  near  Denver  (Coulter). 

Order  5.  ISOETALES. 

Family  5.  ISOETACEAE  Horan.  Quillwort  Family. 

1.  ISOETES  L.  Quillwort. 

Stomata  wanting ;  leaves  40-60,  rigid ;  microspores  whitish,  papillose. 

1.  I.  pauper cula. 

Stomata  present ;  leaves  5-25,  soft ;  microspores  deep  brown,  spinulose. 

2.  I.  Bolanderi. 

1.  Isoetes  paupercula  (Engelm.)  A.  A.  Eaton.  [/.  occidentalis  Henderson, 
I.  lacustris  paupercula  Engelm.]  In  lakes,  always  submerged;  Colo,  to  Calif., 
Wash,  and  Ida. — Grand  Lake,  Middle  Park. 


6 


ISOETACEAE. 


2.  Isoetes  Bolanderi  Engelm.  In  ponds,  Mont,  to  Wash.,  Colo,  and  Calif. 
— “  Western  Colorado.” 

Order  6.  LYCOPODIALES. 

Spores  uniform,  minute.  Family  6.  Lycopodiaceae. 

Spores  of  two  sorts,  minute  microspores  and  larger  macrospores. 

Family  7.  Selaginellaceae. 

Family  6.  LYCOPODIACEAE  Michx.  Clubmoss  Family. 

1.  LYCOPODIUM  L.  Club-Moss,  Running  Pine. 

1.  Lycopodium  annotinum  L.  In  open  places  in  forest,  Mass,  and  Newf.  to 
Colo.,  Wash,  and  Alaska. — Alt.  9000-10,500  ft. — Beaver  Creek;  Estes  Park; 
Front  Range,  Larimer  Co. ;  Notch  Mountain. 

Family  7.  SELAGINELLACEAE  Underw.  Selaginella  Family. 

1.  SELAGINELLA  Beauv.  Little  Club-Moss. 

Stems  rooting  at  base  only ;  spikes  thick,  with  lax  bracts  ;  macrospores  spinulose. 

1.  5*.  selaginoides. 

Stems  rooting  their  entire  length ;  bracts  rigid. 

Leaves  without  bristles  at  the  ends  ;  stems  slender,  wiry.  2.  S.  mutica. 
Leaves  with  distinct  terminal  bristles. 

Stems  short,  compact ;  leaves  light  green,  crowded,  with  long  terminal  bristles. 

3.  .S',  dens  a. 

Stems  long,  loosely  spreading ;  leaves  dark  green,  lax,  with  short  terminal 
bristles.  4.  6*.  Underwoodii. 

1.  Selaginella  selaginoides  (L.)  Link.  In  open  places  in  high  mountains, 
Labr.  and  northern  N.  Y.  to  Alaska  and  Colo.  Exact  locality  not  given. 

2.  Selaginella  mutica  D.  C.  Eaton.  On  rocks,  N.  M.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. 
— Alt.  6000-6500  ft. — Idaho  Springs;  South  Cheyenne  Canon;  North  Chey¬ 
enne  Canon;  Royal  Gorge. 

3.  Selaginella  densa  Rydb.  (S.  Engelmanni  Hieron.)  On  exposed  rocks, 
S.  D.  and  western  Neb.  to  Mont,  and  Colo. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. — The  Rustic, 
Larimer  Co. 

4.  Selaginella  Underwoodii  Hieron.  (S.  rupestris  Fendleri  Underw.)  On 
exposed  rocks,  N.  Mex.  and  Colo. — Alt.  5000-7500  ft. — North  Cheyenne 
Canon;  Minnehaha;  Pike’s  Peak;  South  Cheyenne  Canon;  Boulder;  foot¬ 
hills  near  Ft.  Collins ;  Manitou. 


Subkingdom  SPERMATOPHYTA  Seed-bearing  Plants. 

Class  1.  GYMNOSPERMAE. 


Order  7.  PINALES. 

Carpellary  scales  with  bracts,  never  peltate ;  ovules  inverted ;  buds  scaly ;  wing 
accompanying  the  seed  a  portion  of  the  carpellary  scale  ;  cones  dry. 

Fam.  8.  Pinaceae. 

Carpellary  scales  without  bracts,  in  ours  fleshy  and  peltate ;  ovules  erect ;  buds 
naked ;  wings  of  the  seed  (if  present)  a  portion  of  the  testa ;  cones  in  ours 
berrylike.  Fam.  9.  Juniperaceae. 

Family  8.  PINACEAE  Lindl.  Pine  Family. 

Leaves  usually  several  together,  surrounded  by  a  sheath  at  the  base :  cones 
maturing  the  second  year. 

Cone-scales  with  dorsal,  (in  ours)  spine-armed  appendages. 

Seeds  with  elongated  wings,  these  free  from  the  scales  and  attached  to  the 
seeds  when  these  fall.  1.  Pinus. 

Seeds  with  rudimentary  wings,  these  adnate  to  the  scales  when  the  seeds 
fall.  2.  Caryopitys. 

Cone-scales  with  inconspicuous  terminal,  unarmed  appendages ;  wing  of  the 
seed  rudimentary.  3.  Apinus. 

Leaves  solitary,  without  sheath ;  cones  maturing  the  first  year. 

Branchlets  rough  from  the  prominent,  persistent  leaf-bases  (sterigmata)  ; 
leaves  in  ours  quadrangular  in  cross-section ;  cones  pendulous  with  per¬ 
sistent  scales.  4.  Picea. 

Branchlets  smooth,  the  leaf-scars  scarcely  raised ;  leaves  flat. 

Cones  pendulous ;  their  scales  persistent  on  the  axis ;  leaves  petioled,  with 

transversely  oval  scars.  5.  Pseudotsuga. 

Cones  erect ;  their  scales  deciduous  from  the  axis  ;  leaves  sessile  with  cir¬ 
cular  scars.  6.  Abies. 

1.  PINUS  L.  Pines. 

Leaves  in  fascicles  of  4  or  5  ;  spines  of  the  cone-scales  long  and  slender. 

1.  P.  aristata. 

Leaves  in  fascicles  of  2  or  3  ;  spines  of  the  cone-scales  short  and  stout. 

Cones  6-9  cm.  long  and  5-6  cm.  in  diameter;  leaves  8-15  cm.  long. 

2.  P.  scopulorum. 

Cones  3-5  cm.  long  and  3  cm.  in  diameter;  leaves  3-6  cm.  long. 

3.  P.  Murray  an  a. 

1.  Pinus  aristata  Engelm.  Foxtail  Pine,  Hickory  Pine.  Rocky  and 
gravelly  mountains  from  Colo,  to  Nev.,  southern  Calif,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  8500- 
12,500  ft. — Mt.  Garfield;  Seven  Lakes;  Como;  Veta  Pass;  Pike’s  Peak;  Mid¬ 
dle  Park;  Gray’s  Peak. 

2.  Pinus  scopulorum  (Engelm.)  Lemmon.  Bull  Pine,  Rocky  Mountain 
Yellow  Pine.  Hills  and  mountains  from  Nebr.  to  Mont.,  Ariz.  and  N.  M. — 

7 


8 


PINACEAE. 


Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Mountains,  Veta  Pass;  Mancos;  Ouray;  Minnehaha; 
Georgetown ;  Horsetooth  Mountain. 

3.  Pinus  Murrayana  Oreg.  Com.  Lodge  Pole  Pine,  Black  Pine.  Hills 
and  mountains  from  Mont,  to  Alaska,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — 
Mountains  near  Veta  Pass;  Pallas  and  Sydney;  Dillon;  Mount  Ouray; 
Breckenridge ;  Cipango;  Baxter’s  ranch;  North  Park;  Como. 

2.  CARYOPITYS  Small.  Pinons,  Nut  Pines. 

Cones  about  3  cm.;  leaves  usually  in  pairs,  seldom  in  threes.  1.  C.  edulis. 

Cones  4-5  cm. ;  leaves  singly  or  rarely  in  pairs.  2.  C.  monophylla. 

1.  Caryopitys  edulis  (Engelm.)  Small.  ( Pinus  edulis  Engelm.)  Dry  foot¬ 
hills  and  table-lands  from  southern  Wyo.  to  western  Texas,  northern  Mex., 
Ariz.  and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Glen  Eyrie;  Cedar  Creek;  Red  Rock 
Canon;  Mancos;  Salida;  Florence;  Manitou;  Buena  Vista;  Grand  Junction. 

2.  Caryopitys  monophylla  (Torr.  and  Frem.)  Rydb.  ( Pinus  monophylla 
Torr.  and  Frem.)  Dry  hills  and  mountain  slopes  from  Utah  to  Calif.,  Lower 
California  and  Ariz.  One  specimen  from  Colorado  seems  to  belong  here. — 

Manitou. 

3.  APINUS  Necker.  Cembra  Pines. 

1.  Apinus  flexilis  (James)  Rydb.  ( Pinus  dexilis  James)  Rocky  Moun¬ 
tain  White  Pine.  Mountains  from  Alb.  to  western  Texas  and  southern 
Calif. — Alt.  7500-11,000  ft. — Clear  Creek,  Middle  Park;  Ojo;  Graham’s  Park; 
North  Park;  Minnehaha;  Beaver  Creek;  Chambers  Lake;  Manitou. 


4.  PICEA  Link.  Spruces. 

Branchlets  pubescent;  cones  3-5  cm.  long.  1.  P.  Engelmannii. 

Branchlets  glabrous  ;  cones  5-9  cm.  long.  2.  P.  Parry  ana. 

1.  Picea  Engelmanni  (Parry)  Engelm.  Engelmann  Spruce,  White 
Spruce.  Mountains,  especially  on  the  north  sides,  from  Alb.  to  B.  C.,  Ore., 
Ariz.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  8500-12,500  ft. — Empire;  Buffalo  Pass,  Park  Range; 
Mount  Baldy;  Wahatoya  Canon;  Bob  Creek,  La  Plata  Mountains;  Grand 
Lake;  Cameron  Pass. 

2.  Picea  Parryana  (Andree)  Sarg.  ( Picea  p ungens  Engelm.)  Blue 
Spruce,  Colorado  Spruce.  Mountains  especially  along  streams  from  Wyo.  to 
Utah  and  N.  M. — Alt.  6500-10,000  ft. — Empire;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Crystal 
Park;  Wahatoya  Canon;  Cameron  Pass. 

• ' 

5.  PSEUDOTSUGA  Carr.  Douglas  Spruce,  Red  Fir. 

1.  Pseudotsuga  mucronata  (Raf.)  Sudw.  Douglas  Spruce,  Red  Fir.  Hills 
and  mountains  from  Alb.  to  B.  C.,  Calif.,  northern  Mexico  and  western  Texas. 
— Alt.  6000-11,500  ft. — Pagosa  Peak;  South  Cheyenne  Canon;  Colorado 
Springs;  Como;  State  Bridge,  Grand  River;  Boulder;  Manitou;  Minnehaha; 
Mancos;  Placer;  hills  about  Ouray;  Cameron  Pass;  Pingree  Hill;  Stove 
Prairie. 


Crop  OProdnotioia. 


PINACEAE.  9 

6.  ABIES  Miller.  Balsams,  Firs. 

Resin  ducts  of  the  leaves  within  the  soft  tissue,  remote  from  the  epidermis. 

1.  A.  lasiocarpa. 

Resin  ducts  of  the  leaves  close  to  the  epidermis  on  the  lower  side. 

2.  A.  concolor. 

1.  Abies  lasiocarpa  (Hook.)  Nutt.  Balsam  Fir.  Subalpine  mountains 
from  Alb.  to  Alaska,  Ariz.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  9500-12,500  ft. — West  Spanish 
Peak ;  Grand  Lakes ;  Empire ;  Andrew’s  ranch ;  Mt.  Richtofen ;  Cameron 
Pass. 

2.  Abies  concolor  Lindl.  White  Fir.  Along  streams  in  the  mountains 
from  Colo,  to  Ore.,  Calif,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Wahatoya  Canon; 
Manitou;  Veta  Mountain;  Bob  Creek,  west  of  La  Plata;  Ouray. 


Family  9.  JUNIPERACEAE  Horan.  Juniper  Family. 

Leaves  subulate  on  the  mature  branches ;  aments  axillary,  the  pistillate  with 
smaller  scales  at  the  top.  1.  Juniperus. 

Leaves  scalelike  and  appressed  on  the  mature  branches ;  aments  terminal,  the 
pistillate  with  larger  scales  at  the  top.  2.  Sabina. 


1.  JUNIPERUS  L.  Junipers. 

Low  shrub  with  depressed  branches ;  leaves  abruptly  bent  at  the  base,  deeply 
channelled,  abruptly  acute.  1.  /.  sibirica. 

Tree  or  erect  shrub;  leaves  straight  or  nearly  so,  shallowly  channelled,  gradually 
acuminate.  2.  /.  communis. 

1.  Juniperus  sibirica  Burgsd.  Mountain  or  Low  Juniper.  Exposed  rocky 
mountains  and  hills  from  Labr.  to  Alaska,  Utah  and  N.  Y. — Alt.  6500-10,000 
ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  Colorado  Springs;  Empire;  Marshall  Pass;  Golden;  Little 
Beaver;  near  Veta  Pass;  Bob  Creek,  west  of  La  Plata  Mountains;  Ouray; 
Grand  Lake;  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Ojo;  Beaver  Creek;  Baxter’s 
ranch;  Trapper’s  Lake;  Rist  Canon. 

2.  Juniperus  communis  L.  Juniper.  Rocky  hills  and  stony  places  from 
Lab.  to  Mont.,  N.  M.  and  Ga. — Alt.  5000-8500  ft. — Minnehaha ;  Colorado 
Springs. 

2.  SABINA  Haller.  Red  Cedars,  Savins,  Junipers. 

Fruit  reddish-brown  or  bluish  by  a  bloom,  with  dry-fibrous  sweet  flesh. 

1.  S',  utahensis. 

Fruit  blue  or  blue-black,  rarely  copper-colored,  with  juicy  resinous  flesh. 

Trees  or  erect  shrubs;  fruit  on  straight  peduncle. 

Leaves  minutely  denticulate  at  the  apex ;  fruit  5-7  mm.  in  diameter,  usually 
1 -seeded.  2.  S',  monosperma. 

Leaves  entire ;  fruit  4-5  mm.  in  diameter,  usually  several-seeded. 

3.  S',  scopulorum. 

Prostrate  shrub  ;  fruit  on  recurved  peduncle.  4.  S.  prostrata. 

1.  Sabina  utahensis  (Engelm.)  Rydb.  ( Juniperus  californica  utahensis 
Engelm.)  On  dry  mountain  slopes  and  table-lands  from  western  Colo,  to 
Nev.,  southeastern  Calif,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — State  Bridge;  Glen- 
wood  Springs;  Grand  River  Valley. 


10 


JUNIPERACEAE. 


2.  Sabina  monosperma  (Engelm.)  Rydb.  ( Juniperus  occidentalis  mono- 
sperma  Engelm.)  Dry  foot-hills  and  mesas  from  Colo,  to  Utah,  Ariz.,  N.  M. 
and  northern  Mexico. — Alt.  5500-7500  ft. — McCoy;  Cedar  Creek;  La  Veta; 
Mancos ;  Owl  Canon ;  Rustic. 

3.  Sabina  scopulorum  (Sarg.)  Rydb.  ( Juniperus  scopulorum  Sarg.) 
Rocky  Mountain  Red  Cedar.  On  foot-hills  and  river  bluffs  from  Alb.  to 
B.  C.,  Ore.,  Ariz.  and  Texas. — Alt.  4000-8500  ft. — Colorado  Springs;  Golden; 
Garden  of  the  Gods;  Ouray;  Durango;  McCoy;  State  Bridge,  Grand  River; 
Kremmling;  Eagle  River,  Walcott;  Boulder;  Manitou;  New  Castle;  Salida; 
Andrew’s  ranch;  Soldier  Canon;  Rist  Canon;  Trinidad;  Owl  Canon. 

4.  Sabina  prostrata  (Pers.)  Antoine.  Creeping  Juniper,  Trailing  Savin. 
Exposed  hills  and  slopes  from  N.  S.  to  B.  C.,  Colo,  and  N.  Y. — Alt.  4000- 
8500  ft. — North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Parlin;  Owl  Canon. 

Order  8.  GNETALES. 

Family  10.  EPHEDRACEAE  Dumort.  Joint-fir  Family. 

1.  EPHEDRA  Tourn.  Joint-firs. 

Scales  and  branches  opposite ;  bracts  opposite  and  connate,  scarious  only  on  the 
margins.  1.  E.  antisyphylitica. 

Scales,  branches  and  bracts  in  threes  ;  the  latter  scarcely  connate ;  those  of  the 
pistillate  cones  mostly  scarious  and  more  or  less  clawed. 

Scales  2-3  mm.  long,  not  becoming  shreddy ;  fruit  scabrous. 

2.  E.  Torreyana. 

Scales  6-12  mm.  long,  becoming  shreddy;  fruit  smooth.  3.  E.  trifur ca. 

1.  Ephedra  antisyphylitica  E.  A.  Mey.  On  desert  land  from  Colo,  to 
Texas  and  Mex. — Mancos. 

2.  Ephedra  Torreyana  S.  Wats.  On  desert  lands  to  an  altitude  of  5500  ft. 
from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Deer  Run. 

3.  Ephedra  trifurca  Torr.  On  desert  lands  from  southwestern  Colo,  and 
Utah  to  Texas  and  Ariz. — Mesa  Verde;  Las  Animas  Valley  (Brandegee) . 


Class  2.  AN GIOSPERM AE . 


Subclass  1.  MONOCOTYLEDONES. 

Order  9.  PANDANALES. 

Flowers  in  elongated  terminal  spikes ;  fruit  hidden  among  bristles. 

Fam.  11.  Typhaceae. 

Flowers  in  globose  lateral  spikes ;  fruit  not  hidden  among  bristles. 

Fam.  1 2.  Sparganiaceae. 

Family  11.  TYPHACEAE  J.  St.  Hil.  Cat-tail  Family. 

1.  TYPHA  L.  Cat-tails. 

1.  Typha  latifolia  L.  In  marshes,  lakes  and  streams  from  Newf.  to  Wash., 
Fla.  and  Calif.;  also  Mex.,  Asia  and  Europe. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Pagosa 
Springs;  Ft.  Collins;  common  in  swamps  formed  by  irrigation. 


Family  12.  SPARGANIACEAE  Agard.  Bur-reed  Family. 

1.  SPARGANIUM  L.  Bur-reed. 

Leaves  triangular-keeled  at  the  base. 

Mature  achenes  truncate  at  the  apex,  stalked ;  stigmas  often  2. 

1.  5'.  eurocarpum. 

Mature  achenes  acuminate  at  the  apex,  sessile ;  stigma  always  solitary ;  lower 
heads  peduncled.  2.  S.  multipedunculatum. 

Leaves  flat  throughout,  mostly  floating. 

Mature  heads  12-15  mm.  in  diameter;  style  and  stigma  of  about  the  same 
length  as  the  achenes.  3.  S.  angustifolium. 

Mature  heads  7-10  mm.  in  diameter;  style  and  stigma  shorter  than  the  achenes. 

4.  S.  minimum. 

1.  Sparganium  eurocarpum  Engelm.  In  marshes  and  slow  streams  from 
Newf.  to  Wash.,  Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — Along  Platte  River, 
Denver. 

2.  Sparganium  multipedunculatum  (Morong)  Rydb.  (S.  simplex  multi¬ 
pedunculatum  Morong)  In  marshes,  slow  streams  and  lakes,  from  the 
Mackenzie  River  to  Wash,  and  Colo. — Alt.  6500-10,500  ft. — Gunnison ;  Cot¬ 
tonwood  Lake;  Kremmling;  West  Cliff;  margin  of  lake,  Buffalo  Pass,  Park 
Range;  Estes  Park;  eight  miles  west  of  Hebron. 

3.  Sparganium  angustifolium  Michx.  In  lakes  and  streams  from  Newf.  to 
Ore.,  N.  Y.  and  Calif. — Alt.  8500-11,500  ft. — Near  Pagosa  Peak;  Seven  Lakes; 
Trapper’s  Lake;  Estes  Park. 


11 


12 


ZANICHELLIACEAE. 


4.  Sparganium  minimum  Fries.  In  ponds  and  streams  from  N.  B.  to 
Alaska,  N.  Y.  and  Utah. — Grand  Lake ;  Estes  Park. 


Order  10.  NAIADALES. 

Gynoecium  of  distinct  carpels ;  stigmas  disk-like  or  cup-like. 

Fam.  13.  ZANICHELLIACEAE. 

Gynoecium  of  united  carpels  ;  stigmas  2-4,  slender. 

Fam.  14.  Naiadaceae. 


Family  13.  ZANICHELLIACEAE  Dumort.  Pond-weed  Family. 

Flowers  perfect  in  peduncled  spikes ;  ovaries  sessile ;  stamens  4  ;  connective  ap- 
pendaged.  1.  Potamogeton. 

Flowers  monoecious,  axillary ;  anthers  1  ;  connective  not  appendaged. 

2.  Zanichellia. 

1.  POTAMOGETON  L.  Pond- weed. 


3-  P. 
4.  P. 
5-  P- 


With  both  floating  and  submerged  leaves. 

Submerged  leaves  bladeless. 

Submerged  leaves  with  proper  blade. 

Submerged  leaf-blades  lanceolate. 

Submerged  leaves  all  petioled. 

Submerged  leaves  sessile  or  the  uppermost  short-petioled 
Peduncles  of  the  same  thickness  as  the  stem. 

Peduncles  thicker  than  the  stem. 

Submerged  leaves  linear. 

With  submerged  leaves  only. 

Leaves  with  broad  blades,  lanceolate  or  oval,  many-nerved. 
Leaves  short-petioled  or  sessile,  not  clasping. 

Leaves  clasping. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear  or  capillary. 

Stipules  free  from  the  leaves. 

Glands  at  the  base  of  the  leaves  absent. 

Glands  at  the  base  of  the  leaves  present. 

Stipules  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  leaves. 

Stigma  broad,  sessile. 

Leaves  filiform,  mm.  wide ;  stipular  sheath  3-8  mm 

10.  P. 

Leaves  about  1  mm.  wide  ;  stipular  sheath  1-2  cm.  long. 

11.  P. 

Stigma  capitate;  style  evident.  12.  P. 


1.  P.  natans. 


2.  P.  lonchites. 


6. 

7- 


P. 

P. 


8.  P. 

9.  P. 


alpinus. 

Zizii. 

heterophyllus. 


lucens. 

Richardsonii. 


foliosus. 

pusillus. 


long. 

filiformis. 

interior. 

pectinatus. 


1.  Potamogeton  natans  L.  In  lakes  and  ponds  from  N.  S.  to  Alaska,  Fla. 
and  Calif. ;  also  Mex.,  Europe  and  Asia. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Rio  Grande, 
Alamosa;  Lee’s  Lake,  Ft.  Collins;  Laramie  River  near  state  line. 

2.  Potamogeton  lonchites  Tuckerm.  In  ponds  and  slow  streams  from  N.  B. 
to  Wash.,  Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Alamosa. 

3.  Potamogeton  alpinus  Balbis.  (P.  rufescens  Schrad.)  In  ponds  from 
N.  S.  to  Alaska,  N.  J.  and  Calif. — Alt.  8000-11,500  ft. — Georgetown;  Tomichi 
River;  Seven  Lakes;  Trapper’s  Lake. 


Z  A  NICHELLI  ACE  AE. 


13 


4.  Potamogeton  Zizii  M.  &  K.  In  lakes  and  streams  from  Que.  to  Ida.,  Fla. 
and  Texas. — Cerro  Summit. 

5.  Potamogeton  heterophyllus  Schreb.  In  still  or  flowing  water  from  Lab. 
to  B.  C.,  Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-6000  ft. — Near  Boulder. 

6.  Potamogeton  lucens  L.  In  ponds  and  lakes,  from  N.  Sc.  to  Fla.  and 
Calif. — Cottonwood  Lake. 

7.  Potamogeton  Richardsonii  (Bennett)  Rydb.  (P.  perfoliatus  lanccolatus 
Robbins)  In  lakes,  ponds  and  slow  streams  from  Newf.  to  Alaska,  Del.  and 
Calif. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Tomichi  River. 

8.  Potamogeton  foliosus  Raf.  In  streams  and  ponds  from  N.  B.  to  B.  C., 
Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — North  Platte  River,  below  Hebron;  Grand 
River,  Sulphur  Springs ;  Platte  River,  Denver. 

9.  Potamogeton  pusillus  L.  In  slow  streams  and  ponds  from  N.  B.  to  B.  C., 
N.  C.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Base  of  Pike’s  Peak;  Brantly  Canon, 
Las  Animas  Co. ;  Alamosa. 

10.  Potamogeton  filiformis  Pers.  In  ponds  and  lakes  from  Anticosti  to 
B.  C.,  N.  Y.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Twin  Lakes;  Walsenburg;  Grand 
Lake. 

11.  Potamogeton  interior  Rydb.  (P.  tnarinus  occidentalis  Robbins)  In 
lakes  and  slow  streams  from  Alb.  to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  6500-10,000  ft. — 
San  Luis  Valley;  Ironton  Park,  nine  miles  south  of  Ouray;  Tomichi  River; 
Gunnison ;  Hamor’s  Lake,  Durango. 

12.  Potamogeton  pectinatus  L.  In  fresh,  alkaline  or  salt  water  from  N.  B. 
to  Alaska,  Fla.  and  Low.  Calif. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Twin  Lakes;  New 
Windsor;  lake  near  Ft.  Collins;  Grizzly  Creek;  Trapper’s  Lake;  Lee’s  Lake, 
Ft.  Collins. 

2.  ZANICHELLIA  L.  Zanichellia. 

1.  Zanichellia  palustris  L.  In  fresh  and  alkaline  ponds  and  streams  especi¬ 
ally  with  sandy  bottoms  from  Mass,  to  Wash.,  Fla.  and  Calif. ;  also  in  the 
Old  World. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  Platte  River,  Denver;  stream 
twelve  miles  below  Grand  Lake ;  swamp  along  Poudre  River. 


Family  14.  NAIAD ACEAE  Lindl.  Naias  Family. 

1.  NAIAS  L.  Naias. 

1.  Naias  guadalupensis  (Spreng.)  Morong.  In  brackish  and  alkaline  water 
from  Kane.,  Nebr.  to  Ore.,  Fla.  and  Texas;  Tropical  America. — Lee’s  Lake,  Ft. 
Collins. 


Order  n.  ALISMALES. 

Petals  similar  to  the  sepals  ;  anthers  long  and  narrow ;  carpels  coherent. 

Fam.  15.  SCHEUCH  SERI  ACEAE. 
Petals  different  from  the  sepals,  in  ours  white  ;  anthers  short  and  thick ;  carpels 
not  coherent. 


Fam.  16.  Alismaceae. 


14 


SCHEUCHSERIACEAE. 


Family  15.  SCHEUCHSERIACEAE  Agardh.  Arrow-grass  Family. 

1.  TRIGLOCHIN  L.  Arrow-grass. 

Carpels  3  ;  fruit  linear-clavate,  tapering  to  an  awl-shaped  base.  1.  T.  palustris. 
Carpels  6  ;  fruit  oblong  or  ovoid,  obtuse  at  the  base.  2.  T.  maritima. 

1.  Triglochin  palustris  L.  In  marshes  from  N.  B.  to  Alaska,  N.  Y.  and 
Colo. ;  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. — Alt.  6500-10,000  ft. — Lake  John,  North 
Park;  Iola;  Hamor’s  Lake,  north  of  Durango;  Grizzly  Creek;  Como;  South 
Park. 

2.  Triglochin  maritima  L.  In  marshes,  especially  those  that  are  more  or 
less  alkaline  or  saline,  from  Lab.  to  Alaska,  N.  J.  and  Calif. — Alt.  6500-10,000 
ft. — Parlin,  Gunnison  Co.;  Doyle’s;  Trimble  Springs,  north  of  Durango;  Gyp¬ 
sum,  Eagle  Co.;  Tobe  Miller’s  ranch;  Steamboat  Springs. 

Family  16.  ALISMACEAE  DC.  Water-plaintain  Family. 

Carpels  in  a  ring  on  a  flat  receptacle.  1.  Alisma. 

Carpels  spirally  arranged  in  several  series  on  a  convex  or  globose  receptacle. 

2.  Sagittaria. 


1.  ALISMA  L.  Water-plantain. 

1.  Alisma  Plantago  L.  (A.  brevipes  Greene)  In  water  from  Que.  to 
Wash.,  Colo,  and  Low.  Calif. ;  also  in  Europe. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Cerro 
Summit;  La  Porte,  Larimer  Co.;  La  Plata  River;  Piedra;  near  the  river, 
Ft.  Collins ;  Hubbard  Creek,  Delta  Co. 


2.  SAGITTARIA  L.  Arrow-head. 

Basal  lobes  of  the  leaf-blades  not  longer  than  the  blade  proper. 

Beak  of  the  achenes  at  a  right  angle  to  the  body  and  of  lA  its  length  or  more ; 

bracts  ovate.  1.  S.  latifolia. 

Beak  of  the  achenes  erect,  very  short. 

Bracts  lanceolate,  8-20  mm.  long;  petiole  comparatively  short;  blade  sel¬ 
dom  floating.  2.  S.  arifolia. 

Bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  4-6  mm.  long;  petioles  very  long;  blades  floating 
or  none.  3.  S.  cuneata. 

Basal  lobes  of  the  leaf-blades  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  blades  proper. 

4.  5*.  longiloba. 

1.  Sagittaria  latifolia  Willd.  In  marshes  and  shallow  water  from  N.  B.  to 
B.  C.,  Fla.  and  Tex. — Lee’s  Lake,  near  Ft.  Collins;  along  the  river  near  Ft. 
Collins. 

2.  Sagittaria  arifolia  J.  G.  Smith.  In  shallow  water  and  mud  from  Me., 
Sask.,  B.  C.  and  Mich,  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-8500  ft. — Near  Boulder; 
New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Alamosa;  Kremmling; 
La  Porte  road,  near  Ft.  Collins. 

3.  Sagittaria  cuneata  Sheldon.  In  lakes  from  Minn,  to  Sask.,  B.  C.  and 
Colo. — “  Colorado.” 

4.  Sagittaria  longiloba  Engelm.  In  shallow  ponds  from  Kans.  to  Colo., 
Tex.  and  Sonora. — Exact  locality  not  given. 


ELODIACEAE. 


15 


Order  12.  HYDROCHARITALES. 

Family  17.  ELODIACEAE  Dumort.  Tape-grass  Family. 

1.  PHILOTRIA  Raf.  Water-weed. 

Calyx  over  2.5  mm.  broad.  1.  P.  angustifolia. 

Calyx  less  than  2  mm.  broad.  2.  P.  minor. 

1.  Philotria  angustifolia  (Muhl.)  Britton.  In  ponds  and  slow-flowing  water 
from  N.  Y.  to  Sask.,  Ky.  and  Nev. — Alt.  4000-6500  ft. — Lee’s  Lake,  Ft. 
Collins. 

2.  Philotria  minor  (Engelm.)  Small.  In  ponds  and  slow-flowing  streams 
from  Me.  to  Minn.,  Wyo.,  Tenn.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Rio  Grande; 
Alamosa;  Lee’s  Lake. 

Order  13.  POALES. 

Leaves  2-ranked ;  their  sheath  with  their  margins  not  united ;  stem  mostly  hollow  ; 

fruit  a  grain.  Fam.  18.  Poaceae. 

Leaves  3-ranked ;  their  sheath  with  united  margins  ;  stem  solid ;  fruit  an  achene. 

Fam.  19.  Cyperaceae. 

Family  18.  POACEAE  R.  Br.  Grass  Family. 

Spikelets  falling  from  the  pedicles  entire,  naked  or  enclosed  in  bristles  or  bur- 
like  involucres,  i-flowered,  or  if  2-flowered  the  lower  flower  staminate  ;  no 
upper  empty  glumes ;  rachilla  not  extending  above  the  upper  glume. 

Spikelets  round  or  somewhat  compressed  dorsally ;  empty  glumes  manifest ; 
hilum  punctiform. 

Flowering  glume  and  palet  hyaline,  thin,  much  more  delicate  in  texture  than 
the  empty  glumes. 

Spikelets  in  pairs,  one  sessile  and  the  other  pedicellate. 

Tribe  1.  Andropogoneae. 

Spikelets  not  in  pairs  ( Alopecurus ,  Polypogon,  Cinna,  etc.). 

Tribe  6.  Agrostideae. 

Flowering  glume,  at  least  that  of  the  perfect  flower,  similar  in  texture  to  the 
empty  glumes,  or  thicker  and  firmer,  never  hyaline  and  thin. 

Flowering  glume  and  palet  membranous ;  the  first  glume  usually  larger  than 
the  rest.  Tribe  2.  Zoysieae. 

Flowering  glume  and  palet  chartaceous  to  coriaceous,  very  different  in  color 
and  appearance  from  the  remaining  glumes.  Tribe  3.  Paniceae. 
Spikelets  much  compressed  laterally ;  empty  glumes  none  or  rudimentary ;  hilum 
linear.  Tribe  4.  Oryzeae. 

Spikelets  with  the  empty  glumes  persistent,  the  rachilla  articulated  above  them, 
i-many-flowered ;  frequently  the  upper  glumes  are  empty ;  rachilla  often  pro¬ 
duced  beyond  the  upper  glume. 

Spikelets  borne  in  an  open  or  spike-like  panicle  or  raceme,  usually  upon  dis¬ 
tinct  pedicels. 

Spikelets  i-flowered. 

Empty  glumes  4;  palet  1 -nerved.  Tribe  5.  Phalarideae. 

Empty  glumes  2,  rarely  1  ;  palet  2-nerved  (except  in  Cinna). 

Tribe  6.  Agrostideae. 

Spikelets  2-many-flowered. 

Flowering  glumes  usually  shorter  than  the  empty  glumes  ;  the  awn  dorsal 
and  usually  bent.  Tribe  7.  Aveneae. 

Flowering  glumes  usually  longer  than  the  empty  ones ;  the  awn  terminal 
and  straight  (rarely  dorsal  in  Bromus)  or  none. 

Tribe  9.  Festuceae. 


16 


POACEAE. 


Spikelets  in  two  rows  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

Spikelets  on  one  side  of  the  continuous  axis,  forming  one-sided  spikes. 

Tribe  8.  Chlorideae. 

Spikelets  alternately  on  opposite  sides  of  the  axis,  which  is  often  articulated. 

Tribe  io.  Hordeae. 


Tribe  i.  ANDROPOGONEAE. 


Racemes  singly  disposed  ;  apex  of  the  rachis-internodes  a  translucent  cup-shaped 
appendage.  i.  Schizachyrium. 

Racemes  disposed  in  pairs  or  more  ;  apex  of  the  rachis-internodes  not  appendaged. 
Rachis-internodes  and  pedicels  sulcate,  the  median  portion  translucent,  the  mar¬ 
gins  thickened.  2.  Amphilophis. 

Rachis-internodes  not  sulcate. 

Some  or  all  of  the  racemes  sessile.  3.  Andropogon. 

All  of  the  racemes  more  or  less  peduncled. 

Pedicellate  spikelets  wanting.  4.  Sorghastrum. 

Pedicellate  spikelets  present  and  usually  staminate.  5.  Sorghum. 


Tribe  2.  ZOYSIEAE. 

Only  one  genus  represented. 


6.  Hilaria. 


Tribe  3.  PANICEAE. 


Spikelets  naked,  not  involucrate. 

Empty  glumes  2. 

Rachis  produced  beyond  the  upper  spikelet ;  spikelets  narrow. 


Rachis  not  so  produced ;  spikelets  globose. 

Empty  glumes  3. 

Empty  glumes  not  awned. 

Spikelets  in  very  slender  1 -sided  racemes,  which  are 
approximate. 

Spikelets  in  panicles  or  panicled  racemes. 

Spikeles  lanceolate,  acuminate,  long-hairy. 

Spikelets  orbicular  or  lanceolate  ;  if  the  latter,  then 

Empty  glumes  awned  or  awn-pointed. 

Spikelets  involucrate. 

Involucre  of  numerous  bristles. 

Involucre  of  two  spine-bearing  valves. 


37.  Spartina. 

38.  Beckmannia. 


usually  whorled  or 

7.  Syntherisma. 

8.  Trichachne. 
glabrous. 

9.  Panicum. 

10.  Echinochloa. 

11.  Chaetochloa. 

12.  Cenchrus. 


Tribe  4.  ORYZEAE. 

Spikelets  perfect ;  empty  glumes  wanting  or  rarely  rudimentary. 

13.  Homalocenchrus. 

Tribe  5.  PHALARIDEAE. 

Third  and  fourth  glumes  empty,  awnless.  14.  Phalaris. 

Third  and  fourth  glumes  enclosing  staminate  flowers.  15.  Savastana. 

Tribe  6.  AGROSTIDEAE. 

Flowering  glumes  indurate  when  mature  and  very  closely  embracing  the  grain, 
or  at  least  firmer  than  the  empty  glumes. 

Spikelets  all  perfect  not  in  pairs. 

Flowering  glume  3-awned.  16.  Aristida. 

Flowering  glume  i-awned. 

Awn  twisted  and  bent. 

Awn  not  twisted. 


17.  Stipa. 


POACEAE. 


17 


Flowering  glumes  broad  ;  awn  deciduous. 

Flowering  glumes  glabrous,  or  pubescent  with  short  appressed  hairs. 

18.  Oryzopsis. 

Flowering  glumes  pubescent  with  long,  silky  hairs  much  exceeding 
the  glume.  19.  Eriocoma. 

Flowering  glumes  narrow ;  glabrous  or  with  short,  appressed  hairs ;  the 
awn  persistent.  20.  Muhlenbergia. 

Spikelets  in  pairs,  one  perfect  and  the  other  staminate  or  sterile,  in  a  spike¬ 
like  panicle.  21.  Lycurus. 

Flowering  glumes  usually  hyaline  or  membranaceous  at  maturity ;  at  least  more 
delicate  than  the  empty  ones ;  grains  loosely  enclosed. 

Stigma  sub-plumose  (».  e.,  with  short  hairs  all  around),  projecting  from  the 
apex  of  the  nearly  closed  glumes. 

Inflorescence  spike-like. 

Rachilla  of  the  spikelets  articulated  above  the  empty  glumes,  which  are 
therefore  persistent.  22.  Phleum. 

Rachilla  of  the  spikelets  articulated  below  the  empty  glumes,  hence  the 
spikelets  deciduous  entire.  23.  Alopecurus. 

Inflorescence  an  open  small  panicle  ;  dwarf  arctic-alpine  plant. 

24.  Phippsia. 

Stigma  plumose,  projecting  from  the  sides  of  the  spikelets ;  inflorescence  an 
open  or  spike-like  panicle. 

Grain  not  permanently  enclosed  in  the  flowering  scale  and  palet ;  pericarp 
opening  readily  at  maturity. 

Flowering  glumes  long-hairy  on  the  veins.  25.  Blepharineuron. 

Flowering  glumes  not  long-hairy  on  the  veins.  26.  Sporobulus. 

Grain  permanently  enclosed  in  the  flowering  glume  and  the  palet ;  pericarp 
adherent. 

Spikelets  readily  falling  off  entire  when  mature.  27.  Polypogon. 
Spikelets  with  the  empty  scales  at  least  persistent. 

Palet  i-nerved  and  i-keeled;  stamen  1.  28.  Cinna. 

Palet  2-n’erved  and  2-keeled  or  sometimes  wanting;  stamen  3. 

Flowering  glumes  naked  at  the  base.  29.  Agrostis. 

Flowering  glumes  with  long  hairs  at  the  base. 

Flowering  glume  and  palet  thin-membranous.  30.  Calamagrostis. 

Flowering  glume  and  palet  chartaceous.  31.  Calamovilfa. 


Tribe  7.  AVENEAE. 


Awn  of  the  flowering  glumes  inserted  dorsally  below  the  teeth. 

Grain  free,  unfurrowed ;  spikelets  less  than  1  cm.  long. 

Flowering  glumes  erose-toothed  or  shortly  2-lobed  at  the  apex. 

32.  Deschampsia. 

Flowering  glumes  2-cleft  or  deeply  2-toothed  at  the  apex ;  teeth  awn-pointed. 
Awn  twisted  and  bent.  33.  Trisetum. 

Awn  if  present  not  twisted,  straight.  34.  Graphephorum. 

Grain  furrowed,  adherent  to  the  glumes  ;  spikelets  exceeding  1  cm.  in  length. 
Ovary  not  crowned  by  a  villous  appendage.  35.  Avena. 

Ovary  crowned  by  a  villous  appendage  (awned  species  of) 


Awn  of  the  flowering  glumes  inserted  between  the  teeth. 


65.  Bromus. 

36.  Danthonia. 


Tribe  8.  CHLORIDEAE. 

Spikelets  with  perfect  flowers. 

Spikelets  with  1  (rarely  2)  perfect  flowers. 

Spikelets  deciduous  as  a  whole ;  rachis  articulated  below  the  empty  glumes. 
Rhachis  produced  above  the  upper  spikelet ;  spikelets  narrow. 

37.  Spartina. 

Rhachis  not  produced  beyond  the  upper  spikelet ;  spikelets  globose. 

38.  Beckmannia. 


o 


18 


POACEAE. 


Spikelets  with  at  least  the  empty  glumes  persistent. 

Glumes  above  the  perfect  flower  none  ;  spikes  digitate,  very  slender. 

39.  ScHEDONARDUS. 

Glumes  above  the  perfect  flower  i-several ;  spikes  scattered. 

Spikes  1-4,  rarely  more  ;  spikelets  25  or  more.  40.  Bouteloua. 

Spikes  numerous,  12  or  more;  spikelets  few,  less  than  12. 

41.  Atheropogon. 

Spikelets  with  2-3  perfect  flowers  ;  spikelets  alternate.  42.  Leptochloa. 

Spikelets  dioecious;  those  of  the  two  sexes  very  unlike.  43.  Bulbilis. 


Tribe  9.  FESTUCEAE. 


Flowering  glumes,  at  least  of  the  pistillate  spikelets,  3-lobed  and  3-awned ;  plant 
dioecious.  44.  Scleropogon. 

Flowering  glumes  entire  or  at  most  2-lobed. 

Hairs  on  the  rachilla  or  flowering  glume  very  long  and  enclosing  the  latter. 

45.  Phragmites. 

Hairs,  if  any,  on  the  rachilla  and  the  flowering  glume  shorter  than  the  glume. 
Stigmas  barbellate  on  elongated  styles ;  spikelets  in  threes  in  the  axils  of 
spinescent  leaves.  46.  Munroa. 

Stigmas  plumose,  sessile  or  on  short  styles. 

Flowering  glumes  1-3-nerved. 

Lateral  nerves  of  the  flowering  glumes  hairy. 

Flowering  glumes  deeply  2-lobed. 

Internodes  of  the  rachilla  long,  often  half  as  long  as  the  flowering 
glume ;  plants  without  stolons.  47.  Tkiplasis. 

Internodes  of  the  rachilla  short,  many  times  shorter  than  the  glumes  ; 
plants  with  long,  arching  stolons.  48.  Dasyochloa. 

Flowering  glume  entire  or  slightly  2-lobed ;  internodes  of  the  rachilla 
short. 

Inflorescence  a  short  congested  raceme ;  leaf-blades  with  thick  car¬ 
tilaginous  margins.  49.  Erioneuron. 

Inflorescence  a  panicle  ;  leaf-blades  not  with  cartilaginous  margins. 
Panicle  simple  or  compound  ;  the  spikelets  on  pedicels  of  varying 
length.  50.  Tridens. 

Panicles  composed  of  long  branches,  along  which  the  appressed 
spikelets  are  arranged  on  short  pedicels.  51.  Diplachle. 
Lateral  nerves  of  the  flowering  glumes  glabrous. 

Callus  of  the  flowering  glumes  copiously  pubescent  with  long  hairs  ; 

panicle  open.  52.  Redfieldia. 

Callus  of  the  flowering  glumes  glabrous. 

Second  empty  glume  similar  to  the  first  or  nearly  so. 

Panicle  narrow,  dense  and  spike-like,  shining ;  its  branches  erect. 

53.  Koeleria. 

Panicle  open  ;  its  branches  spreading. 

Rachilla  continuous  (except  in  E.  major )  ;  flowering  glume  de¬ 
ciduous  ;  palet  persistent ;  plants  of  dry  soil. 

54.  Eragrostis. 

Rachilla  articulated  ;  flowering  glumes  and  palet  both  deciduous 
with  the  rachilla-internodes ;  water  plants  with  2-flowered 
spikelets.  55.  Catabrosa. 

Second  empty  glume  very  unlike  the  first  one,  broad  at  the  summit. 

56.  Eatonia. 


Flowering  glumes  5-many-nerved. 

Spikelets  with  two  or  more  of  the  upper  glumes  empty,  broad  and  enfold¬ 
ing  each  other.  57.  Melica. 

Spikelets  with  upper  glumes  flower-bearing  or  narrow  and  abortive. 
Stigmas  placed  at  or  near  the  apex  of  the  ovary. 

Spikelets  borne  in  one-sided  fascicles  which  are  arranged  in  a  glom¬ 
erate  or  interrupted  panicle ;  flowering  glumes  herbaceous. 

58.  Dactylis. 


POACEAE. 


19 


Spikelets  borne  in  panicles  of  racemes. 

Glumes  more  or  less  compressed  and  keeled. 

Spikelets  cordate,  large.  59.  Briza. 

Spikelets  not  cordate. 

Plants  dioecious ;  flowering  glume  of  the  pistillate  spikelets 
coriaceous ;  palet  strongly  2-keeled  and  serrate  on  the 
margin.  60.  Distichlis. 

Plants  with  perfect  flowers  or  in  some  species  of  Poa  dioe¬ 
cious  ;  spikelets  all  alike ;  flowering  glume  thin ;  palet 
ciliate  or  smooth  on  the  margin 
Flowering  glumes  scarious-margined ;  rachis  glabrous  or 
with  webby  hairs.  61.  Poa. 

Flowering  glumes  membranous,  not  scarious-margined ; 
rachis  with  stiff  hairs,  extending  into  a  hairy  appendage. 

34.  Graphephorum. 

Glumes  rounded  on  the  back,  at  least  below. 

Flowering  glumes  obtuse  or  acutish  and  scarious  at  the  apex, 
usually  toothed. 

Flowering  glumes  distinctly  5-7-nerved ;  style  present. 

62.  Panicularia. 

Flowering  glumes  obscurely  5-nerved  ;  style  none. 

63.  Pucci nelli a. 

Flowering  glumes  acute,  pointed  or  more  commonly  awned  at 
the  apex.  64.  Festuca. 

Stigmas  plainly  arising  below  the  apex  of  the  ovary  which  is  tipped 
by  a  hairy  cushion.  65.  Bromus. 


Tribe  10.  HORDEAE. 

Spikelets  usually  single  at  the  nodes  of  the  rachis. 

Empty  scales  broad,  with  their  sides  turned  towards  the  rachis. 

66.  Agropyron. 

Empty  glumes  with  their  back  turned  to  the  rachis.  70.  Lolium. 

Spikelets  2-6  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  or  if  solitary  the  empty  glumes  arranged 
obliquely  to  the  rachis. 

Spikelets  i-flowered  or  with  a  rudimentary  second  flower.  67.  Hordeum. 

Spikelets  2-many-flowered. 

Rachis  of  the  spikes  articulated,  readily  breaking  up  into  joints. 

68.  Sitanion. 

Rachis  of  the  spikes  continuous,  not  breaking  up  into  joints. 

69.  ElY'MUS. 

Tribe  1.  ANDROPOGONEAE. 

1.  SCHIZACHYRIUM  Nees.  Bunch-grass,  Broom-grass. 

1.  Schizachyrium  scoparium  (Michx.)  Nash.  ( Andopogon  scoparium 
Michx.)  On  sandy  or  dry  gravelly  hills  from  N.  B.  to  Sask.,  Fla.  and  Tex. — 
Alt.  4000-7500  ft. — Near  Boulder;  Cheyenne  Mountain;  Engelmann  Canon; 
New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Royal  Gorge;  La  Porte,  Tobe  Miller’s  ranch; 
Poudre  Canon;  Ft.  Collins. 


2.  AMPHILOPHIS  Nash. 

1.  Amphilophis  Torreyanus  (Steud.)  Nash.  ( Andropogon  saccharoides  of 
Coult.  Man.;  not  Sw.)  In  dry  soil  from  Mo.  to  Colo.,  Tex.  and  Ariz. ;  also 
in  Mex. — Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — Canon  City. 


20 


POACEAE. 


3.  ANDROPOGON  L.  Beard-grass,  Blue-stem. 

Fourth  glume  of  the  sessile  spikelet  with  a  long  geniculate  awn,  more  or  less 
spiral  at  the  base. 

Outer  two  glumes  of  the  sessile  spikelet  more  or  less  hispidulous  all  over ;  hairs 
on  the  rachis-internodes  usually  2  mm.  or  less  long.  1.  A.  furcatus. 

Outer  two  glumes  of  the  sessile  spikelet  smooth  or  nearly  so,  except  on  the 
nerves  ;  hairs  of  the  rachis-internodes  3-4  mm.  long.  2.  A.  chrysocomus. 
Fourth  glume  of  the  sessile  spikelet  awnless  or  with  a  short,  straight,  untwisted 
awn.  3.  A.  Hal lii. 

1.  Andropogon  furcatus  Muhl.  In  meadows  from  Me.  to  Sask.,  Fla.  and 
Tex. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Near  Boulder;  La  Veta;  Golden;  West  Dry  Creek, 
Larimer  Co.;  Manitou ;  Colorado  Springs;  Tobe  Miller’s  ranch,  near  La 
Porte ;  Ft.  Collins. 

2.  Andropogon  chrysocomus  Nash.  In  dry  meadows  from  Neb.  to  Colo., 
Kans.  and  Tex. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — La  Veta;  on  the  plains. 

3.  Andropogon  Hallii  Hack.  In  sandy  soil  from  Neb.  to  Mont.,  Kans.  and 
Mex. — Exact  locality  not  given. 


4.  SORGHASTRUM  Nash.  Indian  Grass. 

1.  Sorghastrum  nutans  (L.)  Nash.  ( Chrysopogon  nutans  Benth.)  In  dry 
soil  from  Ont.  to  Man.,  Fla.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Near  Boulder; 
New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Canon  City;  Tobe  Miller’s  ranch,  near  La  Porte; 
Ft.  Collins. 

5.  SORGHUM  Pers.  Johnson  Grass,  Sugar  Corn. 

1.  Sorghum  halapense  (L.)  Pers.  Cultivated  for  fodder  and  occasionally 
escaped. — Rocky  Ford. 

Tribe  2.  ZOYSIEAE. 

6.  HILARIA  H.  B.  K.  Mesquite,  Black  Grama. 

Outer  glumes  of  the  spikelets  cuneate,  awnless ;  the  nerves  strongly  diverging. 

1.  H.  mutica. 

Outer  glumes  linear  or  oblong,  awned  ;  the  nerves  parallel.  2.  H.  Jamesii. 

1.  Hilaria  mutica  (Buckl.)  Benth.  On  dry  plains  from  southern  Colo,  to 
Tex.  and  Ariz. — Reported  from  Colorado,  but  doubtful. 

2.  Hilaria  Jamesii  (Torr.)  Benth.  Hillsides  and  gulches  of  the  mesas  from 
Wyo.  to  Nev.,  Tex.  and  N.  Mex. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Deer  Run;  mesas  near 
Pueblo ;  Arboles ;  Mancos ;  Hotchkiss,  Delta  Co. 

Tribe  3.  PANICEAE. 

7.  SYNTHERISMA  Walt.  Crab-grass. 

Pedicels  terete  or  nearly  so,  sparingly  if  at  all  hispidulous ;  lower  sheath  glabrous. 

1.  S.  humifusum. 

Pedicels  sharply  3-angled ;  the  angles  strongly  hispidulous ;  as  are  also  the  sheaths. 

2.  5".  sanguinale. 


POACEAE. 


21 


1.  Syntherisma  humifusum  (Pers.)  Rydb.  On  roadsides,  in  old  fields  and 
waste  places,  introduced  from  the  Old  World  and  established  from  N.  S.  to 
Mont,  and  Colo,  and  Fla. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Georgetown;  Ft.  Collins. 

2.  Syntherisma  sanguinale  (L.)  Dulac.  ( Panicum  sanguinale  L.)  In 
lawns,  cultivated  ground  and  waste  places;  introduced  from  the  Old  World 
and  established  from  Mass,  to  Neb.,  Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — 
Boulder;  Canon  City;  Ft.  Collins. 

8.  TRICHACHNE  Nees. 

1.  Trichachne  saccharatum  (Buckley)  Nash.  On  dry  hillsides  from  Colo,  to 
western  Tex.,  Ariz.  and  Mex. — Alt.  up  to  8500  ft. — Canon  City;  Fremont  Co. 

9.  PANICUM  L.  Panic-grass,  Witch-grass,  Switch-grass,  Millet. 

Basal  leaf-blades  long  and  narrow  ;  spikelets  lanceolate  to  ovate,  acute  to  acu¬ 
minate. 

Annual.  1.  P.  capillar e. 

Perennial  with  long,  scaly  root-stock.  2.  P.  virgatum. 

Basal  leaf-blades  ovate  to  lanceolate ;  spikelets  elliptic  to  ovate  or  obovate,  obtuse. 
Spikelets  less  than  2  mm.  long.  3.  P.  unciphyllum. 

Spikelets  more  than  2  mm.  long.  4.  P.  Scribnerianmn. 

1.  Panicum  capillare  L.  In  sandy  soil  and  waste  places  from  S.  Dak.  to 
B.  C.,  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-9500  ft. — Black  Canon;  Ft.  Collins;  Pike’s 
Peak;  Grand  Junction;  near  Boulder;  Canon  City;  Colorado  Springs; 
Graymont. 

2.  Panicum  virgatum  L.  In  meadows  and  on  river-banks  from  Me.  to  Ass., 
Fla.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-7500  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  Golden;  Trimble  Springs; 
New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  near  Boulder;  La  Veta;  Tobe  Miller’s  ranch. 

3.  Panicum  unciphyllum  Trin.  (P.  pubescens  and  P.  dichotomum  of  Coult. 
Man.)  In  dry  or  sandy  soil  from  Me.  to  B.  C.,  Ga.  and  Ariz. — Exact  local¬ 
ity  not  given. 

4.  Panicum  Scribnerianum  Nash.  (P.  scoparium  of  Coult.  Man.;  not 
Lam.)  In  meadows  from  Me.  to  B.  C.,  Va.,  Ariz.  and  Ore. — Alt.  4000-6000 
ft. — Foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  Palmer  Lake ;  Brantly  Canon,  Las  Animas  Co. ; 
Boulder. 


10.  ECHINOCHLOA  Beauv.  Barnyard-grass,  Cockspur-grass. 

• 

1.  Echinochloa  Crus-galli  (L.)  Beauv.  ( Panicum  Crus-galli  L.)  In  sandy 
or  alkaline  soil,  waste  places  and  old  fields. — Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — Golden; 
Grand  Junction;  Dry  Creek,  Larimer  Co.;  Canon  City. 

Echinochloa  Crus-galli  mutica  is  a  variety  with  short  awn. — Golden;  Tobe 
Miller’s  ranch,  near  La  Porte;  Ft.  Collins. 

n.  CHAETOCHLOA  Scribn.  Fox-tail  Grass,  Italian  Millet,  Hungarian 

Grass. 

Inflorescence  with  the  spikelets  racemosely  arranged;  bristles  5-16  at  the  base 
of  each  spikelet,  involucrate,  tawny-orange.  1.  C.  glauca. 

Inflorescence  with  the  spikelets  in  clusters  or  on  branches ;  bristles  1-3  at  the 
base  of  each  spikelet,  not  involucrate. 


99 


POACEAE. 


Second  glume  of  the  spikelet  as  long  as  the  flowering  glume  or  very  nearly 
so  ;  annuals. 

Panicle  usually  i  cm.  thick  or  less ;  bristles  commonly  green  ;  spikelets  about 
2  mm.  long.  2.  C.  viridis. 

Panicle  usually  1-3  cm.  thick ;  bristles  usually  purple ;  spikelets  2.5-3  mm. 
long.  3.  C.  italica. 

Second  glume  manifestly  shorter  than  the  flowering  glume ;  perennial. 

4.  C.  composita. 

1.  Chaetochloa  glauca  (L.)  Scribn.  ( Setaria  glauca  Beauv.)  Yellow 
Fox-tail.  In  waste  places  and  cultivated  grounds  from  Vt.  to  Man.,  Fla. 
and  Tex. — Alt.  up  to  5000  ft. — Ft.  Collins. 

2.  Chaetochloa  viridis  (L.)  Scribn.  ( Setaria  viridis  Beauv.)  Green  Fox¬ 
tail.  In  cultivated  ground  and  waste  places  from  Me.  to  Wash.,  Fla.  and 
Calif. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Near  Boulder;  Idaho  Springs;  Ft.  Collins; 
Granada. 

3.  Chaetochloa  italica  (L.)  Scribn.  ( Setaria  italica  Kunth.)  Italian 
Millet,  Hungarian  Grass.  Cultivated  and  escaped  in  fields  and  waste 
places  from  Que.  to  Minn.,  Fla.  and  Colo. — Grass  station,  Ft.  Collins. 

4.  Chaetochloa  composita  (H.  B.  K.)  Scribn.  In  dry  soil  from  Tex.  to 
Colo,  and  Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Canon  City. 

12.  CENCHRUS  L.  Sand-Bur,  Sand-Spur,  Cock-Spur,  Bur-Grass. 

1.  Cenchrus  tribuloides  L.  In  sandy  soil  from  Me.  to  Minn.,  Fla.  and  Tex. 
■ — Alt.  4000-6500  ft. — Near  Boulder;  Ft.  Collins;  ‘Canon  City;  Colorado 
Springs. 

Tribe  4.  ORYZEAE. 

13.  HOMALOCENCHRUS  Mieg.  Rice  Cut-Grass,  Catch-fly  Grass. 

1.  Homalocenchrus  oryzoides  (L.)  Poll.  In  wet  places  and  swamps  from 
N.  Sc.  to  Wash.,  Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — New  Windsor,  Weld 
Co.;  Canon  City;  river-flats  east  of  Ft.  Collins. 

Tribe  5.  PHALARIEAE. 

14.  PHALARIS  L.  Canary-grass. 

Outer  glumes  not  winged;  inflorescence  a  narrow  panicle.  1.  P.  arundinacea. 
Outer  glumes  winged ;  inflorescence  a  spike  or  spike-like  panicle. 

Spikelets  narrow ;  third  and  fourth  glumes  much  reduced ;  blade  subulate,  hairy. 

2.  P.  caroliniana. 

Spikelets  broad,  third  and  fourth  glumes  thin,  membranous ;  blade  lanceolate, 
glabrous  or  sparingly  hairy.  3.  P.  canariensis. 

1.  Phalaris  arundinacea  L.  In  swamp  and  wet  meadows  from  N.  Sc.  to 
B.  C.,  N.  J.  and  Nev.  Also  in  Europe  and  Asia. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — George¬ 
town;  Gunnison;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Fort  Collins;  Hamor’s  Lake; 
Table  Rock. 

2.  Phalaris  caroliniana  Walt.  In  wet  soil  from  S.  C.  to  Calif.,  Fla.  and 
Mex. — Brantly  Canon,  Las  Animas  Co. 


POACEAE. 


23 


3.  Phalaris  canariensis  L.  Introduced  from  Europe  and  Africa;  in  waste 
places  from  N.  S.  to  S.  D.,  Va.  and  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  8500  ft. — Gunnison; 
Colorado  Springs. 

15.  SAVASTANA.  Holy  Grass,  Vanilla  Grass. 

1.  Savastana  odorata  (L.)  Scribn.  ( Hierochloe  borealis  R.  &  S.)  Among 
bushes  and  on  banks  from  Lab.  to  Alaska,  N.  J.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  6500-8500 
ft. — Stove  Prairie,  Larimer  Co.;  West  Cliff;  South  Park;  along  the  Cone¬ 
jos  River,  north  of  Antonito. 

Tribe  6.  AGROSTIDEAE. 

16.  ARISTIDA  L.  Poverty  Grass,  Wire  Grass. 

Spikelets  crowded,  4-6  on  the  short  panicle-branches,  which  are  spikelet-bearing 
to  the  base  or  nearly  so.  1.  A.  fasciculata. 

Spikelets  not  crowded,  usually  1-3,  or  if  more  the  branches  of  the  panicle  or 
their  divisions  with  a  long,  naked  base 

Second  glume  of  the  spikelet  1.5  cm.  long  or  less,  usually  equalling  or  slightly 
exceeding  the  flowering  glume.  2.  A.  Fendleriana. 

Second  glume  of  the  spikelet  2  cm.  long,  from  more  than  longer  than  to 
nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  flowering  glume.  3.  A.  longiseta. 

1.  Aristida  fasciculata  Torr.  In  dry  soil  from  Kans.  to  Calif,  and  Tex.; 
also  in  Mex. — Alt.  up  to  5500  ft. — Canon  City. 

2.  Aristida  Fendleriana  Steud.  (A.  purpurea  Coult. ;  not  Nutt.)  In  dry 
sandy  soil  from  S.  D.  to  Mont.,  Tex.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-8500  ft. — Los 
Pinos;  Buena  Vista;  South  Park;  Salida,  Chaffee  Co. 

3.  Aristida  longiseta  Steud.  In  dry  soil  from  Ill.  to  S.  D.,  Wash.,  Tex.  and 
Mex. — Alt.  4000-8500  ft. — Near  Boulder;  Trail  Glen;  New  Windsor,  Weld 
Co.;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Arboles;  Durango;  Ft.  Col¬ 
lins;  Colorado  Springs;  Cucharas  Valley;  Denver;  Pueblo;  foot-hills,  Lari¬ 
mer  Co. ;  Palisades  ;  Canon  City. 

17.  STIPA  L.  Porcupine-grass,  Oat-grass,  Wild  Oats. 

Outer  glumes  of  the  spikelet  2  cm.  long  or  more. 

Awn  plumose.  1.  5.  neo-mexicana. 

Awn  not  plumose. 

Base  of  panicle  usually  included  in  upper  sheaths;  flowering  scale  8-12  mm. 

long ;  awn  slender  and  curled  above.  2.  S.  comata. 

Base  of  panicle  exserted ;  flowering  scale  over  12  mm.  long;  awn  straight 
above  or  nearly  so. 

Flowering  scales  12-15  mm.  long.  3.  5*.  Tweedyi. 

Flowering  scales  20-25  rnm.  long.  4.  V  spartea. 

Outer  glumes  of  the  spikelets  1.5  cm.  long  or  less. 

Panicle  loose  and  open. 

Awn  plumose  ;  panicle-branches  ascending.  5.  S.  Porteri. 

Awn  not  plumose  ;  panicle-branches  diverging  or  reflexed  at  maturity. 

6.  S.  Richardsonii. 

Panicle  dense  and  spike-like. 

Empty  glumes  scarious  or  hyaline,  the  nerves  hence  prominent. 

Flowering  glumes  about  5  mm.  long,  long-hairy  towards  the  apex. 

12.  S.  Lettermannii. 


24 


POACEAE. 


Flowering  glumes  over  5  mm.  long,  equally  hairy  throughout. 

Flowering  glumes  5-6  mm.  long,  spindle-shaped  when  mature ;  callus 
short.  7.  S.  viridula. 

Flowering  glumes  6-7  mm.  long,  almost  cylindric ;  callus  long  and 
pointed.  8.  S.  Nelsonii. 

Empty  glumes  firm,  thickish,  membranous  or  herbaceous ;  nerves  not  promi¬ 
nent. 

Flowering  glumes  4-5  mm.  long ;  leaf-blades  very  narrow,  involute. 

9.  5'.  minor. 

Flowering  glumes  8-10  mm.  long;  leaf-blades  broad. 

Panicle  slender;  stem  low  and  slender.  10.  S.  Scribneri. 

Panicle  stout  and  dense;  stem  tall  and  stout.  11.  S.  Vaseyi. 

1.  Stipa  neo-mexicana  (Thurb.)  Scribn.  Dry  hills  from  Colo,  to  N.  Mex. 
and  Calif. — Alt.  up  to  6000  ft. — Colorado  Springs. 

2.  Stipa  comata  Trin.  &  Rupr.  On  dry  plains  and  hills,  especially  in  sandy 
soil,  from  Alb.  to  Alaska,  N.  Mex.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-8500  ft. — Along  the 
Platte  River,  Denver;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Mancos;  Almeha;  Ft.  Col¬ 
lins;  mesas  opposite  Grand  Junction;  Rist  Canon;  near  Narrows  along  Pou- 
dre  River. 

3.  Stipa  Tweedyi  Scribn.  Plains  and  valleys  from  Alb.  to  Wash.,  Colo, 
and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  near  Badito,  between  La  Veta 
and  Gardner;  Walsenburg;  Arboles;  Grayback  mining  camps;  Black  Canon 
of  the  Gunnison;  Chester,  Saguache  Co.;  Durango;  Mancos;  North  Park; 
Gypsum ;  Rist  Canon. 

4.  Stipa  spartea  Trin.  On  prairies  from  Man.  to  B.  C.,  Ills,  and  Colo. 
— Reported  from  Colorado  Springs  ( Porter )  ;  South  Park  ( Canby ,  Mehan )  ; 
but  doubtful. 

5.  Stipa  Porteri  Rydb.  (S'.  Mongolica  Porter  &  Coult. ;  not  Turcz.) 
Mountains  of  Colo. — Twin  Lakes. 

6.  Stipa  Richardsonii  Link.  In  meadow  lands  and  hillsides  from  Alb.  to 
Mont.,  S.  D.  and  Colo. — Mountains  west  of  Laramie  River,  Larimer  Co. 

7.  Stipa  viridula  Trin.  (S.  parviflora  Americana  Schultes)  Dry  prairies 
and  hills  from  Sask.  to  Mont.,  Kans.  and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-8500  ft. — Gato; 
Columbine ;  plains,  Larimer  Co. ;  Rist  Canon. 

8.  Stipa  Nelsonii  Scribner.  Dry  plains  and  hills  from  Ass.  to  Ida.  and 
Colo. — Alt.  7500-10,000  ft. — Near  Boulder;  hills  about  Box  Canon,  west  of 
Ouray;  Cerro  Summit;  Idaho  Springs;  Poncha  Pass;  Georgetown;  Durango; 
West  Mancos  Canon;  Rist  Canon;  Poudre  Canon. 

9.  Stipa  minor  (Vasey)  Scribn.  (S',  viridula  minor  Vasey)  Dry  hill¬ 
sides  and  mountain  valleys  from  Mont,  to  Utah  and  N.  M. — Alt.  8000-12,500 
ft. — North  Park;  Twin  Lakes;  Marshall  Pass;  Roger’s;  Cumbres;  Colorado 
Springs;  Robinson,  Summit  Co.;  Long  Gulch;  near  Chamber’s  Lake;  Ute 
Pass  road;  along  the  Michigan,  North  Park;  Anita  Peak,  Routt  Co. 

10.  Stipa  Scribneri  Vasey.  On  foot-hills  and  mountain-sides  of  Colo,  and 
N.  M. — Alt.  5000-9500  ft. — Plains  and  foot-hills  near  Boulder;  Trail  Glen; 
Clear  Creek  Canon,  Golden;  near  Empire;  Royal  Gorge;  Georgetown. 

11.  Stipa  Vaseyi  Scribn.  (S.  viridula  robusta  Vasey.)  On  foot-hills  and 
mountain-sides  from  Colo,  to  Ida.,  Tex.  and  N.  M. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  5000- 
9000  ft. — Colorado  Springs;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Idaho  Springs;  foot- 


POACEAE. 


25 


hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  Pagosa  Springs ;  Manitou ;  Twin  Lakes ;  Hardin’s  ranch ; 
Soldier  Canon ;  gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon ;  hills  west  of  Dixon  Canon. 

12.  Stipa  Lettermannii  Vasey.  Hills  and  plains  from  Wyo.  and  Ida.  to 
Colo,  and  Utah. — Manitou. 

1 8.  ORYZOPSIS  Michx.  Mountain  Rice. 

Spikelets,  exclusive  of  awn,  2.5-4  mm.  long ;  leaves  very  slender  and  involute. 
Outer  glumes  3-5  mm.  long ;  inflorescence  very  narrow  with  short,  erect 
branches.  1.  O.  exigua. 

Outer  glumes  2.5  mm.  long;  inflorescence  at  length  open  with  long,  often 
spreading  or  reflexed  branches.  2.  O.  micrantha. 

Spikelets,  exclusive  of  the  awn,  6-8  mm.  long ;  leaves  broad  and  often  flat. 

3.  O.  asperifolia. 

1.  Oryzopsis  exigua  Thurber.  On  hillsides  from  Mont,  to  Wash.,  Colo, 
and  Ore. — Alt.  about  8500  ft. — Pearl. 

2.  Oryzopsis  micrantha  (Trin.  &  Rup.)  Thurber.  On  hillsides  and  among 
bushes,  from  Ass.  to  Mont.,  Neb.,  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-8500  ft. — Estes 
Park;  near  Badito,  between  La  Veta  and  Gardner;  Georgetown;  Arboles ; 
Idaho  Springs;  Durango;  Glen  Eyrie;  Walsenburg;  Roaring  Fork,  Larimer 
Co. 

3.  Oryzopsis  asperifolia  Michx.  In  woods  from  N.  Sc.  to  B.  C.,  Pa.  and 
N.  M. — Alt.  up  to  9000  ft. — Veta  Pass. 

19.  ERIOCOMA  Nutt. 

Panicle  open,  dichotomously  branched  with  divergent  branches,  x.  0.  cuspidata. 
Panicle  narrow,  with  few  spikelets  on  short,  erect  branches.  2.  O.  Webberi. 

1.  Eriocoma  cuspidata  Nutt.  ( Oryzopsis  cuspidata  Benth.)  On  dry  bar¬ 
ren  plains,  canons  and  sand-hills  from  Sask.  to  Wash.,  Tex.  and  Calif.;  also 
Mex. — Alt.  4000-9500  ft. — Grand  Junction;  Black  Canon;  Buena  Vista;  New 
Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Arboles;  Pueblo;  Fort  Collins;  Mancos;  along  Platte 
River,  Denver;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  river  bluffs  north  of  La  Veta;  Wal¬ 
senburg;  Howe’s  Gulch;  Cherokee  Hill;  hills  about  Trinidad;  Dixon  Canon; 
near  Fork’s  Hotel,  Manitou ;  Middle  Park. 

2.  Eriocoma  Webberi  Thurber.  On  desert  lands  from  western  Colo,  to 
Nev.  and  Calif. — Alt.  up  to  5500  ft. — Grand  Junction. 

20.  MUHLENBERGIA  Schreb. 

Panicle  contracted,  narrow,  spike-like,  the  short  branches  rarely  spreading. 
Empty  glumes  awl-shaped ;  leafy  and  branched  plants,  with  long  root-stocks 
covered  by  imbricated  scales. 

Flowering  glumes  not  awned,  basal  hairs  not  equalling  the  flowering  glume. 
Empty  glumes  about  equalling  the  flowering  glume  in  length,  sharp-pointed, 
about  3  mm.  long.  1.  M.  mexicana. 

Empty  glumes  exceeding  the  flowering  glume,  generally  twice  as  long, 
awned,  about  5  mm.  long.  2.  M.  racemosa. 

Flowering  glumes  distinctly  awned ;  basal  hairs  equalling  the  flowering 
glume.  3.  M.  comata. 

Empty  glumes  lanceolate  to  ovate  ;  plants  mostly  tufted  and  leafy  at  the  base, 
only  in  M.  Richardsonis  with  an  elongated,  scaly  root-stock. 


26 


POACEAE. 


Second  glume  not  toothed  or  slightly  so ;  flowering  glume  awnless  or  rarely 
very  short-awned. 

Empty  glumes  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  flowering  glume,  acuminate. 
Flowering  glumes  scabrous,  green  or  dark. 

Panicle  dense,  obtuse,  5-10  mm.  wide.  4.  M.  Wrightii. 

Panicle  slender  and  lax,  attenuate  at  the  apex,  less  than  5  mm.  wide. 

5.  M.  cuspidata. 

Flowering  glumes  more  or  less  purplish,  sparingly  long-hairy. 

6.  M.  Thurberi. 

Empty  glumes  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  flowering  glume,  obtuse  or 
abruptly  acute. 

Spikelets  (excluding  the  awn  if  present)  1.5  mm.  or  more  long. 

Plant  with  a  strong  perennial,  scaly  root-stock.  7.  M.  Richardsonis. 
Plant  annual ;  root-stock,  if  any,  very  slender. 

Flowering  glumes  merely  awn-pointed,  decidedly  purplish  ;  plant  1-2 
dm.  high. 

Spikelets  2  mm.  long  or  more ;  inflorescence  short  and  rather 
dense  ;  stem  0.5-1  mm.  thick.  8.  M.  simplex. 

Spikelets  about  1.5  mm.  long;  inflorescence  slender  and  lax; 
stem  very  slender,  filiform.  9.  M.  dliformis. 

Flowering  glumes  with  a  distinct  awn  y>- 1  mm.  long,  greenish ; 
plant  4-6  cm.  high.  10.  M.  aristata. 

Spikelets  about  1  mm.  long ;  plant  less  than  4  cm.  high,  annual. 

11.  M.  Wolfii. 

Second  glume  sharply  3-5-toothed ;  flowering  glume  long-awned ;  awn  at 
least  y2  as  long  as  the  glume. 

Stem  3-6  dm.  high,  leafy;  panicle  7-12  cm.  long;  awn  8-15  mm.  long. 

12.  M.  gracilis. 

Stem  1-3  high,  almost  naked  above  ;  panicle  5-7  cm.  long ;  awn  1-4  mm. 
long. 

Spikelets  3-4  mm.  long ;  awn  2-4  mm. ;  leaves  usually  stiff. 

13.  M.  subalpina. 

Spikelets  about  2  mm.  long  ;  awn  1-2  mm. ;  leaves  filiform. 

14.  M.  filicuhnis. 


Panicle  open,  its  branches  long  and  spreading. 

Plants  densely  cespitose,  branched  only  at  the  base. 

Secondary  branches  of  the  panicle  single ;  basal  leaves  short,  strongly  re¬ 
curved.  15.  M.  gracillima. 

Secondary  branches  of  the  panicle  fascicled ;  basal  leaves  not  recurved. 

16.  M.  pungens. 

Plants  diffusely  branched,  prostrate.  17.  M.  Porteri. 


1.  Muhlenbergia  mexicana  (L.)  Trin.  In  wet  meadows  and  swamps  from 
N.  B.  to  N.  D.,  N.  C.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-6500  ft. — New  Windsor,  Weld 
Co.;  Rocky  Ford;  Fort  Collins;  gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon;  Tobe  Mil¬ 
ler’s  ranch,  near  La  Porte. 

2.  Muhlenbergia  racemosa  (Michx.)  B.  S.  P.  (M.  glomerata  Trin.)  In 
wet  meadows  from  Newf.  to  B.  C.,  N.  J.,  N.  M.  and  Ore. — Alt.  4000-10,000 
ft. — Colorado  Springs ;  Cheyenne  Mountain ;  Engelmann  Canon ;  vicinity  of 
Ouray;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Estes  Park,  Larimer  Co.;  Fort  Collins; 
Black  Canon;  Deer  Run;  Manitou;  Middle  Park. 

3.  Muhlenbergia  comata  (Thurb.)  Benth.  In  wet  soil,  especially  in  sand 
from  Mont,  to  Wash.,  Kans.  and  Calif. — Alt.  6500-10,000  ft. — Mountains  near 
Pagosa  Peak ;  Gunnison ;  Carlton  Lake,  Grand  Co. ;  Georgetown ;  Gypsum 
Creek  Canon,  Eagle  Co.;  Twin  Lakes;  Hinsdale  Co.;  Empire. 

4.  Muhlenbergia  Wrightii  Vasey.  In  wet  places  in  the  mountains  of  Colo., 


POACEAE. 


N.  M.,  Ariz.  and  Mex. — Alt.  about  7500  ft. — Mountains,  Larimer  Co. ;  La- 
Veta. 

5.  Muhlenbergia  cuspidata  (Torr.)  Rydb.  ( Vilfa  cuspidata  Torr. ;  Sporo- 
bolus  cuspidatus  Woods)  On  dry  plains  from  Man.  to  Alb.,  Mo.  and  Colo. 
— Exact  locality  not  given. 

6.  Muhlenbergia  Thurberi  Rydb.  ( Vilfa  dliculmis  Thurber;  Sporobolus 
dliculmis  Vasey;  not  Dewey)  Canons  and  dry  plains  from  Colo,  to  W. 
Tex.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  up  to  9500  ft. — Canons  west  of  Ouray. 

7.  Muhlenbergia  Richardsonis  (Trin.)  Rydb.  ( Vilfa  Richardsonis  Trin. ; 
Sporobolus  depauperatus  Coulter  in  part)  On  prairies  and  in  meadows  from 
Anticosti  to  B.  C.,  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Arboles;  George¬ 
town  ;  Durango ;  Mancos ;  Gunnison ;  Elk  River,  Routt  Co. ;  Grizzly  Creek ; 
West  Mancos  Canon;  North  Park;  Mountain  View,  Pike’s  Peak;  Twin 
Lakes;  Colorado  Springs;  South  Park;  Alamosa;  Como. 

8.  Muhlenbergia  simplex  (Scribn.)  Rydb.  ( Sporobolus  simplex  Scribn.) 
In  meadows  and  along  brooks  from  Nebr.  to  Wyo.  and  N.  Mex. — Alt.  8000- 
10,000  ft. — Georgetown;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Twin 
Lakes;  southeast  of  Jefferson,  South  Park;  Crystal  Park. 

9.  Muhlenbergia  filiformis  (Thurber)  Rydb.  ( Vilfa  depauperate  dliformis 
Thurber)  In  wet  places  from  Wyo.  and  Ore.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Steam¬ 
boat  Springs,  Routt  Co. 

10.  Muhlenbergia  aristata  Rydb.  ( Sporobolus  aristatus  Rydb.)  Perhaps 
only  a  variety  of  the  preceding.  In  wet  places  from  Wyo.  to  Utah  and  Colo. 
— Alt.  about  8500  ft. — Columbine. 

11.  Muhlenbergia  Wolfii  (Vasey)  Rydb.  ( Sporobolus  IVoldi  Vasey)  On 
wet  shores  in  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  9000-10,000  ft. — South  Park; 
Twin  Lakes;  Halfway  House. 

12.  Muhlenbergia  gracilis  Trin.  On  gravelly  or  sandy  soil  in  the  moun¬ 
tains  from  Tex.  to  Colo,  and  Calif.;  also  Mexico. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — 
Monument  Park;  Georgetown;  Twin  Lakes;  Ruxton  Dell;  canon  northeast 
side  of  Cheyenne  Mountain ;  vicinity  of  Boulder ;  Como ;  Home ;  Buena  Vista ; 
Jefferson,  South  Park;  Manitou;  Colorado  Springs;  Cheyenne  Canon;  Clear 
Creek;  Georgetown;  Bosworth’s  ranch,  Stove  Prairie;  gulch  west  of  Sol¬ 
dier  Canon;  southeast  of  Jefferson,  South  Park;  Middle  Park;  Ute  Pass; 
Empire. 

13.  Muhlenbergia  subalpina  Vasey.  (M.  gracilis  breviaristata  Vasey)  On 
dry  hills  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M. — Alt.  about  10,000  ft. — Estes  Park,  Larimer 
Co.;  Beaver  Park;  Twin  Lakes;  Ute  Pass;  Como. 

14.  Muhlenbergia  filiculmis  Vasey.  Perhaps  only  a  depauperate  alpine  form 
of  the  preceding.  Mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  8500  ft. — Green  Mountain  Falls ; 
Como. 

15.  Muhlenbergia  gracillima  Torr.  On  plains  and  foot-hills  and  in  canons 
from  Kans.  to  Colo.,  Tex.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Huerfano;  Mani¬ 
tou  ;  Fort  Collins ;  along  the  Platte  River,  near  Denver ;  Colorado  Springs ; 
Twin  Lakes;  Timnath;  near  Owl  Canon. 

16.  Muhlenbergia  pungens  Thurb.  Blow-out  Grass.  On  sand-hills  and 
“bad-lands”  from  Neb.  to  Utah. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Twin  Lakes;  Ster¬ 
ling,  Logan  Co. 


28 


POACEAE. 


17.  Muhlenbergia  Porteri  Scribn.  ( M .  Texana  Thurb. ;  not  Buckl.)  On 
hills  and  plains  from  Tex.  to  Colo,  and  Calif.;  also  Mex. — Alt.  about  6500 
ft. — Canon  City. 

21.  LYCURUS  H.  B.  K. 

1.  Lycurus  pheoides  H.  B.  K.  On  dry  hillsides  from  Tex.  to  Colo,  and 
Arizs ;  also  Mex. — Alt.  6000-7500  ft. — Garden  of  the  Gods ;  Meadow  Park ; 
gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon. 

22.  PHLEUM  L.  Timothy. 

Spikes  usually  elongated-cylindric ;  awns  less  than  y2  the  length  of  the  outer 
glumes.  1.  P.  pratense. 

Spikes  short,  ovoid  or  oblong ;  awn  about  y2  the  length  of  the  outer  glume. 

2.  P.  alpinum. 

1.  Phleum  pratense  L.  In  meadows  and  waste  places,  escaped  from  culti¬ 
vation  from  N.  Sc.  to  B.  C.,  Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  up  to  11,000  ft. — Pagosa 
Springs;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Ruxton  Park;  Mancos. 

2.  Phleum  alpinum  L.  In  mountain  meadows  from  Lab.  to  Alaska,  N.  H. 
and  Calif. ;  also  in  northern  Europe  and  Asia. — Alt.  8500-12,000  ft. — Near 
Pagosa  Peak ;  Dead  Lake ;  Ruxton  Park ;  mountains  west  of  Cameron  Pass ; 
Chamber’s  Lake;  LaPlata;  Georgetown;  Seven  Lakes;  West  Indian  Creek; 
Lake  City;  Robinson,  Summit  Co.;  Gray’s  Peak;  Beaver  Creek;  Boreas; 
Hematite;  Pike’s  Peak. 


23.  ALOPECURUS  L.  Foxtail. 

Spike  elongated-cylindric,  3-7  cm.  long ;  4-6  mm.  in  diameter. 

1.  A.  aristulatus. 

Spike  oblong,  2-4  cm.  long;  9-12  mm.  in  diameter.  2.  A.  occidentalis. 

1.  Alopecurus  aristulatus  Michx.  In  wet  meadows  from  Me.  to  Alaska, 
Pa.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-11,500  ft. — Wahatoya  Creek;  Colorado  Springs; 
Arboles ;  Laramie  River,  Larimer  Co. ;  Grizzly  Creek ;  Mancos ;  Dead  Lake ; 
vicinity  of  Boulder;  Manitou;  Twin  Lakes;  South  Park;  Tobe  Miller’s 
ranch,  near  La  Porte;  Quimby;  Barne’s  Camp;  Spring  Canon;  Soda  Creek; 
Poudre  Canon;  Hotchkiss;  Table  Rock;  Fossil  Creek;  along  Purgatory 
River,  near  Trinidad. 

2.  Alopecurus  occidentalis  Scribn.  (A.  alpinus  of  Coult.  Man.;  not  L.) 
In  wet  meadows  from  Alb.  to  B.  C.,  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  8500-11,000  ft. — 
Cameron  Pass;  Marshall  Pass. 


24.  PHIPPSIA  R.  Br. 

1.  Phippsia  algida  R.  Br.  In  arctic-alpine  localities  from  Greenl.  to  Alaska; 
also  in  Colo.,  arctic  Europe  and  Asia. — Chicago  Lake,  near  Georgetown. 

25.  BLEPHARINEURON  Nash. 

1.  Blepharineuron  tricholepis  (Torr.)  Nash.  ( Sporobolus  tricholepis 
Torr.)  Mountain  valleys  from  Colo,  to  Utah,  Tex.  and  Ariz. ;  also  Mex. — 


POACEAE. 


29 


Alt.  6000-12,000  ft. — Near  Pagosa  Peak;  Ruxton  Park;  Mount  Ouray;  Mon¬ 
tezuma;  Ruxton  Dell;  Ribbon  Lake;  South  Park;  Colorado  Springs;  Minne¬ 
haha;  Hinsdale  Co.;  Middle  Park;  southeast  of  Jefferson,  South  Park; 
Pagosa  Peak. 

26.  SPOROBOLUS  R.  Br.  Dropseed,  Poverty-grass,  Wire-grass. 


Perennials. 

First  glume  one-half  as  long  as  the  second  or  less  ;  plant  not  with  long,  scaly 
root-stocks. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  verticillate.  1.  .S',  argutus. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  scattered. 

Spikelets  about  2  mm.  long ;  first  glume  lanceolate. 

Sheath  naked  or  sparingly  ciliate  at  the  throat ;  empty  glumes  glabrous. 

2.  .S',  airoides. 

Sheath  with  a  conspicuous  tuft  of  hairs  at  the  throat ;  empty  glumes 
scabrous  on  the  keel. 

Leaf-blades  6  cm.  long  or  less,  widely  spreading,  involute ;  sheath 
pubescent  with  long  hairs,  at  least  towards  the  base. 

3.  5.  Nealeyi. 

Leaf-blades  not  widely  spreading;  sheaths  glabrous,  except  the  apex, 
and  slightly  on  the  margins. 

Panicle  usually  more  or  less  included  in  the  sheaths ;  its  lower 
branches  much  exceeding  the  upper  ones.  4.  S',  cryptandrus. 
Panicle  always  exserted,  oblong,  comparatively  narrow ;  its  lower 
branches  but  little,  if  any,  exceeding  the  upper  ones. 

5.  S.  dexuosus. 

Spikelets  4.5-5  mm.  long ;  first  glume  subulate,  usually  awned. 

6.  S',  heterolepis. 

First  glume  almost  equalling  the  second ;  plants  with  long,  scaly  root-stocks. 

7.  S’,  asperifolius. 

Annuals ;  empty  glumes  almost  equal,  ovate.  8.  S',  confusns. 

1.  Sporobolus  argutus  (Nees)  Kunth.  On  the  plains  from  Kan.  to  Colo., 
Tex.  and  Mex. ;  also  West  Indies. — Exact  locality  not  given  ( Vasey ). 

2.  Sporobolus  airoides  Torr.  Dry  prairies  and  river-valleys  from  Neb.  to 
Tex.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-11,000  ft. — Canon  City;  Marshall  Pass;  South 
Park ;  Mancos ;  Fort  Collins ;  Doyles  ;  Arboles ;  Colorado  Springs ;  La  Porte ; 
Palisade,  Mesa  Co.;  Grand  Junction;  Alamosa;  Cottonwood  Creek;  Gun¬ 
nison. 

3.  Sporobolus  Nealleyi  Vasey.  In  dry  places  from  Tex.  to  Colo,  and  N. 
M. — Alt.  about  7500  ft. — Vicinity  of  Alamosa. 

4.  Sporobolus  cryptandrus  (Torr.)  Gray.  In  sandy  soil  from  Mass,  to 
Wash.,  Pa.,  Tex.,  Ariz.  and  Ore. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Canon  City;  Empire; 
Manitou ;  Denver ;  Deer  Run ;  plains  and  foot-hills,  near  Boulder ;  Colorado 
Springs;  Fort  Collins;  Salida,  Chaffee  Co.;  La  Veta;  Georgetown;  Spring 
Canon ;  Poudre  Canon ;  gulch,  west  of  Soldier  Canon. 

5.  Sporobolus  flexuosus  (Thurber)  Rydb.  (S.  cryptandrus  dexuosus,  Thur- 
ber.)  In  sandy  places  from  Tex.  to  Nev.  and  Mex. — Reported  from  Colo¬ 
rado,  but  doubtful. 

6.  Sporobolus  heterolepis  A.  Gray.  On  dry  prairies  from  Que.  to  Sask., 
Pa.  and  Colo. — Exact  locality  not  given. 

7.  Sporobolus  asperifolius  (Nees  &  Mey.)  Thurber.  On  dry  prairies  from 
Ass.  to  B.  C.,  Mo.,  Tex.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-7500  ft. — Cottonwood  Creek; 


30 


POACEAE. 


Saguache  Creek;  Fort  Collins;  Denver;  Durango;  vicinity  of  Boulder;  Gun¬ 
nison;  Cottonwood  Creek;  Manitou;  Grand  Junction. 

8.  Sporobolus  confusus  Vasey.  (S',  ramulosus  of  Coult.  Man.;  not  Kunth.) 
In  wet,  sandy  places  from  Neb.  to  Mont.,  Tex.  and  Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt. 
4000-8500  ft. — Colorado  Springs;  Saguache  Creek;  Cimarron;  Minnehaha; 
Ouray;  Gunnison;  Piedra;  Buena  Vista;  mountains  of  Larimer  Co.;  Twin 
Lakes;  Alamosa;  vicinity  of  Fort  Collins;  Table  Rock. 

27.  P0LYP0G0N  Desf.  Beard-grass. 

1.  Polypogon  monspeliensis  (L.)  Desf.  In  waste  places  from  N.  H.  to 
B.  C.,  S.  C.  and  Calif. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Fort  Collins;  Poudre  River. 

28.  CINNA  L.  Wood  Reed-grass. 

1.  Cinna  latifolia  (Trev.)  Griseb.  ( C .  pendula  Trin.)  In  damp  woods 
from  Newf.  to  B.  C.,  N.  C.  and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-7500  ft. — Empire;  Buffalo 
Pass  road,  Routt  Co. ;  Idaho  Springs ;  Salida. 

29.  AGROSTIS  L.  Red-top,  Herd-grass,  Tiorin,  Bent-grass,  Hair-grass, 

Tickle-grass. 

Palet  conspicuous,  at  least  one-third  as  long  as  the  flowering  glume. 

Panicle  large;  branches  verticillate ;  spikelets  about  3  mm.  long;  stem  3-10 
dm.  high.  1.  A.  alba. 

Panicle  small  and  narrow ;  branches  scattered  or  in  pairs ;  spikelets  about  2 
mm.  long ;  stem  0.6-3  dm.  high.  2.  A.  depressa. 

Palet  minute  or  wanting. 

Branches  of  the  contracted  panicle  short,  at  least  some  of  them  spikelet-bearing 
to  the  base.  3.  A.  asperifolia. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  more  slender,  naked  below. 

Flowering  glume  awnless  or  short-awned ;  the  awn  not  exceeding  the  spike- 
let. 

Branches  of  the  panicle  filiform,  branched  far  above  the  middle,  at  last 
divaricate  or  reflexed  ;  plant  usually  over  3  dm.  high. 

4.  A.  hiemalis. 

Branches  short,  1—3  cm.  long,  ascending ;  plant  1-3  dm.  high. 

5.  A.  tenuiculmis. 

Flowering  glume  with  a  long,  bent  awn,  which  exceeds  the  spikelet  by  one- 
half.  6.  A.  canina  L. 

1.  Agrostis  alba  L.  In  wet  meadows  from  Newf.  to  B.  C.,  Fla.  and  Calif. ; 
native  also  of  Europe  and  cultivated. — Alt.  4000-8500  ft. — Gunnison ;  Golden ; 
Fort  Collins;  Engelmann  Canon;  Georgetown;  Ouray;  Twin  Lakes;  Mani¬ 
tou  ;  gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon ;  Baxter’s  ranch. 

2.  Agrostis  depressa  Vasey.  In  wet  mountain  meadows  and  along  brooks 
from  Wyo.  to  Utah  and  Colo. — Alt.  9000-11,000  ft. — Georgetown;  Beaver 
Creek. 

3.  Agrostis  asperifolia  Trin.  ( A .  exarata  Coulter,  in  part)  In  wet  mead¬ 
ows  from  Man.  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-10,500  ft. — Beaver  Creek; 
near  Pagosa  Peak;  Arboles;  along  the  Lower  Cucharas  River;  Twin  Lakes; 
Fort  Collins ;  gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon. 


POACEAE. 


31 


4.  Agrostis  hiemalis  (Walt.)  B.  S.  P.  (A.  scabra  Willd.)  On  prairies  and 
hills,  both  in  dry  and  wet  soil,  from  Lab.  to  Alaska,  Fla.  and  Calif. ;  also 
in  Mex. — Alt.  4000-11,000  ft. — Vicinity  of  Fort  Collins;  Baxter’s  ranch; 
Poudre  Canon;  Twin  Lakes;  Taylor  River;  about  Ouray;  Gunnison;  North 
Cheyenne  Canon;  Ruxton  Dell;  Pagosa  Springs;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  near 
Boulder;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Cameron  Pass;  Estes 
Park ;  Grand  Lake ;  Hamor’s  Lake ;  Grizzly  Creek ;  Georgetown ;  mountains, 
Larimer  Co.;  Marshall  Pass;  Valley  and  Empire;  Veta  Pass;  Salida;  Twin 
Lakes ;  South  Park ;  Como ;  gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon ;  Little  Beaver 
Creek ;  between  Graymont  and  Silver  Plume ;  Steamboat  Springs ;  Rabbit- 
Ear  Range. 

5.  Agrostis  tenuiculmis  Nash.  ( A .  tennis  Vasey)  In  mountain  meadows 
from  Mont,  to  Wash.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  10,000-11,500  ft. — South  Park; 
Mt.  Elbert;  Dead  Lake;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  summit  of  North  Park  Range, 
Routt  Co. 

6.  Agrostis  canina  L.  Along  mountain  brooks  from  Newf.  and  Alaska 
to  Pa.,  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  about  9000  ft. — Silver  Plume. 

30.  CALAMAGROSTIS  Adans.  Reed-grass,  Blue-joint. 

Awn  strongly  geniculate,  exserted,  longer  than  the  empty  glumes ;  callus-hairs 
much  shorter  than  the  flowering  glume ;  panicle  dense  and  spike-like. 

1.  C.  purpurascens. 

Awn  straight  or  nearly  so,  included  ,*  callus-hairs  not  much  shorter  than  the  flower¬ 
ing  glume  (except  in  C.  scopulorum) . 

Panicle  open,  the  lower  branches  wide-spreading  and  often  drooping ;  leaf- 
blades  flat ;  callus-hairs  copious,  almost  equalling  the  glume. 

Spikelets  4-6  mm.  long ;  empty  glumes  narrow,  sharply  acuminate  ;  awn  stout, 
attached  below  the  middle,  considerably  exceeding  the  glume. 

2.  C.  Langsdorffii. 

Spikelets  3-4  mm.  long,  awn  attached  near  the  middle,  equalling  or  slightly 
exceeding  the  glume.  3.  C.  canadensis. 

Panicle  more  or  less  contracted,  branches  ascending. 

Leaf-blades  flat  or  nearly  so. 

Callus-hairs  copious,  Yz  as  long  as  the  flowering  glume  or  longer. 

Plant  cespitose  ;  empty  glumes  acute.  9.  C.  hyperborea  elongata. 

Plant  not  cespitose ;  empty  glumes  long-acuminate. 

4.  C.  Scribneri. 

Callus-hairs  sparse,  J2  as  long  as  the  glume.  5.  C.  scopulorum. 
Leaf-blades  involute. 

Culm  and  the  narrow  leaf-blades  soft,  not  rigid ;  plant  not  cespitose. 
Spikelets  2.5-4  nun.  long ;  empty  glumes  thin,  sharp-acuminate. 

6.  C.  neglecta. 

Spikelets  2  mm.  long ;  empty  glumes  thickish,  barely  acutish. 

7.  C.  micrantha. 

Culm  and  the  usually  broader  leaf-blades  hard,  more  or  less  rigid. 

Plant  not  cespitose,  tall ;  panicle  very  long.  8.  C.  inexpansa. 

Plant  strongly  cespitose  ;  panicle  short  and  dense. 

9.  C.  hyperborea. 

1.  Calamagrostis  purpurascens  R.  Br.  ( Deyeuxia  sylvatica  Vasey;  not 
DC.)  On  dry,  stony  hills  and  alpine  table-lands  from  Greenl.  to  Alaska, 
Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  6500-12,500  ft. — Silver  Plume;  mountains  above  Idaho 
Springs;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  South  Park;  Mt.  Ouray; 
Mt.  Garfield;  Georgetown;  Front  Range,  Larimer  Co.;  Webster;  Pike’s  Peak; 


32 


POACEAE. 


Stove  Prairie  Hill,  Larimer  Co.;  mountains  of  Estes  Park;  Buena  Vista; 
Clear  Creek;  near  Chambers’  Lake;  Como;  above  Beaver  Creek;  Happy 
Hollow;  Devil’s  Causeway;  Graymont. 

2.  Calamagrostis  Langsdorfii  (Link.)  Trin.  ( D .  Langsdorfhi  Trim)  In 
wet  meadows  and  open  woods  from  Greenl.  to  Alaska,  N.  C.  and  Calif. — 
East  of  Laramie  River,  Larimer  Co. 

3.  Calamagrostis  canadensis  (Michx.)  Beauv.  ( D .  Canadensis  Munro.) 
In  wet  thickets  and  open  woods ;  also  in  meadows  from  Lab.  to  B.  C.,  N.  C. 
and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-11,000  ft. — Fremont  Co.;  Middle  Park;  near  Pagosa 
Peak;  Engelmann  Canon;  Red  Mountain,  south  of  Ouray;  Alpine  Tunnel; 
Georgetown ;  Rabbit-Ear  Pass ;  mountains  and  canons,  west  of  Palmer  Lake ; 
Estes  Park;  vicinity  of  Pike’s  Peak;  Gunnison;  Buena  Vista;  Veta  Pass; 
vicinity  of  Ft.  Collins;  Table  Rock;  Barnes’  Camp;  Elk  Canon. 

C.  canadensis  acuminata  Vasey  is  a  variety  approaching  the  preceding  spe¬ 
cies,  in  having  larger  flowers  and  more  acuminate  glumes.  It  has  the  same 
range  as  the  species. — Alt.  9000-10,000  ft. — Near  Pagosa  Peak;  Anita  Peak. 

4.  Calamagrostis  Scribneri  Beal.  In  open  marshes  and  wet  meadows  from 
Alb.  to  B.  C.,  Colo,  and  Wash. — Alt.  about  9000  ft. — Near  Pagosa  Peak. 

5.  Calamagrostis  scopulorum  M.  E.  Jones.  Among  rocks  in  Utah  and  Colo. 
— Alt.  about  9000  ft. — Near  Pagosa  Peak. 

6.  Calamagrostis  neglecta  (Ehrh.)  Gaertn.  In  open  meadows  from  Lab.  to 
Alaska,  Me.  and  Colo. — Alt.  8000-9000  ft. — Georgetown;  Ironton  Park;  Twin 
Lakes. 

7.  Calamagrostis  micrantha  Kearney.  In  wet  meadows  from  Ass.  to  Colo. 
— Alt.  about  8500  ft. — Steamboat  Springs. 

8.  Calamagrostis  inexpansa  A.  Gray.  In  wet  meadows  and  swamps  from 
N.  Y.  to  Ida.,  N.  J.  and  Colo. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Penn’s  Gulch. 

9.  Calamagrostis  hyperborea  Lange.  ( D .  stricta  Am.  auth.  in  part.)  On 
sandy  shores  and  among  rocks,  from  Greenl.  to  Alaska,  Vt.  and  Calif. — Alt. 
4000-8500  ft. — Clear  Creek;  Hamor’s  Lake;  Georgetown;  Twin  Lakes. 

The  following  varieties  are  recognized  by  Kearney : 

C.  hyperborea  stenodes  Kearney,  with  narrow,  strongly  involute  leaves,  nar¬ 
row  panicle  and  smaller  (3-3.5  mm.  long),  less  scabrous  empty  glumes.  In 
swamps  from  Ass.  to  Mont,  and  Colo. — Alamosa;  South  Park. 

C.  hyperborea  elongata  Kearney,  with  broader,  often  flattened,  leaves  and 
large,  often  interrupted,  panicle.  In  wet  meadows  and  swamps,  especially  in 
the  plain  regions,  from  Ont.  to  B.  C.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Veta  Pass;  Penn’s 
Gulch;  Gunnison;  Fort  Garland. 

C.  hyperborea  americana  (Vasey)  Kearney,  with  shorter,  merely  acute, 
empty  glumes  and  short  dense  inflorescence.  In  meadows  and  on  prairies 
from  Vt.  to  B.  C.,  Colo,  and  Ore. — Breckenridge ;  Durango. 

31.  CALAMOVILFA  Hack.  Reed-Grass,  Sand-Grass. 

1.  Calamovilfa  longifolia  (Hook)  Hack.  ( Calamagrostis  longifolia  Hook.) 
On  sandy  shores  and  sand-hills,  from  Ont.  and  Man.  to  Ind.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
4000-5000  ft. — Tobe  Miller’s  ranch,  near  La  Porte;  vicinity  of  Fort  Collins. 


POACEAE. 


33 


Tribe  7.  AVENEAE. 

32.  DESCHAMPSIA  Beauv.  Hairgrass. 

Empty  glumes  not  extending  beyond  the  apex  of  the  upper  flowering  glume ; 
leaves  narrow. 

Empty  glumes  4-5  mm.  long ;  awn  from  half  longer  than  to  twice  as  long  as 
the  flowering  glume.  1.  D.  alpicola. 

Empty  glumes  3-4  mm.  long. 

Awn  about  half  longer  than  the  flowering  glume ;  leaves  short,  almost  fili¬ 
form  ;  plant  2-3  dm.  high.  2.  D.  curtifolia. 

Awn  slightly  if  at  all  exceeding  the  flowering  glume ;  leaves  long  and  firm  ; 
plant  usually  3-8  dm.  high.  3.  D.  caespitosa. 

Empty  glumes  much  exceeding  the  upper  flowering  glume  ;  leaves  broad. 

4.  D.  atropurpurea. 

1.  Deschampsia  alpicola  Rydb.  ( D .  caespitosa  alpina  Vasey;  not  D.  alpina 
R.  &  S.)  In  alpine  meadows  and  on  slopes,  from  Colo,  to  southern  Wyo.  and 
Utah ;  a  similar,  if  not  identical,  form  in  Alaska. — Alt.  9000-14,000  ft. — Bert- 
houd’s  Pass;  Twin  Lakes;  Pike’s  Peak;  Silver  Plume;  South  Park;  near 
Pagosa  Peak;  East  River;  Seven  Lakes;  Mt.  Ouray;  Georgetown;  Cache  la 
Poudre,  Larimer  Co.;  Tennessee  Pass;  Dead  Lake;  vicinity  of  Gray’s  Peak; 
Clear  Creek;  Cameron  Pass;  Gray’s  Peak;  Ethel  Peak,  Larimer  Co. 

2.  Deschampsia  curtifolia  Scribn.  ( D .  brachyphylla  Nash,  in  part.)  On 
wet  alpine  slopes  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  11,000-12,000  ft. — Little  Kate 
Mine,  La  Plata  Mountains ;  crater  of  Mt.  Richtofen. 

3.  Deschampsia  caespitosa  (L.)  Beauv.  In  wet  meadows  and  swamps  from 
Newf.  to  Alaska,  N.  J.  and  Calif. — Alt.  7500-11,000  ft. — Twin  Lakes;  George¬ 
town;  Pagosa  Springs;  Cache  la  Poudre,  Larimer  Co.;  Hamor’s  Lake;  North 
Park ;  Gunnison ;  Marshall  Pass ;  Ruxton  Park ;  Grizzly  Creek ;  Steamboat 
Springs;  Silver  Plume;  Pike’s  Peak;  Como;  North  Park;  Deadman  Canon; 
near  Chambers’  Lake;  Fort  Collins;  Barnes’  Camp;  Ragged  Mountains,  Gun¬ 
nison  Co.;  Hahn’s  Peak,  Routt  Co.;  summit  of  North  Park  Range. 

4.  Deschampsia  atropurpurea  (Wahl.)  Scheele.  In  alpine  and  subarctic 
meadows  from  Lab.  to  Alaska,  northern  N.  Y.  and  Calif. — Alt.  about  10,000 
ft. — Buffalo  Pass,  near  Divide,  Routt  Co. 

33.  TRISETUM  Pers.  False  Oats. 

Leaf-sheaths  and  blades  long-hairy ;  upper  part  at  the  stem  densely  pubescent. 

1.  T.  subspicatum. 

Leaf-sheaths  and  blades  glaborous  or  the  lowest  sheath  short-pubescent,  with 
reflexed  hairs ;  stem  glabrous  or  slightly  scabrous  in  the  inflorescence. 
Inflorescence  long,  dense,  cylindric ;  lower  empty  glume  only  slightly  narrower 
than  the  upper ;  leaf-blades  not  much  broader  than  the  sheaths  and  without 
conspicuous  auricles.  2.  T.  majus. 

Inflorescence  lanceolate,  open  ;  lower  empty  glume  scarcely  more  than  half  as 
broad  as  the  upper ;  leaf-blades  much  broader  than  the  sheaths  and  there¬ 
fore  with  conspicuous  auricles  at  the  base.  3.  T.  montanum. 

1.  Trisetum  subspicatum  (L.)  Beauv.  (T.  subspicatum  molle  Coult.)  On 
mountains  and  hillsides  from  Greenl.  to  Alaska,  N.  H.,  Colo,  and  Calif. ; 
also  in  northern  Europe. — Alt.  10,000-13,000  ft. — Twin  Lakes;  Valley  Spur; 
Seven  Lakes ;  Georgetown ;  Gray’s  Peak ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Pike’s  Peak ;  Dead 


o 

O 


34 


POACEAE. 


Lake;  Windy  Point;  Ironton,  San  Juan  Co.;  Mt.  Bartlett;  Devil’s  Causeway; 
mountains  above  Graymont;  along  the  Michigan,  North  Park;  Ethel  Peak, 
Larimer  Co. 

2.  Trisetum  majus  (Vasey)  Rydb.  (T.  subspicatum  major  Vasey;  T.  sub- 
spicatum  Coult.,  mainly;  not  Beauv.)  In  meadows  and  on  hillsides  from 
Mont,  to  B.  C.,  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Below  Berthoud’s 
Pass;  Middle  Park;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Mt.  Baldy;  Pike’s  Peak;  Marshall 
Pass;  Cumberland  Mine;  Ironton,  San  Juan  Co.;  Cameron  Pass;  Idaho 
Springs;  Georgetown;  Cache  la  Poudre,  Larimer  Co.;  Upper  La  Plata; 
Seven  Lakes;  North  Park;  Trapper’s  Lake;  near  Chambers’  Lake;  along 
Michigan,  North  Park;  Ute  Pass. 

3.  Trisetum  montanum  Vasey.  In  moist  places,  especially  among  bushes 
from  southern  Wyo.  to  N.  M. — Alt.  7500-10,000  ft. — Twin  Lakes;  near  Pagosa 
Peaks;  vicinity  of  Ouray;  Minnehaha;  Idaho  Springs;  Ruxton  Creek;  Villa 
Grove,  Saguache  Co. ;  Beaver  Creek ;  Cameron  Pass. 

34.  GRAPHEPHORUM  Desv. 

Empty  glumes  equal  or  nearly  so,  6-7  mm.  long.  1.  G.  muticum. 

Empty  glumes  unequal ;  the  lower  3-4  mm.  long,  the  upper  4-5  mm. 

Inflorescence  open  ;  culm  minutely  pubescent  at  the  nodes ;  rachilla  short-hairy. 

2.  G.  Shearii. 

Inflorescence  narrow ;  culm  perfectly  glabrous ;  rachilla  long-hairy. 

3.  S.  Woliii. 

1.  Graphephorum  muticum  (Boland.)  Scribn.  ( G .  melicoides  Coult.;  not 
Beauv.)  In  wet  meadows  from  Alb.  to  Wash.,  Colo,  to  Calif. — Alt.  9000- 
10,500  ft. — Near  Ironton,  San  Juan  Co.;  Marshall  Pass;  headwaters  of  Pass 
Creek;  Cumbres;  Barnes’  Camp;  along  Walton  Creek;  Ute  Pass  road; 
Cameron  Pass. 

2.  Graphephorum  Shearii  (Scribn.)  Rydb.  ( Trisetum  argenteum  Scribn.; 
not  R.  &  S. ;  T.  Shearii  Scribn.)  Among  rocks  at  an  altitude  of  9000  ft. — 
Las  Animas  Canon,  below  Silverton. 

3.  Graphephorum  Wolfii  Vasey.  ( T .  Wolfii  Vasey.)  In  wet  places  in  wil¬ 
low  thickets. — Alt.  about  10,500  ft. — Twin  Lakes;  Cameron  Pass. 

35.  AVENA  L.  Oats,  Oat-grass. 

Empty  glumes  shorter  than  the  flowering  glumes ;  panicle  lax,  narrow  and  some¬ 
what  nodding;  flowering  glume  hairy  at  the  base.  1.  A.  striata. 

Empty  glumes  longer  than  the  flowering  glumes. 

Panicle  narrow  and  spike-like,  strict;  empty  glumes  8-14  mm.  long;  flowering 
glumes  hairy  only  at  the  base. 

Plant  1— 1.5  dm.  high;  leaves  strongly  involute;  callus  of  the  flowering  glume 
and  prolongation  of  the  rachilla  long-hairy.  2.  A.  Mortoniana. 

Plant  2-4  dm.  high ;  leaves  mostly  flat ;  callus  and  prolongation  of  the 
rachilla  short-hairy.  3.  A.  americana. 

Panicle  open ;  empty  glume  over  2  cm.  long ;  flowering  glumes  often  hairy  up 
to  the  base  of  the  awn.  4.  A.  fatua. 

1.  Avena  striata  Michx.  In  woods  from  N.  B.  to  B.  C.,  Pa.  and  Colo. — 
Alt.  7000-11,000  ft. — Crystal  Park;  mountains,  Larimer  Co.;  Little  Kate  Mine, 
La  Plata  Mountains;  Pennock’s  mountain  ranch. 


POACEAE. 


35 


2.  Avena  Mortoniana  Scribn.  On  mountain  tops  of  Colo. — Alt.  13, coo- 
14,  000  ft. — Mountains  near  Silver  Plume;  Gray’s  Peak;  Robinson,  Summit 
Co. ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Beaver  Creek ;  Mt.  Garfield. 

3.  Avena  americana  Scribn.  On  ridges  and  hillsides  from  Sask.  to  Alb., 
S.  D.  and  Colo. — Alt.  about  10,000  ft. — Ruxton  Dell. 

4.  Avena  fatua  L.  Wild  Oats.  Naturalized  from  Europe  and  Asia,  in 
grain  fields  from  Minn,  to  B.  C.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Fort 
Collins. 

36.  DANTHONIA  DC.  Wild  Oat-grass. 

Flowering  glume  pubescent  only  on  the  margin  and  at  the  base. 

Spikelets  on  slender,  spreading  and  somewhat  drooping  pedicels ;  stem  leafy 
throughout.  1.  D.  calif ornica. 

Spikelet  on  short  erect  pedicels  in  a  dense,  spike-like  inflorescence ;  stem 
naked  above.  2.  D.  intermedia. 

Flowering  glumes  hairy  on  the  back  as  well  as  on  the  margins  and  base ;  in¬ 
florescence  spike-like,  with  short,  erect  branches. 

Empty  glumes  15-20  mm.  long.  3.  D.  Parryi. 

Empty  glumes  10  mm.  or  less  long.  4.  D.  spicata. 

1.  Danthonia  californica  Bolander.  In  wet  meadows  from  Mont,  to  B.  C., 
Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Steamboat  Springs ;  along  the  Michi¬ 
gan,  North  Park;  pasture,  Walton  Creek  flats;  Arapahoe  Pass. 

2.  Danthonia  intermedia  Scribn.  In  meadows  and  on  mountain  slopes  from 
Alb.  to  B.  C.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  9000-11,500  ft. — Silverton;  Red  Dirt 
Divide,  Routt  Co. ;  Middle  Park ;  Dead  Lake ;  near  Pagosa  Peak ;  Ruxton 
Dell ;  Rabbit-Ear  Pass ;  Marshall  Pass. 

3.  Danthonia  Parryi  Scribn.  In  mountain  valleys  from  Alb.  to  N.  M. — 
Alt.  8500-10,000  ft. — Twin  Lakes;  Empire  City;  South  Park;  Chicken  Creek, 
west  of  Mt.  Hesperus;  Bear  Creek  Canon;  Georgetown;  Ute  Pass;  Ruxton 
Dell;  Dillon. 

4.  Danthonia  spicata  (L.)  Beauv.  In  dry  soil  from  Newf.  to  B.  C.,  N.  C., 
La.  and  Colo. — Alt.  about  6500  ft. — North  Cheyenne  Canon. 

Tribe  8.  CHLORIDEAE. 

37.  SPARTINA  Schreb.  Marsh-grass,  Cord-grass. 

First  glume  awn-pointed,  equalling  the  third ;  second  glume  long-awned. 

1.  S',  cynosnroides. 

First  glume  acute,  shorter  than  the  third ;  second  glume  acute. 

2.  S',  gracilis. 

1.  Spartina  cynosuroides  (L.)  Willd.  In  swamps  and  streams  from  N.  S. 
to  Mackenzie  River,  N.  J.,  Tex.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Near  Boulder; 
Fort  Collins;  Tobe  Miller’s  ranch;  Poudre  Canon. 

2.  Spartina  gracilis  Trin.  In  saline  or  alkaline  meadows  from  Sask.  to 
B.  C.,  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — Grand  Junction;  Sagauche  Creek; 
Canon  City. 

38.  BECKMANNIA  Host.  Slough-grass. 

1.  Beckmannia  erucaeformis  (L.)  Host.  In  swamps  and  wet  meadows 
from  Ont.  to  Alaska,  Iowa,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Gunnison ; 


36 


POACEAE. 


Wahatoya  Creek;  Middle  Park;  near  Denver;  Trimble  Springs;  North 
Park;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Saguache  Creek;  Fort  Collins;  Chambers’ 
Lake ;  Larimer  Co. ;  Fort  Collins. 

39.  SCHEDONARDUS  Steud.  Wild  Crab-grass. 

1.  Schedonardus  paniculatus  (Nutt.)  Trelease.  {S.  Tex  anus  Steud.) 
In  sandy  soil,  especially  on  river-banks  from  Ill.  and  Man.  to  Ass.,  Tex.  and 
N.  M. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Vicinity  of  Boulder;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.; 
Fort  Collins;  Colorado  Springs;  vicinity  of  Pike’s  Peak;  Arboles;  Denver. 

40.  BOUTELOUA  Lag.  Grama,  Mesquit-grass. 

Spikelets  usually  more  than  one ;  cespitose  perennials. 

Awns  manifestly  arising  from  between  the  lobes  of  the  flowering  glumes. 

1.  B.  poly  st  achy  a. 

Awns  terminating  the  lobes  of  the  flowering  glumes. 

Stem  densely  villous  below.  2.  B.  eriopoda. 

Stem  glabrous. 

Rachilla  bearing  the  rudimentary  glumes  and  awns  glabrous ;  second  glume 
strongly  papillose-hispid  on  the  keel.  3.  B.  hirsuta. 

Rachilla  bearing  the  rudimentary  glumes  and  awns  with  a  tuft  of  long 
hairs  at  the  apex  ;  second  glume  scabrous  and  sparingly  long-ciliate  on 
the  keel.  4.  B.  oligostachya. 

Spikelet  solitary ;  tufted  annual.  5.  B.  prostrata. 

1.  Bouteloua  polystachya  (Benth.)  Torr.  In  river-valleys  from  Tex.  to 
Calif. — San  Juan  and  Mancos  Valleys  {Brandegee) . 

2.  Bouteloua  eriopoda  Torr.  In  dry  soil  from  Tex.  to  Calif. — San  Juan 
Valley  {Brandegee) . 

3.  Bouteloua  hirsuta  Lag.  On  plains  and  prairies,  especially  in  sandy  soil, 
from  Ill.  and  Minn,  to  S.  D.,  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Vicinity  of 
Boulder;  Twin  Lakes;  Manitou;  Colorado  Springs;  Meadow  Park. 

4.  Bouteloua  oligostachya  (Nutt.)  Torr.  On  plains  and  prairies  from  Wis. 
and  Man.  to  Ass.,  Miss,  and  Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Vicinity 
of  Boulder;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Buena  Vista;  Fort  Collins;  Denver; 
Mancos;  Durango;  Fort  Morgan;  Georgetown;  Walsenburg;  Gunnison;  Col¬ 
orado  Springs;  Twin  Lakes;  Fort  Garland;  between  Ft.  Collins  and  La 
Porte;  Alamosa;  Poudre  Canon;  Baxter’s  ranch;  prairie  near  Long  Lake; 
Rocky  Ford. 

5.  Bouteloua  prostrata  Lag.  Plains  and  hills  from  Tex.  to  Colo,  and  Ariz. ; 
also  in  Mex. — Alt.  7500-8500  ft. — Colorado  Springs ;  vicinity  of  Ouray ; 
Manitou. 

41.  ANTHEROPOGON  Muhl. , 

1.  Antheropogon  curtipendulus  (Michx.)  Fourn.  {Bouteloua  racemosa 
Lag.)  On  hillsides,  in  canons  and  dry  valleys  from  Ont.  to  N.  D.,  N.  J., 
Tex.  and  Ariz.;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Vicinity  of  Boulder;  Mani¬ 
tou;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Meadow  Park;  Durango;  Walsenburg;  Fort 
Collins;  Colorado  Springs;  gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon;  Poudre  Canon. 


POACEAE. 


37 


42.  LEPTOCHLOA  Beauv. 

1.  Leptochloa  mucronata  (Michx.)  Kunth.  In  fields  from  Va.  to  Colo., 
Fla.  and  Calif. — Locality  not  given  (Letterman) . 

43.  BULBILIS  Raf.  Buffalo-grass. 

1.  Bulbilis  dactyloides  (Nutt.)  Raf.  ( Buchloe  dactyloides  (Nutt.)  Engelm.) 
On  prairies  and  plains  from  Minn,  to  N.  D.,  Wyo.,  Ark.  and  N.  Mex. ;  also 
Mex. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Vicinity  of  Boulder;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.; 
plains  near  Denver;  Fossil  Creek,  Larimer  Co.;  Fort  Collins;  Quimby; 

Spring  Canon. 

Tribe  9.  FESTUCEAE. 

44.  SCHLEROPOGON  Phillippi. 

1.  Schleropogon  brevifolius  Phillippi.  On  rocky  ridges  from  Tex.  to  Colo, 
and  Ariz. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Pueblo. 

45.  PHRAGMITES  Trin.  Reed. 

1.  Phragmites  Phragmites  (L.)  Karst.  ( P .  communis  Trin.)  In  lakes 
and  swamps  from  Newf.  to  B.  C.,  Fla.  and  Calif.;  also  in  Mex.,  W.  Ind., 
Europe  and  Asia. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Hotchkiss,  Delta  Co. ;  LaSalle ;  Deer 
Run ;  Loveland,  Larimer  Co. ;  along  lower  Cucharas  River. 

46.  MUNROA  Torr.  False  Buffalo-grass. 

1.  Munroa  squarrosa  (Nutt.)  Torr.  On  dry  plains  from  N.  D.  to  Ass., 
Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-8500  ft. — Boulder  City;  Fort  Collins;  plains  near 
Denver;  Manitou;  Black  Canon;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  near  Golden; 
Idaho  Springs;  Colorado  Springs;  Salida;  valley  north  of  Georgetown;  gulch 
west  of  Soldier  Canon ;  Florence ;  Boulder ;  Lafayette. 

47.  TRIPLASIS  Beauv.  Sand-grass. 

1.  Triplasis  purpurea  (Walt.)  Chapm.  On  sandy  beaches  from  Ont.  to 
Neb.,  Fla.  and  Tex. — Locality  not  given  ( Hall  and  Harbour) . 

48.  DASYOCHLOA  Willd. 

1.  Dasyochloa  pulchella  (H.  B.  K.)  Willd.  ( Triodia  pulchella  Willd.) 
On  hills  and  plains  from  Wyo.  to  Tex.  and  Calif.;  also  in  Mex. — San  Juan 
Valley  ( Brandegee ). 

49.  ERIONEURON  Nash. 

\ 

1.  Erioneuron  pilosum  (Buckley)  Nash.  ( Triodia  acuminata  Bentli.)  In 
dry,  gravelly  soil  from  Kans.  to  Colo.,  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — 
Brantly  Canon,  Las  Animas  Co.;  Delta;  Grand  Junction;  Canon  City; 
Pueblo ;  Royal  Gorge ;  dry  mesas,  9  miles  above  Delta. 


38 


POACEAE. 


50.  TRIDENS  R.  &  S. 

Second  empty  glume  1 -nerved.  1.  T.  muticus. 

Second  empty  glume  3-5-nerved.  2.  T.  elongatus. 

1.  Tridens  muticus  (Torr.)  Nash.  ( Triodia  mutica  Benth.)  On  dry  hills 
from  Tex.  to  Colo,  and  Ariz. ;  also  northern  Mex. — Canon  City  {Porter). 

2.  Tridens  elongatus  (Buckley)  Nash.  On  plains  and  prairies  from  Tex. 
to  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  about  5500  ft. — Pueblo;  Canon  City. 

51.  DIPLACHNE  Beauv. 

1.  Diplachne  acuminata  Nash.  In  wet  places  from  Ark.  to  Neb.  and  Colo. 
— Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — New  Windsor,  Weld  Co. ;  Canon  City. 

52.  REDFIELDIA  Vasey. 

1.  Redfieldia  flexuosa  (Thurb.)  Vasey.  {Graphephorum  Uexuosum  Thurb.) 
In  sand-hills  from  S.  D.  to  Ind.  Terr,  and  Tex. — Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — Sterling, 
Logan  Co. ;  Fort  Garland. 

53.  KOELERIA  Pers.  Prairie-grass,  June-grass. 

1.  Koeleria  cristata  (L.)  Pers.  On  prairies  and  plains  from  Ont.  to  B.  C., 
Pa.  and  Calif.  A  very  variable  species  and  perhaps  a  composite  one.  The 
form  common  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  has  narrow,  involute,  glabrous 
or  puberulent  leaves  and  narrow  panicle,  and  has  been  described  under  the 
name  K.  nitida  Nutt. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Middle  Park;  Pagosa  Springs; 
vicinity  of  Boulder ;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  Arboles ;  Gunnison ;  Sangre  de 
Cristo  Creek;  Golden;  Twin  Lakes;  Mancos;  Crystal  Park;  Minnehaha; 
Cimarron;  vicinity  of  Ouray;  near  Pike’s  Peak;  Stove  Prairie  Hill,  Larimer 
Co.;  La  Veta;  Manitou;  North  Park;  Happy  Hollow;  Hotchkiss;  Horse- 
tooth  Gulch;  Table  Rock;  Manitou  Junction;  Dixon  Canon;  hills  about 
Dolores;  dry  hills  along  Trail  Creek;  Como;  Grizzly  Creek;  Fort  Collins; 
Hardin’s  ranch;  Willow  Creek,  Routt  Co. 

54.  ERAGROSTIS  Beauv.  Skunk-grass,  Stinic-grass. 

Culm  often  decumbent  at  the  base,  much  branched,  1-5  dm.  high ;  annuals ; 
panicle  green. 

Spikelets  1.5  mm.  or  less  wide;  palet  remaining  attached  to  the  continuous 
rachis,  after  the  flowering  glume  has  fallen.  1.  E.  Purshii. 

Spikelets  2.5-5  mm.  wide  ;  palet  falling  with  the  flowering  glume  and  the  inter¬ 
nodes  of  the  rachis.  2.  E.  major. 

Culm  erect,  rigid,  simple ;  perennial ;  panicle  purple.  3.  E.  pectinacea. 

1.  Eragrostis  Purshii  Schrad.  In  dry  or  sandy  places  from  Ont.  to  Wash., 
Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-7500  ft. — Alamosa,  Conejos  Co.;  Canon  City,  Fre¬ 
mont  Co. ;  along  the  river,  Ft.  Collins. 

2.  Eragrostis  major  Host.  ( E .  poaeoides  megastachya  A.  Gray.)  Natural¬ 
ized  from  Europe,  in  waste  places  and  fields  from  Ont.  to  Wash.,  Fla.  and 
Calif. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Vicinity  of  Boulder;  Longmont;  New  Windsor, 
Weld  Co.;  Canon  City,  Fremont  Co.;  Cheyenne  Mountain;  Tobe  Miller’s 
ranch ;  near  Ft.  Collins. 


POACEAE. 


39 


3.  Eragrostis  pectinacea  (Michx.)  Steud.  In  sandy  soil  from  Mass,  and 
S.  D.  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Meadow  Park. 

55.  CATABROSA  Beauv.  Water  Whorl-grass. 

1.  Catabrosa  aquatica  (L.)  Beauv.  In  water,  where  it  is  often  floating, 
from  Lab.  to  Alaska,  Nebr.,  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  5000-9500  ft. — Sangre  de 
Cristo  Creek;  Rabbit-Ear  Pass;  Fort  Collins;  Breckenridge ;  near  Gray’s 
Peak;  gulch  west  of  Pennock’s. 

56.  EATONIA  Raf. 

Second  empty  glume  much  wider  than  the  flowering  glumes,  rounded  or  truncate 
and  somewhat  cucullate  at  the  apex. 

Intermediate  nerves  of  the  second  glume  almost  as  prominent  as  the  lateral 
ones ;  leaf-blades  firm,  much  broader  than  the  sheaths  and  therefore  with 
prominent  auricles.  1.  E.  robusta. 

Intermediate  nerves  of  the  second  glume  faint,  the  lateral  strong;  leaf-blades 
soft,  not  much  wider  than  the  sheaths  ;  auricles  not  prominent. 

2.  E.  obtusata. 

Second  empty  glume  not  much  wider  if  at  all  than  the  flowering  glumes,  obtuse 
or  acute. 

Second  empty  glumes  rather  firm,  as  well  as  the  flowering  glumes  obtusish. 

3.  E.  intermedia. 

Second  empty  glume  thin  and  with  a  broad,  scarious  margin,  acutish ;  flower¬ 
ing  glumes  acute.  4.  E.  pennsylvanica. 

1.  Eatonia  robusta  (Vasey)  Rydb.  ( E .  obtusata  robusta  Vasey.)  On 
river-banks  from  Neb.  to  Wash.,  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Vicin¬ 
ity  of  Boulder;  Rocky  Ford. 

2.  Eatonia  obtusata  (Michx.)  A.  Gray.  In  meadows  from  Mass,  to  Mont., 
Fla.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — About  Boulder ;  Manitou ;  gulch  west  of 
Soldier  Canon;  near  Timnath;  Fort  Collins;  Hotchkiss,  Delta  Co. 

3.  Eatonia  intermedia  Rydb.  In  meadows  from  Alb.  to  Colo. — Alt.  5000- 
8000  ft. — Pagosa  Springs;  Durango;  Gunnison. 

4.  Eatonia  pennsylvanica  (DC.)  A.  Gray.  In  open  woods  and  among 
bushes  from  N.  B.  to  B.  C.,  Ga.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-7500  ft. — Vicinity  of 
Pike’s  Peak;  Arboles;  Pagosa  Springs;  Alamosa. 

57.  MELICA  L.  Melic-grass. 

Stem  not  bulblike-thickened  at  the  base.  1.  M.  parviflora. 

Stem  bulblike-thickened  at  the  base. 

Second  empty  glume  much  shorter  than  the  flowering  glume  of  the  lowest 
flower ;  spikelets  flattened.  2.  M.  spectabilis. 

Second  empty  glume  about  equalling  the  flowering  glume  of  the  lowest  flower ; 
spikelets  terete  or  nearly  so.  3.  M.  bulbosa. 

1.  Melica  Porteri  Scribn.  ( M .  parviflora  (Porter)  Scribn.)  On  hillsides 
and  in  canons,  especially  among  bushes,  from  Neb.  to  Colo.,  Tex.  and  Ariz. 
— Alt.  6000-9000  ft. — Cheyenne  Canon;  mountains  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Engel- 
mann  Canon;  vicinity  of  Ouray;  Idaho  Springs;  Glen  Eyrie;  Upper  La 
Plata;  vicinity  of  Pike’s  Peak;  Black  Canon;  Manitou;  vicinity  of  Pine 
Grove. 


40 


POACEAE. 


2.  Melica  spectabilis  Scribn.  In  meadows  from  Mont  to  Wash.,  Colo,  and 
Oregon. — Alt.  8000-9000  ft. — Honnold;  North  Park;  foot  of  Mt.  Richtofen, 
on  the  Michigan;  mountain  west  of  Cameron  Pass. 

3.  Melica  bulbosa  Geyer.  In  meadows  and  on  hillsides  from  Mont,  to 
Wash.,  Colo.,  Utah  and  Ore. — Rabbit-Ears,  Larimer  Co. ;  Glenwood  Springs, 
Garfield  Co.  Osterhout’s  specimens  (somewhat  undeveloped)  have  unusually 
broad  leaves  and  may  belong  to  the  closely  related  M.  calif ornica  Scribn. 

58.  DACTYLIS  L.  Orchard-grass. 

1.  Dactylis  glomerata  L.  Cultivated  and  naturalized  from  Europe ;  in  fields 
and  waste  places  from  N.  B.  to  Wash.,  Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — 
Cucharas  River,  below  La  Veta;  Chicken  Creek;  Veta  Pass,  Costilla  Co.; 
Fort  Collins. 

59.  BRIZA  L.  Quaking-grass. 

1.  Briza  maxima  L.  Introduced  ornamental  grass,  and  escaped  along  irri¬ 
gation  ditches. — Alt.  about  7500  ft. — Gunnison. 

60.  DISTICHLIS  Raf.  Salt-grass,  Marsh  Spike-grass. 

1.  Distichlis  stricta  (Torr.)  Rydb.  ( D .  maritima  stricta  Thurber.)  In 
salt  marshes  from  Sasic,  to  Wash.,  Mo.,  Tex.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-7500  ft. — 
Grand  Junction;  Deer  Run;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  near  Denver;  Fort 
Collins ;  Saguache  Creek ;  Alamosa ;  Pueblo ;  Rocky  Ford. 

61.  POA  L.  Blue-grass,  Meadow-grass,  Bunch-grass. 

Annuals.  I.  Annuae. 

Perennials. 

Cobweb  at  the  base  of  the  flowers  present,  although  in  some  species  scant ; 
flowering  glume  acute  (except  in  P.  compressa ),  and  usually  strongly 
keeled  ;  plants  with  horizontal  rootstocks,  never  true  bunch-grasses. 
Intermediate  nerves  of  the  flowering  glumes  strong. 

Inflorescence  with  numerous  many-flowered  spikelets ;  its  branches  in  fruit 
ascending ;  the  lower  in  3’s  or  4’s ;  flowering  glumes  acutish ;  cobweb 
copious.  II.  Pratenses. 

Inflorescence  with  usually  few-flowered  spikelets ;  its  branches  reflexed  or 
spreading  in  fruit ;  flowering  glumes  very  acute. 

Spikelets  few  and  usually  purplish ;  branches  of  the  inflorescence  few, 
solitary  or  in  pairs,  only  in  P.  callichroa  in  3’s.  III.  Reflexae. 
Spikelets  many,  green ;  branches  of  the  inflorescence  many ;  the  lower 
often  in  3’s  or  4’s.  IV.  Platyphyllae. 

Intermediate  veins  of  the  flowering  glumes  faint  or  obsolete. 

Stem  compressed  ;  panicles  narrow,  open.  V.  Compressae. 

Stem  not  compressed. 

Branches  of  the  panicles  reflexed.  VI.  Apertae. 

Branches  of  the  large  panicle  not  reflexed. 

Flowers  green  ;  nerves  of  the  empty  glumes  strong ;  meadow  species 
with  flaccid  leaves.  VII.  Serotinae. 

Flowers  more  or  less  purplish ;  nerves  of  the  empty  glumes  usually 

faint ;  hill  species  with  rather  stiff  leaves.  VIII.  Rupicolae. 

Cobweb  at  the  base  of  the  flowers  none. 


POACEAE. 


41 


Spikelets  rounded  at  the  base ;  empty  glumes  very  broad  and  their  backs 
strongly  arched ;  low,  somewhat  tufted  plants,  with  short  but  open  panicle 
and  broad  leaves.  IX.  Alpinae. 

Spikelets  acute  at  the  base  ;  empty  glumes  narrower  and  not  strongly  arched 
on  the  back. 

Flowering  glumes  3-4  mm.  long ;  low  alpine  plants  with  few,  more  or  less 
purplish  spikelets. 

Branches  of  the  inflorescence  ascending.  VIII.  Rupicolae. 

Branches  of  the  inflorescence  spreading  or  reflexed.  ( P .  alpicola  in) 

III.  Reflexae. 

Flowering  glumes  5  mm.  or  more ;  plants  comparatively  tall  or  robust. 
Spikelets  decidedly  flattened ;  flowering  glumes  acute. 

Nerves  and  inter-nerves  more  or  less  hairy,  at  least  below;  flowers 
perfect. 

Inflorescence  open ;  plants  with  horizontal  rootstocks ;  innovations 
(i.  e.,  new  shoots)  extra-vaginal  (except  in  P.  pseudopratensis) . 
Intermediate  nerves  of  the  flowering  glumes  faint ;  spikelets  pur¬ 
plish.  X.  Phoeniceae. 

Intermediate  nerves  of  the  flowering  glumes  strong ;  spikelets 
green  or  slightly  purple-tinged.  XI.  Wheelrianae. 

Inflorescence  narrow ;  plants  more  or  less  tufted,  without  creeping 
rootstock. 

•Leaves  not  filiform ;  innovations  mostly  extra-vaginal. 

XII.  Epiles. 

Leaves  filiform  ;  plant  true  bunch-grasses  with  intra-vaginal  inno¬ 
vations.  XIII.  Filifoliae. 

Nerves  of  the  flowering  glumes  villous,  but  the  inter-nerves  glabrous; 
plants  dioecious  ;  bunch-grasses  with  intra-vaginal  innovations. 

XIV.  Fendlerianae. 

Spikelets  only  slightly  flattened ;  flowering  glumes  narrow,  nearly  straight 
on  the  back,  rounded  at  the  apex ;  bunch-grasses  with  narrow  panicles 
and  intra-vaginal  innovations.  XV.  Buckleyanae. 


I.  Annuae. 

Low,  1-2  dm.  high;  branches  of  the  panicle  spreading.  1.  P.  annua. 

Taller,  erect,  2-5  dm.  high  ;  branches  of  the  panicle  erect.  2.  P.  Bigelovii. 


II.  Pratenses. 

One  very  variable  species.  3.  P.  pratensis. 

III.  Reflexae. 


Cobweb  present  but  scant. 

Internerves  of  the  flowering  glumes  more  or  less  pubescent,  at  least  below. 

Spikelets  3-4-flowered ;  stem-leaves  usually  folded  or  involute ;  plant  usually 
less  than  3  dm.  high. 

Internerves  of  the  flowering  glumes  short-pubescent  below ;  leaves  filiform, 
involute ;  those  of  the  sterile  shoots  usually  arcuate.  4.  P.  cenisia. 
Internerves  of  the  flowering  glumes  long-hairy ;  leaves  1-2  mm.  wide,  usu¬ 
ally  conduplicate,  rather  firm.  5.  P.  arctica. 

Spikelets  5-7-flowered ;  leaves  all  flat,  3-4  mm.  wide  ;  stem  fully  3  dm.  high. 

6.  P.  callichroa. 

Internerves  of  the  flowering  glumes  glabrous. 

Intermediate  nerves  of  the  flowering  glumes  pubescent ;  plant  3  dm.  or  less 
high ;  leaves  mostly  basal,  firm ;  stemleaves  1-2,  usually  conduplicate. 

7.  P.  pudica. 

Intermediate  nerves  of  the  flowering  glumes  glabrous ;  plant  usually  over 
3  dm.  high ;  stemleaves  several,  flat  and  flaccid. 

Hairs  of  the  mid-nerves  and  lateral  nerves  copious  and  spreading. 

8.  P.  reflexa. 


42 


POACEAE. 


Hairs  of  the  mid-nerves  and  lateral  nerves  few  and  appressed  or  none. 

9.  P.  leptocoma. 

Cobweb  lacking ;  internerves  and  the  intermediate  nerves  glabrous ;  mid-nerves 
and  lateral  nerves  hairy;  habit  like  P.  arctica.  xo.  P.  alpicola. 


One  species. 


One  species. 


IV.  Platyphyllae. 


V.  COMPRESSAE. 


VI.  Apertae. 


Branches  of  the  inflorescence  short,  usually  in  pairs. 
Branches  of  the  inflorescence  very  long,  in  3’s  to  s’s. 


11.  P.  platyphylla. 
12.  P.  compressa. 


13.  P.  aperta. 

14.  P.  macroclada. 


VII.  Serotinae. 

Stem  stout ;  leaves  2-5  mm.  wide ;  ligule  3-4  mm.  long,  triangular  ;  branches  of 
the  panicle  at  last  spreading ;  second  glume  narrower  than  the  flowering  glumes, 
24  as  long  or  more.  15.  P.  serotina. 

Stem  slender ;  leaves  seldom  over  2  mm.  wide ;  ligule  about  1  mm.  long,  truncate  ; 
branches  of  the  panicle  ascending ;  second  glume  as  wide  as  the  flowering 
glumes  and  2/$  as  long. 

Flowers  green ;  empty  glumes,  especially  the  second,  with  broad,  scarious  mar¬ 
gins  and  strong  lateral  nerves.  16.  P.  interior. 

Flowers  usually  purple-tinged ;  scarious  margin  of  the  empty  glumes  scarcely 
evident  and  lateral  nerves  faint.  17.  P.  crocata. 


VIII.  Rupicolae. 


Mid-nerve  and  lateral  nerves  of  the  flowering  glumes  pubescent ;  plant  strict,  1-5 
dm.  high. 

Empty  glumes  shorter  than  the  flowering  glumes ;  their  lateral  nerves  indis¬ 
tinct. 

Cobweb  at  the  base  of  the  flowers  scant ;  stem  slender  and  leafy,  usually  3-5 
dm.  high.  17.  P.  crocata. 

Cobweb  none;  stem  1-2  (seldom  3)  dm.  high,  leafy  mostly  at  the  base. 
Flowering  glumes  3  mm.  long  or  less,  firm,  obtuse.  18.  P.  rupicola. 

Flowering  glumes  about  4  mm.  long,  acute,  thin.  19.  P.  Pattersonii. 

Empty  glumes  equalling  or  longer  than  the  flowering  glumes,  i.  e.,  their  tips 
almost  as  high  as  the  tip  of  the  subtended  flowers ;  their  lateral  nerves  more 
prominent.  20.  P.  Grayana. 

Nerves  of  the  flowering  glumes  glabrous;  plant  seldom  over  5  cm.  high. 

21.  P.  Lettermanii. 


IX.  Alpinae. 


One  species. 


One  species. 


X.  Phoeniceae. 


XI.  Wheelerianae. 


22.  P.  alpina. 

23.  P.  phoenicea. 


Leaf-sheaths  retrorsely  stigose. 

Internerves  of  the  very  acute  flowering  glumes  merely  strigulose  or  scabrous. 
Nerves  scabrous.  24.  P.  W heeler i. 

Nerves  silky  or  villous  on  the  lower  portion.  25.  P.  Vaseyana. 

Internerves  as  well  as  nerves  of  the  obtusish  flowering  glumes  villous  at  least 
below.  26.  P.  tricholepis. 

Leaf-sheaths  glabrous. 

Internerves  of  the  lanceolate  flowering  glumes  scabrous  or  strigulose  ;  innova¬ 
tions  very  few  and  consisting  of  wholly  extravaginal  runners. 

27.  P.  occidentalis. 


POACEAE. 


43 


Internerves  of  the  ovate  flowering  glumes  pubescent ;  innovation  several,  both 
extra-  and  intra-vaginal.  28.  P.  pseudopratensis. 

XII.  Epiles. 

Flowering  glumes  about  5  mm.  long,  strongly  purple-tinged,  but  slightly  scabrous ; 

stem-leaves  broad.  29.  P.  subpurpurea. 

Flowering  glumes  about  4  mm.  long  or  less,  usually  greenish  or  slightly  purple ; 
stem-leaves  narrow.  30.  P.  epilis. 

XIII.  Filifoliae. 

One  species.  .  *  31.  P.  nematophylla. 

XIV.  Fendlerianae. 

Ligules  5-7  mm.  long,  acute  or  acuminate.  32.  P.  longiligula. 

Ligules  short,  rounded  or  truncate  at  the  apex ;  those  of  the  innovations  obso¬ 
lete. 

Panicle  very  narrow  and  long-peduncled,  contracted.  33.  P.  longipedunculata. 
Panicle  more  open  at  least  in  anthesis. 

Flowering  glumes  narrowly  oblong ;  leaves  very  slender  and  rough. 

34.  P.  scabriuscula. 

Flowering  glumes  ovate. 

Panicle  very  short ;  plant  low ;  leaves  smooth  below,  scabrous  above. 

35.  P.  brevipaniculata. 

Panicle  longer ;  plant  3-6  dm.  high  ;  leaves  scabrous  below,  hispid-puberu- 
lent  above.  36.  P.  Fendleriana. 

XV.  Buckleyanae. 

Internerves  of  the  flowering  glumes  glabrous ;  nerves  silky. 

Plant  low ;  leaves  stiff,  involute  and  often  arcuate.  40.  P.  juncifolia. 

Plant  tall ;  leaves  broad  and  flat.  37.  P.  glaucifolia. 

Internerves  of  flowering  glumes  more  or  less  scabrous  or  strigose. 

Flowering  glumes  merely  scabrous  throughout. 

Empty  glumes  strongly  nerved,  elongated  lanceolate,  almost  equalling  the 
oblong,  very  scabrous  flowering  glumes  ;  leaves  usually  broad  (2-3  mm.) 
and  flat ;  ligules  lanceolate,  acute.  38.  P.  nevadensis. 

Empty  glumes  not  strongly  nerved,  ovate-lanceolate,  usually  much  shorter 
than  the  flowering  glumes,  which  are  broader  and  less  scabrous. 

Ligules  narrowly  lanceolate,  3-4  mm.  long,  acuminate ;  stem-leaves  very 
narrow  and  involute.  39.  P.  laevigata. 

Ligules  short,  1-2  mm.  long,  triangular  or  broadly  ovate  and  acutish  or 
truncate. 

Plant  2-4  dm.  high ;  leaves  mostly  basal  and  stiff,  short,  seldom  8  cm. 

long;  ligules  rounded.  40.  P.  juncifolia. 

Plant  4-10  dm.  high,  leafy  throughout;  leaves  longer. 

Ligules  ovate  or  rounded,  acute  or  obtuse ;  leaves  soft. 

41.  P.  confusa. 

Ligules  very  short,  truncate ;  leaves  rather  firm.  42.  P.  truncata. 
Flowering  glumes  more  or  less  strigose  on  the  lower  portion,  scabrous  above. 
Flowering  glumes  not  longer  than  the  empty  glumes,  ovate ;  pubescence  much 
.  longer  on  the  nerves.  43.  P.  pratericola. 

Flowering  glumes  oblong,  longer  than  the  empty  glumes  ;  pubescence  on  the 
nerves  scarcely  stronger  than  that  on  the  internerves. 

Ligules  ovate  or  rounded,  obtuse  or  acutish.  41.  P.  confusa. 

Ligules  lanceolate,  acuminate. 

Plant  yellowish  green  ;  leaves  all  filiform,  soft  and  usually  involute. 

44.  P.  lucida. 

Plant  dark  green,  leaves  broader,  flat  or  conduplicate ;  at  least  those  of 
the  stem  firm. 

Creeping  rootstock  none ;  panicle  dense ;  flowering  glumes  greenish 
at  the  base  and  purple  above ;  leaves  usually  narrow  and  con- 
duplicate.  45.  P.  Buckleyana. 


44 


POACEAE. 


Creeping  rootstock  often  present ;  panicle  narrow  and  usually  lax ; 
flowering  glumes  if  at  all  purplish  only  slightly  so  at  the  very  tip  ; 
leaves  flat.  46.  P.  Sheldonii. 

1.  Poa  annua  L.  In  waste  and  cultivated  places,  from  Lab.  and  B.  C.  to 
Ga.  and  Calif.;  also  in  Mex.  Naturalized  from  Europe. — Alt.  up  to  9000  ft. 
— Hamor’s  Lake,  north  of  Durango. 

2.  Poa  Bigelovii  V.  &  S.  From  Tex.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  up  to  6000 
ft. — “  Colorado,”  locality  not  given ;  Colorado  Springs ;  along  Purgatoire 
River,  near  Trinidad. 

3.  Poa  pratensis  L.  In  meadows  from  Lab.  and  Alaska  to  Fla.  and  Calif. ; 
also  native  of  Europe  and  Asia. — Alt.  4000-11,500  ft. — Mountains  northeast  of 
Dolores;  Fort  Collins;  Marshall  Pass;  Manitou ;  Villa  Grove;  Beaver  Creek; 
Dead  Lake;  Crystal  Park;  mountains  near  Pagosa  Peak;  vicinity  of  Ouray; 
Cameron  Canon;  Pagosa  Springs;  Happy  Hollow;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La 
Veta;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  La  Plata  Canon;  Parrott  City;  Pass  Creek; 
Cascade  Canon;  Quimby;  along  Conejos  River,  north  of  Antonito. 

4.  Poa  cenisia  All.  ( Poa  dexuosa  Wahl.)  In  wet  places  in  arctic  or  alpine 
regions  from  Greenl.  to  Alaska;  also  in  Colo. — Alt.  about  10,500  ft. — Moun¬ 
tains  near  Pagosa  Peak. 

5.  Poa  arctica  R.  Br.  In  wet  places  in  arctic  or  alpine  regions  along  the 
arctic  coast  and  Alaska,  the  Canadian  Rockies  and  Colo. — Alt.  11,000-14,000 
ft. — Gray’s  Peak;  Mt.  Bartlett;  Saddle,  Pike’s  Peak;  mountains  near  Pagosa 
Peak;  Chambers’  Lake. 

6.  Poa  callichroa  Rydb.  On  alpine  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  11,500  ft. — 
Dead  Lake ;  Campton’s  Ranch. 

7.  Poa  pudica  Rydb.  ( P .  arctica  Scribn. ;  in  part.)  In  wet  places  in  alpine 
or  subalpine  Colo.— Alt.  11,000-13,000  ft. — High  mountains  about  Empire; 
near  Pagosa  Peak;  Stephen’s  Mine. 

8.  Poa  reflexa  V.  &  S.  In  wet  meadows  from  Mont,  and  Ore.  to  N.  M. — 
Alt.  8000-13,000  ft. — Twin  Lakes;  Seven  Lakes;  Silver  Plume;  high  moun¬ 
tains  about  Empire;  Cameron  Pass;  Marshall  Pass;  near  Teller,  North  Park; 
Upper  La  Plata  River;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Democrat  Mountain;  headwaters 
of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Pass  Creek;  near  Ironton,  San  Juan  Co.;  Cham¬ 
bers’  Lake;  Ute  Pass  road;  Four-Mile  Hill. 

9.  Poa  leptocoma  Bong.  In  wet  meadows  from  Mont,  and  Alaska  to  Colo, 
and  Calif. — Alt.  8500-12,500  ft. — Villa  Grove;  Pike’s  Peak  Vall^;  chaparrel- 
covered  hills  southeast  of  Ouray ;  near  Pagosa  Peak ;  Columbine ;  Chicken 
Creek;  Upper  La  Plata  River;  Ruby;  Beaver  Creek;  Cameron  Pass;  Little 
Kate  Mine,  La  Plata  Mountains. 

10.  Poa  alpicola  Nash.  ( Poa  laxa  Thurb.)  In  wet  places  on  the  alpine 
peaks  of  Colo,  and  Utah;  perhaps  also  Calif. — Alt.  11,500-13,000  ft. — Long’s 
Peak;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek  and  alpine  ridges  east  of  Middle  Park; 
Bottomless  Pit,  near  Pike’s  Peak;  top  of  Mt.  Hayden;  Estes  Park;  Gray’s 
Peak. 

11.  Poa  platyphylla  Nash  &  Rydb.  ( Poa  occidentalis  Vasey.)  Along 
mountain  streams  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  7000-10,500  ft. — Near  Pagosa 
Peak;  Veta  Pass;  Cucharas  River,  near  La  Veta;  Ojo;  Wahatoya  Canon; 
headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Bob  Creek,  west  of  Mt.  Hesperus; 


POACEAE. 


45 


Beaver  Creek ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  Howe’s  Gulch ;  Happy  Hollow ;  Brantly 
Canon;  Rabbit-ears,  Larimer  Co. 

12.  Poa  compressa  L.  In  woodlands,  among  bushes  and  in  cultivated  places 
from  N.  H.  and  B.  C.  to  N.  C.  and  Calif. — Alt.  up  to  9500  ft. — Veta  Pass, 
Costilla  Co. 

13.  Poa  aperta  Scribn.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Telluride;  about 
Ouray;  Breckenridge. 

14.  Poa  macroclada  Rydb.  Mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  9000  ft. — 
Rogers. 

15.  Poa  serotina  Ehr.  In  wet  meadows  and  swamps  from  Newf.  and  B.  C. 
to  N.  J.  and  Calif. ;  also  in  Europe. — Alt.  4000-9500  ft. — New  Windsor,  Weld 
Co.;  plains  and  foot-hills,  near  Boulder;  Mountain  View;  Fort  Collins;  gulch 
west  of  Soldier  Canon;  along  Poudre  River. 

16.  Poa  interior  Rydb.  ( Poa  nemoralis  Am.  auth. ;  in  part.)  In  wet  mead¬ 
ows  from  the  Canadian  Rockies  and  Wash,  to  N.  Mex. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — 
Fort  Collins;  Ute  Pass;  Twin  Lakes;  Estes  Park;  South  Park;  Marshall 
Pass;  Beaver  Creek;  Stove  Prairie  Hill;  hills  about  Box  Canon,  west  of 
Ouray;  Cerro  Summit;  Andrew’s  Shetland  ranch;  La  Plata  Canon;  canon 
west  of  Pennock’s  ranch,  near  Ft.  Collins;  Table  Rock;  foot  of  Mt.  Rich- 
tofen,  on  Michigan  River ;  Hotchkiss ;  mountains  northeast  of  Dolores. 

17.  Poa  crocata  Mich.  (P.  caesia  strictior  A.  Gray,  and  P.  nemoralis 
Am.  auth.;  in  part.)  On  hills  and  dryer  meadows  from  Lab.  and  Alaska  to 
Vt.,  Minn,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-13,000  ft. — Fort  Collins;  Happy  Hollow; 
near  Narrows;  Mount  Baldy;  Barnes’  Camp;  foot  of  Mt.  Richtofen,  North 
Park ;  South  Park ;  Ruxton  Creek ;  Robinson,  Summit  Co. ;  headwaters  of 
Clear  Creek  and  alpine  ridges  east  of  Middle  Park;  near  Georgetown;  in 
valley  near  Empire;  mountains  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Gentian  Ridge;  West 
Spanish  Peak;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Graymont;  Gunni¬ 
son;  Cameron’s  Cone;  Crystal  Park;  Marshall  Pass;  Anita  Peak;  Willow 
Creek,  Routt  Co. 

18.  Poa  rupicola  Nash.  ( Poa  rupestris  Vasey.)  On  the  mountains  from 
Mont,  and  Ore.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  11,500-13,000  ft. — South  Park; 
Gray’s  Peak;  Silver  Plume;  Pike’s  Peak;  Seven  Lakes;  near  Pagosa  Peak. 

A  form  with  more  hairy  glumes  has  been  collected  at  the  following  locali¬ 
ties  :  near  Manitou ;  Little  Kate  Mine,  La  Plata  Mountains ;  mountain  near 
Veta  Pass;  mountain  meadows,  Pike’s  Peak;  Cameron  Pass,  above  timber 
line. 

19.  Poa  Pattersonii  Vasey.  On  the  mountain  peaks  of  Colo,  and  Ariz. — 
Alt.  10,000-13,000  ft. — South  Park;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek  and  alpine 
ridges  east  of  Middle  Park;  summit  of  Mt.  Garfield;  West  Spanish  Peak; 
east  of  Cameron  Pass,  above  timber  line;  mountains  above  Beaver  Creek; 
Como  Pass,  above  timber  line. 

20.  Poa  Grayana  Vasey.  On  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Alt.  about 
13,000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak:  Peak  Slope;  Saddle;  Devil’s  Causeway;  Cameron 
Pass. 

21.  Poa  Lettermannii  Vasey.  ( Poa  Brandegei  Beal.)  On  the  alpine  peaks 
of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Alt.  about  14,000  ft. — Gray’s  Peak. 

22.  Poa  alpina  L.  In  wet  places  on  the  mountain  tops,  along  streams  and 


46 


POACEAE. 


in  the  arctics,  from  Greenl.  and  Alaska  to  Que.,  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  9000- 
13,000  ft. — Cameron  Pass;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Tennessee  Pass;  La  Plata 
Canon ;  Little  Kate  Mine,  La  Plata  Mountains ;  mountains  of  Estes  Park ; 
South  Park ;  Mt.  Hesperus ;  Gray’s  Peak ;  Georgetown ;  Mt.  Harvard ;  South 
Park;  Mt.  Richtofen;  bank  of  Michigan,  North  Park. 

23.  Poa  phoenicea  Rydb.  Mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  12,500  ft. — 
Vicinity  of  Pike’s  Peak:  Peak  Valley;  Windy  Point. 

24.  Poa  Wheeled  Vasey.  ( Poa  cuspidata  Vasey.)  In  meadows  from 
Mont,  and  Ida.  to  Colo,  and  Ore. — Alt.  6000-11,000  ft. — Berthoud’s  Pass; 
Marshall  Pass;  Ute  Pass  Road;  North  Park;  Cameron  Pass;  Rist  Canon; 
Anita  Peak;  summit  of  North  Park  Range;  Rabbit-Ear  Range. 

25.  Poa  Vaseyana  Scribn.  In  mountain  meadows  of  Colo. — Alt.  9000- 
10,000  ft. — Silver  Plume;  Mt.  Princeton;  near  Chambers’  Lake. 

26.  Poa  tricholepis  Rydb.  Mountain  meadows  of  Colo. — Alt.  7500-11,500 
ft. — Near  Pagosa  Peak;  canons  and  meadows,  west  of  Ouray. 

27.  Poa  occidentalis  (Vasey)  Rydb.  ( Poa  dexuosa  occcidentalis  Vasey.) 
In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  10,000-11,500  ft. — Twin  Lakes; 
Beaver  Creek. 

28.  Poa  pseudopratensis  Scribn.  &  Rydb.  In  wet  places  from  Neb.  to  S.  D. 
and  Colo. — Alt.  4500-6000  ft. — Colorado  Springs;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.; 
along  river  below  Fort  Collins. 

29.  Poa  subpurpurea  Rydb.  (P.  purpurascens  Vasey;  not  Sprengel.)  In 
the  mountains  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to  Colo. — Cameron  Pass. 

30.  Poa  epilis  Scribn.  In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — - 
Alt.  10,000-13,000  ft. — Buffalo  Pass;  Silver  Plume;  Camp  Creek;  high  moun¬ 
tains,  vicinity  of  Cray’s  Peak;  Buena  Vista;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Cameron 
Pass ;  Little  Kate  Mine,  La  Plata  Mountains ;  Poudre  Canon ;  Beaver  Creek ; 
summit  of  North  Park  Range. 

31.  Poa  nematophylla  Rydb.  Dry  hills  of  Colo. — Meeker,  Rio  Blanco  Co. 

32.  Poa  longiligula  Scribn.  &  Williams.  Hillsides  and  plains  from  S.  D. 
and  Ore.  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Navajo  Canon;  “Colorado 
Terr.”;  Glenwood  Springs;  Buena  Vista;  South  Park;  Sierra  Sangre  de 
Cristo;  Black  Canon;  Table  Rock;  Palisades;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  bank  of 
Grizzly  Creek ;  North  Park. 

33.  Poa  longipedunculata  Scribn.  Hills  and  mountain-sides  from  Wyo.  to 
N.  Mex. — Alt.  5000-12,500  ft. — Mountains  northeast  of  Dolores;  hills  about 
Trinidad;  Rist  Canon;  Silver  Plume;  Gray’s  Peak;  Graymont;  Stove 
Prairie;  Lake  Ranch;  Bear  Creek  Divide;  Beaver  Creek;  Marshall  Pass; 
Manitou ;  Dolores;  Veta  Mountain;  Poverty  Ridge;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Ojo; 
Crystal  Park;  Los  Pinos;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch;  Tur¬ 
key  Creek  and  tributaries;  West  Spanish  Peak;  West  Mancos  Canon;  West 
Indian  Creek;  plains  near  Denver;  Black  Canon. 

Poa  longipedunculata  virescens  Williams.  Chambers’  Lake;  hills  about 
Trinidad. 

34.  Poa  scabriuscula  Williams.  Dry  mountains  of  Utah  and  Colo. — Alt. 
about  8500  ft. — South  Park. 

35.  Poa  brevipaniculata  Scribn.  &  Williams.  Dry  meadows  and  mountain¬ 
sides  in  Colo. — Alt.  5500-10,000  ft. — Horsetooth  Gulch;  gulch  west  of  Sol- 


POACEAE. 


47 


dier  Canon;  Mt.  Hesperus;  Bob  Creek;  Cripple  Creek;  river-bluffs  north  of 
La  Veta;  Estes  Park;  Ojo;  Veta  Mountain;  hills  southeast  of  La  Veta; 
Table  Rock;  Trinidad;  headwaters  of  Pass  Creek;  Piney  and  Beaver  Creeks; 
West  Mancos  River;  Los  Pinos;  Van  Boxle’s  ranch,  above  Cimarron;  Seven 
Lakes;  mountains  near  Veta  Pass;  Mt.  Hesperus;  West  Indian  Creek. 

Poa  brevipaniculata  subpallida  Williams  is  a  low  variety  with  pale-green 
color. — Rocky  Mountains  ( Hall  &  Harbour )  ;  Bear  Creek;  headwaters  of 
Clear  Creek  and  alpine  ridges,  east  of  Middle  Park;  Stove  Prairie  Hill. 

36.  Poa  Fendleriana  (Steud.)  Vasey.  Dry  hills  and  table  lands  from  Colo, 
to  N.  Mex.  and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-11,500  ft. — Trinidad;  Upper  LaPlata;  Mani- 
tou ;  Los  Pinos;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  near  Badito;  Colorado  Springs. 

37.  Poa  glaucifolia  S.  &  W.  Moist  banks  from  S.  D.  and  Mont,  to  Colo. 
— Fort  Collins  and  Calloway  Hill. 

38.  Poa  Nevadensis  Scribn.  In  dry  meadows  and  on  hillsides  from  Mont, 
and  B.  C.  to  Colo.,  Nev.  and  Ore. — Alt.  5000-6500  ft. — Gulch  west  of  Sol¬ 
dier  Canon;  near  Fort  Collins;  dry  hills  near  Wood’s  ranch. 

39.  Poa  laevigata  Scribn.  On  dry  meadows  and  hillsides  from  Mont,  and 
Wash,  to  Colo. — Alt.  6500-9000  ft. — Gunnison;  Chester;  Iola;  Mancos;  along 
the  Michigan,  North  Park;  Rabbit-Ears,  Larimer  Co. 

40.  Poa  juncifolia  Scribn.  Dry  hills  and  plains  of  Wyo.,  Utah  and  Colo. 
— Middle  Park;  South  Park;  Georgetown;  Hardin’s  ranch. 

41.  Poa  confusa  Rydb.  Dry  meadows  and  open  “  parks  ”  in  the  mountains 
from  Mont,  and  Nebr.  to  Colo. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Twin  Lakes;  dry  plains, 
North  Park;  Colorado  and  Wyoming  State  line;  near  Ft.  Collins. 

A  form  with  the  glumes  slightly  strigose  below. — Clear  Lake;  George¬ 
town. 

42.  Poa  truncata  Rydb.  Meadows  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Dillon, 
Summit  Co.;  Holdredge  Ranch,  North  Park. 

43.  Poa  pratericola  Rydb.  &  Nash.  ( P .  andina  Nutt.)  Dry  plains  and 
prairies  of  Nebr.,  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-12,000  ft. — South  Park;  Green 
River;  Twin  Lakes;  La  Porte;  mountains  near  Pagosa  Peak. 

44.  Poa  lucida  Vasey.  On  dry  hills  from  S.  D.  and  Wyo.  to  Colo. — Alt. 
5000-9000  ft. — Twin  Lakes;  Graymont;  South  Park;  North  Park;  Colum¬ 
bine;  vicinity  of  Ft.  Collins;  Crystal  Creek;  La  Plata  Canon;  Mancos;  Hold¬ 
redge  Meadow,  North  Park;  Beaver  Creek  Camp. 

45.  Poa  Buckleyana  Nash.  On  dry  plains  and  hills  from  Nebr.,  Mont,  and 
Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  5000-12,000  ft. — Silver  Plume;  Buena  Vista; 
Leroux  Creek,  Delta  Co. ;  Cimarron ;  Encampment  Meadows ;  meadow  near 
Pinkhampton;  Holdredge  Meadow,  North  Park;  Cameron  Pass,  above  tim¬ 
ber  line;  Marshall  Pass;  mountains  above  Beaver  Creek. 

46.  Poa  Sheldonii  Vasey.  On  dry  hills  and  mountain-sides  in  Colo. — Alt. 
8000-12,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek  and  alpine  ridges  east  of  Mid¬ 
dle  Park;  along  Cottonwood  Creek,  near  Buena  Vista;  Silver  Plume;  Mt. 
Ouray;  Chicken  Creek,  west  of  Mt.  Hesperus;  West  Mancos  Canon;  Bob 
Creek;  Como. 


48 


POACEAE. 


62.  PANICULARIA  Fabr.  Manna-grass,  Reed  Meadow-grass. 

Spikelets  ovate  or  oblong,  6  mm.  or  less  long. 

Flowering  glumes  slightly  if  at  all  scarious  and  entire  at  the  apex. 

Spikelets  3  mm.  long  or  less ;  branches  of  the  panicle  drooping. 

1.  P.  nervata. 

Spikelets  4-6  mm.  long ;  branches  of  the  panicle  ascending  or  spreading. 

2.  P.  americana. 

Flowering  glumes  with  broad,  dentate,  scarious  margins. 

Spikelets  4-6-flowered.  3.  P.  paucidora. 

Spikelets  2-3-flowered.  4.  P.  Holmii. 

Spikelets  linear,  12  mm.  or  more  long.  5.  P.  borealis. 

1.  Panicularia  nervata  (Willd.)  Kuntze.  ( Glyceria  nervata  Trin.)  In 
wet  meadows  and  swamps  from  Lab.  to  B.  C.,  Fla.  and  Calif. ;  also  in  Mex. 
— Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Manitou ;  Crystal  Park ;  mountains  of  Larimer  Co. ; 
Democrat  Mountain-,  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Pagosa  Springs;  Dome  Rock  Val¬ 
ley  ;  Placer,  Costilla  Co. ;  Bosworth’s  ranch ;  Happy  Hollow ;  Pagosa  Springs. 

2.  Panicularia  americana  (Torr.)  MacM.  ( G .  aquatica  Coult. ;  not  Smith) 
In  swamps  and  along  streams  from  N.  B.  to  Alaska,  Tenn.  and  Nev. — Alt. 
4000-8500  ft. — Mancos;  mountains,  Larimer  Co.;  Denver;  Fort  Collins; 
Pleasant  Grove;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Saguache  Creek;  LaVeta;  Bax¬ 
ter’s  ranch;  canon  west  of  Palmers  Lake;  Table  Rock;  Bosworth’s  ranch, 
Stove  Prairie;  Pagosa  Peak. 

3.  Panicularia  pauciflora  (Presl)  Kuntze.  ( G .  p  auditor  a  Presl.)  In  wet 
meadows  from  Mont,  to  B.  C.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  9000-10,500  ft. — Bob 
Creek,  •west  of  Mt.  Hesperus;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Chester;  near  Chambers’ 
Lake;  east  slope  of  Rabbit-Ear  Range;  mountains  northeast  of  Dolores; 
Pagosa  Peak. 

4.  Panicularia  Holmii  Beal.  Dense  thickets  in  Colo. — Alt.  about  8500  ft. — 
Lamb’s  ranch,  Long’s  Peak  (Beal). 

5.  Panicularia  borealis  Nash.  In  shallow  water  from  Me.  to  Alaska,  N. 
Y.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-8500  ft. — Cerro  Summit;  Buffalo  Pass  Road, 
Routt  Co. ;  Boulder. 

63.  PUCCINELLl'A  Pari.  Meadow-grass. 

1.  Puccinellia  airoides  (Nutt.)  Wats.  &  Coult.  ( Glyceria  distans  Coult.; 
in  part.)  In  wet  meadows,  especially  in  alkaline  soil,  from  Man.  to  Macken¬ 
zie  River,  B.  C.,  Kans.  and  Nev. — Alt.  4000-11,000  ft. — Buena  Vista;  Iola; 
Gunnison;  Fort  Collins;  South  Park;  Durango;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Saguache 
Creek;  Doyle’s;  Georgetown;  Colorado  Springs;  Walsenburg;  Boulder; 
Longmont. 

64.  FESTUCA  L.  Fescue-grass. 

Empty  glumes  firm,  the  second  3-5-nerved. 

Annuals  or  biennials  ;  stamens  1-2. 

Spikelets  7-12-flowered ;  awn  not  much  exceeding  the  flowering  glume  in 
length,  often  much  shorter.  1.  F.  octodora. 

Spikelets  1-7-flowered ;  awn  much  longer  than  the  body  of  the  flowering 
glume.  2.  F.  microstachys. 

Perennials ;  stamens  3. 


POACEAE. 


49 


Leaves  4  mm.  or  more  wide,  flat;  culm  from  a  rootstock  or  with  stolons. 
Awns  long,  usually  longer  than  the  body  of  the  flowering  glumes;  empty 
glumes  narrowly  lanceolate ;  branches  of  panicle  reflexed  or  spreading. 

3.  F.  Jonesii. 

Awns,  if  any,  very  short ;  branches  of  the  panicle  ascending. 

Glumes  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate  and  awn-pointed ;  spikelets  3-4- 
flowered.  4.  F.  fratercula. 

Glumes  broadly  lanceolate,  abruptly  acute ;  spikelets  5-9-flowered. 

5.  F.  elatior. 

Leaves  (at  least  those  of  the  sterile  shoots)  2  mm.  or  less  wide,  strongly 
involute. 

Culm  from  a  rootstock  or  with  stolons ;  sterile  shoots  mostly  extra-vaginal. 
Body  of  the  flowering  glume  5-6  mm.  long;  stem-leaves  firm  and  often 
.  flat;  spikelets  4-10-flowered.  6.  F.  rubra. 

Body  of  the  flowering  glume  4  mm.  long ;  leaves  very  narrow  and  soft ; 
spikelets  2-3-flowered.  7.  F.  Earlei. 

Culm  densely  tufted,  no  rootstock ;  sterile  shoots  mostly  intra-vaginal. 
Flowering  glumes  (without  the  awns)  3-4  mm.  long,  not  twice  as  long  as 
the  first  glume ;  plants  1-2  (rarely  3)  dm.  high ;  inflorescence  spike¬ 
like. 

Flowering  glumes  lanceolate,  long-acuminate  and  long-awned ;  panicle 
dense ;  leaves  short  and  firm.  8.  F.  brachyphylla. 

Flowering  glumes  oblong-lanceolate,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short 
awn ;  panicle  lax ;  leaves  filiform  and  soft.  9.  F.  minutiilora. 
Flowering  glumes  (without  the  awns)  5-8  mm.  long,  more  than  twice  as 
long  as  the  first  glume. 

Basal  sheaths  short ;  blades  of  stem-leaves  rarely  8  cm.  long. 

Awns  short,  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  glumes ;  inflorescence 
usually  dense  and  its  branches  very  short. 

10.  F.  pseudovina. 

Awns  long,  nearly  equalling  to  much  exceeding  the  body  of  the 
glumes  in  length ;  inflorescence  open  and  branches  more  slender. 

11.  F.  ingrata. 

Basal  sheath  long  and  loose ;  blades  of  stem-leaves  usually  over  1  dm. 
long;  inflorescence  narrow  and  awn  short.  12.  F.  arizonica. 

Empty  glumes  thin,  ovate-lanceolate,  more  or  less  scarious ;  second  glume  i-nerved 
or  3-nerved  only  at  the  base ;  culms  densely  tufted  with  numerous  basal 
sheaths. 

Ligules  long  and  acuminate;  inflorescence  open.  13.  F.  Thurberi. 

Ligules  short  and  rounded ;  inflorescence  narrow  and  spikelike. 

14.  F.  confinis. 

1.  Festuca  octoflora  Walt.  (F.  tenella  Willd.)  In  dry,  sandy  soil  from 
Que.  to  B.  C.,  Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Denver;  New  Windsor, 
Weld  Co.;  Veta  Pass;  Walsenburg;  Denver;  Wray;  Quimby;  Horsetooth 
Gulch;  Palisades. 

2.  Festuca  microstachys  Nutt.  In  sandy  soil  from  Ida.  to  B.  C.,  Colo., 
Ariz.  and  Calif. — “  Western  Colorado.” 

3.  Festuca  Jonesii  Vasey.  In  woods  from  Mont,  to  B.  C.,  Colo.,  Utah  and 
Wash. — “  Western  Colorado.” 

4.  Festuca  fratercula  Rupr.  On  open  hillsides,  in  canons  and  meadows 
from  Colo,  to  Arizona  and  Mex. — Alt.  7500-9500  ft. — Near  Pagosa  Peak; 
canons  and  adjoining  meadows,  west  of  Ouray. 

5.  Festuca  elatior  L.  In  field,  among  bushes  and  in  waste  places  from 
N.  Sc.  to  Wash.,  N.  C.  and  Calif.  Cultivated  and  naturalized  from  Europe. 
— Alt.  up  to  5000  ft. — Fort  Collins;  Durango. 


4 


50 


POACEAE. 


6.  Festuca  rubra  L.  In  meadows  from  Lab.  to  Alaska,  N.  C.  and  Calif. ; 
also  in  Europe  and  Asia. — Alt.  up  to  5000  ft. — Ft.  Collins. 

7.  Festuca  Earlei  Rydb.  In  canons  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  9500  ft. — LaPlata 
Canon. 

8.  Festuca  brachyphylla  Schultes.  (F.  orina  brevifolia  S.  Wats.)  In 
arctic-alpine  localities,  in  rather  barren  soil,  from  Greenl.  to  Alaska,  Vt.  and 
Calif. — Alt.  9500-14,500  ft. — Gray’s  Peak;  Mt.  Lincoln;  Little  Kate  Mine, 
La  Plata  Mountains;  Cumberland  Mine;  Cameron  Pass;  Pike’s  Peak;  West 
Spanish  Peak;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Mt.  Lincoln;  Mt.  McClellan;  high 
mountains  near  Clear  Creek;  Beaver  Creek;  mountains  northeast  of  Boreas; 
mountain  above  Barnes’  Camp. 

9.  Festuca  minutiflora  Rydb.  On  alpine  peaks  in  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt. 
10,000-12,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek ;  Manitou ;  Mt.  Ouray ;  near 
Pagosa  Peak;  Como;  Tennessee  Pass;  Mt.  Lincoln;  Cameron  Pass;  Moun¬ 
tains  northeast  of  Boreas. 

10.  Festuca  pseudovina  Hackel.  On  dry  hillsides  and  mountains  from 
Sask.  to  B.  C.,  Mich,  and  Colo. ;  also  in  Europe. — Alt.  9000-12,500  ft. — Bert- 
houd’s  Pass ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Dead  Lake ;  Mount  Garfield ;  Beaver  Creek ; 
Poverty  Flats;  Palsgrove  Canon;  Happy  Hollow;  near  Teller,  North  Park; 
Chambers’  Lake;  Twin  Lakes;  mountains  above  Clear  Creek;  Veta  Pass; 
Ute  Pass  road ;  Boreas ;  mountains  northwest  of  Boreas. 

11.  Festuca  ingrata  (Hack.)  Rydb.  ( F .  ovina  of  western  reports  and  F. 
ovina  ingrata  Hack.)  On  hillsides  and  in  dryer  meadows  from  Mont,  to  B.  C., 
Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  3000-12,000  ft. — Grizzly  Creek;  Chicken  Creek;  Mount 
Garfield;  Rabbit-Ear  Pass;  North  Park;  Wolcott,  Eagle  Co.;  Barnes’  Camp; 
along  the  Michigan,  North  Park;  Beaver  Creek;  Como;  near  Monument; 
flats  along  Elk  River;  Campton’s  ranch;  grass  plot,  Ft.  Collins;  Pinkham 
Creek,  Larimer  Co. ;  Willow  Creek,  Routt  Co. 

Festuca  ingrata  nudata  (Vasey)  Rydb.  (F.  ovina  nudata  Vasey)  is  a 
variety  with  narrower  panicle,  longer  basal  leaves,  nearly  naked  stem  and 
glabrous  glumes. — Middle  Park;  North  Park. 

12.  Festuca  arizonica  Vasey.  (Including  F.  Vasey  ana  Hack.)  On  rocky 
slopes  from  Colo,  to  Utah,  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — George¬ 
town  Pass;  Twin  Lakes;  Pagosa  Springs;  West  Mancos  Canon;  foot-hills 
east  of  Mancos;  Cottonwood  Lake;  Democrat  Mountain;  Idaho  Springs; 
Veta  Pass. 

13.  Festuca  Thurberi  Vasey.  (S.  scabrella  V aseyana  Hack.)  On  hill¬ 
sides  in  Colo,  and  southern  Wyo. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Twin  Lakes;  Mt. 
Lincoln;  Veta  Pass;  vicinity  of  Pike’s  Peak;  Cimarron;  Grizzly  Creek;  near 
Pagosa  Peak;  Front  Range,  Larimer  Co.;  foot-hills  east  of  Mancos;  West 
Mancos  Canon;  Dark  Canon;  Chicken  Creek;  Beaver  Creek;  North  Park; 
Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  South  Park;  Argentine  Pass;  Happy  Hollow; 
Hahn’s  Peak. 

14.  Festuca  confinis  Vasey.  ( Poa  Kingii  S.  Wats.)  In  canons  and  on 
hillsides  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  6500-10,000  ft. — Stove  Prairie 
Hill  and  Stove  Prairie,  Larimer  Co.;  Boulder  Canon;  Rist  Canon;  Happy 
Hollow;  Colorado  and  Wyoming  State  line;  Beaver  Creek. 


POACEAE. 


51 


65.  BROMUS  L.  Broom-grass,  Chess. 

Flowering  glumes  compressed-keeled. 

Palet  less  than  94  as  long  as  the  flowering  glume. 

Leaves  glabrous  ;  glumes  glabrous  or  merely  scabrous.  1.  B.  polyanthus. 
Leaves  pubescent ;  glumes  hairy  at  least  when  young.  2.  B.  marginatus. 
Palet  more  than  94  as  long  as  the  glume.  3.  B.  unioloides. 

Flowering  glumes  rounded  on  the  back,  at  least  at  the  base. 

Flowering  glumes  oval  or  broadly  elliptic ;  second  empty  glume  5-7-nerved ; 
first  3-nerved  ;  introduced  annuals. 

Flowering  glumes  nearly  as  broad  as  long,  awnless  or  with  a  short,  dorsal 
awn.  4.  B.  brisaeformis. 

Flowering  glumes  much  longer  than  broad,  always  conspicuously  awned. 
Flowering  glumes  glabrous. 

Sheaths  glabrous ;  awn  much  shorter  than  the  flowering  glume,  nearly 
erect.  5.  B.  secalinus. 

Sheaths  pubescent ;  awn  fully  as  long  as  the  glume,  at  maturity  strongly 
divergent.  6.  B.  patulus. 

Flowering  glumes  more  or  less  hairy.  7.  B.  hordeaceus. 

Flowering  glumes  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate ;  second  empty  glume  3- 
nerved ;  first  one  i-nerved  except  in  B.  Porteri. 

Awns  shorter  than  the  glumes ;  perennials  and  all  except  B.  inermis  native. 
Inflorescence  more  or  less  drooping. 

First  empty  glume  3-nerved.  8.  B.  Porteri. 

First  empty  glume  1 -nerved. 

Flowering  glumes  evenly  pubescent  on  the  back ;  sheaths  densely 
lanate.  9.  B.  lanatipes. 

Flowering  glumes  ciliate  on  the  margins,  glabrous  or  sparingly  hairy 
on  the  back ;  sheaths  glabrous  or  the  lower  sparingly  hirsute. 

10.  B.  Richer dsoni. 

Inflorescence  not  dropping. 

Inflorescence  narrow,  its  branches  erect ;  flowering  glumes  usually 
awned.  11.  B.  Pumpellianus. 

Inflorescence  broad,  its  branches  spreading ;  flowering  glumes  usually 
awnless.  12.  B.  inermis. 

Awn  longer  than  the  glumes ;  introduced  annuals. 

Spikelets  numerous  on  slender,  recurved,  secund  pedicels ;  flowering  glumes 
8-12  mm.  long.  13.  B.  tectorum . 

Spikelets  few;  pedicels  not  secund;  flowering  glumes  12-16  mm.  long. 

14.  B.  sterilis. 

1.  Bromus  polyanthus  Scribn.  In  meadows  from  Mont,  to  Ore.,  N.  M. 
and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-11,500  ft. — Trimble  Springs;  hills  above  Dix  P.  O. ; 
Cerro  Summit;  West  Mancos  Canon;  Rabbit-Ear  Pass;  Keblar  Pass;  Robin¬ 
son,  Summit  Co.;  Walsenburg;  Veta  Pass;  foot  of  Mt.  Richtofen,  on  the 
Michigan ;  near  Chambers’  Lake ;  Cameron  Pass. 

2.  Bromus  marginatus  H.  &  A.  In  meadows  from  Alb.  to  B.  C.,  Colo,  and 
Calif. — Alt.  5000-6000  ft. — Steamboat  Springs,  Routt  Co.;  Ft.  Collins;  Fish 
Creek  Falls,  Routt  Co. 

Bromus  marginatus  latior  Shear  is  a  large  variety  with  large  open  panicle 
and  longer  awns. — Vicinity  of  Boulder. 

3.  Bromus  unioloides  (Willd.)  H.  B.  K.  Meadows  from  Ala.,  and  Calif, 
to  La.  and  Tex. — Fort  Collins;  Cherokee  Hill. 

4.  Bromus  brizaeformis  F.  &  M.  Locally  introduced  from  Mass,  to  Wash., 
Del.  and  Calif.  Native  of  Europe  and  Asia. — Alt.  5000-6000  ft. — Vicinity  of 
Boulder. 


52 


POACEAE. 


5.  Bromus  secalinus  L.  In  waste  places  and  fields  from  Me.  to  Wash.,  Fla. 
and  Calif.  Introduced  from  Europe  and  Asia. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Boulder; 
Fort  Collins. 

6.  Bromus  patulus  M.  &  K.  In  waste  places  from  Mass,  to  Wyo.,  Mo. 
and  Colo.  Introduced  from  Europe. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Fort  Collins. 

7.  Bromus  hordeaceus  L.  ( B .  mollis  L.)  In  waste  places  from  Me.  to 
Wash.,  Del.,  Colo,  and  Ariz.  Introduced  from  Europe. — Denver. 

8.  Bromus  Porteri  (Coult.)  Nash.  ( B .  Kalmii  Porteri  Coult.)  On  hill¬ 
sides  and  in  meadows  from  Man.  to  Sask.,  Alb.,  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  7000- 
11,000  ft. — About  Ouray;  West  Mancos  Canon;  Georgetown;  Mancos;  Cerro 
Summit;  Arboles;  Durango;  North  Park;  Cameron  Pass;  Stove  Prairie 
Hill;  Twin  Lakes;  Buffalo  Peaks;  Gunnison;  Marshall  Pass;  Robinson; 
Clear  Creek;  Middle  Park;  Wagon  Wheel  Gap;  Chambers’  Lake;  Ft.  Col¬ 
lins;  Four-Mile  Hill;  Michigan  Hill,  Cameron  Pass;  Dolores. 

9.  Bromus  lanatipes  (Shear)  Rydb.  ( B .  Porteri  lanatipes  Shear.)  On 
hillsides  in  Colo. — Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Lower  Boulder  Canon,  Boulder  Co.; 
Idaho  Springs;  Mountain  View;  Hiawatha;  vicinity  of  Boulder;  Lafayette; 
Empire  Pass;  Dome  Rock  Valley;  Fort  Collins;  Poudre  Canon;  Rist  Canon; 
quaking  asp  grove,  west  Gunnison  Co. ;  gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon ;  Hahn’s 
Peak,  Routt  Co. 

10.  Bromus  Richardsonii  Link.  ( B .  ciliatus  Coult.;  not  L.)  In  mead¬ 
ows  and  on  hillsides  from  Sask.  to  B.  C.,  Colo.,  Ariz.  and  Ore. — Alt. 
6000-11,000  ft. — Cheyenne  Mountain;  vicinity  of  Pike’s  Peak;  near  Pagosa 
Peak ;  Pandora ;  Gunnison ;  mountains  of  Larimer  Co. ;  Upper  La  Plata 
River;  Beaver  Creek;  about  Ouray;  Mount  Baldy;  Ruxton  Dell;  Estes 
Park;  Colorado  Springs;  Silver  Plume;  Marshall  Pass;  Tobe  Miller’s  ranch; 
Moon’s  ranch;  Happy  Hollow;  Four-Mile  Hill;  gulch  west  of  Soldier 
Canon ;  bank  of  Poudre ;  Andrew  s  ranch ;  western  Gunnison  Co. 

11.  Bromus  Pumpellianus  Scribn.  In  meadows  and  on  hillsides  from  Sask. 
to  Alaska  and  Colo. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — On  Grizzly  Creek;  Veta  Pass; 
Gray’s  Peak;  Walsenburg;  Como;  Beaver  Creek  Camp. 

Bromus  Pumpellianus  melicoides  Shear  is  an  awnless  variety. — Beaver 
Creek. 

12.  Bromus  inermis  Leyss.  Escaped  occasionally  from  cultivation  from 
Ohio  to  Mont,  and  Colo. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Fort  Collins. 

13.  Bromus  tectorum  L.  In  waste  places  from  Mass,  to  Wash.,  Va.  and 
Utah.  Introduced  from  Europe. — Alt.  5000-6000  ft. — Longmont,  Boulder 
Co.;  vicinity  of  Boulder;  Fort  Collins. 

14.  Bromus  sterilis  L.  In  waste  places  from  Mass,  and  Ohio  to  Pa.  and 
Colo.  Introduced  from  Europe  and  Asia. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Fort  Collins; 
estray  in  garden  plot. 

Tribe  10.  HORDEAE. 

66.  AGROPYRON.  Wheat-grass,  Quack-grass. 

Rachis  of  the  spike  breaking  up  at  maturity,  the  joints  falling  with  the  spikelet. 

1.  A.  Scribneri. 

Rachis  of  the  spike  continuous. 

Cespitose,  the  innovations  intra-vaginal ;  no  horizontal  stolons  (except  in  A. 
arizonicum) . 


POACEAE. 


53 


Spikelets  compressed,  remote  on  the  axis ;  awns  divergent. 

Spikelets  erect.  2  A.  Vaseyi. 

Spikelets  spreading. 

Empty  glumes  acute  or  obtuse  ;  stem-leaves  3-4,  not  glaucous. 

3.  A.  spicatum. 

Empty  glumes  acuminate  or  awn-pointed ;  stem-leaves  6-7,  glaucous. 

4.  A.  arizonicum. 

Spikelets  subterete,  approximate  on  the  rachis  or  somewhat  distant  in  A. 
tenerum. 

Awn  strongly  divergent.  16.  A.  Bakeri. 

Awn  erect  or  none. 

Awn  long,  usually  longer  than  the  body  of  the  flowering  glume. 

Plant  tall,  over  3  dm.  high,  erect  or  ascending ;  empty  glumes  broadest 
below  the  middle ;  spike  elongated. 

Stem  stout;  spike  7-10  mm.  wide,  erect  but  usually  unilateral; 
spikelets  (excluding  the  awns)  12-15  mm.  long. 

5.  A.  Richardsoni. 

Stem  slender ;  spike  about  5  mm.  wide,  usually  nodding,  seldom  uni¬ 
lateral ;  spikelets  (excluding  the  awns)  about  1  cm.  long. 

6.  A.  caninum. 

Plant  2-3  dm.  high,  densely  tufted,  decumbent  at  the  base,  geniculate ; 
empty  glumes  broadest  above  the  middle ;  spike  short. 

7.  A.  andinum. 

Awn  short  or  none. 

Spike  stout  and  dense,  3-8  cm.  long,  usually  tinged  with  purple ;  empty 
glumes  broadest  above  the  middle.  8.  A.  violaceum. 

Spike  slender  and  lax,  7-20  cm.  long,  green  ;  empty  glumes  broadest 
below  the  middle.  9.  A.  tenerum. 

Stoloniferous,  sometimes  slightly  tufted ;  innovations  extra-vaginal ;  flowering 
glumes  acute  or  merely  awn-pointed. 

Sheath  not  pubescent. 

Flowering  glumes  glabrous  or  merely  scabrous. 

Spikelets  erect,  nearly  cylindrical  or  slightly  compressed. 

Leafblades  hairy  above ;  empty  glumes  shorter  than  the  spikelets, 
which  are  usually  distant.  10.  A.  Icinceolatum. 

Leafblades  scabrous  but  not  hairy,  spikelets  usually  not  very  lax. 
Empty  glumes  nearly  equalling  the  spikelets ;  spike  elongated. 

11.  A.  pseudorepens. 

Empty  glumes  half  as  long  as  the  spikelet ;  spike  short. 

12.  A.  riparium. 

Spikelets  spreading,  much  flattened.  13.  A.  occidentale. 

Flowering  glumes  densely  pubescent.  14.  A.  molle. 

Sheaths  pubescent ;  flowering  glumes  very  scabrous  or  short-pubescent. 

15.  A.  Palmeri. 

1.  Agropyron  Scribneri  Vasey.  On  high  mountain-tops  from  Mont,  to 
Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  10,000-13,000  ft. — Silver  Plume;  Gray’s  Peak;  near 
Pagosa  Peak ;  Cumberland  Mine,  La  Plata  Mountains ;  Mt.  Garfield ;  Bald 
Mountain;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Buena  Vista;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek; 
Cameron  Pass ;  mountains  above  Beaver  Creek. 

2.  Agropyron  Vaseyi  S.  &  S.  On  dry  hills  and  mountain-sides  from  Mont, 
to  Ore.,  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  5000-6000  ft. — Vicinity  of  Boulder ;  Ute  Pass ; 
Golden ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon ;  foot-hills  of 
Larimer  Co. 

3.  Agropyron  spicatum  (Pursh)  Rydb.  (A.  diver  gens  Nees;  A.  strigosum 
Coult.)  On  dry  hills  and  mountains  from  Mont,  to  Wash.,  Ariz.  and  Calif. 
— Alt.  5000-6500  ft. — Hot  Sulphur  Springs,  Middle  Park;  along  Platte  River; 


54 


POACEAE. 


Bos  worth  ranch,  Larimer  Co. ;  Glen  wood  Springs,  Garfield  Co. ;  foot-hills, 
Larimer  Co. ;  Poudre  Canon ;  Rist  Canon ;  Pinkham  Creek,  Larimer  Co. 

4.  Agropyron  arizonicum  S.  &  S.  In  the  mountains  from  Colo,  to  Ariz. 
and  Mex. — Alt.  8000-11,000  ft. — Mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward, 
Boulder  Co.;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Robinson,  Summit  Co. 

5.  Agropyron  Richardsoni  (Trin.)  Schrad.  (A.  unilaterale  Cassidy.)  In 
meadows  and  among  bushes  from  Minn,  and  Sask.  to  B.  C.,  Iowa  and  Colo. 
— Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Veta  Pass;  Manitou ;  Graymont;  LaPlata  Canon; 
Crystal  Park;  mountains  of  Larimer  Co.;  Dillon;  Salida,  Chaffee  Co.;  Twin 
Lakes;  Empire;  along  the  Michigan,  North  Park;  Como;  Bosworth’s  ranch, 
Stove  Prairie. 

6.  Agropyron  caninum  (L.)  Beauv.  In  meadows  from  N.  Sc.  to  Ida.,  N. 
C.  and  Colo. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. — Mancos;  North  Park;  Red  Stone. 

7.  Agropyron  andinum  (S.  &  S.)  Rydb.  (A.  violaceum  andinum  S.  &  S.) 
On  high  mountain-tops  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  about  9000  ft. — Silver 
Plume ;  summit  of  North  Park  Range. 

8.  Agropyron  violaceum  (Hornem.)  Vasey.  In  the  mountains  from  Greenl. 
to  Alaska,  N.  H.  and  Utah. — Alt.  6500-12,000  ft. — Near  Pagosa  Peak;  West 
Mancos  Canon;  Cerro  Summit;  Crystal  Park;  Trinidad;  near  Badito;  Green 
Mountain  Falls;  Gunnison;  Buena  Vista;  Empire;  Ft.  Collins;  gulch  west 
of  Soldier  Canon;  La  Porte;  mountain  west  of  Cameron  Pass;  Four-Mile 
Hill;  North  Park;  near  Chambers’  Lake;  Cameron  Pass;  Willow  Creek  and 
Fish  Creek  Falls,  Routt  Co. 

9.  Agropyron  tenerum  Vasey.  On  hillsides  from  Lab.  to  Alaska,  N.  H., 
Mo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-7500  ft. — Fort  Garland;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.; 
Colorado  Springs;  Arboles;  Mancos;  Fort  Collins;  Trimble  Springs,  north 
of  Durango;  Deer  Run;  Gunnison;  Twin  Lakes;  Mancos;  Soldier’s  Canon. 

10.  Agropyron  lanceolatum  S.  &  S.  On  the  plains  from  Wyo.  to  Wash, 
and  Colo. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Fort  Collins;  Calloway  Hill;  Horsetooth 
Gulch. 

11.  Agropyron  pseudorepens  S.  &  S.  In  meadows  from  Iowa  to  Alb.,  N. 
M.  and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Clear  Creek,  near  Empire;  Kebler  Pass; 
mountains  near  Pagosa  Peak;  vicinity  of  Boulder;  Colorado  Springs;  La 
Porte;  Beaver  Creek;  Durango;  Grizzly  Creek;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.; 
Pike’s  Peak;  Fontaine  qui  Bouille  Valley;  Veta  Pass;  Ft.  Collins;  Gray¬ 
mont. 

12.  Agropyron  riparium  S.  &  S.  On  river  banks  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — 
Alt.  about  7000  ft. — Colorado  Springs. 

13.  Agropyron  occidentale  Scribn.  {A.  repens  glaucutn  Am.  auth.)  On 
prairies  and  plains  from  Man.  and  Sask.  to  Ore.,  Mo.,  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — 
Alt.  4000-9500  ft. — Veta  Pass;  Weston’s  Pass;  Trimble  Springs,  north  of 
Durango;  Longmont,  Boulder  Co.;  Wahatoya  Creek;  Ft.  Morgan;  South 
Park;  Hotchkiss;  Table  Rock;  Ft.  Collins;  La  Porte. 

14.  Agropyron  molle  (S.  &  S.)  Rydb.  In  dryer  valleys  on  the  plains, 
especially  in  alkaline  soil,  from  Sask.  to  Wash,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  5000-9000 
ft. — Weston’s  Pass;  Arboles;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Mancos;  Cerro 
Summit;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Wahatoya  Creek;  Golden;  Canon  City, 
Fremont  Co.;  North  Park;  Hardin’s  ranch;  Ft.  Collins. 


POACEAE. 


55 


15.  Agropyron  Palmeri  (S.  &  S.).  (A.  spicatum  Palmeri  S.  &  S.)  In 

the  mountains  of  Colo.,  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  up  to  7000  ft. — Mancos ;  Ar- 
boles;  Quimby. 

16.  Agropyron  Bakeri  E.  Nelson.  Mountains  of  southern  Colo. — Alt.  9000 
ft. — Near  Pagosa  Peak. 

67.  HORDEUM  L.  Barley,  Squirrel-tail. 

Empty  glumes  all  alike,  subulate-filiform. 

Empty  glumes  3-6  cm.  long ;  flowering  glume  of  lateral  spikelets  long-awned. 

1.  H.  jubatum. 

Empty  glumes  1-2  cm.  long ;  flowering  glume  of  lateral  spikelets  short-awned 
or  awn-pointed. 

Lateral  spikelets  flower-bearing.  2.  H.  boreale. 

Lateral  spikelets  neutral.  3.  H.  nodosum. 

Empty  glumes  of  the  middle  spikelet  lanceolate.  4.  H.  pusillum. 

1.  Hordeum  jubatum  L.  On  prairies  and  in  meadows  from  Lab.  to  Alaska, 
N.  J.,  Tex.  and  Calif. — Alt*  4000-11,000  ft. — Mancos;  Cerro  Summit;  Ar- 
boles;  vicinity  of  Boulder;  Fort  Collins;  Fort  Morgan;  Golden;  New  Wind¬ 
sor;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Ute  Pass;  Twin  Lakes. 

2.  Hordeum  boreale  S.  &  S.  In  meadows  from  Mont,  to  Alaska,  Colo, 
and  Wash. — Alt.  up  to  10,000  ft. — Marshall  Pass;  South  Park;  Como;  North 
Park. 

3.  Hordeum  nodosum  L.  In  meadows  from  Mont,  to  Alaska,  Tex.  and 
Calif. — Alt.  5000-9500  ft. — Georgetown;  North  Park;  South  Park;  Durango; 
Golden;  Twin  Lakes;  Ft.  Collins;  Chamber’s  Lake. 

4.  Hordeum  pusillum  Nutt.  In  arid  valleys  from  Ill.  to  Ida.,  Ga.  and  Ariz. 
— Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  near 
the  river,  east  of  Ft.  Collins;  Buckhorn  Creek,  Larimer  Co. 

68.  SITANION  Raf. 

Some  of  the  empty  glumes  2-cleft ;  lowest  flower  of  one  or  both  spikelets  sterile 
and  like  the  empty  glumes,  but  inserted  on  a  rachilla  and  falling  away 
with  it. 

Sterile  shoots  numerous ;  stem  slender ;  flowering  glume  3-awned. 

1.  S'.  Hystrix. 

Sterile  shoots  few;  stem  stout;  flowering  glume  i-awned.  2.  S.  molle. 
Empty  glumes  all  entire ;  lowest  flower  of  both  spikelets  perfect. 

Flowering  glumes  glabrous. 

Stem-leaves  very  long,  erect,  flexuose,  strongly  involute.  3.  S.  longifolium. 

Stem-leaves  short,  rigid,  spreading  or  divaricate.  4.  S.  brevifolium. 

Flowering  glumes  soft-pubescent.  5.  S.  pubiflorum. 

1.  Sitanion  Hystrix  (Nutt.)  Smith.  ( Ageliops  Hystrix  Nutt.)  On  dry 
shale  hills  and  among  sage  brush  on  the  plains  from  Wyo.  to  Wash,  and 
Colo. — Walsenburg;  North  Park. 

2.  Sitanion  molle  J.  G.  Smith.  On  moist  mountain-sides  in  Colo. — Alt. 
10,500  ft. — East  side  Buffalo  Pass,  Larimer  Co. 

3.  Sitanion  longifolium  J.  G.  Smith.  On  hillsides  and  among  rocks  from 
Nebr.  to  Nev.,  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  6500-9000  ft. — Villa  Grove,  Saguache 
Co.;  Denver;  Mancos;  North  Park;  mountains  of  Larimer  Co.;  Hardin’s 
ranch ;  Oak  Mesa,  Delta  Co. ;  Anita  Peak,  Routt  Co. 


56 


POACEAE. 


4.  Sitanion  brevifolium  J.  G.  Smith.  On  hills  and  mountain-sides  from 
Wyo.  to  Utah,  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Mancos;  Ouray;  Mar¬ 
shall  Pass;  vicinity  of  Boulder;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward, 
Boulder  Co.;  Twin  Lakes;  Georgetown;  Walsenburg;  Colorado  Springs; 
La  Veta;  vicinity  of  Ft.  Collins;  Willow  Creek,  Routt  Co. 

5.  Sitanion  pubiflorum  J.  G.  Smith.  On  dry  hills  from  Colo,  to  Ariz.  and 
N.  M. — Alt.  about  6000  ft. — Trinidad. 

69.  ELYMUS  L.  Wild  Rye,  Lyme-grass. 

Flowering  glumes  long-awned ;  empty  glumes  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate, 
narrowed  at  the  base. 

Spike  broad  ;  spikelets  spreading. 

Flowering  glumes  hirsute  or  villose.  1.  E.  canadensis. 

Flowering  glumes  scabrous  or  strigose-hispidulous  or  nearly  glabrous. 
Robust;  spike  usually  included  at  the  base;  leaves  8-15  mm.  wide. 

2.  E.  robustus. 

Slender ;  spike  exserted ;  leaves  seldom  over  5  mm.  wide. 

3.  E.  brachystachys. 

Spike  narrow  ;  spikelets  erect. 

Leaves  7-15  mm.  wide,  spreading;  empty  glumes  lanceolate,  acuminate  to 
short-awned.  4.  E.  glaucus. 

Leaves  less  than  5  mm.  wide,  usually  nearly  erect ;  empty  glumes  very  nar¬ 
rowly  linear-lanceolate,  long-awned. 

Spike  7-8  mm.  thick ;  awns  30-40  mm.  long.  5.  E.  Saundersii. 

Spike  s  mm.  thick  or  less;  awns  5-10  mm.  long.  6.  E.  Macounii. 

Flowering  glumes  awnless  or  short-awned ;  empty  glumes  linear-aristiform  or 
subulate,  or  if  broader  not  narrowed  at  the  base. 

Empty  glumes  aristiform  or  narrowly  subulate. 

Plant  stout,  1-2  m.  high;  spikelets  2-6  at  each  joint;  flowering  glumes  acute 
or  very  short-awned ;  in  our  form  scabrous-stigulose. 

7.  E.  condensatus. 

Plant  slender,  3-10  dm.  high;  spikelets  1-2  at  each  joint. 

Flowering  glumes  broadly  lanceolate,  acute  or  minutely  awn-pointed,  glab¬ 
rous  ;  rachis  scabrous  on  the  sharp  angle ;  spikelets  erect. 

8.  E.  triticoides. 

Flowering  glumes  narrowly  lanceolate,  awned  ;  rachis  nearly  terete,  strigose  ; 
spikelets  somewhat  spreading. 

Flowering  glumes  glabrous.  9.  E.  ambiguus. 

Flowering  glumes  strigose.  10.  E.  strigosns. 

Flowering  glumes  villous.  12.  E.  villiflorus. 

Empty  glumes  lanceolate-subulate,  tapering  from  a  rather  broad  base ;  spike¬ 
lets  usually  singly;  flowering  glumes  glabrous.  11.  E.  simplex. 

1.  Elymus  canadensis  L.  On  river-banks  and  among  bushes  from  N.  S. 
and  Wash,  to  Ga.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Durango;  Fort  Collins; 
along  Platte  River,  near  Denver;  La  Porte,  Larimer  Co.;  Salida,  Chaffee 
Co.;  gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon;  Black’s  Lake. 

2.  Elymus  robustus  S.  &  S.  On  river-banks  from  S.  D.  to  Ida.,  Mo.  and 
Colo. — Alt.  5000-6000  ft. — Idaho  Springs;  Black  Canon;  vicinity  of  Boulder; 
Fontaine  qui  Bouille. 

3.  Elymus  brachystachys  Scribn.  &  Ball.  On  dry  plains  and  hills  from 
Mich,  and  S.  D.  to  Tex.,  N.  M.  and  Utah;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  4000-6500  ft. 
— Rist  Canon,  Larimer  Co. ;  eastern  Colorado ;  along  river,  east  of  Ft.  Collins. 

4.  Elymus  glaucus  Buckley.  ( Elymus  Sibiricus  Thurb. ;  not  L.)  In  mead- 


CJj*op  ^Production.* 


POACEAE.  57 

ows  and  among  bushes  from  Mich,  to  Alb.,  B.  C.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt. 
7000-11,000  ft. — Mountains  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Hamor’s  Lake,  north  of 
Durango;  about  Ouray;  Keblar  Pass;  Villa  Grove;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Ute 
Pass  road ;  mountains  above  Cameron  Pass ;  edge  of  aspen  grove,  western 
Gunnison  Co. 

5.  Elymus  Saundersii  Vasey.  On  mountains  in  Colorado. — Exact  locality 
not  given. 

6.  Elymus  Macounii  Vasey.  In  meadows  from  Man.  and  Sask.  to  Alb., 
N.  Mex.  and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Denver;  Durango;  Fort  Collins; 
Gunnison ;  Manitou. 

7.  Elymus  condensatus  Presl.  On  hills  and  in  dryer  valleys  from  Alb. 
and  B.  C.  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Grand  River  at  Hot 
Sulphur  Springs;  Doyle’s;  vicinity  of  Boulder;  Chester,  Saguache  Co.;  Grant 
Creek ;  Deadman  Canon ;  Campton’s  ranch ;  Miller’s  ranch,  near  La  Porte. 

8.  Elymus  triticoides  Nutt.  In  meadows  and  on  hillsides  from  Mont,  to 
Wash.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-9000  ft. — Grant  Creek;  foot-hills,  Lari¬ 
mer  Co. ;  Georgetown ;  Barnes’  ranch,  Larimer  Co. ;  Rist  Canon. 

9.  Elymus  ambiguus  Vasey  &  Scribn.  In  canons  and  on  hillsides  in  Colo. 
— Alt.  6000-9000  ft. — Penn  Gulch;  Empire;  Fort  Garland;  Minnehaha;  near 
Manitou ;  Engelmann  Canon ;  Rist  Canon,  Larimer  Co. ;  near  Badito ;  Art¬ 
ists’  Glen;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Veta  Pass;  Campton’s  ranch. 

10.  Elymus  strigosus  Rydb.  In  the  foot-hills  and  on  shale  slopes  in  Colo, 
and  Wyo. — Alt.  about  7700  ft. — Near  Boulder. 

11.  Elymus  simplex  S.  &  W.  Dry  plains  and  hills  from  Wyo.  and  Colo, 
to  Ore.— Alt.  up  to  11,000  ft. — Robinson,  Summit  Co. 

12.  Elymus  villiflorus  Rydb.  On  plains  and  foot-hills  of  Colo.  Apparently 
the  same  also  in  the  Black  Hills  and  the  Canadian  Rockies — Alt.  5000-6000 
ft. — Vicinity  of  Boulder. 


LOLIUM  L.  Rye-grass. 

1.  Lolium  perenne  L.  In  waste  places  and  cultivated  ground  from  N.  S. 
to  Va.,  Calif,  and  Wash. — Ft.  Collins. 

Family  19.  CYPERACEAE.  Sedge  Family. 

Flowers  of  the  spikelets  perfect  or  at  least  one  perfect. 

Glumes  of  the  spikelets  2-ranked. 

Perianth  present,  the  members  bristle-like  ;  inflorescence  axillary. 

1.  Dulichium. 

Perianth  wanting ;  inflorescence  in  terminal,  solitary  or  umbelled  heads. 

2.  Cyperus. 

Glumes  of  the  spikelets  spirally  imbricated. 

Base  of  the  style  not  at  all  or  only  slightly  thickened,  deciduous. 

Perianth-bristles  conspicuously  elongated.  3.  Eriophorum. 

Perianth-bristles  not  conspicuously  elongated.  4.  Scirpus. 

Base  of  the  styles  manifestly  swollen,  persistent  as  a  tubercle  on  the  achenes. 
Perianth  present ;  spike  solitary.  5.  Eleocharis. 

Perianth  wanting;  spikelets  umbellate.  6.  Fimbristylis. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious. 

Achenes  not  enclosed  in  a  perigynium ;  glumes  2-flowered.  7-  Elyna. 
Achenes  enclosed  in  a  perigynium;  glumes  i-flowered.  8.  Carex. 


58 


CYPERACEAE. 


i.  DULICHIUM  L.  C.  Richard. 

i.  Dulichium  arundinaceum  (L.)  Britt.  In  wet  and  muddy  places  from 
N.  S.  to  B.  C.,  Fla.  and  Tex. — Locality  not  given. 


2.  CYPERUS  L.  Cyperus,  Galingale,  Nut-grass,  Papyrus. 


Rachis  persistent. 

Annuals. 

Glumes  awned  or  mucronate. 

Glumes  acute,  neither  awned  nor  mucronate. 
Perennials. 

Glumes  tipped  with  a  curved  or  bent  awn. 
Glumes  blunt  or  merely  mucronate. 

Rachis  deciduous  above  the  two  empty  glumes. 


1.  C.  inflexus. 

2.  C.  acuminatus. 

3.  C.  Fendlerianus. 

4.  C.  Bushii. 

5.  C.  iiliculmis. 


1.  Cyperus  inflexus  Muhl.  In  wet,  sandy  soil  from  Vt.  to  B.  C.,  Fla.  and 
Calif.;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  5000-6500  ft. — Plains  and  foot-hills  near  Boulder; 
Ft.  Collins;  along  Platte  River,  near  Denver;  Canon  City;  New  Windsor, 
Weld  Co.;  Arkansas  River;  along  Poudre  River. 

2.  Cyperus  acuminatus  Torr.  &  Hook.  In  wet  soil  from  Ill.  to  Ore.,  La. 
and  Calif. — Exact  locality  not  given. 

3.  Cyperus  Fendlerianus  Boeckl.  In  wet  soil  from  Tex.  to  Colo.,  Ariz. 
and  Mex. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Colorado  Springs;  Arkansas  Canon. 

4.  Cyperus  Bushii  Britt.  (C.  Schweinitzii  Coult. ;  not  Torr.)  In  sandy 
soil  from  Wise,  to  Ore.,  Kans.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Denver; 
Meadow  Park. 

5.  Cyperus  filiculmis  Vahl.  In  dry  fields  and  on  hills  from  N.  H.  to  Minn., 
Fla.  and  Tex. — Alt.  about  5500  ft. — Colorado  Springs. 


3.  ERIOPHORUM  L.  Cotton-grass. 

Achenes  obovoid,  obtuse. 

Glumes  ovate-lanceolate;  achenes  light  brown.  1.  E.  poly  st  achy  on. 

Glumes  oval  or  ovate,  obtuse  ;  achenes  dark  brown,  almost  black. 

2.  E.  ocreatum. 

Achenes  linear-oblong,  acute.  3.  E.  gracile. 

1.  Eriophorum  polystachyon  L.  In  bogs  from  Greenl.  to  Alaska,  Ga.  and 
Colo. — Alt.  4000-11,500  ft. — Hamor’s  Lake,  north  of  Durango;  Seven  Lakes; 
West  Cliff;  Estes  Park,  Larimer  Co. 

2.  Eriophorum  ocreatum  A.  Nels.  In  bogs  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Twin 
Lakes. 

3.  Eriophorum  gracile  Koch.  In  bogs  from  Newf.  to  Alaska,  Pa.  and 
Calif. — Estes  Park,  Larimer  Co. 


4.  SCIRPUS  L.  Bull-rush,  Club-rush. 

Involucre  of  a  single  bract  or  wanting. 

Spikelets  solitary,  rarely  2  together ;  plants  dwarfed. 

Annuals;  bristles  none.  1.  5“.  color adensis. 

Perennials ;  bristles  present. 

Involucre  none.  2.  S.  pauciflorns. 

Involucre  of  one  erect  bract. 


CYPERACEAE. 


59 


Bristles  present,  longer  than  the  achenes.  3.  S.  caespitosus. 

Bristles  wanting.  4.  6'.  pumilis. 

Spikelets  normally  more  than  one,  usually  several  or  many ;  taller  plants. 
Spikelets  few,  1-12,  appearing  lateral. 

Annual  with  fibrous  roots.  5.  S’.  Hallii. 

Perennial  with  rootstocks.  6.  S.  americanus. 

Spikelets  numerous,  umbellate.  7.  S',  lacustre. 

Involucre  of  2  or  more  leaves  with  flat  blades. 

Spikelets  few,  umbelled  or  capitate,  relatively  large.  8.  S',  campestris. 

Spikelets  numerous,  in  compound  umbels  or  in  umbelled  heads,  relatively  small. 
Style-branches  2  ;  achenes  plano-convex  ;  bristles  mostly  4. 

9.  S’,  rubrotinctus. 

Style-branches  3;  achenes  3-angular ;  bristles  6.  10.  S.  atrovirens. 

1.  Scirpus  coloradensis  Britt.  On  muddy  shores  of  lakes  in  northern  Colo. 
— Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Larimer  Co. 

2.  Scirpus  pauciflorus  Lightf.  In  wet  soil  from  Anticosti  to  B.  C.,  N.  Y. 
and  Calif. — Alt.  9500-11,500  ft. — Antonito;  Seven  Lakes;  Ruxton  Dell; 
Georgetown. 

3.  Scirpus  caespitosus  L.  In  bogs  and  among  wet  rocks  from  Greenl.  to 
Alaska,  N.  C.  and  Colo.;  also  Europe  and  Asia. — Lat.  39°-4i0.* 

4.  Scirpus  pumilus  Vahl.  In  wet  places  in  alpine  regions  in  Alb.  and  Colo. 
— “  Rocky  Mountains.” 

5.  Scirpus  Hallii  A.  Gray.  In  wet  soil  from  Mass,  to  Colo.,  Fla.  and  Tex.; 
also  Mex. — Locality  not  given. 

6.  Scirpus  americanus  Pers.  (S.  pungens  Vahl.)  In  fresh  and  alkaline 
swamps  from  Me.  to  B.  C.,  Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-6500  ft. — Plains  and 
foot-hills  near  Boulder;  Julesburg;  mesas  near  Pueblo;  Colorado  Springs; 
Lake  City;  Spring  Canon;  Platte  River,  Denver;  Fort  Collins. 

7.  Scirpus  lacustris  L.  In  lakes  and  swamps  from  Newf.  to  B.  C.,  Fla. 
and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-8500  ft. — Gypsum,  Eagle  Co.;  Walsenburg;  Ft.  Col¬ 
lins;  Grand  Junction;  Buffalo  Pass,  Park  Range;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.; 
near  Ft.  Collins. 

8.  Scirpus  campestris  Britton.  (S.  maritimus  of  Coult.  Man.)  In  wet 
places,  especially  with  alkaline  soil,  from  Man.  to  Wash.,  Tex.  and  Ariz. ; 
also  Mex. — Alt.  4000-6500  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Mont¬ 
rose;  Walsenburg;  Grand  Junction;  lowland  along  Poudre  River;  Ft.  Collins. 

9.  Scirpus  rubrotictus  Fernald.  In  swamps  from  Newf.  to  Ida.,  N.  Y.  and 
Colo. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — McCoy;  La  Veta;  Steamboat  Springs,  Routt  Co. 

10.  Scirpus  atrovirens  Muhl.  In  swamps  from  N.  Sc.  to  Sask.,  Ga.  and 
La.  and  Colo.  West  of  Man.  and  Nebr.  it  is  only  represented  by  v.  pallidus 
Britt. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Plains  and  foot-hills  near  Boulder;  Ft.  Collins; 
New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  along  Poudre  River,  Ft.  Collins. 

5.  ELEOCHARIS  R.  Br.  Spike-rush. 


Style-branches  2. 

Annuals  with  fibrous  roots.  1.  E.  atropurpurea. 

Perennials  with  horizontal  rootstock. 

Culm  stout ;  tubercle  conic-triangular.  2.  E.  palustris. 

Culm  slender;  tubercle  narrower.  3-  E.  glaucescens. 

*  Hall  &  Harbour,  who  collected  in  Colorado,  did  not  give  any  definite  locali¬ 
ties.  On  the  labels  is  only  given:  Rocky  Mts.,  lat.  39°-4i°. 


60 


CYPERACEAE. 


Style-branches  3. 

Achenes  cancellate  and  longitudinally  ribbed  ;  spikelet  flat. 

•  •  4.  E.  acicularis. 

Achenes  smooth,  papillose  or  reticulate ;  spikelet  terete. 

Achenes  papillose.  5.  E.  acuminata. 

Achenes  finely  reticulate. 

Spikelets  ovoid,  blunt.  6.  E.  arenicola. 

Spikelets  narrowly  oblong,  acute.  7.  E.  montana. 

1.  Eleocharis  atropurpurea  (Retz.)  Kunth.  In  wet  soil  from  Iowa  to  Colo., 
Fla.  and  N.  Mex. ;  also  Mex.  and  Trop.  Am. — Reported  from  Colorado,  but 
doubtful. 

2.  Eleocharis  palustris  (L.)  R.  &  S.  In  swamps  from  Lab.  and  Alaska  to 
Va.  and  Calif.;  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Trimble 
Springs,  near  Durango;  Gunnison;  Ruxton  Dell;  Sterling,  Logan  Co.;  New 
Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Ft.  Collins;  along  Platte  River,  near  Denver. 

3.  Eleocharis  glaucescens  (Willd.)  Schultes.  In  swamps  and  wet  mead¬ 
ows  from  Me.  to  Mont.,  Fla.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Cucharas  River, 
below  La  Veta;  Julesburg;  mesas  near  Pueblo;  Quimby. 

4.  Eleocharis  acicularis  (L.)  R.  &  S.  In  wet  soil  and  mud  from  Newf. 

to  Sask.,  Wash.,  Fla.  and  Calif.;  also  Mex.,  Cent.  Am.,  Europe  and  Asia. — 

Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Divide  between  Colorado  Springs  and  Denver;  New 
Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Georgetown;  river  bank,  Ft.  Collins. 

5.  Eleocharis  acuminata  (Muhl.)  Nees.  In  wet  soil  from  N.  Sc.  to  Alb., 
Ga.,  La.  and  Colo. — Mt.  Lincoln. 

6.  Eleocharis  arenicola  Torr.  On  sandy  shores  and  in  swamps  from  S.  C. 
to  Colo.,  Fla.  and  Tex. — Salida. 

7.  Eleocharis  montana  (H.  B.  K.)  R.  &  S.  In  wet  places  from  Colo,  to 
Calif,  and  Mex. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. — Dolores. 

6.  FIMBRISTYLIS  Vahl. 

Leaves  strongly  involute.  1.  F.  castanea. 

Leaves  flat.  2.  F.  thermalis. 

1.  Fimbristylis  castanea  (Michx.)  Vahl.  In  saline  soil  from  N.  Y.  to 
Neb.,  Fla.  and  Tex. — Lat.  39°-4i°. 

2.  Fimbristylis  thermalis  S.  Wats.  Usually  near  warm  springs  from  Colo, 
to  Calif. — Sterling,  Logan  Co. 


7.  ELYNA  Schrad. 

1.  Elyna  Bellardi  (All.)  Koch.  ( Kobresia  scirpina  Willd.)  In  wet  places 
in  alpine  or  arctic  regions  from  Greenl.  to  Alaska  and  Alb. ;  also  in  Colo. 
— Alt.  8500-13,000  ft. — South  Park;  Twin  Lakes;  Georgetown;  Clear  Creek, 

near  Georgetown;  summit  of  Mt.  Garfield;  Ruxton  Dell;  Sierra  Blanca. 

*  , 

8.  CAREX  L.  Sedge. 

Stigmata  2  ;  spikes  all  or  nearly  all  bisexual,  or  dioecious,  sessile. 

Vigneae. 

Stigmata  3  ;  or  if  2,  the  spikes  mostly  unisexual,  the  lateral  ones  pistillate  (species 
of  Microrhynchae,  C.  pulla  and  C.  misandra) .  Carices  genuinae. 


CYPERACEAE. 


61 


VIGNEAE. 


hyaline. 

i.  Brachystachyae. 
21.  C.  siccata. 


I.  Spike  single,  androgynous*  or  unisexual. 

Perigynia  erect,  with  the  hyaline  beak'  split  on  the  convex  face. 

2.  Neurochlaenae. 

Perigynia  spreading  at  maturity,  spongious  at  the  base  with  a  serrate  bidentate 
beak..  5.  C.  gyno crates. 

II.  Spikes  several. 

A.  Beak  of  the  perigynium  entire,  truncate  or  oblique. 

Spikes  remote ;  perigynia  erect,  several-nerved  ;  scales 

Spikes  green ;  perigynia  not  winged. 

Spikes  brown ;  perigynia  winged. 

Spikes  sessile  in  a  rounded  or  ovoid  head. 

Perigynia  erect,  prominently  many-nerved. 

Perigynia  spreading,  nerveless  or  nearly  so. 

B.  Beak  of  perigynium  bidentate  or  in  the  last  split  on  one  side. 

1.  Spikes  androgynous  or  dioecious. 

Perigynia  elliptic  and  acuminate  to  orbicular,  faintly  nerved  or  nerveless, 
slightly  spreading,  spongious  at  the  base,  from  green  to  brownish. 

5.  Acanthophorae. 

Perigynia  ovate  or  lanceolate,  nerved. 

Spikes  in  a  dense-flowered  spicate  inflorescence ;  bracts  often  conspicu¬ 
ous  ;  perigynia  not  spongious  at  the  base,  winged. 


10. 

1 1. 


Cephalostachyae. 

Sphaerostachyae. 


6.  Xerochlaenae. 

Spikes  in  an  interrupted  spicate  inflorescence ;  bracts  inconspicuous ; 
perigynia  spongious  at  the  base.  7.  Phaenocarp\e. 

2.  Spikes  gynaecandrous.-j* 

Perigynia  wingless. 

Spikes  silvery  to  light  green,  remote ;  perigynia  membranous,  light  green, 
erect.  3.  Argyranthae. 

Spikes  brownish. 

Perigynia  spreading,  spongious  at  the  base  ;  spikes  in  a  spicate  inflo¬ 
rescence.  4.  Astrostachyae.  . 

Perigynia  erect ;  spikes  in  an  oval  or  rounded  head. 

23.  C.  Bonplandii. 


Perigynia  winged. 

Perigynia  lanceolate  to  ovate,  narrowly  winged ;  scales  brownish. 

8.  Athrostachyae. 

Perigynia  ovate  to  nearly  orbicular,  broadly  winged ;  scales  green  to 
light  brown.  9.  Pterocarpae. 


CARICES  GENUINAE. 

I.  Perigynia  neither  inflated  nor  tapering  into  a  long  beak. 

A.  Spike  solitary. 

Perigynia  glabrous  ;  beak  not  ciliate. 

Perigynia  erect  or  in  C.  obtusata  horizontally  bent. 

Perigynia  greenish. 

Perigynia  brown. 

Achenes  terete. 

Achenes  triquetrous. 

Perigynia  reflexed. 

Perigynia  pubescent  or  at  least  the  beak  ciliate. 

Perigynia  membranous ;  scales  very  broad  and  scarious-margined ;  bracts 
not  foliaceous.  20.  Elynanthae. 

Perigynia  not  membranous  ;  scales  narrow,  acuminate ;  bracts  more  or  less 
foliaceous.  58.  C.  scirpoidea  and  59.  C.  oreocharis. 

B.  Spikes  several. 

*Staminate  above,  pistillate  below, 
f  Pistillate  above,  staminate  below. 


16.  Leiochlaenae. 

19.  Lamprochlaenae. 
34.  C.  Parry  ana. 

1 7.  Athrochlaenae. 


62 


CYPERACEAE. 


1.  Perigynia  compressed;  scales  very  dark. 

Spikes  all  gynaecandrous  or  the  lateral  pistillate ;  stigmata  3  (except  some¬ 
times  in  C.  misandra) . 

Spikes  all  gynaecandrous.  12.  Melananthae. 

Lateral  spikes  pistillate. 

Spikes  sessile  or  nearly  so.  12.  Melananthae. 

Spikes  long-peduncled.  18.  Stenocarpae. 

Terminal  spike  staminate,  the  lateral  pistillate  or  the  uppermost  of  these 
staminate  or  androgynous. 

Stigmata  3  ;  spikes  oblong.  35.  C.  Raynoldsii. 

Stigmata  2;  spikes  cylindrical.  13.  Microrhynchae. 

2.  Perigynia  turgid. 

Spikes  2-4,  all  gynaecandrous,  dark  brown ;  perigynia  gibbous,  papillose. 

14.  Aeorastachyae. 

Spikes  several ;  the  terminal  and  sometimes  the  uppermost  of  the  lateral 
ones  staminate  ;  the  rest  pistillate  or  in  C.  Backii  all  androgynous. 
Perigynia  glabrous  ;  spikes  peduncled. 

Beak  short  or  none ;  spikes  erect,  loosely  flowered ;  perigynia  nerved. 

15.  Cenchrocarpae. 

Beak  prominent,  bifid  or  bidentate. 

Spikes  not  very  densely  flowered,  drooping ;  perigynia  faintly  nerved, 
erect  or  slightly  spreading.  23.  Hymenochlaenae. 

Spikes  densely  flowered,  erect ;  perigynia  nerved,  squarose  at  ma¬ 
turity.  24.  Spirostachyae. 

Perigynia  pubescent. 

Pistillate  spikes  few-flowered,  roundish  ;  perigynia  obovate  to  globose, 
obscurely  nerved ;  bracts  foliaceous  but  sheathless. 

2 1.  Sphaeridiophorae. 

Pistillate  spikes  cylindric,  dense-flowered ;  perigynia  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  nerved ;  bracts  sheathing.  22.  Trichocarpae. 

II.  Perigynia  inflated  and  tapering  into  a  long  beak. 

Perigynia  abruptly  contracted  into  a  very  long,  slender  beak. 

*  66.  C.  longirostris. 


Perigynia  gradually  tapering  into  the  beak. 

Perigynia,  at  least  the  lower,  reflexed  at  maturity,  sessile ;  bracts  sheathing. 

25.  Echinostachyae. 


Perigynia  not  reflexed. 

Bracts  sheathless ;  perigynia  sessile.  26.  Physocarpae. 

Bracts  sheathing;  perigynia  stipitate.  27.  Rhynchophorae. 


1.  VIGNEAE.  Stigmata  2.  Spikes  all  or  nearly  all  bisexual  or  dioecious, 

sessile. 


1.  Brachystachyae. 


Spikes  several,  short  and  few-flowered,  sessile,  remote,  light-green;  scales 
hyaline;  perigynium  erect,  several-nerved,  spongious  at  the  base. 


Spikes  gynaecandrous  (i.  e.,  pistillate  above,  staminate  below)  ;  bracts  inconspic¬ 
uous  ;  perigynium  light-green,  ovate,  tapering  into  a  short,  almost  entire  beak. 

1.  C.  canescens. 

Spikes  androgynous  ( i .  e.,  staminate  above,  pistillate  below)  ;  bracts  narrow,  but 
conspicuous  ;  perigynium  shining  reddish-brown,  abruptly-beaked. 

2.  C.  tenella. 


2.  Neurochlaenae. 


Spike  single,  androgynous,  shining  reddish-brown;  perigynium  erect,  ob¬ 
long,  faintly  nerved,  scabrous  along  the  short  hyaline  beak,  with  the  orifice 
slit  on  the  convex  face. 


One  species. 


3.  C.  nardina. 


CYPERACEAE. 


63 


3.  Argyranthae. 

Spikes  several,  short  and  loose-flowered,  sessile,  remote,  silvery  to  light- 
green,  gynaecandrous ;  bracts  short ;  scales  hyaline ;  perigynium  erect,  mem¬ 
branaceous,  light-green,  stipitate,  lanceolate,  nerved,  serrate  along  the  mar¬ 
gins,  tapering  into  a  long  bidentate  beak. 

One  species.  4.  C.  Dezveyana. 

4.  Astrostachyae. 

Spike  single  or  several,  short  and  few-flowered,  sessile,  remote;  bracts 
short  and  narrow;  scales  brownish;  perigynium  sessile,  spreading  at  matur¬ 
ity,  cordate  to  ovate,  several-nerved,  spongious  at  base,  tapering  into  a  ser¬ 
rate,  bidentate  beak. 

Spike  single,  unisexual  or  androgynous.  5.  C.  gynocrates. 

Spike  several,  gynaecandrous. 

Perigynium  narrowly  ovate,  faintly  nerved.  6.  C.  stellulata. 

Perigynium  broadly  ovate,  prominently  nerved.  7.  C.  sterilis. 


5.  Acanthophorae. 


Spikes  several,  short,  but  dense-flowered,  sessile,  androgynous ;  bracts  often 
long;  scales  greenish  to  brown;  perigynium  slightly  spreading,  elliptical  and 
acuminate  to  suborbicular,  faintly  nerved  or  nerveless,  spongious  at  base, 
narrowly  winged,  the  beak  serrulate,  bidentate. 


Spikes  green,  forming  a  dense,  decompound  panicle. 
Spikes  forming  a  spike  or  head. 

Inflorescence  spicate. 

Spike  interrupted. 

Spike  contiguous. 

Inflorescence  capitate. 

6.  Xerochlaenae. 


8.  C.  vulpinoideci. 


9.  C.  Hookeriana. 

10.  C.  occidentalis. 

11.  C.  Hoodii. 


Spikes  many,  small,  in  a  dense-flowered  spicate  inflorescence,  sessile,  con¬ 
tiguous,  androgynous  or  dioecious ;  bracts  often  conspicuous ;  scales  brown¬ 
ish;  perigynium  stipitate,  erect,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  nerved,  brown,  winged, 
serrulate  along  the  margins,  tapering  into  a  distinct,  bidentate  beak. 


Scales  acuminate. 

Perigynium  ovate,  acuminate;  spikes  often  unisexual.  12.  C.  marcida. 

Perigynium  lanceolate;  spikes  bisexual.  13.  C.  Sartwellii . 

Scales  awned,  perigynium  ovate-lanceolate  ;  spikes  mostly  unisexual. 

14.  C.  Douglasii. 


7.  Phaenocarpae. 


Spikes  small,  many  in  an  interrupted  spicate  inflorescence,  sometimes  pan- 
iculately  branched,  sessile,  contiguous  or  nearly  so,  androgynous;  bracts  in¬ 
conspicuous;  scales  brownish;  perigynium  somewhat  spreading,  ovate, 
nerved,  shining  brown,  spongious  at  base,  the  beak  serrulate,  bidentate. 

One  species.  15.  C.  teretiuscula. 


8.  Athrostachyae. 

Spikes  several,  but  not  many,  in  a  dense-flowered  spike  or  head,  sessile, 
gynaecandrous;  bracts  seldom  conspicuous;  scales  brownish;  perigynium 


64 


CYPERACEAE. 


erect,  lanceolate  to  ovate,  more  or  less  winged,  very  seldom  wingless,  taper¬ 
ing  into  a  long  serrulate  or  ciliate  beak,  with  the  orifice  oblique  or  bidentate. 


Perigynium  winged. 

Spikes  in  an  oval  or  roundish  head ;  perigynium  ovate  to  lanceolate  ;  beak  slit 
on  the  convex  side. 

Bracts  longer  than  the  inflorescence.  17.  C.  athrostachya. 

Bracts  inconspicuous. 

Perigynium  broadly  ovate  to  suborbicular,  rather  light  brown  or  greenish. 

18.  C.  f estiva. 

Perigynium  lanceolate,  very  dark  brown  and  shining.  18a.  C.  ebenea. 
Spikes  in  a  more  or  less  distinct  spike. 

Perigynium  lanceolate,  narrowly  winged,  ciliate ;  inflorescence  short. 

16.  C.  scoparia. 


Perigynium  ovate. 

Beak  bidentate. 

Perigynium  thin,  green ;  spikes  nodding  when  young,  tapering  at  the  base. 

20.  C.  pratensis. 

Perigynium  firm,  brown ;  spikes  erect,  strict.  22. 

Beak  not  bidentate. 

Beak  slit  on  the  convex  side.  19. 

Beak  oblique  at  the  orifice.  21. 

Perigynium  not  winged.  23. 


C.  Liddonii. 


C*.  pstasata. 

C.  siccata. 

C.  Bonplandii. 


9.  Pterocarpae. 

Spikes  several,  large  and  heavy,  dense-flowered,  contiguous  or  the  lower 
ones  remote,  sessile,  gynaecandrous ;  bracts  inconspicuous ;  scales  light-brown 
to  green;  perigynium  erect,  ovate  to  almost  orbicular,  much  compressed, 
nerved,  broadly  winged,  prominently  serrulate,  the  beak  bidentate. 


Spikes  ovate  in  a  roundish  head.  25.  C.  straminiformis. 

Spikes  in  a  spicate  inflorescence. 

Perigynium  about  5-nerved.  24.  C.  straminea. 

Perigynium  7-1 5-nerved.  26.  C.  festucacea. 

10.  Cephalostachyae. 

Spikes-  several,  reddish  brown,  androgynous,  dense-flowered,  sessile  in  a 
roundish  or  ovoid  head;  bracts  inconspicuous;  scales  ovate,  acute;  peri¬ 
gynium  stipitate,  erect,  ovate,  turgid,  spongious,  prominently  many-nerved, 
shining  reddish-brown,  the  beak  scabrous,  obliquely  cut,  with  hyaline  orifice. 

One  species.  27.  C.  stenophylla. 

11.  Sphaerostachyae. 

Spikes  several,  androgynous,  dense-flowered,  sessile  in  a  roundish  head; 
bracts  inconspicuous ;  scales  broadly  ovate  with  hyaline  margins ;  perigynium 
spreading  at  maturity,  stipitate,  ovate,  turgid,  nerveless  or  nearly  so,  yellow¬ 
ish,  becoming  fuscous  at  maturity,  scabrous  along  the  prominent,  obliquely 
cut  beak. 


One  species. 


28.  C.  incurva. 


CYPERACEAE. 


65 


II.  CARICES  GENUINAE.  Stigmata  2  or  3.  Spikes  mostly  unisexual. 

12.  Melananthae. 

Spikes  several,  dense-flowered,  mostly  peduncled  and  drooping,  contiguous, 
gynaecandrous  or  the  terminal  staminate,  the  lateral  pistillate;  bracts  con¬ 
spicuous,  but  narrow,  sheathless ;  scales  dark-colored ;  perigynium  sessile, 
erect,  very  seldom  spreading,  sessile,  more  or  less  compressed,  elliptical,  few- 
nerved,  granulated  and  often  scabrous  along  the  upper  margins,  purplish- 
spotted  to  almost  black,  the  beak  short,  entire  to  emarginate;  stigmata  3. 

Spikes  several. 

Terminal  spike  gynaecandrous  or  in  C.  Parry  ana  sometimes  pistillate. 

All  spikes  gynaecandrous  peduncled  and  often  somewhat  drooping. 

Spikes  ovate. 

Scales  and  perigynia  blackish.  31.  C.  atrata. 

Scales  and  perigynia  copper-colored.  32.  C.  chalciolepis. 

Spikes  cylindric ;  scales  blackish  ;  perigynia  light-green. 

33.  C.  bella. 

Lateral  spikes  pistillate,  sessile,  erect. 

Spikes  contiguous  in  a  dense  head. 

Perigynia  erect.  29.  C.  alpina. 

Perigynia  spreading.  30.  C.  melanocephala. 

Spikes  somewhat  remote,  spicate. 

Perigynia  subtriquetrous ;  lateral  spikes  usually  small  or  none ;  scales 
purplish,  with  hyaline  margins.  34.  C.  Parryana. 

Perigynia  compressed ;  lateral  spikes  not  reduced ;  scales  purplish. 

36.  C.  Buxbaumii. 

Terminal  Spike  staminate,  the  lateral  pistillate  and  peduncled,  but  erect  and 
contiguous.  35.  C.  Raynoldsii. 

Spike  single.  34.  C.  Parryana . 


13.  Microrhynchae. 


Spikes  several,  cylindrical,  often  dense-flowered,  sessile  or  short  peduncled, 
erect,  remote,  the  terminal  staminate,  the  lateral  pistillate  or  the  uppermost 
staminate  or  androgynous;  bracts  foliaceous,  sheathless;  scales  dark,  obtuse; 
perigynia  often  stipitate,  erect,  compressed,  roundish-ovate  to  elliptical,  more 
or  less  prominently  nerved,  granulated,  often  scabrous  along  the  upper  mar¬ 
gins,  pale  green,  the  beak  mostly  minute,  entire  to  emarginate;  stigmata  2. 


Perigynia  compressed ;  beak  not  bent  horizontally. 

Spikes  sessile. 

Perigynia  several-nerved  ;  spikes  remote. 

Perigynia  stipitate,  deciduous ;  beak  entire.  38. 

Perigynia  persistent ;  beak  bidentate.  44. 

Perigynia  2-nerved,  not  deciduous  ;  spikes  contiguous.  39. 

Spikes  peduncled. 

Spikes  short ;  scales  spreading,  acuminate,  longer  than 
perigynia. 

Spikes  long  and  cylindric,  remote. 

Perigynia  rhombic,  entirely  beakless. 

Perigynia  beaked. 

Perigynia  stipitate,  oval.  41. 

Perigynia  sessile,  obovate  to  broadly  elliptic.  43. 

Perigynium  turgid,  with  a  beak  bent  horizontally ;  spikes  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

45.  C.  scopulorum. 


C.  vulgaris. 

C.  nebraskensis. 
C.  rigida. 


the  scabrous  roundish 
40.  C.  chimaphila. 

37.  C.  rhomb oidea. 


C.  acutina. 

C.  variabilis. 


66 


CYPERACEAE. 


'  14.  Aeorastachyae. 

Spikes  several,  short,  but  dense-flowered,  long-peduncled  and  drooping, 
somewhat  remote,  the  terminal  staminate,  the  lateral  gynaecandrous ;  bracts 
narrow,  sheathless;  scales  dark-colored,  lanceolate-acuminate,  longer  than 
the  perigynium,  which  is  stipitate,  erect,  orbicular  to  obovate  gibbous,  papil¬ 
lose,  nerved,  with  a  short,  entire  beak;  stigmata  3. 

One  species.  46.  C.  magellanica. 

15.  Cenchrocarpae. 

Spikes  several,  loose-flowered,  peduncled,  but  erect,  contiguous,  the  ter¬ 
minal  staminate  or  gynaecandrous,  the  lateral  pistillate;  bracts  foliaceous, 
sheathing;  scales  dark  or  greenish;  perigynium  erect,  turgid,  glabrous,  dis¬ 
tinctly  several-nerved,  the  beak  short  or  none;  stigmata  3. 

Terminal  spike  staminate  or  gynaecandrous;  perigynium  globose,  orange-colored, 
beakless  or  nearly  so.  4 7.  C.  aurea. 

Terminal  spike  staminate ;  perigynium  obovate,  greenish,  abruptly  beaked,  with 
the  orifice  hyaline.  48.  C.  Torreyi. 

16.  Leiochlaenae. 

Spike  one,  lax  and  few-flowered,  androgynous;  scales  hyaline,  mucronate; 
perigynium  erect,  pale-green,  stipitate  with  a  short  beak  or  beakless. 

Perigynium  many-nerved,  elliptical,  emarginate,  beakless.  49.  C.  polytrichoides. 
Perigynium  oval,  two-nerved,  shortly  beaked.  50.  C.  Geyeri. 

17.  Athrochlaenae. 

Spike  one,  dense  and  many-flowered,  androgynous,  the  pistillate  portion 
squarrose  at  maturity;  scales  lanceolate  to  oblong,  deciduous;  perigynium 
shining,  brown,  reflexed  at  maturity,  ovate  to  linear-oblong,  prominently 
stipitate,  nerveless,  tapering  into  a  long  beak;  stigmata  mostly  3. 

Rootstock  creeping,  stoloniferous ;  leaves  flat ;  perigynium  ovate,  the  beak  two- 
lobed.  51.  C.  nigricans. 

Rootstock  caespitose,  matted ;  leaves  very  narrow,  involute ;  perigynium  linear- 
oblong,  the  beak  obliquely  cut.  52.  C.  pyrenaica. 

18.  Stenocarpae. 

Spikes  several,  very  dark,  dense-flowered,  borne  on  long,  capillary  pedun¬ 
cles,  more  or  less  drooping,  the  terminal  gynaecandrous,  the  lateral  pistil¬ 
late;  scales  very  dark,  acuminate;  perigynium  purplish,  erect,  attenuated  at 
both  ends,  compressed,  nerveless,  the  beak  long,  serrulate,  with  the  orifice 
oliquely  cut  to  bifid,  hyaline;  stigmata  2  or  3. 

One  species.  53.  C.  misandra. 

19.  Lamprochlaenae. 

Spike  one,  short  and  few-flowered,  androgynous;  scales  broad,  brownish; 
perigynium  obovate  to  elliptical,  obscurely  nerved  or  nerveless,  the  beak 
short,  with  the  orifice  entire  or  obliquely  cut;  stigmata  3. 


CYPERACEAE. 


67 


Spike  dull-brown ;  perigynium  erect  or  slightly  spreading  at  maturity,  obovate, 
shortly  beaked  or  beakless,  the  orifice  entire.  54.  C.  rupestris. 

Spike  shining,  reddish-brown ;  perigynium  horizontally  bent  at  maturity,  turgid, 
coriaceous,  obscurely  nerved,  the  short  beak  with  hyaline  orifice. 

55.  C.  obtusata. 

20.  Elynanthae. 

Spike  single,  androgynous,  the  pistillate  portion  few-flowered;  scales  very 
broad;  perigynium  membranaceous,  whitish  to  brown,  erect,  sessile,  oval  to 
obovoid,  pubescent  or  ciliate  above,  the  beak  short,  with  the  orifice  entire  or 
obliquely  cut;  stigmata  3. 

Spike  silvery-shining,  light-brown  ;  perigynium  oval,  pubescent,  the  beak  entire. 

56.  C.  dlifolia. 

Spike  reddish-brown ;  perigynium  obovoid,  attenuated  at  both  ends,  the  beak  cili¬ 
ate,  obliquely  cut.  57.  C.  elynoides. 

21.  Sphaeridiophorae. 

Spike  one,  the  plant  dioecious  or  monoecious,  or  several,  the  terminal 
staminate,  the  lateral  pistillate;  the  latter  few-flowered,  roundish,  mostly  ses¬ 
sile  or  the  basal  long-peduncled ;  bracts  foliaceous,  sheathless ;  scales  acu¬ 
minate,  often  mucronate,  green  to  blackish;  perigynium  dark-green,  stipitate 
or  sessile,  obovate  to  globose,  pubescent,  obscurely  nerved,  the  beak  mostly 
short,  obliquely  cut  or  bidentate,  with  the  teeth  erect;  stigmata  3. 

Spikes  solitary ;  beak  short,  obliquely  cut. 

Dioecious ;  spike  very  dark,  many-flowered ;  perigynium  strigosely  hairy,  obo¬ 
vate  to  oval.  58.  C.  scirpoidea. 

Monoecious  ;  spike  androgynous,  silvery-shining ;  perigynium  minutely  pubescent, 
broadly  elliptic.  59.  C.  oreocharis. 

Spikes  several. 

Rhizome  stoloniferous ;  spikes  dark-colored,  sessile  or  nearly  so ;  perigynium 
globose,  abruptly  beaked ;  beak  short,  entire  or  2-lobed.  60.  C.  pennsylvanica. 
Rhizome  caespitose ;  spikes  peduncled,  light-green  to  brown. 

Perigynium  oval,  stipitate;  beak  bifid.  61.  C.  Rossii. 

Perigynium  globose ;  beak  long,  obliquely  cut.  62.  C.  umbellata. 

22.  TrICHOCARPAE. 

Spikes  several,  cylindrical,  dense-flowered,  sessile  or  the  lowest  one  pedun¬ 
cled,  but  erect,  remote,  the  terminal  and  uppermost  lateral  staminate,  the 
others  pistillate;  bracts  foliaceous,  long  and  sheathing;  scales  purplish  or 
brown,  mucronate  to  aristate;  perigynia  erect,  sessile,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceo¬ 
late,  turgid,  more  or  less  pubescent,  nerved,  the  beak  prominent,  bidentate; 
stigmata  3. 

Perigynium  ovate,  densely  pubescent.  63.  C.  lanuginosa. 

Perigynium  ovate-lanceolate,  sparingly  pubescent,  the  beak  with  very  long,  diverg¬ 
ing  teeth.  *64.  C.  aristata. 

23.  Hymenochlaenae. 

Spikes  several,  androgynous  or  the  terminal  staminate,  the  lateral  pistil¬ 
late,  not  very  dense-flowered,  long-peduncled  and  drooping;  bracts  folia¬ 
ceous,  sheathing ;  scales  hyaline,  mucronate ;  perigynia  erect  to  slightly 


68 


CYPERACEAE. 


spreading,  oval  to  elliptical,  glabrous  below,  faintly  nerved,  the  beak  promi¬ 
nent,  scabrous,  bifid  or  bidentate;  stigmata  3. 


Spikes  androgynous,  light-green.  65.  C.  Backii. 

Spikes  staminate  or  pistillate  on  the  same  culm. 

Spikes  green ;  perigynium  inflated,  orbicular,  the  beak  very  long,  linear,  with 
the  orifice  obliquely  cut.  66.  C.  longirostris. 

Spikes  shining,  reddish-brown ;  perigynium  elliptical,  the  beak  entire. 

67.  C.  capillaris. 


24.  Spiro  stac  hyae. 


Spikes  several,  rather  short,  dense-flowered,  peduncled,  but  erect,  remote, 
squarrose  at  maturity,  the  terminal  staminate,  the  lateral  pistillate;  bracts 
foliaceous,  sheathing ;  scales  light-brown,  acuminate ;  perigynia  greenish, 
spreading,  oval  to  elliptical,  turgid,  sessile,  nerved,  glabrous,  the  beak  long, 
scabrous,  bifid;  stigmata  3. 

One  species.  68.  C.  viridula. 

25.  Echinostachyae. 


Spike  one,  androgynous,  or  several,  the  terminal  staminate,  the  lateral 
pistillate,  cylindrical,  dense-flowered,  peduncled,  but  erect,  squarrose  at  ma¬ 
turity;  bracts  foliaceous,  very  long,  sheathing;  scales  lanceolate,  light-brown; 
perigynium  greenish,  more  or  less  inflated,  nerved,  glabrous,  the  beak  long, 
bidentate ;  stigmata  3. 


Spike  one,  androgynous ;  perigynium  reflexed  at  maturity,  narrowly  lanceolate, 
orifice  of  beak  oblique ;  rhacheola  extended  through  orifice  of  the  beak. 

69.  C.  micro glochin. 

Spikes  several,  the  terminal  staminate,  the  lateral  pistillate ;  perigynium  ovate, 
much  inflated,  spreading  at  maturity,  the  beak  bifurcate ;  rhacheola  not  ex¬ 
tended.  70.  C.  retrorsa. 

26.  Physocarpae. 

Spike  one,  androgynous,  or  several,  the  terminal  and,  sometimes,  the  upper¬ 
most  lateral  staminate,  the  others  pistillate,  cylindrical,  sessile  or  the  lower¬ 
most  peduncled,  dark-colored ;  bracts  foliaceous,  sheathless ;  scales  lanceo¬ 
late,  acuminate,  brownish  or  purple;  perigynia  shining,  spreading,  but  not 
reflexed,  membranaceous,  globular  to  oblong-elliptical,  inflated,  sessile ; 
nerved,  the  beak  short,  bidentate  or  merely  emarginate;  stigmata  2  or  3. 

Spike  single,  androgynous ;  perigynium  elliptical,  tapering  into  a  bidentate  beak. 

71.  C.  Engelmannii. 

Spikes  several. 

Pistillate  spikes  cylindrical,  often  very  long  ;  perigynium  inflated,  many-nerved, 
oblong-elliptical,  tapering  into  a  cylindrical,  bifurcate  beak  ;  stigmata  3. 

72.  C.  utriculata. 

Pistillate  spikes  short,  blackish ;  perigynium  slightly  inflated,  broadly  ovate, 
nerveless,  the  beak  short,  emarginate ;  stigmata  2.  73.  C.  pulla. 


27.  Rhynchophorae. 

Spikes  several,  cylindrical,  very  robust  and  dense-flowered,  sessile  or  nearly 
so,  mostly  erect,  contiguous,  the  terminal  and,  sometimes,  the  uppermost 
lateral  staminate,  the  others  pistillate;  bracts  foliaceous  and  very  long,  sheath- 


CYPERACEAE. 


69 


ing;  scales  light-green,  lanceolate,  mucronate  to  aristate;  perigynia  greenish, 
erect,  stipitate,  membranaceous,  ovate,  much  inflated,  prominently  nerved, 
glabrous  or  scabrous  along  the  long  beak,  which  is  sharply  bifurcate;  stig¬ 
mata  3. 

Perigynium  subglobose,  glabrous,  the  beak  bifurcate.  74.  C.  monile. 

Perigynium  very  large,  ovate,  scabrous,  prominently  stipitate,  the  beak  very  long, 

bifurcate.  75.  C.  lupulina. 

1.  Carex  canescens  L.  In  bogs  from  Newf.  to  B.  C.,  Va.,  Colo,  and  Ore.; 
also  in  Europe  and  Asia. — Alt.  8500-11,500  ft. — Marshall  Pass;  Lake  Mor¬ 
aine;  Trapper’s  Lake;  Bob  Creek,  west  of  Mt.  Hesperus;  lat.  39°-4i°.* 

2.  Carex  tenella  Schkur.  In  bogs,  especially  in  the  woods,  from  Newf.  to 
B.  C.,  N.  J.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-11,500  ft. — North  Park;  Castle 
Canon;  Graymont;  Colorado  Springs;  near  Gray’s  Peak;  near  Pagosa  Peak; 
Bob  Creek,  west  of  Mt.  Hesperus;  Twin  Lakes;  Little  Beaver  Creek;  Mt. 
Elbert;  along  Quail  Creek,  near  Stevens’  Mine. 

3.  Carex  nardina  Fries.  From  Greenl.  to  Alaska,  Colo,  and  Ore.;  also 
Europe. — Alt.  10,000-12,000  ft. — Silver  Plume;  Mt.  Elbert. 

4.  Carex  Deweyana  Schwein.  In  woods  from  N.  S.  to  Ore.,  Pa.  and 
N.  Mex. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. 

5.  Carex  gynocrates  Wormskj.  In  bogs  from  Labr.  and  Alaska  to  Pa.  and 
Colo. — Mosquito;  South  Park. 

6.  Carex  stellulata  Good.  In  bogs,  Labr.  and  Alaska  to  Colo. ;  also  Europe 
and  Asia. — Wet  Mountain  Valley;  Beaver  Creek,  Larimer  Co. 

7.  Carex  sterilis  Willd.  In  moist  soil  from  Newf.  to  B.  C.,  Fla.  and  Calif. 
— Twin  Lakes;  South  Park. 

8.  Carex  vulpinoidea  Michx.  In  swamps  and  wet  meadows  from  N.  B.  to 
Man.,  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Brantly  Canon,  Las  Animas 
Co. 

9.  Carex  Hookeriana  Dew.  Dry  meadows  from  Sask.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo, 
and  Calif. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  Los  Pinos;  hills  about  Trinidad; 
dry  meadows  at  Dix;  gulch  south  of  Rist  Canon. 

10.  Carex  occidentalis  Bailey.  ( C .  muricata  Americana  Bailey.)  In  mead¬ 
ows  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  6500-11,000  ft. — Near  Pagosa  Peak; 
Sierra  Blanca;  Montrose;  Estes  Park;  Cedar  Edge;  Green  Mountain  Falls, 
near  Pike’s  Peak;  La  Plata  Canon;  Mt.  Hesperus;  gulch  west  of  Soldier 
Canon;  lat.  39°-4i°. 

11.  Carex  Hoodii  Boott.  (C.  muricata  confixa  Bailey.)  In  meadows  from 
Mont,  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  up  to  10,000  ft. — Continental  Divide, 
Routt  Co. ;  foot  of  Mt.  Richtofen,  on  the  Michigan ;  Four-Mile  Hill,  Routt 
Co. ;  Hahn’s  Peak,  Routt  Co. ;  Rabbit-Ears,  Larimer  Co. 

12.  Carex  marcida  Dewey.  In  meadows  from  Man.  to  B.  C.,  Neb.,  N.  M. 
and  Nev. — Alt.  4000-8500  ft. — Gunnison;  Colorado  Springs;  mesas  near 
Pueblo;  Cucharas  River,  below  La  Veta;  North  Park;  Pagosa  Springs; 
Durango;  Ft.  Collins;  Buena  Vista;  Twin  Lakes;  South  Park;  moist 
meadow,  Fort  Collins. 

13.  Carex  Sartwellii  Dewey.  In  swamps  from  Ont.  to  B.  C.,  N.  Y.  and 
Utah. — South  Park;  lat.  39°-4i°. 

*  See  footnote  on  page  59. 


70 


CYPERACEAE. 


14.  Carex  Douglasii  Boott.  In  dry  or  alkaline  soil  from  Man.  to  B.  C.,  Neb., 
N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-11,000  ft. — Antonito;  Ruxton  Dell;  Gunnison; 
Ironton;  plains  near  Denver;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Ft.  Collins; 
La  Plata  Canon;  Grizzly  Creek;  pasture,  Walton  Creek  flats;  near  Long’s 
Peak;  in  the  Spruce  Zone,  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek. 

15.  Carex  teretiuscula  Good.  In  swamps  and  meadows  from  N.  Sc.  to 
B.  C.,  Pa.  and  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  9000  ft. — Hamor’s  Lake. 

16.  Carex  scoparia  Schkur.  In  moist  soil  from  N.  S.  to  Man.,  Fla.  and 
Colo. — Alt.  up  to  7000  ft. — Cheyenne  Canon. 

17.  Carex  athrostachya  Olney.  In  meadows  and  copses  from  Ass.  and 
B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  8000-11,000  ft. — North  Park;  Mt.  Massive. 

18.  Carex  festiva  Dewey.  Grassy  mountain  sides  and  meadows  from  Ass. 
and  B.  C.  to  Mex. — Alt.  6500-13,000  ft. — Marshall  Pass;  Sierra  Blanca; 
Seven  Lakes;  Gunnison;  Honnold ;  Cascade  Canon;  Chrystal  Park;  West 
Indian  Creek;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Pass  Creek;  Do¬ 
lores;  La  Plata  Canon;  Bob  Creek;  Silver  Plume;  Andrew’s  Shetland  ranch; 
Mosquito;  foot  of  Mt.  Richtofen,  on  the  Michigan;  Cameron  Pass;  Como; 
Chambers’  Lake;  Mt.  Massive;  White  House  Mountain;  Mt.  Lincoln;  Pike’s 
Peak ;  Gunnison ;  Georgetown ;  not  uncommon  in  the  Aspen  and  Spruce 
Zones  from  Silver  Plume  to  Stevens’  Mine;  Gray’s  Peak. 

C.  festiva  var.  pachystachya  Bailey. — Bob  Creek;  banks  of  streams,  near 
Pagosa  Peak. 

C.  festiva  var.  stricta  Bailey. — Walton  Creek  flats,  Routt  Co.;  Georgetown; 
Silver  Plume. 

C.  festiva  var.  decumbens  Holm. — Empire ;  mountains  near  Pagosa  Peak ; 
Mt.  Kelso,  near  Stevens’  Mine. 

18a.  Carex  ebenea  Rydb.  ( Carex  festiva  Haydeniana  Bailey;  not  C.  Hay- 
deniana  Oln.)  In  mountain  meadows  from  Alb.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. 
— Alt.  6000-12,000  ft. — Ironton;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Pike’s  Peak;  Bottomless 
Pit;  Mt.  Harvard;  between  Cheyenne  Mountain  and  Seven  Lakes;  near 
Pagosa  Peak;  Silver  Plume;  Cameron  Pass;  Chambers’  Lake;  Clear  Creek 
Canon;  Marshall  Pass,  Gunnison  watershed;  Mt.  Kelso;  Thompson’s  Canon, 
on  Long’s  Peak ;  Mt.  Massive ;  Mt.  Elbert. 

19.  Carex  petasata  Dewey.  (C.  leporina  Bailey  in  Coulter’s  Man.)  In 
mountain  meadows  from  Alb.  and  Alaska  to  Colo,  and  Ore. — Alt.  10,000- 
13,000  ft. — Bottomless  Pit;  Chambers’  Lake;  Windy  Point  on  Pike’s  Peak; 
Cameron  Pass,  at  timber  line;  La  Plata  River;  James’  Peak;  Mt.  Massive; 
Mt.  Kelso. 

20.  Carex  pratensis  Drej.  In  meadows  from  Ont.  to  Alaska,  Mich,  and 
Colo. — Alt.  5000-8500  ft. — Middle  Park ;  Stone  Basin,  Larimer  Co. ;  Howe’s 
Gulch;  Long’s  Peak. 

21.  Carex  siccata  Dewey.  In  dry  fields  and  hills  from  Ont.  to  B.  C.,  N.  Y. 
and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Calvin  Canon;  Mosquito;  La  Veta  River; 
Silver  Plume;  Fort  Collins;  near  Pike’s  Peak;  between  Bald  Mountain 
and  Seven  Lakes;  Chambers’  Lake;  Mt.  Massive;  Mt.  Kelso;  Lamb’s  ranch, 
near  Long’s  Peak ;  Colorado  Springs ;  Georgetown ;  South  Park ;  Middle 
Park,  along  Grand  River. 

22.  Carex  Liddonii  Boott.  In  meadows  from  Mont,  and  B.  C.  to  Colo, 
and  Calif. — Alt.  about  7500  ft. — Mountains  in  Larimer  Co. ;  Campton’s  ranch. 


CYPERACEAE. 


71 


23.  Carex  Bonplandii  minor  Olney.  ( C .  illot a  Bailey.)  Mountains  of 
Wyo.,  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  about  11,500  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek; 
Ethel  Peak,  Larimer  Co. 

24.  Carex  straminea  Willd.  In  dry  fields  and  on  foot-hills  from  N.  B.  to 
Man.,  Pa.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-6500  ft. — Foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  Clear  Creek 
Canon. 

25.  Carex  straminiformis  Bailey.  In  dry  meadows  and  on  hillsides  from 
Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  about  9500  ft. — West  Mancos  Canon. 

26.  Carex  festucacea  Schkur.  In  rich  soil  from  N.  B.  to  Minn.,  Fla.  and 
Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Windsor;  Brantly  Canon,  Las  Animas  Co. 

27.  Carex  stenophylla  Wahl.  On  dry  plains  from  Man.  to  B.  C.,  Iowa 
and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-10,500  ft. — South  Park;  Turkey  Creek  and  tributaries; 
mesas  near  Colorado  Springs;  Como;  vicinity  of  Horsetooth;  Georgetown. 

28.  Carex  incurva  Lightf.  In  alpine-arctic  regions  from  Greenl.  to  Alaska 
and  Colo. ;  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. — Alpine  ridge,  near  Middle  Park ; 
Gray’s  Peak;  Silver  Plume. 

29.  Carex  alpina  Sw.  In  rocky  places,  in  arctic  or  alpine  regions  from 
Lab.  and  Alaska  to  Ont.  and  Colo. — Alt.  8500-12,000  ft. — Seven  Lakes ;  South 
Park;  Ruxton  Dell;  Pike’s  Peak;  La  Plata  River;  Beaver  Creek;  Idaho 
Springs;  Georgetown. 

C.  alpina  var.  Stevenii  Holm. — Georgetown;  Colorado  Springs;  Silver 
Plume;  Middle  Park;  Lamb’s  ranch,  near  Long’s  Peak;  between  Graymont 
and  Stevens’  Mine ;  Gray’s  Peak. 

30.  Carex  melanocephala  Turcz.  (C.  nova  Bailey.)  In  the  mountains 
from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  8500-12,000  ft. — Sierra  Blanca;  Middle  Park; 
Alpine  Tunnel;  west  side  of  Bald  Mountain;  Pike’s  Peak;  Ouray;  Upper 
La  Plata  River;  Silver  Plume;  Oro  City;  Wet  Mountain  Valley;  Chambers’ 
Lake;  Mt.  Elbert;  Mt.  Kelso;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek. 

31.  Carex  atrata  L.  In  arctic-alpine  localities  from  Lab.  and  Alaska  to 
Que.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  11,500-13,000  ft. — Sierra  Blanca;  South  Park; 
Long’s  Peak;  Gray’s  Peak;  lat.  39°-4i°. 

32.  Carex  chalciolepis  Holm.  Mountains  of  Colorado. — Alt.  8500-13,000  ft. 
— Marshall  Pass ;  Ouray ;  Mt.  Hesperus ;  Devil’s  Causeway ;  Cameron  Pass ; 
Silver  Plume;  Bottomless  Pit;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Little  Kate  Mine;  West 
Spanish  Peak;  Bald  Mountain;  Pike’s  Peak;  Estes  Park;  Empire;  James’ 
Peak;  Mt.  Massive;  Mt.  Elbert;  Mt.  Kelso;  Long’s  Peak;  Gray’s  Peak. 

33.  Carex  bella  Bailey.  Mountains  of  Colo.,  Utah  and  Ariz. — Alt.  9000- 
11,500  ft. — Sierra  Blanca;  Upper  La  Plata  River;  Mt.  Hesperus;  Stage 
Coach  Mountain;  West  Spanish  Peak;  South  Park. 

34.  Carex  Parryana  Dewey.  In  alpine  and  arctic  regions  from  Hudson 
Bay  to  B.  C.  and  Colo. — Alt.  6500-10,000  ft. — South  Park;  Table  Rock; 
Mosquito;  South  Pass;  Twin  Lakes;  lat.  39°-4i°. 

35.  Carex  Raynoldsii  Dewey.  In  mountain  meadows  from  Mont,  and 
Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Foot  of  Mt.  Richtofen,  on  the  Michigan;  Rabbit- 
Ear  Range,  Routt  Co. 

36.  Carex  Buxbaumii  Wahl.  In  bogs  from  Newf.  to  Alaska,  Ga.  and  Calif. 
— Twin  Lakes;  lat.  39°-4i°. 

37.  Carex  rhomboidea  Holm.  In  alpine  swamps  of  Colo. — Alt.  8500-9500 
ft. — In  swamps  near  Long’s  Peak;  Twin  Lakes. 


72 


CYPERACEAE. 


38.  Carex  vulgaris  Fries.  (C.  Goodenovii  J.  Gay.)  In  wet  grounds  from 
Newf.  to  Alaska,  Pa.  and  Colo. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Silver  Plume. 

C.  vulgaris  var.  lipocarpa  Holm. — Columbine;  Steamboat  Springs,  Routt 
Co. 

39.  Carex  rigida  Good.  ( C .  vulgaris  alpina  Booth.)  In  the  mountains 
from  Alaska  to  Colo. — Alt.  about  11,500  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek. 

40.  Carex  chimaphila  Holm.  Alpine  regions  of  Colorado. — Alt.  11,000- 
12,000  ft. — Alpine  Tunnel;  Long’s  Peak. 

41.  Carex  acutina  Bailey.  Mountains  from  Mackenzie  and  Alaska  to  Colo, 
and  Ore. — Alt.  8500-10,000  ft. — Foot  of  Mt.  Richtofen,  on  the  Michigan; 
Silver  Plume;  Georgetown;  Graymont;  Lamb’s  ranch,  near  Long’s  Peak; 
James’  Peak. 

42.  C.  acutina  var.  petrophila  Holm. — Dry  rocks  near  Graymont. 

43.  Carex  variabilis  Bailey.  (C.  stricta  Bailey  in  Coulter’s  Man.)  Wet 
meadows  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  8500-11,500  ft. — Seven  Lakes;  Sierra 
Blanca;  Ruxton  Dell;  Grizzly  Creek;  Twin  Lakes;  Leadville;  Ute  Pass; 
Empire ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Georgetown ;  Mt.  Massive ;  Mt.  Kelso. 

C.  variabilis  var.  sciaphila  Holm. — Mt.  Massive,  11,000  ft. 

44.  Carex  nebraskensis  Dewey.  In  meadows  from  Nebr.  to  Ore.  and  N. 
M. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Wahatoya  Creek;  Palmer  Lake;  near  Pike’s  Peak; 
Colorado  Springs;  Ft.  Collins;  Oak  Creek;  Weston  Pass;  Twin  Lakes; 
Monument  Park. 

45.  Carex  scopulorum  Holm.  (C.  Tolmici  subsessilis  Bailey,  in  part.) 
Mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  10,000-12,000  ft. — Sierra  Blanca;  Marshall  Pass; 
Pike’s  Peak;  Clark’s  Peak;  Bottomless  Pit;  Mt.  Harvard;  Estes  Park;  Sil¬ 
ver  Plume ;  Mt.  Massive ;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek ;  Stevens’  Mine ;  Mt. 
Kelso;  Gray’s  Peak. 

46.  Carex  magellanica  Lam.  In  bogs  from  Newf.  to  B.  C.,  Pa.  and  Utah; 
also  in  Europe  and  South  America. — Alt.  about  8500  ft. — Estes  Park. 

47.  Carex  aurea  Nutt.  In  wet  meadows  from  Newf.  to  B.  C.,  Pa.,  Utah 
and  Wash. — Alt.  4000-11,000  ft. — Gunnison;  Palsgrove  Canon;  Seven  Lakes; 
Green  Mountain  Falls;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Wahatoya  Creek;  Piedra; 
Los  Pinos;  Georgetown;  Elk  River,  Routt  Co.;  Mancos;  West  Mancos 
Canon;  North  Park;  Twin  Lakes;  Mt.  La  Plata;  Clear  Creek  Canon,  near 
Graymont. 

48.  Carex  Torreyi  Tuck.  In  dry  soil  from  N.  Y.  to  N.  W.  T.  and  Colo. — 
Near  Golden  City. 

49.  Carex  polytrichoides  Willd.  In  bogs  and  swamps  from  Newf.  to  B.  C., 
Fla.,  Tex.  and  Ore. — Alt.  up  to  10,000  ft. — Twin  Lakes;  lat.  39°-4i°. 

50.  Carex  Geyeri  Boott.  Dry  mountain  sides  from  Mont,  and  B.  C.  to 
Colo,  and  Ore. — Alt.  8500-11,000  ft. — Bob  Creek,  west  of  Mt.  Hesperus; 
North  Park,  near  Teller;  foot  of  Mt.  Richtofen,  on  the  Michigan;  Chambers’ 
Lake;  lat.  39°-4i°. 

51.  Carex  nigricans  C.  A.  Mey.  On  the  higher  mountains  from  Alb.  and 
Alaska  to  Colo,  and  northern  Calif. — Alt.  10,000-13,000  ft. — Telluride; 
Thompson’s  Canon,  on  Long’s  Peak;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  lat.  390- 
41°. 

52.  Carex  pyrenaica  Wahl.  On  the  higher  mountains  from  Alb.  and 
Alaska  to  Colo,  and  Ore.;  also  in  Europe. — Alt.  11,500-14,000  ft. — Sierra 


CYPERACEAE. 


73 


Blanca;  Mt.  Harvard;  Gray’s  Peak;  Cameron  Pass;  Telluride;  Pagosa  Peak; 
Long’s  Peak;  lat.  39°-4i°. 

53.  Carex  misandra  R.  Br.  In  arctic  and  alpine  regions  from  Lab.  to 
Alaska  and  Colo. ;  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. — Alt.  about  12,000  ft. — Gray’s 
Peak. 

54.  Carex  rupestris  All.  In  alpine  and  arctic  regions  from  Greenl.  to 
Alaska  and  Colo. — Alt.  11,500-13,000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  Cumberland  Mines; 
Gray’s  Peak;  James’  Peak;  Mt.  .Elbert;  Long’s  Peak;  Floral  Mountain; 
lat.  39°-4i°- 

55.  Carex  obtusata  Lilj.  On  dry  hills  and  prairies  from  Newf.  and  B.  C. 
to  Colo. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Ruxton  Dell;  Georgetown;  Chicken  Creek, 
west  of  Mt.  Hesperus;  South  Park;  Long’s  Peak;  lat.  39°-4i°. 

56.  Carex  filifolia  Nutt.  On  dry  plains  from  Man.  to  B.  C.,  Neb.,  Colo, 
and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Lat.  39°-4i°  ;  Ute  Pass;  Table  Rock;  Silver 
Plume. 

57.  Carex  elynoides  Holm.  Mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  11,500-13,000  ft. — 
Alpine  Tunnel;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Mt.  Princeton,  Chaffee  Co.;  Mt.  Mas¬ 
sive  and  Mt.  Kelso. 

58.  Carex  scirpoidea  Michx.  In  rocky  soil  from  Greenl.  to  Alaska,  Mass, 
and  Calif. — San  Juan  Co.;  South  Park;  lat.  39°-4i°. 

59.  Carex  oreocharis  Holm.  Mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  8500  ft. — 
Lamb’s  ranch,  near  Long’s  Peak. 

60.  Carex  pennsylvanica  Lam.  In  dry  soil  from  N.  B.  to  Alb.,  N.  C.  and 
Colo.  In  the  state  only  represented  by  var.  vespertina  Bailey. — Alt.  5000- 
8500  ft. — New  Windsor;  Colorado  Springs;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Ft.  Col¬ 
lins;  headwaters  of  Pass  Creek;  Como;  vicinity  of  Horsetooth ;  Trail  Creek 
and  Rist  Canon ;  Ute  Pass ;  mountains  near  Central  City ;  Dixon  Canon ; 
Horsetooth  Gulch. 

61.  Carex  Rossii  Boott.  Mountains  from  Alb.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo. — Alt. 
6000-11,500  ft. — Middle  Park;  Chambers’  Lake;  Cameron  Pass;  Little  Kate 
Mine,  La  Plata  Mountains;  Silver  Plume;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Colorado 
Springs;  Twin  Lakes;  headwaters  of  Beaver  Creek;  Mt.  Massive;  head¬ 
waters  of  Clear  Creek. 

62.  Carex  umbellata  Schkur.  In  dry  soil  from  N.  Sc.  to  Ore.,  N.  J.  and 
Colo.  In  the  state  represented  by  var.  brevirostris  Boott. — Alt.  about  6000 
ft. — Near  Golden  City. 

63.  Carex  lanuginosa  Michx.  In  swamps  and  wet  meadows  from  N.  Sc. 
to  B.  C.,  N.  J.,  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-8500  ft. — Gunnison;  Twin  Lakes; 
Windsor;  Turkey  Creek  and  tributaries;  mountains  in  Larimer  Co.;  Du¬ 
rango;  swales,  Ute  Pass;  Canon  City;  Campton’s  ranch;  Pagosa  Spring; 
Estes  Park. 

64.  Carex  aristata  R.  Br.  In  bogs  from  Ont.  to  Ore.,  N.  Y.  and  Utah. — 
Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Saguache  Creek;  river  bank,  near  Fort  Collins. 

65.  Carex  Backii  Boott.  In  woods  and  thickets  from  Ont.  to  Man.,  N.  Y. 
and  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  5500  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  lat.  39°-4i°. 

66.  Carex  longirostris  Torr.  On  banks  and  in  moist  thickets  from  N.  B. 
to  N.  W.  Terr.,  Pa.  and  Colo.  In  the  state  represented  by  var.  minor  Boott. 
— Gulch  west  of  Pennocks  and  south  of  Rist  Canon;  lat.  39°-4i°. 


74 


CYPERACEAE. 


67.  Carex  capillaris  L.  In  alpine-arctic  regions  from  Greenl.  to  Alaska, 
N.  H.  and  Colo. — Alt.  10,000-12,000  ft. — South  Park;  West  Spanish  Peak; 
Pike’s  Peak;  Georgetown;  Devil’s  Causeway;  West  Mancos  Canon;  Twin 
Lakes;  Middle  Park;  Thompson’s  Canon,  on  Long’s  Peak;  Silver  Plume; 
lat.  39°-4i°. 

68.  Carex  viridula  Michx.  In  bogs  and  among  wet  rocks  from  Newf.  to 
Wash.,  Pa.,  Colo,  and  Utah. — Hamor’s  Lake. 

69.  Carex  microglochin  Wahl.  In  arctic-alpine  regions  from  Greenl.  to  B. 
C.  and  Mont.;  also  in  Colo.,  Europe  and  Asia. — Lat.  39°-4i°. 

70.  Carex  retrorsa  Schkur.  In  swamps  and  wet  meadows  from  N.  S.  to 
Ore.,  Pa.  and  Colo. — Durango. 

71.  Carex  Engelmannii  Bailey.  Alpine  slopes  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  12,000 
ft. — Silver  Plume;  Upper  Clear  Creek  region. 

72.  Carex  utriculata  Boott.  In  marshes  from  Lab.  to  B.  C.,  Del.  and  Calif. 
— Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Gunnison;  Veta  Pass;  South  Park;  Bijou  Basin; 
Steamboat  Springs;  Bob  Creek,  west  of  Mt.  Hesperus;  Hamor’s  Lake,  north 
of  Durango;  Cascades  near  Pike’s  Peak;  Twin  Lakes;  Upper  Laramie  River; 
near  Chambers’  Lake;  Little  Beaver  Creek. 

C.  utriculata  var.  minor. — Not  uncommon  with  the  type. 

73.  Carex  pulla  Good.  (C.  saxatilis  L.)  In  arctic-alpine  regions  from 
Greenl.  to  Alaska  and  Colo. ;  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. 
— Seven  Lakes;  Deep  Creek  Lake;  White  River  Plateau. 

74.  Carex  monile  Tuck.  In  marshes  and  wet  meadows,  N.  Sc.  to  B.  C., 
N.  J.  and  Calif. — Alt.  up  to  10,000  ft. — Twin  Lakes;  Upper  Laramie  River; 
Chambers’  Lake;  Hamor’s  Lake. 

75.  Carex  lupulina  Muhl.  In  swamps  from  Ont.  to  Mont.,  Fla.  and  Tex. 
— Alt.  up  to  6500  ft. — Durango. 

Order  14.  ARALES. 

Plants  normal,  with  flowers  on  a  spadix.  Fam.  20.  Araceae. 

Plants  reduced  to  small  floating  thalloid  structures,  with  only  1-3  flowers. 

Fam.  21.  Lemnaceae. 


Family  20.  ARACEAE.  Arum  Family. 

1.  ACORUS  L.  Sweet  Flag,  Calamus. 

1.  Acorus  Calamus  L.  In  marshes  and  streams  from  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  Fla., 
Colo,  and  Texas. — Alt.  3500-4500  ft. — Fort  Collins. 

Family  21.  LEMNACEAE  Dumort.  Duck-weed  Family. 

1.  LEMNA  L.  Duck-weed. 

Fronds  long-stalked,  mostly  submerged,  forming  large  masses.  1.  L.  trisulca. 

Fronds  short-stalked  or  sessile,  floating  on  the  surface. 

Fronds  pale  and  usually  strongly  gibbous  beneath.  2.  L.  gibba. 

Fronds  green  or  purplish  beneath,  not  gibbous.  3.  L.  minor. 

1.  Lemna  trisulca  L.  In  springs  and  running  water  from  N.  S.  to  Sask., 
B.  C.,  N.  J.,  Tex.  and  Cal.;  also  in  the  Old  World. — Alt.  3500-8000  ft. — 


LEMNACEAE. 


75 


Parlin,  Gunnison  Co.;  Van  Boxle’s  ranch,  above  Cimarron;  near  Grand 
Lake;  Spicer,  Larimer  Co. 

2.  Lemna  gibba  L.  In  ponds  from  Nebr.  to  Cal.,  Tex.  and  Mex. ;  also  in 
the  Old  World  and  Australia. — Alt.  3500-12,500  ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  near 
Boulder. 

3.  Lemna  minor  L.  In  still  water  and  slow  streams  from  Lab.  to  Alaska, 
Fla.  and  Mex. ;  also  in  the  Old  World  and  Australia. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — 
Trinidad;  along  Uncompahgre  River,  near  Ouray;  Ironton  Park,  9  miles 
south  of  Ouray;  Hayden,  Routt  Co. 


Order  15.  XYRIDALES. 

Calyx  and  corolla  free,  of  very  different  members ;  stamens  free. 

Fam.  22.  CoMMELINACEAE. 

Calyx  and  corolla  of  quite  similar  members  and  partly  united ;  stamens  partly 
adnate  to  the  perianth.  Fam.  23.  Pontideriaceae. 


Family  22.  COMMELINACEAE.  Spiderwort  Family. 

Perfect  stamens  3,  rarely  2  ;  petals  unequal ;  bracts  spathe-like. 

1.  Com  MELINA. 

Perfect  stamens  6,  rarely  5;  petals  all  alike;  bracts  leaf-like.  2.  Tradescantia. 

1.  COMMELINA.  Day-flower,  Dew-flower. 

1.  Commelina  crispa  Wooton.  In  sandy  soil  from  Mo.  to  Neb.,  Colo.,  Tex. 
and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-6500  ft. — Canon  City. 

2.  TRADESCANTIA  L.  Spiderwort. 

Flowers  1-1.5  cm.  in  diameter;  plant  glabrous  or  calyx  and  pedicels  sparingly 
glandular;  leaves  4-6  mm.  wide.  1.  T.  scopulorum. 

Flowers  2-3  cm.  in  diameter ;  calyx  and  pedicels  usually  densely  glandular-pube¬ 
scent  ;  leaves  6-8  mm.  wide.  2.  T.  occidentals. 

• 

1.  Tradescantia  scopulorum  Rose.  In  moist  ground  from  Black  Hills  of 
S.  D.  to  Colo.,  N.  M.  and  Ariz.— Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Boulder;  Denver;  Colo¬ 
rado  City. 

2.  Tradescantia  occidentalis  Britton.  On  sand-hills  and  in  rocky  ground 
from  Neb.  to  Mont.,  Tex.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Denver;  Eads;  New 
Windsor;  Fort  Collins;  Walsenburg;  near  Boulder;  Pennock’s  mountain 
range;  Spring  Canon;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Wray. 


Family  23.  PONTEDERIACEAE  Dumort.  Pickerell-weed  Family. 

1.  HETERANTHERA  Willd. 

1.  Heteranthera  limosa  (Sw.)  Willd.  In  shallow  water  or  mud  from  Va. 
to  Neb.,  Fla.  and  La.  and  Colo. ;  also  W.  Ind.,  Mex.  and  Cent.  Am. — Alt. 
4000-5500  ft. — Between  Longmont  and  Loveland ;  eastern  Larimer  County ; 
west  side  of  Cache  La  Poudre;  Limnath  Co. 


76 


MELANTHACEAE. 


Order  16.  LILIALES. 

Styles  present,  distinct  or  united ;  stigmas  terminal. 

Styles  distinct ;  capsule  septicidal.  24.  Melanthaceae. 

Styles  united,  often  very  short  or  obsolete  during  anthesis. 

Capsules  septicidal ;  petals  and  sepals  very  unlike.  30.  Calochortaceae. 
Capsules  loculicidal ;  petals  and  sepals  nearly  alike. 

Sepals  and  petals  chaffy.  25.  Juncaceae. 

Sepals  and  petals  not  chaffy. 

Herbs  with  bulbs,  corms  or  rootstocks. 

Plants  with  bulbs  or  corms,  or  short,  erect  rootstocks. 

Flowers  in  umbels,  at  first  included  in  and  later  subtended  by  a 
scarious  involucre.  26.  Alliaceae. 

Flowers  solitary  or  racemose,  or  in  Leucocrinum  by  shortening  of 
the  stem  umbel-like,  without  involucre.  27.  Liliaceae. 

Plants  with  elongated,  horizontal  rootstocks.  28.  Convallariaceae. 
Shrubby  plants  with  woody  caudices  or  trees.  29.  Dracaenaceae. 
Styles  wanting. 

Flowers  perfect ;  plants  not  climbing. 

Leaves  and  bracts  alternate ;  plants  with  bulbs ;  fruit  a  capsule. 

30.  Calochortaceae. 

Leaves  or  leaf-like  bracts  whorled ;  plants  with  rootstock ;  fruit  a  berry. 

31.  Trilliaceae. 

Flowers  dioecious ;  plants  climbing  or  trailing.  32.  Smilacaceae. 


Family  24.  MELANTHACEAE  R.  Br.  Bunch-flower  Family. 

Plants  with  rootstock  and  large  oval  clasping  leaves ;  petals  and  sepals  gland¬ 
less.  1.  Veratrum. 

Plants  with  bulbs  and  linear  leaves ;  petals  and  sepals  with  more  or  less  distinct 
glands. 

Ovary  partly  inferior ;  glands  obcordate.  2.  Anticlea. 

Ovary  wholly  superior;  glands  obovate  or  semiorbicular.  3.  Toxicoscordion. 

1.  VERATRUM  L.  White  Hellebore. 

Petals  oblong-lanceolate.  1.  V.  tenuipetalum. 

Petals  oval.  2.  V.  speciosum. 

1.  Veratrum  tenuipetalum  Heller.  Along  stream  in  Colorado. — Alt.  about 
9000  ft. — “Colorado”;  Rabbit-Ear  Pass;  Fish  Creek  Falls. 

2.  Veratrum  speciosum  Rydb.  ( V .  calif ornicum  Wats.,  and  Coulter;  not 
Durand.)  In  Colorado  also  erroneously  called  Skunk  Cabbage.  In  moun¬ 
tain  meadows,  along  streams,  from  Mont,  to  Wash.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt. 
6500-10,000  ft. — Breckenridge ;  Marshall  Pass;  Indian  Creek  Pass;  Waha- 
toya  Creek,  near  La  Veta;  Pagosa  Peak;  Columbine;  Oak  Mesa. 

2.  ANTICLEA  Kunth. 

Petals  and  sepals  7-8  mm.  long,  7-13-nerved.  1.  A.  elegans. 

Petals  and  sepals  5-6  mm.  long,  3-7-nerved.  2.  A.  coloradensis. 

1.  Anticlea  elegans  (Pursh)  Rydb.  ( Zygadenus  elegans  Pursh;  Z.  dila- 
tatus  Greene)  In  meadows  from  Sask.  to  Alaska,  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt. 
6500-12,500  ft. — La  Veta;  Indian  Creek  Pass;  La  Plata  Mountains;  Cham¬ 
bers’  Lake ;  North  Cheyenne  Canon ;  Larimer  County ;  Marshall  Pass ;  Al- 


MELANTHACEAE. 


77 


pine ;  Ruxton  Park ;  Minnehaha ;  Mount  Garfield ;  mountains  above  Gray- 
mont;  Medicine  Bow  Mountain;  Silverton. 

2.  Anticlea  coloradensis  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  from  Colo,  to  Utah  and 
N.  M. — Alt.  8500-12,000  ft. — Idaho  Springs;  Leroux  Creek;  Mt.  La  Plata; 
Marshall  Pass;  Steamboat  Springs;  Estes  Park;  Middle  Park;  Pike’s  Peak; 
high  mountains  about  Empire;  divide  between  Arkansas  River  and  Bayou 
Salade ;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  above  Beaver  Creek ;  Rist  Canon ;  bank 
of  the  Michigan ;  Gore  Pass ;  Stove  Prairie  Hill ;  Redstone ;  Baxter’s  ranch ; 
Buffalo  Pass;  Medicine  Bow  Mountains. 

3.  TOXICOSCORDION  Rydb.  Poison  Camass,  Death  Camass,  Hogs’ 

Potato. 

Petals  and  sepals  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex ;  leaves  3-5  mm.  wide. 

1.  T.  gramineum. 

Petals  and  sepals  acute  at  the  apex ;  leaves  over  5  mm.  wide.  2.  T.  falcatum. 

1.  Toxicoscordion  gramineum  Rydb.  ( Zygadenus  venenosus  Wats.,  in  part.) 
Gravelly  hillsides  from  Sask.  to  Ida.  and  Colo. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — Howe’s 
Gulch. 

2.  Toxicoscordion  falcatum  Rydb.  ( Zygadenus  Nuttallii  Coulter,  in  part; 
not  A.  Gray.)  Hills  and  mesas  of  Colorado. — Alt.  5000-7500  ft. — Fort  Col¬ 
lins;  La  Veta;  Walsenburg;  Los  Pinos;  Denver;  Spring  Canon  near  Cal¬ 
loway  Ranch ;  Palmer  Lake ;  Boulder. 


Family  25.  JUNCACEAE  Vent.  Rush  Family. 


Leaf-sheaths  open;  capsules  1-  or  3-celled,  with  axial  or  parietal  placentae;  seeds 
many.  1.  Juncus. 

Leaf-sheaths  closed;  capsule  i-celled,  with  basal  placentae;  seeds  3. 

2.  JUNCOIDES 


i.  JUNCUS  L.  Rushes. 


I.  Lower  bracts  of  the  inflorescence  terete,  erect,  appearing  like  a  continuation 

of  the  stem ;  inflorescence  therefore  apparently  lateral. 

A.  Flowers  several  in  a  more  or  less  compound  panicle ;  seeds  apiculate 

(Effusi). 

Stem  light-green,  striate  when  dry,  on  account  of  the  free  hypodermal  fibro- 
vascular  bundles ;  sepals  and  petals  green ;  stamens  3. 

1.  /.  dliformis. 

Stem  dark-green  or  at  the  base  purplish,  not  striate ;  sepals  and  petals  dark 
purplish-brown  ;  stamens  6. 

Inflorescence  congested  ;  branches  1-3  cm.  long ;  petals  and  sepals  acute  or 
short-acuminate,  almost  equal  in  length.  2.  /.  balticus  montanus. 

Inflorescence  open  ;  branches  4-8  cm.  long ;  sepals  long-acuminate  and  much 
exceeding  the  acute  petals.  3.  /.  balticus  vallicola. 

B.  Flowers  1-5,  of  which  one  is  subsessile  and  the  others  pediceled  (Subtri- 

FLORl) . 

Upper  sheath  merely  bristle-pointed ;  petals  and  sepals  with  green  backs  and 
dark-brown  margins.  4.  /.  Drummondii. 

Upper  sheaths  leaf-bearing ;  green  backs  of  the  petals  and  sepals  less  prominent. 
Sepals  and  petals  linear-lanceolate,  light-brown  ;  capsule  acute. 

5.  /.  Parryi. 

Sepals  and  petals  broadly  lanceolate,  very  dark -brown ;  capsule  retuse. 

6.  /.  Hallii. 

II.  Lower  bracts  not  appearing  as  a  continuation  of  the  stem,  or  if  so  channeled 

on  the  upper  side ;  inflorescence  terminal. 


78 


JUNCACEAE. 


A.  Leaves  neither  septate  nor  equitant. 
i.  Leaves  not  fistulose ;  flowers  many. 

a.  Flowers  bracteolate,  inserted  singly  on  the  branches  of  the  inflores¬ 
cence  ;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  either  flat  or  subterete  and  channeled. 

a.  Perennials;  stem  simple  (Tenues). 

Seeds  long,  caudate ;  leaves  subterete,  with  a  shallow  groove  above. 

7.  7.  Vaseyi. 

Seeds  not  caudate ;  leaves  flat,  but  often  involute ;  lunate  in  cross- 
section. 

Auricles  at  the  summit  of  the  sheaths  membranous,  whitish  ;  petals 
and  sepals  scarcely  spreading. 

Auricles  scarcely  produced  beyond  the  insertion,  scarcely  scarious ; 
inflorescence  open. 

Perianth  3-4  mm.  long,  equalling  the  capsule. 

8.  J.  interior. 

Perianth  4.5-5  mm.  long,  exceeding  the  capsule. 

9.  7.  arizonicus. 

Auricles  conspicuously  produced  beyond  the  point  of  insertion ; 
flowers  few,  congested.  10.  J.  confusus. 

Auricles  cartilaginous,  yellowish-brown ;  petals  and  sepals  spread¬ 
ing.  11.  J.  Dudleyi. 

/ 3 .  Annuals;  stem  branching  (Bufonii).  12.  7.  bufonius. 

b.  Flowers  not  bracteolate,  in  true  heads  on  the  branches  of  the  inflores¬ 
cence;  leaves  broad  and  grasslike  (Graminifolii). 

13.  7.  longistylis. 

2.  Leaves  fistulose  (i.  e.,  hollow)  ;  flowers  few,  in  small  heads  (Castanei). 
Stem  leafy  only  at  the  base,  but  the  uppermost  leaf  often  with  a  long 
sheath ;  petals  and  sepals  about  4  mm.  long ;  leaves  about  1  mm.  in 
diameter ;  lower  bract  of  inflorescence  membranous. 

14.  J.  triglumis. 

Stem  more  or  less  leafy ;  leaves  about  2  mm.  in  diameter ;  perianth  5-6 
mm.  long;  lower  bracts  foliaceous.  15.  7.  castaneus. 

B.  Leaves  septate. 

1.  Leaves  terete,  not  equitant. 

a.  Septa  poorly  developed;  heads  1-3  (see  7.  triglumis  and  7.  castaneus) . 

b.  Septa  well  developed ;  heads  usually  several  (in  7.  Mertensianus  usually 

only  1)  (Nodosi). 

Inflorescence  with  short  branches ;  flowers  echinate-spreading  or  the 
lowest  of  the  head  reflexed ;  capsule  narrowly  lanceolate. 

Heads  7-8  mm.  in  diameter ;  leaf-blades  erect ;  petals  usually  longer 
than  the  sepals.  16.  7.  nodosus. 

Heads  over  10  mm.  in  diameter;  leaf-blades  usually  spreading;  sepals 
longer  than  the  petals.  17.  T.  Torreyi. 

Inflorescence  with  elongated  branches  or  in  7.  Mertensianus  with  a  single 
head ;  flowers  erect-ascending ;  capsule  oblong. 

Heads  several ;  leaves  terete  ;  seeds  not  caudate. 

18.  7.  truncatus. 

Heads  solitary  or  rarely  2-3  ;  leaves  somewhat  flattened ;  seed  usually 
caudate.  19.  7.  Mertensianus. 

2.  Leaves  equitant,  laterally  flattened,  so  that  one  edge  is  towards  the  stem 

(Ensifolii). 

Flower-clusters  numerous,  small,  5-12-flowered,  light-colored. 

20.  7.  brunnescens. 

Flower-clusters  few,  15-25-flowered. 

Flowers  greenish  or  light-brown ;  ligules  of  the  sheath  usually  without 
auricles.  2 1.  7.  parous. 

Flowers  fuscous  or  very  dark-brown ;  ligules  of  the  sheath  produced  into 

small  auricles.  22.  J.  saximontanus. 

1.  Juncus  filiformis  L.  In  wet  places  from  Lab.  to  Alaska,  Pa.,  Utah  and 
Wash. — Reported  from  Colorado  (Coulter) ,  but  doubtful. 


JUNCACEAE. 


79 


2.  Juncus  balticus  montanus  Engelm.  In  meadows  and  marshes  from 
Lab.  to  Wash.,  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  5000-11,000  ft. — North  Park;  Clear 
Creek  bottoms,  above  Georgetown;  east  of  Ft.  Collins;  Hardin’s  ranch; 
Penn’s  Gulch ;  Lake  City ;  Cottonwood  Creek ;  Buena  Vista ;  Sangre  de  Cristo  ; 
Palmer  Lake;  Green  Mountain;  Georgetown;  Andrew’s  Shetland  ranch; 
Garland;  Gunnison;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Julesburg;  Ruxton  Dell,  Pike’s  Peak; 
Cucharas  River;  Cambres ;  Moon’s  ranch;  along  the  Conejos  River,  north 
of  Antonito;  Leroux  Creek;  Table  Rock;  Chambers’  Lake;  Gore  Pass. 

3  Juncus  balticus  vallicola  Rydb.  In  wet  meadows  from  Mont,  to  Alaska, 
Colo.,  Utah  and  Wash. — Alt.  4000-7500  ft. — Denver;  Andrews’  Shetland 
ranch;  Mancos;  Dolores. 

4.  Juncus  Drummondii  Mey.  On  wet  alpine  slopes  from  Mont,  to  Alaska, 
Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  8500-13,000  ft. — Red  Mountain,  south  of  Ouray; 
Georgetown ;  Windy  Point  and  Bottomless  Pit,  Pike’s  Peak ;  Sierra  Blanca ; 
Alpine  Tunnel;  Cameron  Pass;  Pagosa  Peak;  Ironton;  Berthoud  Pass; 
Buffalo  Pass ;  Park  Range ;  mountains  west  of  Cameron  Pass ;  Buffalo  Pass ; 
Anita  Peak,  Routt  Co. ;  summit  of  North  Park  Range. 

5.  Juncus  Parryi  Engelm.  On  alpine  slopes  from  Mont,  to  Wash.,  Colo, 
and  Calif. — Alt.  10,000-13,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Gray’s  Peak. 

6.  Juncus  Hallii  Engelm.  On  alpine  slopes  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Alt.  about 
10,000  ft. — Marshall  Pass. 

7.  Juncus  Vaseyi  Engelm.  In  meadows  from  Me.  to  Minn,  and  Colo. — 
Grand  Lake. 

8.  Juncus  interior  Wiegand.  (/.  tenuis  Coulter,  in  part;  not  Willd.)  In 
meadows  from  Ills,  to  Wyo.,  Mo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Grand  Lake; 
Fort  Collins;  plains  and  foot-hills  near  Boulder;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.; 
Poudre  Canon;  bank  of  Poudre,  La  Porte. 

9.  Juncus  arizonicus  Wiegand.  In  meadows  from  Texas  to  Col.  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  up  to  about  5000  ft. — New  Windsor. 

10.  Juncus  confusus  Coville.  (/.  tenuis  congestus  Engelm. ;  in  part.)  In 
wet  meadows  from  Mont,  to  Wash,  and  Colo. — Alt.  6500-10,000  ft. — Chicken 
Creek;  North  Park;  mountain  north  of  Steamboat  Springs;  Fort  Collins; 
Chambers’  Lake;  Grizzly  Creek. 

11.  Juncus  Dudleyi  Wiegand.  (/.  tenuis  Coulter,  in  part;  not  Willd.)  In 
meadows  from  Me.  to  Wash.,  N.  Y.  and  Mexico. — Alt.  4000-8500  ft. — Platte 
River,  Denver;  Gunnison;  Mancos;  Cheyenne  Mountain;  Ft.  Collins. 

12.  Juncus  bufonius  L.  In  wet  and  sandy  soil  from  Lab.  to  Alaska,  Fla., 
Calif,  and  Mex. ;  also  in  the  Old  World. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Georgetown; 
Gunnison;  Fort  Collins;  Wahatoya  Creek;  Villa  Grove;  Hebron;  plains  and 
foot-hills,  near  Boulder. 

13.  Juncus  longistylis  Torr.  In  meadows  from  Alb.  to  Ida.,  Nebr.,  N.  M., 
Calif,  and  Mex. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Dolores ;  Chambers’  Lake ;  Moon’s 
ranch;  Trimble  Springs,  Durango;  Upper  Larimie  River;  Pike’s  Peak;  head¬ 
waters  of  Pass  Creek;  Ruxton  Dell;  La  Veta;  Gunnison;  Blind  Canon; 
Placer;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Denver;  South  Cheyenne  Canon;  head¬ 
waters  of  Clear  Creek;  Gunnison;  Como;  Leroux  Creek;  Graymont. 

14  Juncus  triglumis  L.  In  arctic  and  alpine  regions  from  Lab.  to  Alaska, 
N.  Y.  and  Colo. — Alt.  about  11,500  ft. — Seven  Lakes;  headwaters  of  Clear 
Creek. 


80 


JUNCACEAE. 


15.  Juncus  castaneus  Smith.  In  arctic  and  alpine  regions  from  Greenl.  to 
Alaska  and  Colo. — Alt.  9500-12,500  ft. — Seven  Lakes;  headwaters  of  Clear 
Creek;  Ruxton  Park. 

16.  Juncus  nodosus  L.  In  wet  meadows,  along  rivers  and  in  marshes,  from 
N.  Sc.  to  Mackenzie  River,  B.  C.,  Va.  and  Nev. — Alt.  4000-6500  ft. — Trimble 
Springs;  Durango;  Colorado  Springs;  Ft.  Collins;  Poudre  Canon. 

17.  Juncus  Torreyi  Coville.  In  wet  places,  especially  in  sandy  soil,  from 
N.  Y.  to  Mont.,  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-6500  ft. — Plains  and  foot-hills,  near 
Boulder;  Huerfano  Valley;  Walsenburg;  Julesburg;  Fort  Collins;  Canon 
City;  Denver;  Larimer  County;  Colorado  Springs. 

18.  Juncus  truncatus  Rydb.  (/.  alpinus  insignis  of  Coulter’s  Man. ;  in 
part.)  In  wet  places  in  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Alt.  6000-9000  ft. — Meadow 
Height ;  Elk  River,  Routt  Co. ;  Grizzly  Creek. 

19.  Juncus  Mertensianus  Bong.  In  wet  mountain  meadows  from  Mont,  to 
Alaska,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  8500-11,000  ft. — Pagosa  Peak;  North  Park; 
Marshall  Pass;  Breckenridge;  Georgetown;  Ironton;  Red  Mountain,  Ouray; 
Buffalo  Pass;  Park  Range. 

A  form  with  2  or  3  heads  was  collected  on  the  Upper  La  Plata  River.  This 
has  been  taken  for  the  var.  paniculatus  Engelm.,  to  which  it  scarcely  belongs. 

20.  Juncus  brunnescens  Rydb.  (/.  xiphioides  montanus  Engelm.,  in  part.) 
In  wet  meadows  from  Colo,  to  Nev.,  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Pagosa  Spring. 

21.  Juncus  parous  Rydb.  In  wet  mountain  meadows  from  Colo,  to  N.  M. 
• — Garland;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Steamboat  Springs;  Pike’s  Peak. 

22.  Juncus  saximontanus  A.  Nelson.  (/.  xiphioides  montanus  Engelm., 
mainly.)  In  wet  meadows  from  Alb.  to  B.  C.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  8500- 
10,000  ft. — La  Plata  River;  Garland;  Pagosa  Springs;  Sangre  de  Cristo 
Creek;  Carlton  Lake,  near  Grand  Lake;  Ouray;  Redcliffe;  Rogers;  Mount 
Harvard;  Steamboat  Springs;  Ironton  Park,  Ouray;  foot  of  Mount  Richto- 
fen,  on  the  Michigan;  Steamboat  Springs;  Graymont;  Gypsum  Creek  Canon; 
Hebron,  North  Park. 


2.  JUNCOIDES  Adans.  Wood-rush. 

Flowers  on  slender  pedicels  in  a  corymbiform  inflorescence.  1.  /.  parvidorum. 
Flowers  subsessile  in  headlike  or  spikelike  clusters. 

Spikelets  peduncled,  forming  a  corymb. 

Flowers  light-yellow.  2.  /.  comosum. 

Flowers  brown  or  feruginous.  3.  J.  intermedium. 

Spikelets  subsessile,  forming  a  compound  spike. 

Plant  tall,  4-5  dm.  high ;  inflorescence  subcapitate ;  stem-leaves  broad  and 
flat ;  bractlets  not  ciliate.  4.  /.  subcapitatum. 

Plant  1-2,  rarely  3-4  dm.  high ;  spike  usually  elongated  and  nodding ;  stem- 
leaves  narrow,  attenuate;  bractlets  ciliate.  5.  /.  spicatum. 

1.  Juncoides  parviflorum  (Ehrh.)  Coville.  ( Luzula  spadicea  parvidora 
and  v.  melanocarpa  Meyer.)  In  wet  meadows  from  Greenl.  to  Alaska,  Colo, 
and  Calif. — Alt.  8500-11,500  ft. — Beaver  Creek;  White  River  Plateau;  Silver 
Plume;  Crystal  Park;  Villa  Grove;  Cameron  Pass;  Mt.  Robinson;  Seven 
Lakes,  Pike’s  Peak;  Pagosa  Peak;  Caribou;  Bald  Mountain;  Salida;  head¬ 
waters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Little  Kate  Mine,  La  Plata  Mountains. 


JUNCACEAE. 


81 


2.  Juncoides  comosum  (Meyer)  Sheld.  ( Luzula  comosa  Meyer.)  In  wet 
meadows  from  Mont,  to  Alaska,  Colo,  and  Cal. — Alt.  about  8500  ft. — Crystal 
Park. 

3.  Juncoides  intermedium  (Thuill.)  Rydb.  ( Lnzula  campestris  Am.  auth.) 

In  woodlands  and  meadows  from  Newf.  to  B.  C.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt 
8500-10,000  ft. — North  Park;  Chambers’  Lake;  Middle  Park.  ! 

4.  Juncoides  subcapitatum  Rydb.  Along  mountain  streams,  near  the  tim¬ 
ber  line.  Found  only  at  the  type  locality. — Silver  Plume. 

5.  Juncoides  spicatum  (L.)  Kuntze.  ( Luzula  spicata  Desv.)  On  hillsides 
and  in  mountain  meadows  from  Greenl.  to  B.  C.,  N.  H.  and  Calif. — Alt. 
10,000-13,000  ft. — Cameron  Pass;  Pagosa  Peak;  La  Plata  Mountains;  Pike’s 
Peak;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Seven  Lakes;  Mt.  Harvard;  Mt.  Garfield;  Gray’s 
Peak. 

Family  26.  ALLIACEAE  Batch.  Onion  Family. 

1.  ALLIUM  L.  Onion,  Garlic,  Leek,  Chives. 


I.  Bulb  crowning  a  persistent  rootstock. 

Leaves  terete  and  hollow.  1.  A.  sibiricum. 

Leaves  flat  or  channeled,  not  hollow. 

Umbels  not  nodding ;  petals  and  sepals  long-acuminate. 

2.  A.  brevistylum. 


3.  A.  recurvatam. 

4.  A.  neo-mexicanum. 

5.  A.  cernunm. 


6.  A.  rubrmn. 


7.  A.  Nuttallii. 


Umbels  nodding ;  petals  and  sepals  obtuse  or  acute. 

Leaves  rounded-convex  on  the  back,  not  keeled. 

Leaves  almost  flat  and  keeled. 

Umbels  few-flowered ;  leaves  1-2  mm.  wide. 

Umbels  many-flowered ;  leaves  3-5  mm.  wide. 

II.  Bulbs  without  rootstock. 

Outer  bulb  coat  fibrous. 

Umbels  bulblet-bearing. 

Umbels  not  bulblet-bearing. 

Capsule  not  crested ;  involucre  usually  3-leaved. 

Capsule  more  or  less  crested. 

Bracts  broadly  ovate  in  anthesis,  not  reflexed  ;  flowers  white  or  light-rose.; 
several  layers  of  the  bulb-coat  fibrous. 

Petals  and  sepals  over  1  cm.  long ;  peduncles  often  2  or  3  from  the 
loose  sheaths  ;  bracts  3.  8.  A.  macropetalum. 

Petals  and  sepals  less  than  1  cm.  long ;  peduncles  single  from  the 
close  sheaths ;  bracts  usually  2. 

Plant  3-6  dm.  high;  pedicels  12-15  mm.  long;  petals  and  sepals  6-8 
mm.  long.  9.  A.  Geyeri. 

Plant  1-3  dm.  high;  pedicels  8-12  mm.  long;  petals  and  sepals  about 
5  mm.  long.  10.  A.  reticulatum. 

Bracts  lanceolate,  usually  3,  soon  reflexed ;  only  the  outer  bulb-coat 
fibrous;  flowers  red-purple.  11.  A.  Pikeanum. 

Outer  bulb-coat  not  fibrous,  but  often  more  or  less  reticulated. 

Petals  long-acuminate,  serrulate.  12.  A.  acuminatum. 

Petals  acute,  not  serrulate.  13.  A.  Brandegei. 


1.  Allium  sibiricum  L.  (A.  Schoenoprasum  Am.  auth.,  mostly;  not  L.) 
In  dry  places  from  Me.  to  Alaska,  N.  Y.,  Colo,  and  Oreg. — Alt.  5000-8500 
ft. — Upper  Laramie  River;  Northern  State  line. 

2.  Allium  brevistylum  S.  Wats.  In  wet  woodlands  from  Mont,  to  Colo, 
and  Utah. — Alt.  6500-9000  ft. — Canon  of  the  Cache  la  Poudre;  North  Park, 
near  Teller;  North  Platte,  near  Hebron;  Cerro  Summit,  near  Chambers 
Lake;  forks  of  Poudre  and  Big  South. 

6 


82 


CONVALLARIACEAE. 


3.  Allium  recurvatum  Rydb.  (A.  cernuum  of  Coulter’s  Man.,  mainly.)  On 
banks  and  hillsides  from  the  Black  Hills  of  S.  D.  to  B.  C.  and  N.  M. — Alt. 
5000-8500  ft. — Colorado  Springs ;  Cheyenne  Mountain ;  Pike’s  Peak ;  Gunni¬ 
son;  Garden  of  the  Gods;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Engelmann  Canon;  Par- 
lin,  Gunnison  County;  Minnehaha;  Yampa;  Villa  Grove;  Cerro  Summit; 
Larimer  County;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Howe’s  Gulch; 
Redstone;  Poudre  Canon;  Clear  Creek  bottoms,  below  Georgetown;  Em¬ 
pire. 

4.  Allium  neo-mexicanum  Rydb.  In  rocky  places  of  Colo.,  N.  M.  and  Ariz. 
— Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek. 

5.  Allium  cernuum  Roth.  In  rich,  rocky  soil  from  N.  Y.  to  Sask.,  Mont., 
W.  Va.  and  Colo.,  but  very  rare  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region. — Pagosa 
Springs. 

6.  Allium  rubrum  Osterhout.  In  rich  ground  from  Colorado  and  Wyo¬ 
ming. — North  Park,  Continental  Divide;  in  pastures  along  Walton  Creek. 

7.  Allium  Nuttallii  S.  Wats.  In  dry,  rocky  or  sandy  plains  from  S.  D.  to 
Wyo.,  Kans.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Colorado  Springs;  Denver;  south¬ 
west  of  Ward,  Boulder  County. 

8.  Allium  macropetalum  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Palisades. 

9.  Allium  Geyeri  S.  Wats.  (A.  dictyotum  Greene;  A.  reticulatum  deser- 
ticola  Jones.)  In  dry  soil  and  hillsides  from  N.  D.  to  Wash,  and  N.  M. — 
Alt.  5000-11,500  ft. — Upper  La  Plata  Canon;  Indian  Creek  Pass;  Pagosa 
Springs;  near  Ironton;  Mt.  Abram;  Red  Mountain  road,  near  Ouray;  Ci¬ 
marron;  Swallows,  between  Pueblo  and  Canon  City;  Dixon  Canon;  Ft.  Col¬ 
lins  ;  mountains  above  Manitou ;  Como  and  vicinity ;  gulch  west  of  Pen- 
nock’s;  Spring  Canon;  Moon’s  ranch;  Dillon  Canon;  Medicine  Bow  Moun¬ 
tains. 

10.  Allium  reticulatum  Fraser.  In  dry,  gravelly  soil  from  Sask.  to  Idaho, 
Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  5000-8500  ft. — Mesas  near  Pueblo;  La  Veta;  Aztec; 
Arboles ;  South  Park ;  Soldier  Canon ;  Horsetooth  Mountain ;  Quimby ; 
Horsetooth  Gulch. 

11.  Allium  Pikeanum  Rydb.  In  rocky  places  in  Colo. — Alt.  11,000-13,000 
ft. — Pike’s  Peak:  near  Halfway  House;  Bald  Mountain;  Peak  Valley. 

12.  Allium  acuminatum  Hook.  In  dry  soil  from  Mont,  to  B.  C.,  Col., 
Ariz.  and  Ore. — Alt.  6500-8500  ft. — Mancos;  Cerro  Summit;  Honnold;  Du¬ 
rango;  Dolores. 

13.  Allium  Brandegei  S.  Wats.  From  Ida.  to  Wash.,  Colo,  and  Ore. — Elk 
Mountains;  Steamboat  Springs;  Rabbit-Ear  Range,  Routt  Co. 


Family  27.  LILIACEAE  Adans.  Lily  Family. 

Plant  with  a  short  rootstock ;  flowers  subumbellate  on  subterranian  pedicels  from 
the  crown  of  the  rootstock ;  petals  and  sepals  united  into  a  long  tube. 

1.  Leucocrinum. 

Plant  with  bulbs  or  corms,  either  leafy-stemmed  or  scapiferous ;  petals  and  sepals 
distinct  or  nearly  so. 

Bulb  scaly ;  plant  tall,  leafy. 

Anthers  versatile  ;  petals  and  sepals  oblanceolate,  clawed  with  a  linear  nec¬ 
tariferous  groove.  2.  Lilium. 


LILIACEAE. 


83 


Anthers  fixed  near  the  base,  slightly  if  at  all  versatile ;  petals  and  sepals 
obovate-oblanceolate,  not  clawed,  in  ours  mottled ;  nectary  a  shallow  pit. 

3.  Fritillaria. 

Bulb  tunicated,  anthers  strictly  basifixed. 

Leaves  2,  basal  or  nearly  so  ;  flowers  nodding.  4.  Erythronium. 

Leaves  several,  alternate ;  flowers  not  nodding.  5.  Lloydia. 

1.  LEUCOCRINUM  Nutt. 

1.  Leucocrinum  montanum  Nutt.  In  sandy  soil  from  S.  D.  to  Mont,  and 
Colo. — Alt.  4000-6500  ft. — Denver;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Boulder; 
Pike’s  Peak;  Colorado  Springs;  Larimer  County;  New  Windsor;  Table 
Rock;  Howe’s  Gulch;  gulch  west  of  Dixon  Canon;  Spring  Canon;  bank  of 
Cache  la  Poudre  River;  Rist  Canon;  bluffs  north  of  La  Porte;  hills  west 
of  Soldier  Canon;  vicinity  of  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Boulder;  Colorado  City. 

2.  LILIUM  L.  Lily. 

Leaves  linear.  1.  L.  umbellatum. 

Leaves  lanceolate.  2.  L.  montanum. 

1.  Lilium  umbellatum  Pursh.  Hills,  among  bushes,  from  Hudson  Bay  to 
B.  C.,  Ky.  and  Colo. — Baxter’s  ranch;  Empire. 

2.  Lilium  montanum  A.  Nelson.  On  hills,  among  bushes,  from  Mont,  to 
Colo. — Alt.  6500-10,000  ft. — Crystal  Park;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Hamor’s 
Lake,  north  of  Durango;  Larimer  County;  Long  Gulch;  Stove  Prairie  Hill; 
Rist  Canon;  Laramie  River,  at  Sherwood’s. 

3.  FRITILLARIA  L.  Fritillary,  Tiger  Lily. 

1.  Fritillaria  atropurpurea  Nutt.  On  hillsides  from  N.  Dak.  to  Ida.,  Colo, 
and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-9500  ft. — Poverty  Ridge,  near  Cimarron ;  Lamb’s  ranch. 

4.  ERYTHRONIUM.  Adder’s-tongue,  Dog-tooth  Violet. 

1.  Erythronium  parviflorum  (S.  Wats.)  Gooding.  ( E .  grandidorum  parvi- 
florum  S.  Wats.)  On  rich  hillsides  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt. 
8500-11,500  ft. — Cameron  Pass;  Bear  Creek  Divide;  West  La  Plata  Moun¬ 
tains;  North  Park;  Grand  Mesa;  mountain  west  of  North  Park;  source  of 
Leroux;  Rabbit-Ears,  Larimer  Co. 

5.  LLOYDIA  Salisb. 

1.  Lloydia  serotina  (L.)  Sweet.  In  exposed  alpine  or  arctic  regions  from 
Mont,  to  Alaska  and  Colo.;  also  in  the  Old  World. — Alt.  10,000-14,000  ft. — 
Crystal  Lake;  Arapahoe  Peak;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Red  Mountain; 
Saddle  Cliff,  Pike’s  Peak;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Carson;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Mt. 
Hesperus;  mountains  above  Graymont;  Franklin;  mountains  northeast  of 
Boreas. 

Family  28.  CON VALLARI ACE AE  Link.  Lily-of-the-Valley Family. 

Sepals  and  petals  distinct. 

Flowers  white,  in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles ;  anthers  introrse,  stem  simple. 

1.  Vagnera. 

Flowers  axillary  or  terminal,  solitary  or  in  small  umbelliform  clusters ;  anthers 
extrorse  or  opening  laterally ;  stem  branched. 


84 


CALOCHORTACEAE. 


Flowers  axillary,  greenish-white ;  filaments  slender ;  anthers  acute. 

2.  STREPTOrUS. 

Flowers  terminal,  yellow;  filaments  dilated;  anthers  obtuse.  3.  Disporum. 
Sepals  and  petals  partially  united  into  a  tube ;  flowers  axillary.  4.  Salomonia. 

1.  VAGNERA  Adans.  1  False  Solomon’s  Seal,  Wild  Spikenard. 
Inflorescence  paniculate. 

Leaf-blades  acuminate  ;  the  lower  contracted  at  the  base  into  distinct  petioles. 

1.  V.  racemosa. 

Leaf-blades  acute ;  all  sessile  and  more  or  less  clasping.  2.  V.  amplexicaulis. 
Inflorescence  racemose. 

Petals  and  sepals  linear  or  linear-lanceolate.  3.  V.  leptopetala. 

Petals  and  sepals  oblong-lanceolate. 

Pedicels  short,  slightly  if  at  all  longer  than  the  flowers  or  the  fruit ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute.  4.  V.  stellata. 

Pedicels  long ;  the  lower  often  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  flowers  or  the  fruit ; 
leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  long-attenuate.  5.  V.  liliacea. 

1.  Vagnera  racemosa  (L.)  Morong.  ( Smilacina  racemosa  Desf.)  In  moist 
woods  from  N.  S.  to  Wash.,  Ga.  and  Calif. — Alt.  6500-8500  ft. — Ojo;  Ouray; 
Boulder  Canon. 

2.  Vagnera  amplexicaulis  (Nutt.)  Morong.  ( Smilacina  amplexicaulis 
Nutt.)  In  rich  woods  from  Mont,  to  B.  C.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-9000 
ft. — La  Plata  River  Canon;  Big  Creek  Gulch,  Routt  Co.;  Black  Canon; 
Poverty  Ridge,  Cimarron;  Redcliffe;  Ouray;  Veta  Mountain;  headwaters 
of  Pass  Creek;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Gore  Pass;  banks  of  Fish  Creek;  gulch 
south  of  Boulder;  Flematite. 

3.  Vagnera  leptopetala  Rydb.  In  dark,  wooded  canons  of  Colo. — Alt. 
9000-10,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Dark  Canon; 
Chicken  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Los  Pinos. 

4.  Vagnera  stellata  (L.)  Morong.  ( Smilacina  stellata  Desf.)  In  open 
woodlands  from  Newf.  to  Sask.,  Mont.,  Va.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-12,000  ft. — 
Ojo;  Halfway  House,  Pike’s  Peak;  Colorado  Springs;  Ft.  Collins;  banks  of 
Poudre  River,  north  of  La  Porte;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  mountain  north  of 
Steamboat  Springs;  Franklin;  Campton’s  ranch. 

5.  Vagnera  liliacea  (Greene.)  Rydb.  ( Smilacina  sessilifolia  of  Coulter’s 
Man.  in  part,  not  Nutt.)  In  moist  woodlands  from  S.  D.  to  B.  C.,  N.  M.  and 
Calif. — Alt.  7500-9000  ft. — Chaparral-covered  hills  southeast  of  Ouray;  Van 
Boxle’s  Ranch,  above  Cimarron;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek; 
Pike’s  Peak. 

2.  STREPTOPUS  Michx.  Twisted-stalk. 

1.  Streptopus  amplexifolius  (L.)  DC.  In  moist  wood  from  Greenl.  to 
Alaska,  N.  C.,  Colo,  and  Ore. — Alt.  6500-10,000  ft. — Cameron  Pass ;  Rabbit- 
Ear  Range;  Upper  La  Plata  River;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Sangre  de  Cristo 
Creek;  Keblar  Pass;  Columbine;  Grant  Lake;  Jack  Brook;  mountains  above 
Beaver  Creek;  Bosworth’s  ranch;  Stove  Prairie;  Big  Creek  Gulch;  Steam¬ 
boat  Springs. 

3.  DISPORUM  Salisb. 

1.  Disporum  trachycarpum  (S.  Wats.)  B.  &  H.  ( Prosartes  trachycarpa 
S.  Wats.)  On  mountain  sides  and  in  canons  from  Man.  to  B.  C.,  Colo,  and 


CONVALLARIACEAE. 


85 


Ariz. — Alt.  7500-11,000  ft. — Chaparral-covered  hills  southeast  of  Ouray; 
mountains  about  Ouray;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Tunnel  Mountain;  gulch  south 
of  Boulder;  foot-hills  near  Ft.  Collins;  Big  Creek  Gulch,  Routt  Co.;  Eldora; 
Baltimore. 

4.  SALOMONIA. 

1.  Salomonia  commutata  (R.  &  S.)  Britton.  ( Polygonatum  giganteum 
Dietr.)  River  banks  and  moist  woods  from  R.  I.  to  Utah,  Ga.  and  Ariz. — 
Locality  not  given. 

Family  29.  DRACAENACEAE  Link.  Yucca  Family. 

Flowers  perfect,  large;  ovary  many-ovuled  and  capsule  many-seeded.  1.  Yucca. 
Flowers  polygamo-dioecious ;  ovules  2  in  each  cell;  capsule  often  1 -seeded. 

2.  Nolina. 

1.  YUCCA.  Yucca,  Spanish  Bayonet. 

Fruit  a  dry  capsule. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  very  long;  style  swollen,  green.  1.  F.  glauca. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  short ;  style  not  swollen,  white.  2.  Y.  Harrimaniae. 

Fruit  fleshy.  3.  F.  baccata. 

1.  Yucca  glauca  Nutt.  (F.  angustifolia  Pursh.)  On  dry  plains  and  hills 
from  Nebr.  to  Mont.,  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Colorado  Springs; 
Walsenburg;  near  Boulder;  Poudre  flats,  west  of  Ft.  Collins. 

2.  Yucca  Harrimaniae  Trelease.  On  arid  plains  and  hills  of  Utah  and 
Western  Colorado. — Alt.  about  6500  ft. — Cimarron;  Durango. 

3.  Yucca  baccata  Torr.  On  arid  plains  from  Colo,  to  Nev.,  Tex.  to  Calif.; 
also  in  Mex. — Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — Trinidad;  hills  south  of  Dolores;  Durango. 

2.  NOLINA  Michx. 

1.  Nolina  Greenei  S.  Wats.  Dry  mesas,  Colo. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — 
Trinidad. 

Family  30.  CALOCHORTACEAE  Rydb.  Mariposa  Lily  Family. 

1.  CALOCHORTUS  Pursh.  Mariposa  Lily,  Sego  Lily. 

Petals  abruptly  acuminate;  glands  oblong.  1.  C.  acuminatus. 

Petals  rounded  or  merely  acute  at  the  apex. 

Anthers  obtuse ;  glands  not  broader  than  long.  2.  C.  Nuttallii. 

Anthers  acute ;  glands  broader  than  long.  3.  C.  Gunnisonii. 

1.  Calochortus  acuminatus  Rydb.  On  dry  hills  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and 
Utah. — Alt.  about  6500  ft. — Mancos. 

2.  Calochortus  Nuttallii  T.  &  G.  On  hillsides  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and 
Calif. — Alt.  6000-7000  ft. — Cimarron. 

3.  Calochortus  Gunnisonii  S.  Wats.  In  meadows  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — North  Park,  near  Teller;  Boulder;  headwaters 
of  Clear  Creek;  Middle  Park;  Mancos;  Como;  Piedra;  Veta  Pass;  Jack’s 
Cabin,  Gunnison  watershed;  Yampa;  Ruxton  Dell,  near  Pike’s  Peak;  La 
Veta;  Villa  Grove;  Table  Rock;  Four  Mile  Hill;  Spring  Canon;  Horsetooth 
Gulch;  Brant’s  Soda  Spring,  near  North  Platte;  Trinidad;  Dixon  Canon. 


86 


TRILLIACEAE. 


Family  31.  TRILLIACEAE  Lindl.  Trillium  Family. 

1.  TRILLIUM  L.  Trillium,  Wake-robin. 

1.  Trillium  ovatum  Pursh.  In  rich  woods  from  Mont,  to  Wash.,  Colo, 
and  Calif. — Alt.  about  9000  ft. — Columbine. 

Family  32.  SMILACACEAE  Vent.  Smilax  Family. 

1.  NEMEXIA  Raf.  Smilax,  Carrion-flower. 

1.  Nemexia  lasioneuron  (Hook.)  Rydb.  ( Smilax  lasioneuron  Hook.;  S'. 
herbacea  Am.  authors,  in  part;  Nemexia  herbacea  melica  A.  Nelson) 
Among  bushes  from  Sask.  to  western  Nebr.  and  Colo. — Horsetooth  Gulch; 
along  Buckhorn  Creek,  Larimer  Co. ;  Colorado  Springs ;  South  Cheyenne 
Canon. 

Order  17.  AMARYLLIDALES. 

Family  33.  IXIACEAE  Ecklon.  Iris  Family. 

Styles  alternate  with  the  stamens ;  petals  and  sepals  nearly  equal. 

I.  SlSYRIN CH1UM. 

Styles  opposite  and  arching  over  the  stamens,  sepals  much  larger  than  the  petals, 
reflexed.  2.  Iris. 

1.  SISYRINCHIUM  L.  Blue-eyed  Grass. 

Outer  bracts  of  the  spathe  little  or  not  at  all  longer  than  the  inner. 

Small  and  slender;  flowers  10  mm.  or  less  long;  capsule  less  than  3  mm.  high. 

1.  .S',  halophilum. 

Stouter;  flowers  12  mm.  or  more  long;  capsule  4  mm.  or  more  high. 

2.  S.  occidentals. 

Outer  bracts  of  the  spathe  conspicuously  prolonged,  sometimes  2-3  times  as  long 
as  the  inner  one. 

Petals  and  sepals  not  emarginate,  narrowed  to  the  aristulate  tip. 

3.  S.  alpestre. 

Petals  and  sepals  more  or  less  retuse  or  abruptly  contracted  to  the  aristulate 
apex.  4.  S.  angustifolium. 

1.  Sisyrinchium  halophilum  Greene.  In  alkaline  meadows  from  Idaho  to 
Colo,  and  Calif. — Colorado  (Bicknell) . 

2.  Sisyrinchium  occidental  Bickn.  In  wet  meadows  from  Mont,  to  Idaho 
and  Colorado. — North  Park ;  Doyles ;  Sapinero. 

3.  Sisyrinchium  alpestre  Bickn.  In  mountain  meadows  of  Colorado. — 
Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Parlin,  Gunnison  Co. 

4.  Sisyrinchium  angustifolium  Miller.  In  meadows  and  around  streams 
from  Newf.  to  the  Mackenzie  River  and  B.  C.,  south  to  Va.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
4000-9000  ft. — Gunnison ;  Arboles ;  near  Seven  Lakes,  Pike’s  Peak ;  Crystal 
Park;  Dolores;  Mancos;  Chicken  Creek;  Grayback  mining  camps;  Cu- 
charas  River,  below  La  Veta;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Ft.  Collins;  North 
Boulder  Peak. 

2.  IRIS  L.  Iris,  Blue  Flag,  Fleur-de-Lis. 

1.  Iris  missouriensis  Nutt.  In  meadows,  marshes  and  along  streams  from 
N.  Dak.  to  Ida.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Mancos;  Marshall 


IXIACEAE. 


87 


Pass;  Crystal  Park;  Veta  Mountain;  Stove  Prairie;  river-flats  near  Ft. 
Collins;  Ruxton  ranch;  Hematite;  Cherry  Creek;  Andrew’s  ranch. 


Order  18.  ORCHID  ALES. 

Family  34.  ORCHIDACEAE  Lindl.  Orchid  Family. 


lip  a  large  inflated  sack. 


1.  Cypripedium. 


I.  Fertile  stamens  2 

II.  Fertile  stamen  1. 

A.  Pollinia  caudate  at  the  base,  attached  to  a  viscid  disk  or  gland. 

Gland  surrounded  by  a  thin  membrane ;  lip  toothed  at  the  apex. 

2.  COELOGLOSSUM. 

Gland  naked ;  lip  entire. 

Sepals  3-5  nerved ;  plants  with  rootstocks  or  fibrous-fleshy  roots. 

Stem  scapiform,  1 -leaved  at  the  base;  anther  sacks  divergent. 

3.  Lysiella. 

Stem  leafy;  anther-cells  parallel  or  nearly  so.  4.  Limnorchis. 

Sepals  1 -nerved;  plants  with  rounded  or  oblong,  undivided  corms. 

5.  Piperia. 

B.  Pollinia  not  produced  into  caudicles. 

1.  Pollinia  granulose  or  powdery. 

Anthers  operculate. 

Anthers  not  operculate. 

Leaves  green  throughout,  borne  on  the  stem. 

Leaves  alternate ;  spike  mostly  twisted. 

Leaves  2,  opposite ;  spike  not  twisted. 

Leaves  white-reticulate,  basal. 

2.  Pollinia  waxy  or  smooth. 

Plants  with  corms  (solid  bulbs)  ;  rarely  if  ever  with  corralloid  roots ;  leaves 
solitary,  not  scale-like. 

Leaf  cauline ;  lip  not  sackate ;  flowers  small,  racemose. 

xo. 

Leaf  basal;  lip  saccate;  flowers  large,  solitary.  11. 

Plants  with  coralloid  roots ;  leaves  numerous,  reduced  to  scales. 

12.  CoRALLORRHIZA. 


6.  Epipactis. 


7.  Ibidium. 

8.  Ophrys. 

q.  Peramium. 


Achroanthes. 

Cytherea. 


1.  CYPRIPEDIUM  L.  Ladies’  Slipper. 

Leaves  alternate ;  flowers  solitary,  terminal,  or  also  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
leaves. 

Lip  2-2.5  cm.;  rarely  3  cm.  long.  1.  C.  parviiiorum. 

Lip  3.5-4  cm.  long.  2.  C.  pubescens. 

Leaves  2,  opposite  or  nearly  so  ;  flowers  usually  several,  in  a  contracted  bracted 
raceme.  3.  C.  fasciculatum. 

1.  Cypripedium  parviflorum  Salisb.  In  woods  from  Newf.  to  B.  C.,  Ga. 
and  Colo. — La  Veta;  Piedra. 

2.  Cypripedium  pubescens  Willd.  In  rich  wood  from  N.  S.  to  Minn.,  Ga. 
and  Nebr. — Stove  Prairie  Hill. 

3.  Cypripedium  fasciculatum  Kell.  In  rich  soil  from  Wash,  to  Calif,  and 
Colo. — Estes  Park. 

2.  COELOGLOSSUM  Hartm.  Long-bracted  Orchis. 

1.  Coeloglossum  bracteatum  (Willd.)  Pari.  In  boggy  woods  from  N.  B. 
to  Alaska,  N.  C.  and  Colo. — Exact  locality  not  given. 


88 


ORCHIDACEAE. 


3.  LYSIELLA  Rydb. 

1.  Lysiella  obtusata  (Pursh)  Rydb.  In  boggy  places  in  the  woods  from 
Newf.  to  Alaska,  N.  Y.  and  Colo. — Alt.  8500-11,500  ft. — Chicken  Creek,  West 
La  Plata  Mountains;  North  Park;  Clear  Creek;  camp  on  Little  Beaver 
Creek;  bank  of  Michigan,  North  Park. 

4.  LIMNORCHIS  Rydb.  Bog  Orchid. 

Connective  of  the  anther  narrow ;  anther  cells  therefore  close  together  ;  spur  not 
longer  than  the  tip. 

Flowers  greenish  or  purplish. 

Spur  Yi-Vz  as  long  as  the  lip,  very  saccate. 

Lip  linear  or  nearly  so,  5-7  mm.  long ;  ovary  slightly  curved ;  spike  elon¬ 
gated.  1.  L.  stricta. 

Lip  lanceolate,  fleshy  4-5  mm.  long ;  ovary  strongly  curved ;  spike  usually 
short.  2.  L.  purpurascens. 

Spur  almost  equalling  the  lip,  scarcely  saccate.  3.  L.  viridiflora. 

Flowers  whitish.  4.  L.  borealis. 

Connective  of  the  anther  broad  ;  anther  cells  therefore  distant ;  spur  much  ex¬ 
ceeding  the  tip.  5.  L.  laxidora. 

1.  Limnorchis  stricta  (Lindl.)  Rydb.  In  bogs  from  Mont,  to  Alaska,  Colo, 
and  Wash. — Alt.  8500-10,000  ft. — Upper  La  Plata;  Jack  Brook;  Twin  Lakes; 
Manitou. 

2.  Limnorchis  purpurascens  Rydb.  On  rich  brook-banks  in  the  mountain 
woods  of  Colo. — Alt.  7500-11,000  ft. — Gunnison;  Parlin;  Iron  Mountain; 
Georgetown ;  Como ;  mouth  of  Cheyenne  Canon ;  Barnes’  Camp ;  camp  on 
Little  Beaver  Creek;  swamp  above  Beaver  Creek;  Franklin;  mountains  north 
of  Steamboat  Springs. 

3.  Limnorchis  viridiflora  (Cham.)  Rydb.  ( Habenaria  hyperborea  S.  Wats, 
and  of  Coult.  Man.;  not  R.  Br.)  In  bogs  from  Alb.  to  Alaska  and  Colo. — 
Alt.  6500-10,000  ft. — McCoy;  Ouray;  Gunnison;  La  Veta;  Cascade;  Piedra; 
Wahatoya  Creek;  Georgetown;  West  La  Plata  Mountains;  Clear  Creek; 
Barnes’  Camp;  mountains  above  Ouray;  mountain  north  of  Steamboat 
Springs. 

4.  Limnorchis  borealis  (Cham.)  Rydb.  ( Habenaria  dilatata  of  Coult. 
Man.)  In  bogs  from  Mont,  to  Alaska,  Colo,  and  Wash. — Alt.  8500-10,000 
ft. — Chambers’  Lake;  Columbine;  Veta  Pass;  Graymont;  Gore  Pass;  sum¬ 
mit  of  North  Park  Range. 

5.  Limnorchis  laxiflora  Rydb.  In  bogs  from  Ore.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — 
Uncompahgre  Mountains;  Los  Pinos;  Franklin. 

5.  PIPERIA  Rydb. 

1.  Piperia  unalaschensis  (Spreng.)  Rydb.  ( Habenaria  Unalaschensis  S. 
Wats.)  In  damp  rich  woods  from  Mont,  to  Alaska,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt. 
about  8500  ft. — South  Boulder  Peak. 

6.  EPIPACTIS  R.  Br.  Helleborine. 

1.  Epipactis  gigantea  Dough  In  rich  woodlands  from  Mont,  to  B.  C., 
Western  Tex.  and  Calif. — Alt.  about  8500  ft. — Glenwood  Springs. 


ORCHIDACEAE. 


89 


7.  IBIDIUM  Salisb.  Ladies’  Tresses. 

Callosities  at  the  base  of  the  lip  obsolete ;  lower  sepals  coherent  with  the  petals 
and  upper  sepal.  1.  G.  strict  a. 

Callosities  nipple-shaped,  directed  downward ;  lower  sepals  free. 

2.  G.  porrifolia. 

1.  Ibidium  strictum  (Rydb.)  House.  ( Spiranthes  Romanzofhana  of  Coul¬ 
ter’s  Man.;  not  Cham.;  Gyrostachys  stricta  Rydb.)  In  springy  places,  rich 
hillsides  and  open  woods  from  Newf.  to  Alaska,  Pa.  and  Colo. — Alt.  5000- 
10,000  ft. — Gunnison;  West  Cliff;  Cabin  Canon;  Jack’s  Cabin;  Parlin;  Waha- 
toya  Creek;  Marshall  Pass;  Twin  Lakes;  Empire. 

2.  Ibidium  porrifolium  (Lind.)  Rydb.  In  marshes  from  Ida.  to  Wash., 
Colo,  and  Cal. — Camp  Harding,  near  Pike’s  Peak. 

8.  OPHRYS  (Tourn.)  L.  Twayblade. 

Lip  broad  at  the  base,  with  distinct  auricles,  slightly  cleft  at  the  apex ;  leaves 
oblong  to  oval.  1.  L.  borealis. 

Lip  narrow  and  narrowed  at  the  base,  2-cleft  for  about  half  its  length  into  linear- 
lanceolate  lobes,  without  auricles,  but  with  a  pair  of  divergent  teeth ;  leaves 
reniform.  2.  L.  nephrophylla. 

1.  Ophrys  borealis  (Morong)  Rydb.  ( Listera  borealis  Morong)  In  woods 
from  Hudson  Bay  to  the  Mackenzie  and  Mont.;  also  in  Colo. — Saguache 
Range. 

2.  Ophrys  nephrophylla  Rydb.  ( Listera  cordata  Am.  auth.,  partly;  not  R. 
Br. ;  Listera  nephrophylla  Rydb.)  In  woods  from  Mont,  to  Alaska,  Colo, 
and  Ore. — Alt.  10,000-11,500  ft. — Larimer  Co.;  Slide  Rock  Canon,  West  La 
Plata  Mountains;  Beaver  Creek;  Franklin. 

9.  PERAMIUM  Salisb.  Rattle-snake  Plantain. 

Lip  evidently  sackate,  with  recurved  margins.  1.  P.  ophiodes. 

Lip  scarcely  sackate,  with  incurved  margins.  2.  P.  Menziesii. 

1.  Peramium  ophioides  (Fernald)  Rydb.  In  woods  from  Prince  Edwards 
Island  to  the  Black  Hills  of  S.  D.,  N.  C.  and  Colo. — Alt.  about  8500  ft. — 
Minnehaha;  Pike’s  Peak. 

2.  Peramium  Menziesii  (Lindl.)  Morong.  ( Goodyeara  Menziesii  Lindl.) 
In  mountain  woods  from  Que.  to  B.  C.,  N.  Y.  and  Calif. — Alt.  7500-9000  ft. — 
Mt.  Abram,  Ouary;  Pagosa  Peak. 

10.  ACROANTHES  Raf.  Adders’  Mouth. 

1.  Adroanthes  monophylla  (L.)  Greene.  In  woods  from  Que.  to  Minn., 
Pa.  and  Colo. — Alt.  about  7500  ft. — Glen  Mountain  Falls. 

11.  CYTHEREA  Salisb.  Calypso. 

1.  Cytherea  bulbosa  (L.)  House.  ( Calypso  borealis  Salisb.)  In  cold 
woods  from  Lab.  to  Alaska,  Me.  and  Calif. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Telluride; 
East  Indian  Creek. 


90 


ORCHIDACEAE. 


12.  CORALLORRHIZA  R.  Br.  Coral-root. 

The  small  spur  or  callosity  adnate  to  the  ovary. 

Lip  entire;  whole  plant  yellow.  i.  C.  ochroleuca. 

Lip  with  2  lobes  or  teeth  below  the  middle ;  plant  brownish. 

Lobes  or  teeth  small ;  lip  unspotted ;  spur  very  small.  2.  C.  Corallorrhiza. 
Lobes  prominent ;  lip  spotted ;  spur  manifest.  3.  C.  multiHora. 

Spur  or  callosity  lacking.  4.  C.  Vreelandii. 

1.  Corallorrhiza  ochroleuca  Rydb.  In  woods  of  western  Nebr.  and  Colo. — 
Alt.  about  8500  ft. — Near  La  Veta. 

2.  Corallorrhiza  Corallorrhiza  (L.)  Karst.  (C.  innata  R.  Br.)  In  woods 
from  N.  Sc.  to  Alaska,  Ga.  and  Colo. — Alt.  about  10,000  ft. — Caribou. 

3.  Corallorrhiza  multiflora  Nutt.  In  woods  from  N.  S.  to  Alaska,  Fla. 
and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-9500  ft. — Crystal  Forest;  Damfino  Creek;  Ouray;  Cas¬ 
cade  Canon;  West  Indian  Creek;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  near  Pagosa  Peak; 
North  Boulder  Peak;  Elizabethtown. 

4.  Corallorrhiza  Vreelandii  Rydb.  In  wet  woods  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt. 
about  8500  ft. — Veta  Mountain;  Pennock’s  mountain  ranch. 


Sub-class  2.  DICOTYLEDONES. 


Order  19.  SALICALES. 

Family  35.  SALICACEAE  Lindl.  Willow  Family. 

Bracts  incised;  disk  cup-shaped;  stamens  usually  io  or  more;  stigmata  elongated 
and  expanded;  winter  buds  with  several  scales.  i.  Populus. 

Bracts  entire;  disk  reduced  to  i  or  more  small  glands;  stamens  less  than  io, 
usually  2  ;  stigmas  short,  not  expanded ;  winter-buds  with  one  scale  each. 

2.  Salix. 

1.  POPULUS  L.  Poplar,  Cottonwood,  Aspen. 

Petioles  strongly  flattened  laterally. 

Leaf-blades  suborbicular,  acute  or  very  short  acuminate.  i.  P.  tremuloides. 
Leaf-blades  broadly  deltoid  or  cordate,  abruptly  long  acuminate. 

Teeth  of  the  leaves  few,  less  than  io  on  each  side;  cup  of  the  pistillate 
flowers  6-8  mm.  broad ;  pedicels  equalling  or  exceeding  the  capsule. 

2.  P.  Wislizeni. 

Teeth  of  the  leaves  many,  more  than  io  on  each  side;  cup  of  the  pistillate 
flowers  less  than  6  mm.  broad ;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  capsule. 

3.  P.  occidentalis. 

Petioles  terete  or  nearly  so. 

Petioles  half  as  long  as  the  blade  or  longer ;  blades  ovate  or  rhombic,  abruptly 
long-acuminate.  4.  P.  acuminata. 

Petioles  about  one-third  as  long  as  the  blades  or  less ;  blades  lanceolate,  not 
abruptly  acuminate.  5.  P.  angustifolia. 

1.  Populus  tremuloides  Michx.  In  open  woods  and  on  mountain  sides  from 
Newf.  to  Alaska,  Tenn.  and  Nev. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Near  Georgetown; 
Cheyenne  Canon ;  dry  rocks,  Cheyenne  Mountain ;  Minnehaha ;  chaparrel- 
covered  hills  southeast  of  Ouray;  South  Park;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  South 
Cheyenne  Canon;  Colorado  Springs;  Ojo;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Chicken 
Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains;  Rist  Canon;  Fort  Collins;  Redstone; 
Howe’s  Gulch. 

2.  Populus  Wislizeni  (S.  Wats.)  Sarg.  In  canons  and  on  river  banks  from 
Tex.  to  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — River  bottoms,  Arboles;  Grand 
Junction;  plains,  Colorado  Springs. 

3.  Populus  occidentalis  (Rydb.)  Britton.  (P.  deltoides  occidentalis  Rydb. ; 
P.  angulata  Port.  &  Coult. ;  not  Ait.)  In*  river  valleys  and  hillsides  from 
Sask.  to  Mont.,  Kans.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Plains  near  Denver; 
Walsenburg;  Palisade;  near  Boulder;  Lyons;  Fort  Collins;  along  the  Arkan¬ 
sas  River,  Lamar;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

4.  Populus  acuminata  Rydb.  On  river  bottoms  and  in  canons  from  the 
Black  Hills  of  S.  D.  to  Ida.,  N.  M.  and  Nev. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Fort  Col¬ 
lins;  Walsenburg;  Denver;  Hardin’s  ranch;  Redstone. 

5.  Populus  angustifolia  James.  In  canons  and  along  streams  from  N.  D. 
to  Wash.,  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-11,000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  Upper  Platte; 
plains  near  Denver ;  South  Cheyenne  Canon,  Colorado  Springs ;  Gunnison ; 


91 


92 


SALICACEAE. 


Cimarron;  chaparrel-covered  hills  southeast  of  Ouray;  Turkey  Creek  and 
tributaries;  Fort  Collins;  Mancos;  Garden  of  the  Gods;  near  Boulder;  Rist 
Canon;  banks  of  the  Poudre  River;  Redstone;  Hardin’s  ranch;  Trinidad. 


2.  SALIX  L.  Willow. 


Capsule  glabrous. 

Filaments  hairy,  at  least  below  ;  bracts  caducous,  light  yellow. 

Stamens  3-7  ;  stipe  slender,  2-5  times  as  long  as  the  nectaries. 

Petioles  without  glands ;  leaves  serrulate,  thin.  I.  Amygdalinae. 

Petioles  with  glands ;  leaves  densely  glandular-serrate. 

II.  Pentandrae. 

Stamens  2  ;  stipe  very  short  or  none.  III.  Longifoliae. 

Filaments  glabrous ;  bracts  persistant,  seldom  light  yellow. 

IV.  CORDATAE. 


Capsule  hairy. 

Filaments  hairy. 

Leaf-blades  linear  to  lanceolate  not  very  veiny ;  bracts  caducous ;  tall 
shrubs.  III.  Longifoliae. 

Leaf-blades  oval  or  suborbicular,  very  veiny ;  bracts  persistent ;  depressed 
shrubs.  IX.  Reticulatae. 

Filaments  glabrous ;  bracts  more  or  less  persistent. 

Capsule  rostrate,  distinctly  stipitate ;  style  none  or  short,  always  shorter 
than  the  stipe. 

Stipe  equalling  or  exceeding  the  bracts ;  styles  y2  mm.  or  less  long. 

V.  Rostratae. 

Stipe  shorter  than  the  bracts ;  styles  usually  about  1  mm.  long. 

VI.  Brachystachyae. 

Capsule  scarcely  rostrate,  subsessile  or  if  stipitate,  stipe  shorter  than  the 
style. 

Style  evident,  at  least  Yz  mm.  long. 

Leaves  permanently  white-silky  or  tomentose,  at  least  beneath. 

VII.  Pellitae. 

Leaves  either  green  or  grayish  beneath.  VIII.  Arcticae. 

Style  none ;  depressed  shrubs  with  entire  strongly  veined  leaves. 

IX.  Reticulatae. 


I.  Amygdalinae. 


Leaf-blades  narrowly  lanceolate ;  petioles  short. 

Leaf-blades  broadly  lanceolate ;  petioles  slender. 

II.  Pentandrae. 

Represented  only  by 

III.  Longifoliae. 

Capsule  glabrous. 

Capsule  sessile. 

Capsule  stipitate. 

Leaves  permanently  silky. 

Leaves  3-5  mm.  wide ;  ovary  without  hairy  swelling  at  the  apex. 

5.  5*.  luteosericea. 

Leaves  2-3  mm.  wide ;  ovary  with  a  hairy  swelling  at  the  apex. 

6.  S.  stenophylla. 

Leaves  glabrous  when  mature.  7.  S.  linearifolia. 

Capsule  more  or  less  pubescent. 

Capsule  sparingly  silky,  often  becoming  glabrous  in  age. 

Leaves  permanently  silky ;  bracts  not  densely  silky. 

5.  S.  luteosericea. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so  when  mature ;  bracts  densely  silky ;  aments 
dense.  8.  5".  sessilidora. 

Capsule  densely  white-villous ;  stigma  sessile.  9.  6*.  argophylla. 


1.  S.  Wrightii. 

2.  S.  amygdaloides. 


3.  S.  Fendleriana. 


4.  .S',  exigua. 


SALICACEAE. 


93 


IV.  CORDATAE. 


Capsule  long-stipitate ;  stipe  in  fruit  1.5-6  mm.  long,  equalling  or  longer  than 
the  bracts ;  style  0.5  mm.  or  less  long ;  aments  leafy-peduncled. 

Leaves  dark  green  above,  strongly  serrate ;  young  branches  not  light  yellow. 

10.  S.  cordata. 

Leaves  yellowish  green,  entire  or  crenulate ;  young  branches  light  yellow. 

11.  S.  Watsoni. 

Capsule  subsessile  or  very  short-stipitate ;  stipe  in  fruit  less  than  1.5  mm.  long 
and  much  shorter  than  the  bracts;  style  0.5-1. 5  mm.  long;  aments  subsessile 
and  naked  or  subtended  by  a  few  small  leaves. 

Branches  without  a  bloom. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate  or  obovate,  more  or  less  distinctly  serrate. 

Leaves  thin,  ovate  or  obovate,  light  green  and  dull  above. 

12.  S.  pcidophylla. 

Leaves  firm,  dark-green  and  shining  above,  lanceolate. 

Style  1.5  mm.  long;  aments  2.5-6  cm.  long.  13.  S.  pseudocordata. 

Style  less  than  1  mm.  long;  aments  1-2.5  cm.  long. 

14.  6'.  monticola. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate  to  oblong,  entire.  15.  Woldi. 

Branches  with  a  bloom.  16.  S.  irrorata. 


V.  Rostratae. 

Leaves  linear  to  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate. 

Leaves  more  or  less  silky ;  branches  usually  with  a  bloom. 

17.  .S'.  Geyeriana. 

Leaves  not  silky;  branches  without  a  bloom.  18.  .S',  macrocarpa. 

Leaves  ovate  to  obovate. 

Mature  leaves  thin,  glabrous,  faintly  nerved.  19.  S.  perrostrata. 

Mature  leaves  firm,  pubescent  or  tomentose  beneath,  more  strongly  nerved. 

20.  S.  Bebbiana. 

VI.  Brachystachyae. 

Only  represented  by  21.  S'.  Nuttallii. 

VII.  Pelljtae. 

Only  represented  by  22.  S.  pachnophora. 

VIII.  Arcticae. 


Leaves  grayish-villous  on  both  sides,  although  less  so  above. 

Twigs  white-villous;  branches  yellow  or  grayish.  23.  S.  brachycarpa. 

Twigs  puberulent,  rarely  villous;  branches  usually  purplish. 

Leaf-blades  oblong  or  linear-oblong ;  bracts  obovate ;  shrub  depressed. 

24.  S',  pseudolapponum. 

Leaf-blades  oblanceolate  or  obovate-oblanceolate ;  bracts  oblong ;  shrub  not 
depressed.  25.  S.  glaucops. 

Leaves  glabrate  or  when  young  covered  with  white  hairs  parallel  to  the  mid¬ 
rib. 

Shrubs  not  creeping ;  leaf-blades  oval  to  oblong  or  lanceolate. 

Aments  leafy-peduncled.  25.  S.  glaucops  glabrata. 

Aments  subsessile,  naked  from  lateral  buds.  26.  S.  chlorophylla. 

Shrubs  creeping;  leaf-blades  obovate  to  oblanceolate. 

27.  S.  petrophila. 

IX.  Reticulatae. 

Only  represented  by  28.  S.  saximontana. 

1.  Salix  Wrightii  Anders.  Along  streams  from  Tex.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. 
—Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — Arkansas  River;  Denver. 

2.  Salix  amygdaloides  Anders.  Along  streams  from  Que.  to  Wash.,  N.  Y., 
Mo.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Plains,  Colorado  Springs;  Denver;  Wal- 


94 


SALICACEAE. 


senburg;  Cucharas  river,  below  La  Veta;  mesas  near  Pueblo;  Fort  Collins; 
near  Boulder;  gulch  west  of  Pennock’s  mountain  ranch;  Trinidad;  La  Porte. 

3.  Salix  Fendleriana  Anders.  (S’.  pentandra  caudata  Nutt.;  S'.  lasiandra 
Fendleriana  Bebb.)  Wet  mountain  valleys  and  along  streams  from  Alb.  to 
B.  C.,  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — New  Windsor;  Gunnison;  on 
Turkey  Creek  and  tributaries;  Los  Pinos;  along  the  Uncompahgre  River, 
near  Ouray;  Ojo;  Mancos;  Cimarron;  Fort  Collins;  along  the  Conejos 
River,  north  of  Antonito;  Trail  Creek;  Steamboat  Springs. 

4.  Salix  exigua  Nutt.  On  river-banks  from  Mackenzie  River  to  Wash., 
Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Plains,  Colorado  Springs;  Twin  Lakes; 
North  Park;  Los  Pinos;  Trinidad. 

5.  Salix  luteosericea  Rydb.  On  sandy  river-bars  from  Neb.  to  Mont.,  Ida. 
and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Fort  Collins;  plains,  Larimer  Co.;  Walsen- 
burg;  Sterling,  Logan  Co.;  near  Boulder;  Elizabethtown;  Denver;  Walton 
Creek;  along  the  Conejos  River,  north  of  Antonito;  Rist  Canon;  Dolores. 

6.  Salix  stenophylla  Rydb.  Along  streams  from  Tex.  to  Colo,  and  N.  M. 
— Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Mancos;  Cucharas  River,  below  La  Veta;  Walsenburg; 
Gunnison;  Cerro  Summit. 

7.  Salix  linearifolia  Rydb.  (S'.  longifolia  tenerrima  Henders.)  Along 
streams  from  Minn,  and  Sask.  to  Wash.,  Ark.  and  Colo. — Exact  locality  not 
given. 

8.  Salix  sessiliflora  Nutt.  Along  streams  from  Alb.  to  Mont.,  Colo,  and 
Nev. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Grand  Canon;  along  Uncompahgre  River,  near 
Ouray;  Grand  Junction;  Cerro  Summit. 

9.  Salix  argophylla  Nutt.  Along  streams  from  Mont,  to  Wash.,  Tex.  and 
Calif. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Fort  Collins ;  Rist  Canon. 

10.  Salix  cordata  angustata  (Pursh)  Anders.  In  river-valleys  from  N.  B. 
to  Wash.,  Va.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Los  Pinos;  Walsenburg; 
Cucharas  River,  below  La  Veta;  on  Turkey  Creek  and  tributaries. 

11.  Salix  Watsoni  (Bebb.)  Rydb.  (S'.  cordata  Watsoni  Bebb.;  S',  flava 
Rydb.;  not  Schoepf.)  In  river-valleys  from  Mont,  to  Calif,  and  Colo. — Alt. 
6000-7000  ft. — Manitou;  South  Park;  Middle  Park;  Walsenburg;  Cucharas 
Valley,  near  La  Veta. 

12.  Salix  padophylla  Rydb.  In  valleys  from  Mont,  to  N.  M. — Alt.  8000- 
11,000  ft. — Los  Pinos;  Pass  Creek;  Ojo;  Bob  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Moun¬ 
tains;  North  Park;  on  Turkey  Creek  and  tributaries;  Gunnison;  Carson; 
Silverton ;  near  Chambers’  Lake ;  Dolores. 

13.  Salix  pseudocordata  Anders.  (S'.  N ovae-Angliae  pseudocordata 
Anders.)  Along  streams  from  Sask.  to  Alb.  and  Colo. — Alt.  6000-7000  ft. 
— Manitou;  North  Park;  South  Cheyenne  Canon. 

14.  Salix  monticola  Bebb.  In  mountain  valleys  from  Alb.  to  Ore.,  Colo, 
and  Nev. — Alt.  2200-3000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  Lake  City;  Georgetown;  head¬ 
waters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Chamber’s  Lake; 
Sheep  Creek,  above  Campton’s. 

15.  Salix  Wolfii  Bebb.  In  mountain  valleys  of  Wyoming  and  Colo. — Alt. 
8000-10,500  ft. — South  Park;  Tennessee  Pass;  on  Grizzly  Creek;  Ironton 
Park,  nine  miles  south  of  Ouray;  North  Park;  Rico;  Eldora  to  Baltimore; 
Camp  Creek,  Larimer  Co. 


SALICACEAE. 


95 


16.  Salix  irrorata  Anders.  In  canons  and  along  streams  from  Colo,  to  N. 

M.  — Alt.  6000-9000  ft. — Dry  rocks,  Cheyenne  Mountain;  Manitou;  Cucharas 
Valley,  near  La  Veta;  South  Cheyenne  Canon;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Los 
Pinos;  Ironton  Park,  nine  miles  south  of  Ouray;  Gunnison;  Crested  Butte, 
Gunnison  watershed ;  Grizzly  Creek ;  Sheep  Creek,  above  Campton’s ;  Horse- 
tooth  Gulch ;  Rist  Canon ;  Howe’s  Gulch. 

17.  Salix  Geyeriana  Anders.  In  mountain  valleys  along  streams  from 
Wyo.  to  Wash.,  Colo,  and  Ore. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Mountains  of  Estes 
Park;  Minturn;  Columbine;  Sargent’s;  Pinkham  Creek,  Larimer  Co. 

18.  Salix  macrocarpa  Nutt.  Along  streams  in  the  mountains  from  Wyo.  to 
Wash,  and  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  10,000  ft. — Seven  Lakes;  Stove  Prairie,  Lari¬ 
mer  Co. 

19.  Salix  perrostrata  Rydb.  In  valleys  and  in  wet  places  in  the  foot-hills 
from  Hudson  Bay  to  Alaska  and  Colo. — Alt.  1500-2700  ft. — Foot-hills,  Colo¬ 
rado  Springs ;  foot-hills  west  of  Fort  Collins ;  Los  Pinos ;  South  Cheyenne 
Canon;  Ruxton;  Green  Mountain  Falls;  Ojo;  Cimarron;  Chicken  Creek, 
West  La  Plata  Mountains;  Pike’s  Peak  Trail;  Rist  Canon;  mountains  north¬ 
east  of  Dolores;  Boulder. 

20.  Salix  Bebbiana  Sarg.  (S.  rostrata  Richardson)  In  valleys  and  on 
hillsides  from  Anticosti  to  Alaska,  N.  J.  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — 
Manitou;  Ruxton  Dell;  Pike’s  Peak;  North  Park,  Larimer  Co.;  mountains 
of  Estes  Park,  Larimer  Co. ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  Boulder ;  Beaver  Creek. 

21.  Salix  Nuttallii  Sarg.  (S.  Havescens  Nutt.)  Along  streams  and  in  wet 
valleys  from  Ass.  and  B.  C.  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  7000-11,000  ft. — Hills 
about  Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  Wahatoya  Canon;  Little  Kate  Basin,  La 
Plata  Mountains;  mountains,  Larimer  Co.;  Artists’  Glen;  North  Cheyenne 
Canon;  chaparral-covered  hills  southeast  of  Ouray;  Stove  Prairie,  Larimer 
Co.;  Mount  Baldy;  Barnes’  Camp  on  Little  South;  Redstone;  Eldora  to 
Baltimore;  Empire. 

22.  Salix  pachnophora  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  along  streams,  Colo,  and 

N.  M. — Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — Rico,  Dolores  Co. ;  along  Uncompahgre  River ; 
near  Ouray;  Chambers’  Lake;  Hahn’s  Peak,  Routt  Co.;  Rabbit-Ears. 

23.  Salix  brachycarpa  Nutt.  ( Salix  desertorum  stricta  Anderson;  S.  stricta 
Rydb.)  In  springy  places  in  the  mountains  from  Que.  to  Alb.  and  Colo. — 
Alt.  7000-11,000  ft. — Twin  Lakes;  Pike’s  Peak;  Sheep  Creek,  above  Camp- 
ton’s;  near  Higho;  Veta  Pass,  Sangre  de  Cristo  Range;  Walden,  Larimer 
Co. 

24.  Salix  pseudolapponum  Seem.  On  mountain  tops  of  Colorado. — Alt. 
9000-13,000  ft. — Gray’s  Peak;  Georgetown;  Cimarron  Pass;  Alpine  Tunnel; 
Mt.  Abram,  Ouray;  Sierra  Blanca;  Little  Kate  Basin,  La  Plata  Mountains; 
Mt.  Hesperus,  above  timber  line;  West  Spanish  Peak;  headwaters  of  Sangre 
de  Cristo  Creek;  Twin  Lakes;  Bottomless  Pit;  east  slope  Pike’s  Peak;  Dead 
Lake;  Tennessee  Pass;  bank  of  Michigan,  North  Park;  mountains  above 
Graymont;  Eldora  to  Baltimore;  Berthoud  Pass. 

25.  Salix  glaucops  Anders.  In  alpine  bogs  and  springy  places  from  Alb.  to 
Yukon  Terr.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  7000-13,000  ft. — In  var.  glabrata  Anders., 
the  leaves  are  nearly  glabrous  above. — Mountains  between  Sunshine  and 
Ward;  Brush  Creek,  Custer  Co.;  mountains  south  of  Ward,  Boulder  Co.; 
Bear  Creek  Divide,  West  La  Plata  Mountains;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Mt.  Abram, 


96 


SALICACEAE. 


Ouray ;  Sheep  Creek,  above  Campton’s ;  Sierra  Blanca ;  near  Pagosa  Peak ; 
Silver  Plume;  timber  line,  Pike’s  Peak;  Ironton  Park,  nine  miles  south  of 
Ouray;  Mt.  Harvard;  Red  Mountain,  south  of  Ouray;  Marshall’s  Pass;  Car- 
son;  Lake  Moraine;  mountains  above  Boreas;  head  of  Red  River,  Frankin; 
Hematite;  Cameron  Pass;  southeast  of  Jefferson;  Empire. 

26.  Salix  chlorophylla  Anders.  In  mountain  bogs  from  Lab.  to  Alaska,  N. 
H.  and  Colo. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Georgetown;  Clear  Creek,  Middle  Park; 
Alpine  Tunnel;  mountains  above  Boreas;  Pike’s  Peak;  Little  Kate  Basin; 
Wahatoya  Canon;  Buffalo  Pass,  Park  Range;  Red  Mountain,  south  of  Ouray; 
Columbine ;  mountains  of  Estes  Park,  Larimer  Co. ;  Carson ;  Marshall  Pass ; 
mountains  above  Boreas ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Rabbit-Ears,  Larimer  Co. ;  Beaver 
Creek;  North  Park  Range,  Routt  Co. 

27.  Salix  petrophila  Rydb.  (S.  arctica  petraea  Anderson)  On  exposed 
mountain  tops  from  N.  H.  to  B.  C.,  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  12,000-14,000  ft. 
— Gray’s  Peak ;  near  Pagosa  Peak ;  mountains  above  Boreas ;  Mt.  Howard ; 
Marshall  Pass. 

28.  Salix  saximontana  Rydb.  (S.  reticulata  Port.  &  Coult.,  in  part)  On 
exposed  mountain  tops  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  9000-14,000  ft. — 
Clear  Creek,  Middle  Park;  Arapahoe  Peak;  Argentine  Pass;  Floral  Moun¬ 
tain  ;  Georgetown ;  Mt.  Hesperus ;  mountains  above  Cameron  Pass ;  Gray’s 
Peak;  Bald  Mountain;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Mount  Garfield;  Sierra  Blanca; 
Alpine  Tunnel;  Franklin;  Ragged  Mountain,  Gunnison  Co.;  Ethel  Peak, 
Larimer  Co. 

Order  20.  FAGALES. 

Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  both  in  aments ;  fruit  not  with  a  bur  or  cup. 
Staminate  flowers  2  or  3  together  in  the  axils  of  the  bracts,  each  with  a  calyx ; 

pistillate  flowers  without  a  calyx.  36.  Betulaceae. 

Staminate  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  each  bract  without  a  calyx ;  pistillate 
flowers  with  a  calyx.  37.  Corylaceae. 

Staminate  flowers  in  aments ;  pistillate  often  solitary,  the  involucre  becoming  a 
cup  or  bur.  38.  Fagaceae. 

Family  36.  BETULACEAE  Agardh.  Birch  Family. 

Stamens  2  ;  bracts  of  the  mature  pistillate  aments  membranous,  usually  3-lobed, 
deciduous  with  the  nut.  1.  Betula. 

Stamens  usually  4  (3-6)  ;  bracts  of  the  mature  pistillate  aments  thickened  and 
woody,  erose  or  toothed,  persistent.  2.  Alnus. 

1.  BETULA  L.  Birch. 

Wings  of  the  fruit  much  wider  than  the  body ;  trees  or  tall  shrubs. 

1.  B.  fontinalis. 

Wing  of  the  fruit  usually  narrower  than  the  body ;  low  shrubs.  2.  B.  glandulosa. 

1.  Betula  fontinalis  Sarg.  ( B .  occidentals  S.  Wats.;  not  Hook.)  Along 
streams  from  S.  D.  and  Alb.  to  Yukon  Terr.,  N.  M.  and  Ore. — Alt.  5000- 
9000  ft. — Walsenburg;  Garland;  Engelmann  Canon;  foot-hills,  Fort  Collins; 
Livermore,  Larimer  Co. ;  South  Cheyenne  Canon ;  North  Cheyenne  Canon ; 
Ojo;  Pass  Creek;  foot-hills  near  Fort  Collins;  Elizabethtown;  Howe’s  Gulch; 
west  of  Rist  Canon;  Rist  Canon;  Eldora  to  Baltimore;  Elk  River,  Routt  Co. 


BETULACEAE. 


97 


2.  Betula  glandulosa  Michx.  In  bogs  from  Greenl.  to  Alaska,  N.  H.,  Colo, 
and  Ore. — Alt.  9000-11,000  ft. — Middle  Park;  Argentine  Pass;  Cameron  Pass; 
mountains  above  Como;  Twin  Lakes;  Seven  Lakes;  Blue  River;  Ironton 
Park,  nine  miles  south  of  Ouray;  Ruxton  Park;  head  of  Muddy  River,  Mid¬ 
dle  Park;  Pike’s  Peak;  Tennessee  Pass;  Silverton;  Breckenridge ;  between 
Como  and  Boreas;  bank  of  the  Big  Muddy;  western  Gunnison  Co.;  Eldora 
to  Baltimore. 

2.  ALNUS  Gaertn.  Alder. 

1.  Alnus  tenuifolia  Nutt.  (A.  incana  virescens  S.  Wats.)  Along  streams  from 
Mont,  to  Alaska,  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Mountains  between 
Sunshine  and  Ward;  Ojo;  Turkey  Creek  and  tributaries;  canon,  Idaho 
Springs;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Hermosa;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  head¬ 
waters  of  Pass  Creek;  Larimer  Co.;  Bob  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains; 
Red  Mountain,  south  of  Ouray;  Lower  Boulder  Canon,  Boulder  Co.;  Par- 
lin ;  Colorado  Springs ;  Black  Canon  of  the  Gunnison ;  Rist  Canon ;  foot¬ 
hills  near  Fort  Collins ;  Steamboat  Springs ;  Dolores. 


Family  37.  CORYLACEAE  Mirbel.  Hazel-Nut  Family. 

1.  CORYLUS  L.  Hazel-Nut. 

1.  Corylus  rostrata  Ait.  In  thickets  and  open  woods  and  on  hillsides  from 
N.  S.  to  N.  D.,  Ga.  and  Colo. — Alt.  1200-8000  ft. — Lower  Boulder  Canon, 
Boulder  Co.;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Rist  Canon; 

gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon;  vicinity  of  Arthur’s  Rock. 

s  > 

Family  38.  FAGACEAE  Drude.  Beech  Family. 

1.  QUERCUS  L.  Oak. 

Leaves  lobed  or  divided,  not  evergreen ;  lobes  rounded,  obtuse  or  acute,  but  not 
spinulose-tipped. 

Leaves  bright  green,  early  deciduous. 

Mature  leaves  softly  pubescent,  almost  velvety  beneath,  deeply  divided. 

1.  Q.  utahensis. 

Mature  leaves  glabrate,  puberulent  or  somewhat  pubescent,  but  not  velvety 
•  beneath. 

Cup  flat,  covering  less  than  Ya  of  the  acorn.  2.  Q.  Vreelandii. 

Cup  hemispheric,  covering  Yz  to  y2  of  the  acorn. 

Acorns  barrel-shaped,  obtuse. 

Mature  leaves  very  thin,  glabrate  beneath  or  puberulent  only  on  the 
veins ;  cup  covering  about  of  the  acorn ;  scales  of  cup  thin. 

3.  Q.  leptophylla. 

Mature  leaves  firm,  puberulent  beneath,  cup  covering  about  Yz  of  the 
acorn  ;  scales  of  cup  thick,  corky. 

Leaves  mostly  oblong  in  outline,  lobed  halfway  to  the  midrib  or 
less,  rather  dull.  4.  Q.  Gunnisonii. 

Leaves  obovate  in  outline,  divided  deeper  than  halfway  to  the  mid¬ 
rib,  very  shining  above. 

Lobes  of  the  leaves  broadly  oblong,  rounded  at  the  apex. 

5.  Q.  nitescens. 

Lobes  of  the  leaves  ovate  or  triangular,  acute. 

6.  Q.  novomexicana. 


98 


FAGACEAE. 


Acorns  ovoid,  acute ;  cup  covering  about  ^  of  the  acorn. 

7.  Q.  Gambellii. 

Leaves  pale  green,  more  persistent. 

Lobes  oblong-ovate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  not  mucronate. 

8.  Q.  venustula. 

Lobes  triangular-ovate,  mucronate.  9.  Q.  Fendleri. 

Leaves  persistent,  evergreen,  sinuate ;  lobes  or  teeth  spinulose-tipped  or  mucronate. 

Leaves  decidedly  crisped,  sinuately  lobed ;  lobes  distinctly  spinulose-tipped. 

10.  Q.  pungens. 

Leaves  flat,  sinuately  toothed ;  teeth  mucronate  or  slightly  spinulose-tipped. 

11.  Q.  undulata. 

1.  Quercus  utahensis  (A.  DC.)  Rydb.  ( Q .  stellata  Utahensis  A.  DC.)  A 
small  tree,  often  10  feet  or  more  high,  growing  in  the  mountain  regions  of 
Utah,  Colo.,  Ariz.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Chaparral-covered  hills 
southeast  of  Ouray;  Hotchkiss,  Delta  Co.;  Trinidad;  Glenwood  Springs; 
Mancos;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Wahatoya  Canon;  hills  about  Box  Canon, 
west  of  Ouray;  Manitou;  Mancos  Canon;  west  of  Palmer  Lake;  Glen  Eyrie. 

2.  Quercus  Vreelandii  Rydb.  A  chaparral-forming  shrub,  1-1.5  m.  high, 
growing  on  hillsides  in  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Chaparral-covered 
hills  southeast  of  Ouray ;  Cerro ;  Glenwood  Springs ;  butte  five  miles  south¬ 
west  of  La  Veta ;  South  Cheyenne  Canon ;  Colorado  Springs. 

3.  Quercus  leptophylla  Rydb.  A  tree,  10-15  m.  high,  growing  along  streams 
in  the  mountains  of  Colorado. — Alt.  5500-8500  ft. — Turkey  Creek  and  tribu¬ 
taries;  Cucharas  River,  above  La  Veta;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Routt  Co.; 
Chicken  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains. 

4.  Quercus  Gunnisonii  (Torr.)  Rydb.  A  chaparral-forming  shrub,  1-3  m. 
high,  growing  on  hillsides  and  mesas  from  Colo,  to  Utah,  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — 
Alt.  6000-8000  ft. — North  Cheyenne  Canon;  butte  five  miles  southwest  of 
La  Veta;  Colorado  Springs;  Cochetopa  Pass;  Canon  of  Arkansas;  Canon 
City;  Durango;  hills  back  of  Manitou;  Steamboat  Springs;  Denver. 

5.  Quercus  nitescens  Rydb.  A  chaparral-forming  shrub,  3-5  m.  high,  grow¬ 
ing  on  mesas  and  hillsides,  but  along  streams  sometimes  forming  a  small  tree; 
in  Colo,  and  eastern  Utah. — Alt.  6000-11,000  ft. — Butte  five  miles  southwest 
of  La  Veta;  Glenwood  Springs;  chaparral-covered  hills  southeast  of  Ouray; 
Red  Mountain,  south  of  Ouray;  hills  about  Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  West 
Mancos  Canon;  Four-Mile  Hill,  Routt  Co.;  Los  Pinos;  Ute  Pass,  near 
Pike’s  Peak;  Cheyenne  Canon,  near  Pike’s  Peak. 

6.  Quercus  novomexicana  (A.  DC.)  Rydb.  ( Q .  Douglasii  Novomexicana 
A.  DC.)  A  chaparral-forming  shrub,  3-5  m.  high,  or  along  streams  a  small 
tree,  from  Colo,  to  Utah  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Glenwood  Springs; 
Engelmann  Canon;  between  Pallas  and  Sydney;  Cucharas  River,  above  La 
Veta;  Mancos;  Manitou;  chaparral-covered  hills  southeast  of  Ouray;  Chey¬ 
enne  Mountain ;  Canon  City. 

7.  Quercus  Gambellii  Nutt.  A  chaparral-forming  shrub,  3-5  m.  high,  grow¬ 
ing  on  hillsides  from  Colo,  to  Utah  and  N.  M. — Alt.  6500-9000  ft. — Chaparral- 
covered  hills  southeast  of  Ouray;  Cucharas  River,  above  La  Veta;  Gunnison; 
Twelve-Mile  Creek;  north  of  Cheyenne  Canon;  Manitou;  Canon  of  the 
Arkansas;  South  Park;  Ute  Pass;  Garden  of  the  Gods. 

8.  Quercus  venustula  Greene.  A  small  shrub,  1-2  m.  high,  known  only 
from  the  type  locality. — Raton  Mountains,  near  Trinidad. 


FAGACEAE. 


99 


9.  Quercus  Fendleri  Liebm.  A  shrub,  1-3  m.  high,  growing  on  dry  hillsides 
from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — Mesas  near  Colorado 
Springs;  McElmo  Canon;  Raton  Mountains,  near  Trinidad;  Canon  of  Ar¬ 
kansas;  Green  Horn  Mountains;  Poncho  Pass;  Purgatory  River,  near 
Trinidad. 

10.  Quercus  pungens  Liebm.  ( Q .  undulata  Wrightii  Engelm.)  A  low 
shrub,  1-3  m.  high,  on  dry  hills  from  Colo,  to  Utah,  Tex.  and  Ariz.;  also 
Mex. — Canon  City;  Arkansas  Canon. 

11.  Quercus  undulata  Torr.  ( Q .  undulata  Jamesii  Engelm.)  A  shrub,  1-3 
m.  high,  growing  on  dry  hills  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — “Rocky  Moun¬ 
tains”;  Canon  of  the  Arkansas;  Steamboat  Springs. 

Order  21.  URTICALES. 

Style  and  stigma  1  ;  ovules  erect  or  ascending ;  herbs  with  small  greenish  flowers  ; 

fruit  an  achene.  39.  Urticaceae. 

Styles  and  stigmas  2 ;  ovules  pendulous. 

Herbs  or  herbacious  vines  with  opposite  leaves ;  fruit  an  achene. 

40.  Cannabinaceae. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves  ;  fruit  a  samara  or  drupe. 

41.  Ulmaceae. 

Family  39.  URTICACEAE  Reichenb.  Nettle  Family. 

Herbs  with  stinging  hairs ;  leaves  opposite ;  flowers  not  involucrate. 

1.  Urtica. 

Herbs  without  stinging  hairs ;  leaves  alternate ;  flowers  involucrate  by  leafy 
bracts.  2.  Parietaria. 

1.  URTICA  L.  Nettle. 

Teeth  of  the  leaves  ovate,  strongly  directed  forward ;  stem  sparingly  strigose 
and  bristly.  1.  U.  gracilis. 

Teeth  of  the  leaves  broadly  triangular,  not  strongly  directed  forward ;  stem 
glabrous  or  nearly  so.  2.  U.  gracilenta. 

1.  Urtica  gracilis  Ait.  In  alluvial  soil  along  streams  from  N.  S.  to  Alaska, 
N.  C.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward; 
Steamboat  Springs;  Mancos;  Bob  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains;  Fort 
Collins ;  along  the  Uncompahgre  River,  near  Ouray ;  chaparral-covered  hills 
southeast  of  Ouray;  Gunnison;  Spring  Canon;  Campton’s  ranch. 

2.  Urtica  gracilenta  Greene.  ( U .  Breweri  Coulter;  not  S.  Wats.)  Along 
streams  from  Wyo.  to  Tex.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  up  to  9000  ft. — Near  Pagosa 
Peak. 

2.  PARIETARIA  L.  Pellitory. 

Leaf-blades  lanceolate,  2-7  cm.  long,  twice  as  long  as  the  petioles  or  longer. 

1.  P.  pennsylvanica. 

Leaf-blades  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  0.5-2  cm.  long,  not  twice  as  long  as  the 
petioles.  2.  P.  obtusa. 

1.  Parietaria  pennsylvanica  Muhl.  On  shaded  banks  and  hillsides  from 
Ont.  to  B.  C.,  Fla.  and  Mex. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Steamboat  Springs;  Lower 
Boulder  Canon,  Boulder  Co. ;  Black  Canon ;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  gulch 
west  of  Pennock’s  mountain  ranch ;  along  Poudre  River,  near  Fort  Collins ; 
Horsetooth  Gulch. 


100 


URTICACEAE. 


2.  Parietaria  obtusa  Rydb.  In  shaded  places  from  Colo,  to  Utah,  Tex.  and 
Calif. — Alt.  up  to  6000  ft. — El  Paso;  Sunset  Canon. 

Family  40.  CANNABINACEAE  Lindl.  Hemp  Family. 

1.  HUMULUS  L.  Hops. 

1.  Humulus  lupulus  neo-mexicanus  Cockerell.  The  native  hops  of  the 
Rocky  Mountain  region  has  deeper  divided  leaves  and  more  sharply  acuminate 
bracts  than  the  cultivated  variety.  It  grows  along  streams  from  Wyo.  to 
Utah,  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Fort  Collins;  Colorado  Springs; 
along  the  Uncompahgre  River,  near  Ouray;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co.;  Walsen- 
burg;  Manitou ;  canon  west  of  Palmer  Lake;  along  Cache  la  Poudre  River; 
Poudre  Canon. 

Family  41.  ULMACEAE  Mirbel.  Elm  Family. 

1.  CELTIS  L.  Hackberry. 

1.  Celtis  reticulata  Torr.  (C.  occidentalis  Port.  &  Coult. ;  not  L.)  On 
hillsides,  in  rocky  places,  from  Tex.  to  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — 
“Colorado/’  locality  not  given;  plains  and  foot-hills  near  Boulder;  near  Os¬ 
borne  City;  Golden;  gulch  west  of  Pennock’s  mountain  ranch;  foot-hills  6-8 
miles  west  of  Fort  Collins. 

Order  22.  S  ANTAL  ALES. 

Leaves  opposite :  fruit  a  berry ;  tree-parasites.  42.  Loranthaceae. 

Leaves  alternate :  fruit  a  drupe  or  nut ;  root-parasites  or  saprophytes. 

43.  Santalaceae. 

Family  42.  LORANTHACEAE  D.  Don.  Mistletoe  Family. 

Anthers  2-celled ;  pollen-grains  smooth ;  berry  globose,  pulpy  and  semi-translucent. 

1.  Phoradendron. 

Anthers  i-celled;  pollen  spinulose  ;  berry  compressed,  fleshy,  opaque. 

2.  Razoumofskya. 

1.  PHORADENDRON  Nutt. 

1.  Phoradendron  juniperinum  Engelm.  Parasitic  on  species  of  Sabina  from 
Colo,  and  Ore.  to  Tex.  and  Calif.;  also  in  Mex. — Mancos;  Hotchkiss;  Pax¬ 
ton  ranch. 

2.  RAZOUMOFSKYA  Hoffm. 

Staminate  flowers  all  or  nearly  all  terminal  on  distinct  peduncles,  dichotomously 
paniculate  (on  Pinus  Murray  ana,  contorta  and  divaricata) .  1.  R.  americana. 

Staminate  flowers  nearly  all  axillary,  forming  simple  or  compound  spikes. 
Branches  1-2  mm.  in  diameter. 

Plant  yellowish-green ;  accessory  branches  of  fruiting  specimens  flower¬ 
bearing. 

Spikes  short,  3-5-flowered ;  stems  bluntly  angled  (on  Pseudotsuga  mucro- 
nata). 

2.  R.  Douglasii. 

Spikes  many-flowered;  stems  sharply  angled  (on  Pinus  dexilis). 

3.  R.  cyanocarpa. 


LORANTHACEAE. 


101 


Plant  greenish-brown ;  accessory  branches  merely  leaf-bearing  (on  Caryopitys 
edulis  and  monophylla).  4.  R.  divaricata. 

Branches  3-4  mm.  in  diameter  (on  Pinus  scopulorum,  and  ponderosa) . 

5.  R.  cryptopoda. 

1.  Razoumofskya  americana  (Nutt.)  Kuntze.  ( Arceuthobium  Americanum 
Nutt.)  Parasitic  on  Pinus  Murrayana,  contorta  and  divaricata,  from  Sask. 
and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Ore. — Dillon;  Grand  Lake;  Sunset. 

2.  Razoumofskya  Douglasii  (Engelm.)  Kuntze.  ( A .  Douglasii  Engelm.) 
Parasitic  on  Pseudotsuga,  from  Ida.  to  N.  M. — South  Cheyenne  Canon;  El 
Paso  Co.;  West  Mancos  Canon. 

3.  Razoumofskya  cyanocarpa  A.  Nels.  Parasitic  on  Pinus  Uexilis,  from 
Wyo.  to  Colo. — Cheyenne  Mountain. 

4.  Razoumofskya  divaricata  (Engelm.)  Kuntze.  ( A .  divaricatum  Engelm.) 
Parasitic  on  Caryopitys  edulis  and  monophylla. — Mancos;  Dillon. 

5.  Razoumofskya  cryptopoda  (Engelm.)  Coville.  ( Arceuthobium  crypto- 
podum  Engelm.;  A.  robustum  Engelm.)  Parasitic  on  Pinus  scopulorum  and 
ponderosa. — Between  Sunshine  and  Ward,  Boulder  Co.;  West  Indian  Creek; 
Custer  Co.;  Stove  Prairie  Hill;  Rist  Canon. 

Family  43.  SANTALACEAE  R.  Br.  Sandal-wood  Family. 

1.  COMANDRA  Nutt.  Bastard  Toad-flax. 

1.  Comandra  pallida  A.  DC.  On  plains  and  hills  from  Man.,  Alb.  and  B.  C. 
to  N.  M.  and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Van  Boxle’s  ranch,  above  Cimarron; 
Cucharas  River,  below  La  Veta;  Wahatoya  Creek;  Los  Pinos;  Steamboat 
Springs;  Mancos;  Fort  Collins;  Boulder;  Dolores;  along  Poudre  River; 
Horsetooth  Gulch;  Colorado  City;  Pinkham  Creek,  Larimer  Co. 

Order  23.  POLYGONALES.  * 

Family  44.  POLYGONACEAE  Lindl.  Buckwheat  Family. 

Flowers  subtended  by  involucres;  stamens  9.  1.  Eriogonum. 

Flowers  not  involucrate ;  stamens  4-8. 

Stigmas  tufted. 

Perianth  6-parted ;  styles  3-parted ;  achenes  3-angled.  2.  Rumex. 

Perianth  4-parted ;  style  2-parted ;  achenes  lenticular.  3.  Oxyria. 

Stigmas  capitate. 

Leaf-blades  jointed  at  the  base;  ochreae  2-lobed,  becoming  lacerate;  filaments 
at  least  the  inner  dilated.  4.  Polygonum. 

Leaf-blades  not  jointed  at  the  base;  ochreae  not  2-lobed;  filaments  slender. 
Ochreae  cylindric,  truncate.  5.  Persicaria. 

Ochreae  oblique,  more  or  less  open  on  the  side  facing  the  leaf. 

Simple  strict  herbs  with  terminal  spikes ;  perianth-lobes  not  keeled. 

6.  Bistorta. 

Twining  vines  with  flowers  in  axillary  clusters;  outer  perianth-lobes 
winged  or  keeled.  7-  Tiniaria. 

1.  ERIOGONUM  L. 

Achenes  3-winged ;  perianth  not  accrescent.  I.  Alata. 

Achenes  merely  3-angled ;  perianth  accrescent  in  fruit. 

Perianth  with  a  stipe-like  base. 

Involucres  in  branching  cymes. 


II.  Eriantha. 


102 


POLYGONACEAE. 


Involucres  in  simple  or  compound  umbel-like  or  head-like  clusters. 

Perianths  hairy.  III.  Flava. 

Perianth  glabrous.  IV.  Umbellata. 

Perianth  without  a  stipe-like  base. 

Ovaries  and  fruit  pubescent ;  involucres  few,  capitate  or  subcymose. 

V.  Lachnogyna. 

Ovaries  and  fruit  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Involucres  in  head-like  or  umbel-like  clusters. 

Perianth-lobes  very  unequal.  VI.  Heterosepala. 

Perianth-lobes  equal  or  nearly  so.  VII.  Capitata. 

Involucres  in  open  cymes. 

Cymes  i -sided  and  spike-like.  X.  Virgata. 

Cymes  dichotomous  or  trichotomous. 

Bracts  scale-like. 

Involucres,  except  those  in  the  forks  of  the  inflorescence,  sessile  in 
the  bractlets ;  the  uppermost  conglomerate. 

Perennial  with  a  suffruticose  caudex  or  shrubby. 

VIII.  Corymbosa. 

Annuals,  erect  and  strict.  IX.  Annua. 

Involucres  all  peduncled,  never  conglomerate.  XI.  Pedunculata. 

Bracts  leaf-like. 

Primary  cauline  leaves  scale-like,  with  a  pair  or  a  fascicle  of  well- 
developed  secondary  leaves  in  their  axils.  XII.  Divaricata. 
Primary  cauline  leaves  well  developed,  often  also  with  secondary 
leaves  in  their  axils.  XIII.  Foliosa. 


I.  Alata. 

Involucres  hairy,  when  mature  3-3.5  mm.  long  and  1.5-2  mm.  wide;  stem  and 
leaves  manifestly  hairy.  1.  E.  alatum. 

Involucres  glabrous,  when  mature  2-2.5  mm.  long  and  of  the  same  width  ;  stem 
and  leaves  nearly  glabrous.  2.  E.  triste. 


II.  Eriantha. 

Perianth  whitish  ;  styles  hairy  at  least  to  the  middle.  3.  E. 

Perianth  yellow ;  styles  hairy  only  at  the  base. 

Involucres  6-8  mm.  long ;  leaf-blades  oblong  to  oblanceolate. 

4.  E. 

Involucres  9-10  mm.  long;  leaf-blades  suborbicular  to  oval. 

5-  E. 

III.  Flava. 


Jamesii. 

Bakeri. 

arcuatum. 


Stipe-like  base  of  the  perianth  very  short ;  old  leaf-bases  permanently  tomentose. 
Leaf-bases  thickened ;  perianth  copiously  white-pubescent ;  leaf-blades  silky 
above ;  involucres  usually  several.  6.  E.  Havum. 

Leaf-bases  not  thickened ;  perianth  sparingly  pubescent ;  leaf-blades  slightly 
floccose  above ;  involucres  1-3.  7.  E.  aureum. 

Stipe-like  base  of  the  perianth  slender ;  old  leaf-bases  glabrous. 

8.  E.  xanthum. 


IV.  Umbellata. 

Perianth  deep  yellow. 

Umbels  simple. 

Leaves  densely  tomentose  beneath.  9.  E.  umbellatum. 

Leaves  almost  glabrous  at  maturity.  10.  E.  umbelliferum. 

Umbels  compound;  leaves  tomentose  beneath.  11.  E.  croceum. 

Perianth  cream-color. 

Perianth  about  6  mm.  long  at  maturity;  leaf-blades  spatulate-oblong  or  elliptic, 
glabrous  above  at  maturity.  12.  E.  subalpinam. 

Perianth  about  8  mm.  long  at  maturity;  leaf-blades  oval  or  ovate,  permanently 
tomentose  above.  13-  E.  latum. 


POLYGONACEAE. 


103 


V.  Lachnogyna. 


Leaves  and  scape  silky ;  the  latter  elongated,  i  dm. 
2- 4  cm.  long,  long-petioled ;  blades  oblanceolate 
Inflorescence  irregularly  branched. 

Inflorescence  subcapitate. 

Leaves  lanate,  strongly  revolute ;  scape  usually  none. 


or  more  high ;  the  former 
to  oblong,  acute. 

14.  E.  lachnogynum. 

15.  E.  Tetraneuris. 

1 6.  E.  acaule. 


VI.  Heterosepala. 

Involucres  about  7  mm.  long;  leaf-blades  oval.  17.  E.  orthocaulum. 

Involucres  4-5  mm.  long. 

Perianth  bright  yellow,  or  purplish ;  leaf-blades  about  as  broad  as  long. 

18.  E.  ovalifolium. 

Perianth  cream-colored  to  isabel-colored ;  leaf-blades  elliptic  to  oval  or  spatu- 
late,  decidedly  longer  than  broad.  19.  E.  ochroleucum. 


VII.  Capitata. 

Perianth  yellow.  20.  E.  chrysocephalum 

Perianth  white  or  brownish  or  pinkish. 

Perianth  pubescent.  21.  E.  multiceps. 

Perianth  glabrous. 

Lobes  of  the  involucres  much  shorter  than  the  tube. 

22.  E.  coloradense. 

Lobes  of  the  involucres  about  as  long  as  the  tube.  23.  E.  paucidorum. 


VIII.  Corymbosa. 


Perianth  yellow. 

Leaves  crowded  on  the  short  branches  of  the  caudex ;  blades  oblong  to  linear- 
oblong,  flat.  24.  E.  campanulatum. 

Leaves  more  scattered  on  the  elongated  branches  of  the  caudex ;  blades  nar¬ 
rowly  linear,  strongly  revolute.  25.  E.  brevicaule. 

Perianth  white  or  pinkish. 

Shrubs  or  herbaceous  plants  with  a  woody  caudex,  mostly  over  2  dm.  high ; 
leaves  not  heath-like. 

Flowering  branches  leafy  only  at  the  base. 

Involucres  in  the  forks  of  the  inflorescence  sessile. 

Leaves  mostly  flat ;  involucres  narrowly  turbinate ;  perianth  2-2.5  mm. 

long.  26.  E.  lonchophyllum. 

Leaves  mostly  revolute ;  involucres  campanulate ;  perianth  3-3.5  mm. 
long.  27.  E.  nudicaule. 

Involucres  in  the  forks  of  the  inflorescence  distinctly  peduncled,  at  least 
the  lower. 

Involucres  broadly  campanulate,  about  as  wide  as  long. 

28.  E.  scoparium. 

Involucres  turbinate,  decidedly  longer  than  broad. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear-oblanceolate  or  linear,  usually  revolute. 

29.  E.  tristichum. 

Leaves  spatulate  to  oblanceolate,  flat.  30.  E.  salicinum. 

Flowering  branches  leafy  halfway  or  more. 

Leaf-blades  relatively  broad,  broadly  oblong  to  oval,  obtuse. 

Involucres  4-5  mm.  long.  31.  E.  Fendlerianum. 

Involucres  2-2.5  mm.  long. 

Branches  of  inflorescence  divaricate.  32.  E.  divergens. 

Branches  of  inflorescence  ascending.  33.  E.  corymbosum. 

Leaf-blades  narrow,  from  spatulate  to  linear,  acute. 

Leaf-blades  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  mostly  flat. 

Inflorescence  many  times  compound,  copiously  branched ;  internodes 
long. 

Inflorescence  tomentulose,  broom-like,  with  strongly  ascending 
branches;  involucres  about  1.5  mm.  long.  34.  E.  effusum. 


104 


POLYGONACEAE. 


Inflorescence  glabrous,  lax  with  spreading  branches ;  involucre  2-2.5 
mm.  long.  30.  E.  salicinum. 

Inflorescence  less  compound ;  branches  and  internodes  short,  mostly 
spreading.  35.  E.  microthecum. 

Leaf-blades  linear,  revolute.  36.  E.  Simpsonii. 

Dwarf  depressed  undershrubs,  less  than  1  dm.  high,  with  heath-like  leaves. 

37.  E.  contortum. 


IX.  Annua. 


One  species. 


X.  Virgata. 


38.  E.  annuum. 


Leaves  crowded  on  the  ends  of  the  short  caudex ;  blades  abruptly  narrowed  at 
the  base  or  subcordate.  39.  E.  racemosum. 

Leaves  scattered  on  the  fruticose  branches ;  blades  tapering  at  the  base. 

40.  E.  Wrightii. 

XI.  Pedunculata. 

Perianth  glabrous. 

Scapes  and  branches  glabrous. 

Peduncles  erect  or  ascending. 

Perianth-lobes  nearly  equal  and  similar ;  leaves  glabrous. 

41.  E.  Gordonii. 

Perianth-lobes  very  unequal  and  dissimilar ;  leaves  floccose  beneath. 

Outer  perianth-lobes  dilated  above;  involucres  about  1.5  mm.  long. 

42.  E.  rotundifolium. 

Outer  perianth-lobes  not  dilated  above ;  involucres  about  3  mm.  long. 

43.  E.  tenellum. 

Peduncles  reflexed  or  defiexed.  44.  E.  cernuum. 

Scapes  and  branches  villous  or  glandular,  especially  near  the  nodes. 

45.  E.  trinervatum. 

Perianth  glandular  or  pubescent. 

Scapes  and  branches  glandular,  especially  near  the  nodes,  not  inflated. 

48.  E.  glandulosum. 

Scapes  and  branches  glabrous ;  upper  portion  of  the  lower  internodes  of  the 
scape  inflated. 

Accessory  branches  at  the  lower  forks  of  the  inflorescence  many  and  nearly 
as  strong  as  the  three  main  branches  ;  branches  divaricate. 

46.  E.  fusiforme. 

Accessory  branches  at  the  lower  forks  of  the  inflorescence  none  or  few 
and  small ;  branches  ascending.  47.  E.  indatum. 


XII.  Divaricata. 

One  species.  49.  E.  divaricatum. 

XIII.  Foliosa. 

One  species.  50.  E.  salsuginosum. 

1.  Eriogonum  alatum  Torr.  In  sandy  soil  from  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  Tex.  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek  and  alpine  ridges 
east  of  Middle  Park;  plains  and  foot-hills  near  Boulder;  Green  Mountain 
Falls;  Sand  Creek  Pass;  South  Park;  Williams’  Canon,  near  Pike’s  Peak; 
Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Table  Rock;  Pagosa  Springs;  Thompson’s  Park,  La 
Plata  Mountains;  Spring  Canon;  Dillon  Canon,  near  Trinidad;  plains,  near 
foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. 

2.  Eriogonum  triste  S.  Wats.  ( E .  alatum  glabriusculum  Torr.)  In  sandy 
soil  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  N.  M. — North  Park;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek 
and  alpine  ridges  east  of  Middle  Park. 

3.  Eriogonum  Jamesii  Benth.  On  plains  and  hills  from  Kans.  and  Colo,  to 
Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Platte  River;  Colorado 


POLYGONACEAE. 


105 


Springs;  Durango;  Middle  Park;  La  Veta;  Grand  Junction;  Morrison;  Gun¬ 
nison;  Salida;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Red  Rock  Canon,  near  Pike’s  Peak; 
Rosita;  Buena  Vista. 

4.  Eriogonum  Bakeri  Greene.  ( E .  flavum  vegetius  T.  &  G. ;  E.  Jamesii 
Havescens  S.  Wats.;  E.  vegetius  (T.  &  G.)  Nels.)  On  plains  and  hills  from 
Wyo.  and  Utah  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  9000-10,000  ft. — Meadow  Park; 
mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Bald  Mountain,  west  of  Loveland; 
Black  Canon;  Horsetooth  Gulch,  Fort  Collins;  Poudre  Canon;  Moon’s  ranch. 

5.  Eriogonum  arcuatum  Greene.  Mountains  in  Colo. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. ; 
known  only  from  the  type  locality. — Pagosa  Springs. 

6.  Eriogonum  flavum  Nutt.  ( E .  crassifolium  Dougl.)  On  dry  hills  and 
mountains  and  in  canons  from  Sask.  and  Alb.  to  Neb.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000- 
12,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek  and  alpine  ridges  east  of  Middle  Park; 
plains  and  foot-hills  near  Boulder;  Sand  Creek  Pass;  Twin  Lakes;  Medicine 
Bow  Mountains;  Minnehaha;  Ruxton;  Georgetown;  Fossil  Creek;  Artists’ 
Glen  and  Cheyenne  Canon,  near  Pike’s  Peak. 

7.  Eriogonum  aureum  Nutt.  ( E .  chloranthum  Greene.)  Mountains  of 
Colo. — Alt.  11,000-13,000  ft. — Mount  Ouray;  Marshall  Pass. 

8.  Eriogonum  xanthum  Small.  On  exposed  mountain  tops  in  Colorado. — 
Alt.  12,000-14,000  ft. — Gray’s  Peak;  spur  of  Mt.  Harvard. 

9.  Eriogonum  umbellatum  Torr.  On  mountains  and  dry  valleys  in  Wyo., 
Ida.,  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  6000-12,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek  and 
alpine  ridges  east  of  Middle  Park;  North  Park;  Arkansas  Junction,  near 
Leadville;  plains  and  foot-hills  near  Boulder;  mountains  between  Sunshine 
and  Ward;  Gunnison;  Fort  Collins;  Clear  Creek  Canon;  near  Denver;  Man- 
cos;  South  Table  Mountain,  Golden;  canons  and  meadows,  Ouray;  Kelso 
Mountain;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Colorado  and  Wyoming  State  line;  near  Nar¬ 
rows;  hills  west  of  Soldier  Canon;  camp  on  Grizzly  Creek,  foot  of  Rabbit- 
Ear  Range;  Empire. 

10.  Eriogonum  umbelliferum  Small.  Mountains  from  Wyo.  and  Nev.  to 
Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  7000-11,000  ft. — Veta  Pass;  Grayback  mining  camps; 
vicinity  of  Ouray;  Redcliffe,  Eagle  Co.;  Van  Boxle’s  ranch,  above  Cimarron; 
Black  Canon;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Glenwood  Springs; 
Leroux  Creek,  Delta  Co. ;  Lake  Creek ;  Middle  Park ;  Spicer,  Larimer  Co. 

11.  Eriogonum  croceum  Small.  Mountains  from  Ida.  and  Wash,  to  Colo. — ■ 
Alt.  up  to  9000  ft. — Hesperus;  Telluride;  Piedra. 

12.  Eriogonum  subalpinum  Greene.  In  dry  mountain  valleys  from  Alb.  and 
B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Arkansas  River; 
Larimer  Co.;  near  Pinkhampton,  North  Park;  Arkansas  Junction,  near  Lead¬ 
ville;  edge  of  Wyoming,  North  Park;  Crested  Butte;  Dillon;  Idaho  Springs; 
South  Park;  Middle  Park;  foot  of  Mt.  Richtofen,  on  the  Michigan;  north 
bank  of  Poudre  River ;  forks  of  Poudre  and  Big  South ;  Rustic ;  Empire ; 
Pinkham  Creek. 

13.  Eriogonum  latum  Small.  In  dry  valleys  and  on  plains  from  Mont,  and 
Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Denver. 

14.  Eriogonum  lachnogymum  Torr.  Dry  plains  and  canons  from  Kans.  and 
Colo,  to  Tex.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Brantly  Canon,  Las  Animas 
Co. 


106 


POLYGONACEAE. 


15.  Eriogonum  Tetraneuris  Small.  Dry  mesas  of  Colorado. — Alt.  about  5000 
ft. — Bank  of  the  Cimarron  River;  mesas  near  Pueblo. 

16.  Eriogonum  acaule  Nutt.  On  dry  hills  from  Wyo.  and  Ida.  to  Colo. — 
“  Southwest  Colorado.” 

17.  Eriogonum  orthocaulum  Small.  Dry  plains  and  hills  from  Alb.  and  Ida. 
to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Rifle,  Garfield  Co. 

18.  Eriogonum  ovalifolium  Nutt.  Dry  plains  and  hills  from  Mont,  and 
Wash,  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-7000  ft. — Mancos;  Grand  Junction. 

19.  Eriogonum  ochroleucum  Small.  Dry  rocky  hills  from  Mont,  and  Ida. 
to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Grand  Junction. 

20.  Eriogonum  chrysocephalum  A.  Gray.  ( E .  Kingii  laxifolium  T.  &  G. ; 
E.  laxifolium  A.  Nels.)  Dry  hills  and  plains  of  Neb.,  Wyo.,  Colo,  and  Utah. 
— -“Southern  Colorado”  {Brandegee) . 

21.  Eriogonum  multiceps  Nees.  Dry  plains  and  “  bad-lands  ”  from  N.  D. 
and  Mont,  to  Neb.  and  Colo. — Exact  locality  not  given. 

22.  Eriogonum  coloradense  Small.  Mountain  in  Colo. — Mt.  Harvard. 

23.  Eriogonum  pauciflorum  Pursh.  In  sandy  soil  in  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
up  to  9000  ft. — Middle  Park;  in  low  sandy  valleys,  North  Park;  North  Fork, 
Larimer  Co. 

24.  Eriogonum  campanulatum  Nutt.  Dry  hills  and  plains  from  Neb.  and 
Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — “  Colorado  ”  {Parry)  ;  Middle  Park. 

25.  Eriogonum  brevicaule  Nutt.  On  dry  plains  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and 
Utah. — Egeria  Park;  Elk  River,  Routt  Co. 

26.  Eriogonum  lonchophyllum  T.  &  G.  On  plains  of  N.  M.  and  Colo. — 
Durango. 

27.  Eriogonum  nudicaule  (Torr.)  Small.  (E.  effusum  nudicaule  Torr.) 
Plains  from  Kans.  and  Utah  to  Tex. — Alt.  about  7500  ft. — Cimarron. 

28.  Eriogonum  scoparium  Small.  Plains  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  5000- 
8000  ft. — Vicinity  of  Gunnison;  Denver;  Durango;  between  Porter  and 
Durango. 

29.  Eriogonum  tristichum  Small.  Plains  of  Colo. — Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — 
Parlin,  Gunnison  Co.;  Mesa  Verde;  Arboles;  Black  Canon,  Gunnison; 
Durango. 

30.  Eriogonum  salicinum  Greene.  Canon  in  Colo. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. ; 
known  only  from  type  locality. — Black  Canons,  near  Gunnison. 

31.  Eriogonum  Fendlerianum  (Benth.)  Small.  (E.  microthecum  Fendleri- 
anum  Benth.)  Dry  plains  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Canon 
City;  Pueblo. 

32.  Eriogonum  divergens  Small.  (E.  corymb osum  divaricatum  Torr.;  not 
E.  divaricatum  Hook.)  Dry  plains  from  Colo,  to  Utah  and  Ariz. — Green 
River. 

33.  Eriogonum  corymbosum  Benth.  Dry  plains  of  Colo. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. 
• — Along  San  Juan  River;  Grand  River;  Mancos. 

34.  Eriogonum  effusum  Nutt.  Dry  plains  from  Mont,  to  Neb.  and  Colo. — 
Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Wahatoya  Creek;  Denver;  Canon  City;  vicinity  of 
Boulder;  Morrison;  Golden;  Buena  Vista;  Manitou;  New  Windsor,  Weld 
Co.;  mesas,  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Fort  Collins;  headwaters  of 
Clear  Creek  and  alpine  ridges  east  of  Middle  Park;  Salida;  Fort  Collins; 
Table  Rock;  La  Veta. 


POLYGONACEAE. 


107 


35.  Eriogonum  microthecum  Nutt.  Dry  plains  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to 
Colo,  and  Calif. — Colorado  City;  Beaver  Creek. 

36.  Eriogonum  Simpsonii  Benth.  Dry  plains  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. 
— San  Luis  Valley;  Rio  Florido. 

37.  Eriogonum  contortum  Small.  Arid  plains  of  western  Colo. — Grand 
Junction. 

38.  Eriogonum  annuum  Nutt.  In  sandy  soil  from  S.  D.  and  Mont,  to  Tex. 
and  Mex. — Alt.  4000-7500  ft. — Piney  Creek  of  Grand  River;  Denver;  Mani- 
tou;  Ute  Pass;  Colorado  Springs;  Golden;  Table  Rock. 

39.  Eriogonum  racemosum  Nutt.  Dry  plains  and  hills  from  Colo,  and 
Utah  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  6000-8000  ft. — Between  Parrott  and  Hesperus; 
Jack’s  Cabin;  Gunnison;  hills  about  Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  Dolores; 
Piedra;  between  Porter  and  Durango;  Mancos;  Durango. 

40.  Eriogonum  Wrightii  Torr.  Dry  plains  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Tex. 
and  Calif.;  also  northern  Mex. — “Colorado”  (Thurber) . 

41.  Eriogonum  Gordonii  Benth.  Dry  plains  and  “bad-lands”  of  Wyo.  and 
Colo. — Canon  City;  Gunnison  Valley;  mesa,  Montrose;  Grand  Junction. 

42.  Eriogonum  rotundifolium  Benth.  Dry  plains  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and 
N.  M. ;  also  in  northern  Mex. — “  Near  the  Rocky  Mountains.” 

43.  Eriogonum  tenellum  Torr.  In  arid  places  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Mex. 
— “  Southwest  Colorado.” 

44.  Eriogonum  cernuum  Nutt.  “  Bad-lands,”  hills  and  in  canons  from  Mont, 
and  Ida.  to  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Canon  City;  South  Park; 
along  the  McElmo  River;  Grand  Junction;  along  Platte  River,  near  Denver; 
Parlin,  Gunnison  Co.;  Valley  Spur;  Granite;  Buena  Vista;  Gunnison;  Min¬ 
nehaha;  Black  Canon  of  the  Gunnison;  Troublesome;  Upper  Arkansas  River; 
Bahia  Salada,  South  Park;  Sierra  Blanca;  Sargent’s. 

45.  Eriogonum  trinervatum  Small.  Arid  places  of  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt. 
4000-7000  ft. — Cimarron;  Grand  Junction. 

46.  Eriogonum  fusiforme  Small.  In  sandy  places  and  dry  hills  from  Colo, 
to  Utah  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Grand  Junction;  Palisade,  Mesa  Co.; 
dry  adobe  hills,  between  Delta  and  Hotchkiss. 

47.  Eriogonum  inflatum  Torr.  In  arid  places  from  Colo,  to  Ariz.  and  Cal. 
— Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — On  the  Upper  Colorado;  Grand  Junction. 

48.  Eriogonum  glandulosum  Nutt.  ( E .  Uexum  Jones.)  Arid  places  of  Colo. 
— Alt.  about  6000  ft. — McElmo  Canon;  Grand  Junction. 

49.  Eriogonum  divaricatum  Hook.  Dry  hills  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Ariz. 
— San  Juan  and  Mancos  Valleys  (Brandegec) . 

50.  Eriogonum  salsuginosus  Hook.  In  dry  alkaline  soil  from  Wyo.  to  Utah 
and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Near  the  Mancos  River;  Grand  Junction; 
McElmo  Canon;  San  Juan  Valley. 

2.  RUMEX  L.  Sorrel,  Dock. 

Flowers  dioecious  ;  foliage  acid. 

Leaves  with  auricled  or  hastate  bases.  1.  R.  Acetosella. 

Leaves  narrowed  at  the  base,  neither  auricled  nor  hastate. 

2.  R.  pancillorus. 

Flowers  perfect,  or  andro-polygamous ;  foliage  not  acid. 

Inner  perianth-lobes  entire,  undulate  or  denticulate. 

Inner  perianth-lobes  without  tubercles. 


108 


POLYGONACEAE. 


Inner  perianth-lobes  in  fruit  over  2  cm.  broad,  plants  with  deep-seated 
woody  rootstock.  3.  R.  venosus. 

Inner  perianth-lobes  in  fruit  less  than  1.5  cm.  in  diameter. 

Plants  with  clusters  of  tuberous  roots;  inner  perianth-lobes  in  fruit  1-1.5 
cm.  broad. 

Achene  about  7  mm.  long ;  inner  perianth-lobes  in  fruit  broader  than 

long ;  plant  low.  4.  R.  salinus. 

Achenes  about  5  mm.  long ;  inner  perianth-lobes  in  fruit  longer  than 
broad.  5.  R.  hymenosepalus. 

Plants  with  taproots  or  thickened  rootstocks ;  inner  perianth-lobes  in  fruit 
5-10  mm.  wide. 

Plants  low,  less  than  3  dm.  high,  with  short  tuber-like  rootstock  ;  fruit 
maturing  before  the  inner  perianth-lobes  become  enlarged. 

6.  R.  praecox. 

Plant  tall,  not  with  a  tuber-like  rootstock ;  inner  perianth-lobes  well 
enlarged  in  fruit. 

Inner  perianth-lobes  in  fruit  with  rounded  apex,  not  conspicuously 
punctate.  7.  R.  occidentalis. 

Inner  perianth-lobes  abruptly  pointed,  conspicuously  punctate. 

Fruiting  inner  perianth-lobes  broader  than  long,  sinuate  on  the 
margin.  8.  R.  densidorus. 

Fruiting  inner  perianth-lobes  longer  than  broad,  sharply  dentate. 

9.  R.  subalpinus. 

Inner  perianth-lobes  or  at  least  one  of  them  bearing  a  tubercle  in  fruit. 

Only  one  tubercled. 

Leaves  dark  green,  more  or  less  crisp ;  fruiting  inner  perianth-lobes  8-9 
mm.  broad,  reniform.  10.  R.  Patientia. 

Leaves  pale  green,  not  crisp ;  fruiting  inner  perianth-lobes  5-6  mm. 
broad,  deltoid  ovate.  n.  R.  altissimus. 

All  three  petals  bearing  tubercles. 

Leaves  wavy-margined,  dark  green,  not  glaucescent. 

12.  R.  crisp  us. 

Leaves  flat,  light  green  and  glaucescent.  13.  R.  salicifolius. 

Inner  perianth-lobes  in  fruit  spinulose  on  the  margin. 

Tall  plants;  lower  leaf-blades  cordate  at  the  base;  one  tubercle. 

14.  R.  obtusifolius. 

Low  plants ;  lower  leaf-blades  narrowed  at  the  base ;  3  tubercles. 

15.  R.  persicarioides. 

1.  Rumex  Asetosella  L.  In  waste  places,  old  fields,  roadsides,  etc.,  from 
Lab.  and  Alaska  to  Fla.  and  Calif. ;  introduced  from  Europe. — Alt.  about  5000 
ft. — Boulder. 

2.  Rumex  pauciflorus  Nutt.  ( R .  Geyeri  (Meisn.)  Trelease.)  In  meadows 
from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Continental  Divide,  Larimer  Co.; 
Steamboat  Springs ;  Rabbit-Ears. 

3.  Rumex  venosus  Pursh.  In  sandy  soil  from  Ass.  and  Wash,  to  Kans.  and 
Nev. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Cucharas  River,  below  La  Veta;  Fort  Collins; 
Pleasant  Valley;  upper  part  of  Platte;  Miller’s  ranch;  Bingham  Hill;  Pueblo; 
Wray;  Colorado  Springs. 

4.  Rumex  salinus  A.  Nels.  In  sandy  soil  in  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Palisades. 

5.  Rumex  hymenosepalus  Torr.  In  sandy  soil  from  Ind.  Terr,  and  Utah 
to  Tex.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Grayback  mining  camps;  Grand  Junc¬ 
tion. 

6.  Rumex  praecox  Rydb.  Along  brooks  in  the  higher  mountains  of  Wyo. 
and  Colo. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Grayback  mining  camps;  Bob  Creek,  west 
La  Plata  Mountains. 


POLYGONACEAE. 


109 


7.  Rumex  occidentals  S.  Wats.  In  wet  ground  from  Alb.  and  B.  C.  to 
N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — West  Cliff;  Hot  Sulphur  Springs; 
Steamboat  Springs;  Veta  Pass;  Mountain  View,  Pike’s  Peak;  Gunnison; 
Idaho  Springs;  Pine  Creek;  Twin  Lakes;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co.;  forks  of 
White  River. 

8.  Rumex  densiflorus  Osterh.  ( R .  Bakeri  Greene.)  In  wet  ground  in 
Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  10,000  ft. — Idaho  Springs;  North  Park;  Gunni¬ 
son;  Fort  Collins;  summit  of  North  Park  Range,  Routt  Co. 

9.  Rumex  subalpinus  M.  E.  Jones.  In  swampy  ground  in  the  mountains 
of  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  about  10,000  ft. — Keblar  Pass;  Pagosa  Peak;  Cam¬ 
eron  Pass;  North  Park;  Deadman  Canon. 

10.  Rumex  Patientia  L.  Cultivated  and  occasionally  escaped  from  Mass, 
and  N.  J.  to  Utah;  native  of  Europe. — Pass  Creek;  Little  Kate  Basin  (?). 

11.  Rumex  altissimus  Wood.  In  valleys  and  wet  places  from  Mass,  and 
Wash,  to  Va.  and  Colo. — Mouth  of  Deer  Creek. 

12.  Rumex  crispus  L.  In  waste  places  from  Newf.  and  Mont,  to  Fla.  and 
Calif.;  introduced  from  Europe. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Fort  Collins. 

13.  Rumex  salicifolius  Weim.  Along  rivers  and  lakes  from  Ont.  and  Alaska 
to  Tex.  and  Calif.;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Zola;  Sangre  de  Cristo 
Creek;  Calhan;  Fort  Collins;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  La  Plata; 
Boulder;  New  Windsor;  Robinson;  Alamosa;  Pitkin;  Empire;  Pueblo; 
Steamboat  Springs. 

14.  Rumex  obtusifolius  L.  In  waste  places  from  Vt.  and  Neb.  to  Ga.  and 
Colo. ;  introduced  from  Europe. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Fort  Collins. 

15.  Rumex  persicarioides  L.  ( R .  maritimus  L.)  In  or  near  water  from 
Que.  and  B.  C.  to  N.  C.  and  Calif. — Parlin ;  Gunnison ;  Canon  City ;  Higho ; 
New  Windsor;  Steamboat  Springs;  above  Bents’  Fort. 

3.  OXYRIA  Hill.  Mountain  Sorrel. 

1.  Oxyria  digyna  (L.)  Compt.  In  the  mountains  among  rocks  from  Greenl. 
and  Alaska  to  N.  H.,  Colo.,  Ariz.  and  Calif. ;  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. — Alt. 
9000-14,000  ft. — Cameron  Pass ;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek ;  Ouray ;  Bottom¬ 
less  Pit,  Pike’s  Peak;  Mt.  Harvard;  Red  Mountain,  south  of  Ouray;  Red- 
cliffe;  Ironton;  Clear  Lake;  Pagosa  Peak;  Mt.  Hesperus;  Chambers’  Lake; 
Berthoud  Pass;  Beaver  Creek;  Graymont;  Hahn’s  Peak. 

4.  POLYGONUM  L.  Knot-weed. 

Fruit  erect. 

Inflorescence  of  small  axillary  clusters,  scattered  more  or  less  throughout  the 
plant ;  all  with  elongated  stems  or  branches ;  perianth-lobes  never  keeled 
near  the  apex. 

Plants  copiously  leafy  throughout ;  upper  leaves  scarcely  reduced,  more 
crowded. 

Perianth-lobes  with  yellowish  green  margins ;  plant  erect  with  spreading 
branches  in  age,  leaves  broad,  yellowish  green.  1.  P.  erectum. 

Perianth-lobes  with  white,  pink  or  purplish  margins ;  plants  prostrate  or 
diffusely  spreading ;  leaves  from  bright  to  pale  bluish  green. 

Leaves  thick,  prominently  veined,  usually  pale ;  ocrea  very  conspicuous ; 

faces  of  the  achenes  granular.  2.  P.  buxiforme. 

Leaves  thin,  not  prominently  veined,  bright  green  ;  ocrea  not  conspicuous ; 
faces  of  the  achenes  finely  striate.  3-  P-  aviculare. 


110 


POLYGONACEAE. 


Plants  with  the  upper  leaves  more  scattered  and  reduced,  mostly  erect  perennials. 
Upper  bracts  not  subulate ;  achenes  dull. 

Lobes  of  the  perianth  with  yellowish  margins  ;  perianth  3-4  mm.  long ; 

achenes  about  3  mm.,  nearly  smooth.  4.  P.  ramosissimum. 

Lobes  of  the  perianth  with  whitish  or  pinkish  margins ;  perianth  2-3  mm. 
long;  achenes  2-2.5  mm.  long,  distinctly  granulate  or  striate. 

5.  P.  rubescens. 

Upper  bracts  subulate  ;  achenes  smooth  and  shiny.  6.  P.  sawatchense. 

Inflorescence  aggregated  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  ;  bracts  leaf-like  and  usu¬ 
ally  broader  than  the  narrowly  linear  leaves ;  plants  dwarf  annuals. 

None  of  the  perianth-lobes  keeled. 

Leaves  several,  gradually  merging  into  the  bracts ;  achenes  blunt-angled  and 
strongly  striate.  7.  P.  Watsonii. 

Leaf  usually  solitary  and  much  longer  than  the  bracts ;  achenes  sharp-angled 
and  obscurely  striate.  8.  P.  unifolium. 

Some  of  the  perianth-lobes  keeled  near  the  apex.  9.  P.  Kelloggii. 

Fruit  reflexed. 

Upper  bracts  much  reduced  and  subulate. 

Perianth  1.5-2  mm.  long;  leaves  narrowly  linear;  achenes  exerted. 

10.  P.  Engelmannii. 

Perianth  4-5  mm.  long ;  lower  leaves  oblanceolate  to  linear-oblanceolate ; 
achenes  included.  11.  P.  Douglasii. 

Upper  bracts  foliaceous,  relatively  broad,  lanceolate  or  oblong. 

Achenes  included.  12.  P.  montanum. 

Achenes  exserted.  13.  P.  commixtum. 

1.  Polygonum  erectum  L.  In  waste  places  from  Me.  and  Alb.  to  Ga.  and 
Ark.  and  Kans.  Also  reported  from  Colorado,  but  no  exact  locality  given. 

2.  Polygonum  buxiforme  Small.  (P.  litorale  Small,  in  part)  In  sandy 
and  alkaline  soil  from  Ont.  and  Wash,  to  Va.,  Tex.  and  Nev. — Alt.  4000-10,000 
ft. — Georgetown ;  Silver  Plume ;  along  Platte  River,  Denver ;  Montrose ;  Fort 
Collins;  Colorado  Springs. 

3.  Polygonum  aviculare  L.  In  waste  grounds  from  Newf.  and  Sask.  to 
Va.  and  Calif.;  introduced  from  Europe. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Fort  Collins; 
Gunnison. 

4.  Polygonum  ramosissimum  Michx.  In  river  valleys  and  low  ground  from 
Minn,  and  Wash,  to  Ills.,  N.  M.  and  Nev. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Cheyenne 
Mountain;  Fort  Collins;  Upper  La  Plata  Canon. 

5.  Polygonum  rubescens  Small.  In  sandy  soil  from  Ida.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. 
— Alt.  4500-8000  ft. — Parlin,  Gunnison  Co. ;  Larimer  Co. 

6.  Polygonum  sawatchense  Small.  On  hillsides  from  S.  D.  and  Wash,  to 
Colo.,  Ariz.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Saguache  Range;  Box  Canon, 
west  of  Ouray;  Calhan;  Veta  Pass;  Estes  Park. 

7.  Polygonum  Watsonii  Small.  ( Polygonum  imbricatum  S.  Wats.)  In  wet 
places  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — 
South  Park;  Leroux  Park;  Upper  West  Mancos  Canon;  Chambers’  Lake. 

8.  Polygonum  unifolium  Small.  In  wet  places  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Ten¬ 
nessee  Pass. 

9.  Polygonum  Kelloggii  Greene.  In  wet  soil  from  Wash,  and  Mont,  to 
Calif. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Steamboat  Springs;  Bard  Creek  Valley,  near 
Empire. 

10.  Polygonum  Engelmannii  Greene.  (P.  tenue  microspernium  Engelm.) 
On  hillsides  and  mountains  from  Mont,  and  B.  C.  to  Colo. — Alt.  5000-10,000 


POLYGONACEAE. 


Ill 


ft. — Georgetown;  Golden;  Bergen  Park;  Idaho  Springs;  Boulder;  Manitou; 
Dale  Creek;  Lower  Boulder  Canon. 

11.  Polygonum  Douglasii  Greene.  ( P .  tenue  Coulter;  not  Michx.)  On 
hillsides  and  in  sandy  soil  from  Vt.  and  B.  C.  to  N.  Y.,  N.  M.  and  Calif. — 
Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Larimer  Co. ;  Brantly  Canon,  Las  Animas  Co. ;  Pagosa 
Springs;  Wahatoya  Creek;  canons  west  of  Ouray  (broad-leaved  form); 
Sheepshorn  Divide,  Middle  Park;  Pagosa  Peak  (broad-leaved)  ;  Eagle  River; 
Boulder;  Soldier  Canon;  Big  Creek  Gulch;  Walton  Creek;  Arthur’s  Rock; 
Bosworth  ranch;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Chambers’  Lake;  Boulder;  Golden; 
Idaho  Springs. 

A  form  more  branched  at  the  base  is  Polygonum  Douglasii  consimile 
(Greene)  Small.  ( P .  consimile  Greene) — Lower  Bouder  Canon. 

12.  Polygonum  montanum  (Small)  Greene.  ( P .  tenue  latifolium  Engelm.) 
In  the  mountains  from  Alb.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Mar¬ 
shall  Pass;  Red  Mountain;  Ironton  Park;  North  Park;  Mt.  Harvard;  Silver 
Plume;  White  River  Plateau. 

13.  Polygonum  commixtum  Greene.  In  the  mountains  from  Colo,  to  Mont. 
— Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Silver  Plume;  Grizzly  Creek;  Cameron  Pass;  Mt. 
Robinson;  summit  of  mountains  west  of  North  Park. 

5.  PERSICARIA  Adans.  Smart- weed,  Lady’s  Thumb. 

Racemes  terminal  only  and  usually  solitary ;  plants  aquatic. 

Ocrea  without  a  spreading  foliaceous  top. 

Plant  usually  floating ;  leaf-blades  of  an  oblong  type,  glabrous,  acute  or 
obtuse.  1.  P.  coccinea. 

Plant  usually  diffuse  and  emersed ;  leaf-blades  of  a  lanceolate  type,  pubescent, 
acuminate.  2.  P.  Muhlenbergii. 

Ocrea  with  a  spreading  foliaceous  top  ;  leaf-blades  narrowly  oblong  or  lanceolate 
(broader  in  floating  forms),  pubescent.  3.  P.  Hartwrightii. 

Racemes  axillary  as  well  as  terminal,  numerous. 

Ocrea  without  marginal  bristles. 

Racemes  erect ;  glands  on  the  branches  and  inflorescence  numerous,  stalked. 

4.  P.  omissa. 

Racemes  drooping ;  glands  on  the  branches  and  inflorescence  sessile. 

Styles  united  only  at  the  base.  5.  P.  incarnata. 

Styles  united  to  about  the  middle. 

Leaves  deep  green  on  both  sides.  6.  P.  lapathifolia. 

Leaves  pale  beneath.  7.  P.  incana. 

Ocrea  bristle-fringed. 

Racemes  oblong  or  cylindric,  densely  flowered,  about  1  cm.  thick  in  fruit ; 

perianth  not  punctate,  usually  pink  to  red-purple.  8.  P.  Persicaria. 
Racemes  slender,  loosely  flowered,  about  5  mm.  thick  in  fruit ;  perianth  white 
or  pale-green,  copiously  punctate. 

Racemes  erect ;  achenes  smooth  and  shining.  9.  P.  punctata. 

Racemes  nodding,  at  least  in  fruit ;  achenes  granular  and  dull. 

10.  P.  Hydropiper. 

1.  Persicaria  coccinea  (Muhl.)  Greene.  ( Polygonum  amphibium  Hook.; 
not  L. ;  P.  coccineum  Muhl.)  In  water  or  rarely  in  mud  from  Me.  and 
Alaska  to  N.  J.  and  Calif. — Alt.  up  to  9000  ft. — West  Cliff,  Pike’s  Peak; 
McCoy;  Ouray;  Veta  Mountain;  Hamor’s  Lake;  Gunnison. 

2.  Persicaria  Muhlenbergii  (S.  Wats.)  Small.  ( Polygonum  Muhlenbergii 
S.  Wats.)  In  swamps,  mud  and  shallow  water  from  Me.  and  B.  C.  to  Va. 


112 


POLYGONACEAE. 


and  Calif. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  up  to  6000  ft. — Uncompahgre  Mountains,  near 
Los  Pinos;  Fort  Collins;  Alamosa. 

3.  Persicaria  Hartwrightii  (A.  Gray)  Small.  ( Polygonum  Hartwrightii 
A.  Gray.)  In  wet  places  and  shallow  water  from  Me.  and  Wash,  to  Pa. 
and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Canon  City;  Denver. 

4.  Persicaria  omissa  (Greene)  Small.  (Polygonum  Pennsylvanicum  Coult. ; 
not  L. ;  P.  omissum  Greene.)  In  wet  ground  and  dried  up  ponds  in  Kans. 
and  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  5000  ft. — Loveland,  Larimer  Co. 

5.  Persicaria  incarnata  (Ell.)  Small.  ( Polygonum  incarnatum  Ell.)  In 
wet  soil  from  Vt.  and  Ida.  to  Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  up  to  5000  ft. — Fort  Col¬ 
lins;  New  Windsor. 

6.  Persicaria  lapathifolia  (L.)  S.  F.  Gray.  ( Polygonum  lapathifolium  L.) 
In  wet  soil  from  Que.  and  B.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Calif;  also  in  Mex.,  W.  Ind., 
Europe  and  Asia. — Alt.  up  to  5000  ft. — Fort  Collins. 

7.  Persicaria  incana  (Koch)  S.  F.  Gray.  (Polygonum  lapathifolium  in- 
canum  Koch.)  In  swamps  from  Newf.  and  B.  C.  to  N.  Y.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
up  to  6000  ft. — Alamosa. 

8.  Persicaria  Persicaria  (L.)  Small.  (Polygonum  Persicaria  L.)  In  waste 
places  and  rich  ground  from  Newf.  and  B.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Calif.;  also  in 
Mex.  and  Europe. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Boulder;  Livermore;  Fort  Collins. 

9.  Persicaria  punctata  (Ell.)  Small.  (Polygonum  punctatum  Ell.)  In 
swamps  and  wet  places  from  Me.  and  Wash,  to  Fla.  and  Calif.;  also  in  Mex., 
Cent.  Am.,  W.  Ind.  and  S.  Am. — Alt.  up  to  5000  ft. — Fort  Collins;  plains 
near  Boulder. 

10.  Persicaria  Hydropiper  (L.)  Opiz.  (Polygonum  Hydropiper  L.)  In  wet 
places  from  Newf.  and  B.  C.  to  Ga.  and  Calif.;  also  in  Mex.,  Cent.  Am.  and 
Europe. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Fort  Collins ;  Denver. 

6.  BISTORTA  Tourn.  Bistort. 

Racemes  not  viviparous  (not  bulblet  bearing),  oblong,  1-2  cm.  thick. 

Perianth  5-6  mm.  long ;  leaf-blades  lanceolate,  oblong  or  oblanceolate. 

1.  B.  bistortoides. 

Perianth  3-4  mm.  long ;  basal  leaf-blades  linear.  2.  B.  linearifolia. 

Racemes  viviparous  (bulblet  bearing  below),  linear,  5-8  mm.  thick. 

3.  B.  vivipara. 

1.  Bistorta  bistortoides  (Pursh)  Small.  (Polygonum  Bistorta  oblongi- 
folium  Meisn.)  In  wet  meadows  and  swamps  in  the  mountains  from  Mont, 
and  Wash,  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  7000-13,000  ft. — ‘‘Rocky  Mountains”; 
Lake  City ;  Halfway  House,  Pike’s  Peak ;  Cabin  Canon ;  Mt.  Harvard ;  Colum¬ 
bine  ;  South  Park ;  Mt.  Garfield ;  Pagosa  Peak ;  Grayback  mining  camps  and 
Placer  Gulch ;  Garden  of  the  Gods ;  Ruxton ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Graymont ; 
Chicken  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains;  Marshall  Pass;  Oak  Mesa; 
Beaver  Creek,  Larimer  Co. ;  Boreas ;  Gore  Pass. 

2.  Bistorta  linearifolia  (S.  Wats.)  Greene.  (Polygonum  Bistorta  lineari- 
folium  S.  Wats.)  In  alpine  swamps  and  along  streams  from  Mont,  to  Colo, 
and  Nev. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Alpine  ridges  east  of  Middle  Park;  “Rocky 
Mountains  ” ;  Pike’s  Peak. 

3.  Bistorta  vivipara  (L.)  S.  F.  Gray.  (P.  viviparum  L.)  In  alpine  or  sub- 


POLYGONACEAE. 


113 


arctic  swamps  from  Greenl.  and  Alaska  to  N.  H.  and  Colo. ;  also  Europe 
and  Asia. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Alpine  Tunnel;  Grand  Lake;  Robinson; 
Seven  Lakes;  Little  Kate  Basin,  La  Plata  Mountains;  West  Spanish  Peak; 
Cameron  Pass;  Indian  Creek  Pass;  White  River  Plateau;  Gray’s  Peak; 
North  Park;  Eldora  to  Baltimore;  Beaver  Creek;  Cameron  Pass;  Gore 
Pass;  Graymont. 


7.  TINIARIA  Reichenb.  False  Buckwheat. 

Outer  sepals  merely  keeled  at  maturity.  T.  Convolvulus. 

Outer  sepals  developing  conspicuous  wings.  T.  scandens. 

1.  Tiniaria  Convolvulus  (L.)  Webb.  &  Moq.  ( Polygonum  Convolvulus 
L.)  Among  bushes  from  N.  S.  and  B.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-9000 
ft. — Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray ;  Engelmann  Canon ;  Fort  Collins ;  Colorado 
Springs. 

2.  Tiniaria  scandens  (L.)  Small.  ( Polygonum  scandens  L.)  In  thickets 
from  N.  S.  to  Mont.,  Fla.,  La.  and  Colo. — Exact  locality  not  given. 

Order  24.  CHENOPODIALES. 

Fruit  a  utricle,  achene  or  anthocarp,  indehiscent,  circumscissile  or  bursting 
irregularly. 

Fruit  a  utricle. 

Stipules  wanting. 

Bracts  not  scarious.  45.  Chenopodiaceae. 

Bracts  scarious.  4 6.  Amaranthaceae. 

Stipules  present,  scarious.  47.  Corrigiolaceae. 

Fruit  an  anthocarp,  the  achene  surrounded  by  the  tube  of  the  corolla-like  calyx. 

48.  Allioniaceae. 

Fruit  a  capsule,  dehiscent  by  apical  or  longitudinal  valves. 

Ovary  several-celled ;  corolla  wanting.  49.  Tetragoniaceae. 

Ovary  i-celled ;  corolla  mostly  present. 

Sepals,  2;  or,  if  more  (in  Lewisia),  plant  scapose,  with  fleshy  basal  leaves 
and  the  flowers  solitary  on  a  jointed  scape.  50.  Portulacaceae. 

Sepals,  4-5  ;  plants  leafy-stemmed. 

Sepals  distinct;  petals  not  clawed;  ovary  sessile.  51.  Alsinaceae. 

Sepals  united ;  petals  clawed  ;  ovary  more  or  less  distinctly  stipitate. 

52.  Caryophyllaceae. 

Family  45.  CHENOPODIACEAE  Dumort.  Goosefoot  Family. 

Embryo  annular. 

Stems  and  branches  not  jointed;  leaves  not  scale-like. 

Flowers  perfect,  all  with  perianth,  not  inclosed  in  a  pair  of*  bracts. 

Fruit  inclosed  in  the  calyx. 

Calyx  in  fruit  not  transversely  winged. 

Sepals  3-5,  stamens  1-5. 

Fruiting  calyx  herbaceous.  1.  Chenopodium. 

Fruiting  calyx  fleshy,  red.  2.  Blitum. 

Sepals  1  ;  stamens  1.  4.  Monolepis. 

Calyx  in  fruit  transversely  winged. 

Flowers  paniculate ;  leaves  ample,  sinuate,  flat.  3.  Cycloloma. 

Flowers  spicate ;  leaves  linear,  terete.  9.  Kochia. 

Fruit  laterally  flattened,  exserted  from  the  marcescent  calyx. 

IO.  CORIO  SPERM  UM. 


8 


114 


CHENOPODIACEAE. 


Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious ;  the  pistillate  inclosed  in  two  accrescent 
bractlets. 

Pericarp  not  hairy. 

Bracts  compressed,  i.  e.,  with  one  side  towards  the  axis ;  leaves  more  or 
less  farinose ;  testa  mostly  coriaceous.  5.  Atriplex. 

Bracts  ob-compressed,  i.  e.,  with  one  edge  towards  the  axis ;  testa  mem¬ 
branous. 

Pericarp  hastate  with  crested  margins,  2-toothed  apex ;  more  or  less 
farinaceous  herbs  with  toothed  leaves.  6.  Suckleya. 

Pericarp  obovate  or  orbicular,  entire ;  undershrubs  with  entire  leaves. 

7.  Grayia. 

Pericarp  densely  hairy,  conical ;  low  and  tomentose  shrubs. 

8.  Eurotia. 

Stems  and  branches  fleshy,  jointed;  leaves  scale-like.  11.  Salicornia. 

Embryo  spirally  coiled. 

Shrubs  with  monoecious  bractless  flowers ;  staminate  flowers  in  spikes,  without 
perianth ;  pistillate  ones  solitary,  axillary ;  fruiting  calyx  transversely  winged. 

1 2.  Sarcobatus. 

Herbs  with  perfect  bracteolate  flowers. 

Fruiting  calyx  transversely  winged;  leaves  spiny.  14.  Salsola. 

Fruiting  calyx  not  winged;  leaves  fleshy,  not  spiny.  13.  Dondia. 

1.  CHENOPODIUM  L.  Goosefoot,  Lamb’s  Quarters,  Pig-weed. 

Leaves  more  or  less  mealy  or  glabrate,  never  glandular  or  sweet-scented,  sinuately 
lobed,  dentate  or  entire ;  embryo  forming  a  complete  ring. 

Stamens  5  ;  calyx  not  at  all  fleshy  in  fruit. 

Leaves  entire  or  sinuately  toothed,  but  not  with  large,  divaricate  teeth  ;  seeds 
1— 1.5  mm.  in  diameter. 

Calyx  lobes  carinate  ;  at  least  the  upper  panicles  exceeding  the  leaves. 
Pericarp  easily  separating  from  the  seeds. 

Leaves  linear  or  oblong,  entire  or  slightly  sinuately  toothed. 

Leaves  thin,  linear ;  inflorescence  not  very  dense ;  spikes  somewhat 
interrupted  below.  1.  C.  leptophyllum. 

Leaves  thick,  oblong ;  inflorescence  dense  and  crowded. 

Plant  densely  mealy,  yellowish. 

Plant  tall  with  nearly  erect  branches.  2.  C.  oblongifolium. 
Plant  low  with  spreading-ascending  branches. 

3.  C.  desiccatum. 

Plant  only  slightly  mealy,  dark  green.  4.  C.  Woldi. 

Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  triangular,  more  or  less  hastate  at  the  base. 
Plant  densely  mealy  ;  leaves  rather  thick. 

Plant  low  and  spreading.  5.  C.  incanmn. 

Plant  tall  and  erect.  6.  C.  albescens. 

Plant  sparingly  mealy;  leaves  very  thin.  7.  C.  Fremontii. 

Pericarp  firmly  attached  to  the  seed. 

Leaves  subentire  or  merely  hastately  toothed. 

Leaves  thick,  more  or  less  mealy ;  none  of  them  cuspidate. 

8.  C.  Watsonii. 

Leaves  thin,  glabrate,  all  or  the  upper  usually  cuspidate. 

9.  C.  Berlandieri. 

Leaves  more  or  less  sinuately  dentate ;  inflorescence  dense. 

10.  C.  album. 

Calyx  lobes  not  carinate ;  panicles  mostly  axillary,  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

11.  C.  glaucum. 

Leaves  with  large  divergent  acute  lobes  ;  seeds  about  2  mm.  in  diameter. 

12.  C.  hybridum. 

Stamens  1-2  ;  calyx  reddish  and  slightly  fleshy  in  fruit. 

Plant  usually  over  1  dm.  high,  erect ;  leaves  usually  more  or  less  toothed. 

13.  C.  rubrum. 


CHENOPODIACEAE. 


115 


Plant  less  than  i  dm.  high,  prostrate  ;  leaves  entire  or  merely  hastately  toothed. 

14.  C.  humile. 

Leaves  glandular,  sweet-scented,  pinnately  lobed ;  embryo  horseshoe-shaped. 

Lobes  of  the  leaves  rounded  or  broadly  oblong,  more  or  less  toothed. 

15.  C.  Botrys. 

Lobes  of  the  leaves  lanceolate,  entire.  16.  C.  cornutum. 

1.  Chenopodium  leptophyllum  Nutt.  On  prairies,  in  waste  places  and  fields 
from  Neb.  to  Mont.,  Mo.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Gunnison;  Buena 
Vista;  Deer  Run,  Gunnison  watershed;  entrance  to  Grand  Canon,  15  miles 
from  Grand  Junction. 

2.  Chenopodium  oblongifolium  (S.  Wats.)  Rydb.  (C.  leptophyllum  oblon- 
gifolium  S.  Wats.)  On  dry  prairies  and  plains  from  N.  D.  to  Wyo.,  Mo., 
Tex.  and  Ariz. — Atl.  4000-7000  ft. — Crow  Creek;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.; 
Fort  Collins;  Wray. 

3.  Chenopodium  desiccatum  Aven  Nelson.  Dry  waste  places  in  Colo. — Fort 
Collins. 

4.  Chenopodium  Wolfii  Rydb.  In  dry  places  in  the  mountains  of  Wyo.  and 
Colo. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Twin  Lakes;  Cheyenne  Mountain;  Crow  Creek; 
Grizzly  Creek ;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co. ;  Steamboat  Springs. 

5.  Chenopodium  incanum  (S.  Wats.)  Heller.  (C.  Fremontii  incanum  S. 
Wats.)  In  dry  grounds,  especially  in  prairie  dog  towns. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. 
— Crow  Creek;  Fort  Collins. 

6.  Chenopodium  albescens  Small.  In  dry  soil  from  Tex.  to  Colo. — 
Durango. 

7.  Chenopodium  Fremontii  S.  Wats.  Among  bushes  and  in  canons  from  S. 
D.  to  Mont.,  N.  M.  and  Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Vicinity  of 
Fort  Collins;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Minnehaha;  southeast  of  Ouray; 
Poudre  Canon. 

8.  Chenopodium  Watsonii  A.  Nelson.  (C.  olidum  S.  Wats.)  In  dry  places 
from  Colo,  to  Ariz. — Alt.  up  to  10,000  ft. — Valley  Spur. 

9.  Chenopodium  Berlandieri  Moq.  In  dry  soil  from  Mo.  to  Wyo.,  Fla.  and 
Tex. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Sheepshorn  Divide,  North  Park;  near  Pagosa  Peak; 
Huerfano  Valley. 

10.  Chenopodium  album  L.  In  fields  and  waste  places;  introduced  and 
naturalized  from  Europe;  from  Newf.  to  Alb.,  Fla.  and  Calif. — Gunnison; 
about  Fort  Collins. 

11.  Chenopodium  glaucum  L.  In  alkaline  soil  from  Alb.  to  Colo,  and  Utah; 
also  in  Europe. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Walsenburg;  Steamboat  Springs;  New 
Windsor;  Gunnison;  La  Veta;  above  Palisade. 

12.  Chenopodium  hybridum  L.  In  waste  places  and  around  dwellings  from 
Que.  to  B.  C.,  N.  Y.  and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Park  Range;  Steamboat 
Springs;  Mancos;  Hotchkiss,  Larimer  Co.;  Johnston  Canon;  Gunnison; 
Horsetooth  Gulch;  gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon;  Big  Creek  Gulch. 

13.  Chenopodium  rubrum  (L.)  Reichenb.  In  alkaline  flats  and  meadows 
from  N.  Y.  to  Alb.,  Mo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Hot  Springs  in  San 
Luis  Valley;  Mt.  Harvard;  Gunnison;  West  Cliff;  Delta;  north  of  Trap¬ 
per’s  Lake;  falls  of  the  Poudre. 

14.  Chenopodium  humile  Hook.  In  alkaline  meadows  from  Mont,  to  B.  C., 
Neb.  and  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  8000  ft. — Gunnison. 


116 


CHENOPODIACEAE. 


15.  Chenopodium  Botrys  L.  In  waste  places  from  N.  S.  to  B.  C.,  Ga.  and 
Calif.;  also  Mex. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Plains  and  foot-hills  near  Boulder; 
Ouray;  Idaho  Springs;  Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  Clear  Creek  Canon, 
above  Golden. 

16.  Chenopodium  cornutum  B.  &  H.  In  dry  places  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and 
Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Huerfano  Co.;  Buena  Vista;  Little 
Veta  Mountain. 

2.  BLITUM  L.  Strawberry  Blite. 

Leaves  more  or  less  dentate,  truncate  or  broadly  cuneate  at  the  base ;  inflorescence 
dense  and  leafy.  1.  B.  capitatum. 

Leaves  entire,  except  the  hastate  teeth  at  the  cuneate  base ;  inflorescence  slender 
and  naked  above.  2.  B.  hastatum. 

1.  Blitum  capitatum  L.  In  rocky  soil  from  N.  S.  to  Alaska,  N.  J.  and 
Calif. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward,  Boulder 
Co.;  Hamor’s  Lake,  above  Durango;  Georgetown;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek; 
North  Park;  Gunnison;  Veta  Pass;  La  Veta;  Minnehaha;  Ouray;  Brecken- 
ridge;  Anchor;  Poudre  Canon;  Elizabethtown;  Chambers’  Lake;  Buena 
Vista;  forks  of  Poudre  and  Big-tooth. 

2.  Blitum  hastatum  Rydb.  In  stony  ground  from  Wyo.  to  Utah  and  Colo. 
— Alt.  6000-9500  ft. — Big  Creek  Gulch,  Routt  Co.;  Trapper’s  Lake. 

3.  CYCLOLOMA  Moq. 

1.  Cycloloma  atriplicifolium  (Spreng.)  Coult.  (C.  platyphyllum  Moq.) 
In  sandy  soils  from  Ont.  to  Mont.,  Ark.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — La 
Salle;  Denver;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  near  Boulder;  Elk  Canon. 

4.  MONOLEPIS  Schrad. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  hastately  lobed,  flower  clusters  several  flowered  ;  pericarp  some¬ 
what  fleshy.  1.  M.  Nuttalliana. 

Leaves  spatulate,  entire ;  flower-clusters  1-3-flowered ;  pericarp  thin. 

2.  M.  pusilla. 

1.  Monolepis  Nuttalliana  (R.  &  S.)  Engelm.  ( M .  chenopodioides  Moq.) 
In  alkaline  soil  from  Minn,  to  Wash.,  Tex.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — 
Near  Bents’  Fort;  valley  near  Empire;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  headwaters 
of  Pass  Creek;  Arboles;  Durango;  vicinity  of  Fort  Collins;  Gunnison;  New 
Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Buena  Vista;  Montrose;  Platte  River  Valley;  Grand 
Junction;  Fort  Collins. 

2.  Monolepis  pusilla  Torr.  In  alkaline  soil  from  Wyo.  and  Colo,  to  Calif. — 
Grand  Junction. 

5.  ATRIPLEX  L.  Orache. 

Annuals. 

Bracts  united  only  at  the  base ;  radicle  inferior. 

Bracts  thin,  broadly  ovate,  mucronate.  17.  A.  hortensis. 

Bracts  thick,  deltoid  or  lanceolate,  acute. 

Stem  tall,  erect ;  leaves  broadly  ovate  or  triangular-hastate. 

1.  A.  carnosa. 

Stem  low,  2-4  dm.  high,  spreading  or  ascending;  leaf-blades  lanceolate, 
hastately  lobed.  2.  A.  subspicata. 


CHENOPODIACEAE. 


117 


Bracts  united  to  above  the  middle ;  radicle  superior. 

Bracts  usually  broadly  cuneate,  truncate  at  the  apex,  seldom  with  tubercles ; 

leaves  linear.  3.  A.  Wolfii. 

Bracts  rhombic-orbicular,  conspicuously  toothed  and  appendaged,  or  tubercled 
on  the  back ;  leaf-blades  rhombic,  cordate  or  ovate. 

Leaf-blades  large,  more  or  less  hastate,  truncate  or  cuneate  at  the  base. 
Leaf-blades  rhombic-deltoid,  minutely  scurfy,  acute. 

Leaves  subsessile  or  the  lower  short  petioled  with  winged  petioles,  very 
thin ;  plant  a  thumble-weed,  1-3  m.  in  diameter.  4.  A.  exp  ansa. 
Leaves  petioled,  firmer ;  plant  scarcely  a  thumble-weed. 

5.  A.  argentea. 

Leaf-blades  subcordate,  coarsely  scurfy,  obtuse;  6.  A.  cornuta. 

Leaf-blades  small,  1  cm.  or  less,  ovate-lanceolate,  rounded  at  the  base,  sub- 
sessile,  firm.  7.  A.  philonitra. 

Perennials. 

Bracts  not  winged  on  the  back. 

Bracts  with  entire  margins  or  merely  wavy,  without  appendages  on  the 
back  ;  leaf-blades  entire,  broadly  oval.  8.  A.  conferti folia. 

Bracts  either  with  a  distinctly  toothed  margin  or  appendaged  on  the  back, 
or  both. 

Bracts  broadest  above  the  middle. 

Bracts  3-toothed,  only  rarely  tubercled  on  the  back. 

9.  A.  eremicola. 

Bracts  entire,  strongly  tubercled  or  appendaged  on  the  back. 

10.  A.  corrugata. 

Bracts  broadest  below  the  middle,  strongly  tubercled  or  appendaged ; 
leaf-blades  oblanceolate  to  spatulate. 

Leaf-blades  oblanceolate  or  narrowly  spatulate,  subsessile  or  sliort- 
petioled. 

Low ;  leaves  usually  short-petioled ;  staminate  flowers  brown-puberu- 
lent,  in  panicles.  11.  A.  oblanceolata. 

Usually  tall ;  leaves  subsessile ;  staminate  flower  yellow  in  inter¬ 
rupted  spikes.  1 2.  A.  Nuttallii. 

Leaf-blades  broadly  spatulate,  distinctly  petioled ;  staminate  spikes 
brown,  interrupted.  13.  A.  cuneata. 

Bracts  broadly  4-winged  on  the  back. 

Wings  thick,  laciniate-toothed.  14.  A.  odontoptera. 

Wings  thin,  sinuately  dentate  or  subentire. 

Wings  when  fully  developed  4-6  mm.  wide,  distinctly  dentate ;  leaves 

broad,  linear-oblong  to  spatulate.  15.  A.  canescens. 

Wings  very  broad  and  thin,  fully  8  mm.  wide,  merely  sinuate ;  leaves 
linear.  16.  A.  occidentalis. 

1.  Atriplex  carnosa  A.  Nels.  (A.  patula  Jiastata  of  Coulter’s  Man.)  In 
alkaline  or  saline  meadows  from  Nebr.  to  Mont,  and  Kan. — Fort  Collins. 

2.  Atriplex  subspicata  (S.  Wats.)  Rydb.  (A.  patula  subspicata  S.  Wats.) 
In  alkaline  soil  from  N.  D.  to  Mont.,  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  up  to  9500  ft. — 
Pitkin;  Delta. 

3.  Atriplex  Wolfii  S.  Wats.  In  alkaline  soil,  in  Wyo.  and  Colo. — San  Luis 
Valley;  Saguache. 

4.  Atriplex  expansa  S.  Wats.  (A.  pabularis  A.  Nels.)  In  alkaline  soil 
from  Ind.  Terr,  to  Mont.,  Tex.  and  Calif. — About  Fort  Collins;  Delta. 

5.  Atriplex  argentea  Nutt.  In  alkaline  flats  and  dry  lakes  from  N.  D.  to 
B.  C.,  Kans.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Grand  Junction;  Mancos;  Pueblo; 
vicinity  of  Fort  Collins. 

6.  Atriplex  cornuta  M.  E.  Jones.  In  alkaline  soil  from  Colo,  to  Utah. — 
Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Colorado  Springs. 


118 


CHENOPODIACEAE. 


7.  Atriplex  philonitra  A.  Nels.  In  alkaline  soil,  in  the  plain  regions  of 
Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Mancos;  Grand  Junction;  plains  of  the 
San  Juan;  Hotchkiss;  between  Hotchkiss  and  Smith’s  Fork;  Delta  Co. 

.8.  Atriplex  confertifolia  S.  Wats.  On  mesas  and  alkaline  flats  from  Wyo. 
to  Nev.,  Colo.,  Ariz.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Pueblo ;  Mancos ;  Rifle, 
Garfield  Co.;  Denver;  Grand  Junction;  Deer  Run;  Delta;  Hotchkiss;  Pali¬ 
sades. 

9.  Atriplex  eremicola  Osterh.  On  saline  bottom-lands  and  dry  plains  in 
southern  Wyo.  and  northern  Colo. — North  Park;  Grand  Junction. 

10.  Atriplex  corrugata  Watson.  On  arid  plains  of  Colo. — Hotchkiss,  Delta 
Co. 

11.  Atriplex  oblanceolata  Rydb.  On  arid  plains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Delta; 
Hotchkiss;  Grand  Junction;  Fort  Collins. 

12.  Atriplex  Nuttallii  S.  Wats.  In  bad-lands  and  arid  valleys  from  Sask. 
to  Mont.,  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Arboles;  Canon  City;  Grand 
Junction;  about  Fort  Collins;  Hotchkiss;  Gypsum;  Fossil  Creek. 

13.  Atriplex  cuneata  A.  Nelson.  In  arid  places  of  Utah  and  Colo. — “  South¬ 
western  Colorado”;  Grand  Junction  (Nelson).  The  Mancos  specimens  cited 
by  Nelson  belong  to  A.  confertifolia. 

14.  Atriplex  odontoptera  Rydb.  On  dry  plain  of  Wyo.  and  N.  Colo. — Alt. 
about  5000  ft. — New  Windsor. 

15.  Atriplex  canescens  James.  On  dry  mesas  and  alkaline  valleys  from  S. 
D.  to  Wyo.,  Kans.,  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Wolcott;  Walsen- 
burg;  Fort  Collins;  Canon  City;  Huerfano  Valley;  Grand  Junction;  Pueblo; 
between  Bents’  Fort  and  Upper  Pueblo;  Olathie;  Gypsum;  Hotchkiss,  Delta 
Co. 

16.  Atriplex  occidentalis  Torr.  On  dry  mesas  from  Colo,  to  Utah,  Texas 
and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Boulder;  Huerfano  Valley;  Mancos;  Pueblo. 

17.  Atriplex  hortensis  L.  Escaped  from  cultivation  in  waste  places. — Alt. 
up  to  7000  ft. — Boulder;  Glenwood  Springs;  La  Veta;  vicinity  of  Fort  Col¬ 
lins. 


6.  SUCKLEYA  A.  Gray. 

1.  Suckleya  Suckleyana  (Torr.)  Rydb.  ( S .  petiolata  A.  Gray.)  River 
valleys  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  5000-6000  ft. — Six  miles  southeast  of 
Golden;  Cheyenne  Wells;  Denver. 


7.  GRAYIA  H.  &  A. 

1.  Grayia  Brandegei  A.  Gray.  In  desert  regions  of  Colo. — Hill’s  ranch, 
Elmo  Creek. 


8.  EUROTIA  Adans.  White  Sage,  Winter  Sage. 

1.  Eurotia  lanata  (Pursh)  Moq.  On  hillsides  and  sage  plains  from  S.  D. 
to  Wash.,  Kans.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Fort  Collins;  Salida;  New 
Windsor;  Gunnison;  La  Veta;  Trail  Glen;  Grand  River,  above  Kremmling; 
Boulder;  bluffs  north  of  La  Porte;  Barlow  ranch,  three  miles  from  Forks’ 
Hotel;  banks  of  Cache  la  Poudre;  Gypsum;  Fort  Collins. 


CHENOPODIACEAE. 


119 


9.  KOCHIA  Rath. 

Perennials ;  leaves  narrowly  linear,  fleshy. 

Branches  tomentulose,  soon  glabrate ;  leaves  somewhat  hairy  when  young ;  fruit 
nearly  smooth.  1.  K.  americana. 

Branches  and  leaves  densely  and  permanently  hairy  ;  fruit  very  pubescent. 

2.  K.  vestita. 

Annual ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  not  fleshy.  3.  K.  scoparia. 

1.  Kochia  americana  S.  Wats.  In  alkaline  meadows  and  marshes  from 
Wyo.  to  Cal.,  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  about  4600  ft. — Grand  Junction. 

2.  Kochia  vestita  S.  Wats.  In  alkaline  meadows  and  marshes  from  Wyo. 
to  Cal.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Grand  Junction;  McElmo  Canon. 

3.  Kochia  scoparia  Schrad.  Introduced  from  Europe  and  sparingly  grow¬ 
ing  in  waste  places  from  N.  Y.  and  Mich,  to  Pa.  and  Colo. — Alt.  about  5000 
ft. — Fort  Collins;  New  Windsor. 

10.  CORIOSPERMUM  L.  Bug-seed. 

Fruit  with  a  distinct  wing  at  least  mm.  wide. 

Spike  lax;  lower  bracts  much  narrower  than  the  fruit.  1.  C.  nitidum. 

Spike  dense ;  lower  bracts  rarely  narrower  than  the  fruit.  2.  C.  marginale. 
Fruit  merely  acute,  margined,  scarcely  winged. 

Plant  glabrous.  3.  C.  emarginatnm. 

Plant  more  or  less  villous.  4.  C.  villosum. 

1.  Coriospermum  nitidum  Kit.  (C.  hyssoppifolium  microcarpum  S.  Wats.) 
On  sand-hills  and  in  canons  from  Ills,  to  N.  D.,  Tex.  and  Colo.;  also  in 
Europe  and  Asia. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Huerfano  Valley;  Colorado  Springs; 
Canon  City. 

2.  Coriospermum  marginale  Rydb.  In  valleys  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
4000-7000  ft. — Denver;  Huerfano  Valley;  Rocky  Ford;  near  Boulder. 

3.  Coriospermum  emarginatum  Rydb.  In  valleys  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Colo¬ 
rado  (exact  locality  not  given). 

4.  Coriospermum  villosum  Rydb.  In  sandy  valleys  from  Alb.  to  Ore.,  Colo, 
and  Nev. — Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — Salida;  Gunnison;  Buena  Vista. 

11.  SALICORNIA  L.  Glass  -WORT. 

i.  Salicornia  herbacea  L.  (S.  rubra  A.  Nelson.)  In  salt  marshes  from 
Que.  to  B.  C.,  Ga.  and  Calif. — North  Park;  Larimer  Co. 

12.  SARCOBATUS  Nees.  Grease- wood. 

1.  Sarcobatus  vermiculatus  (Hook)  Torr.  In  dry  alkaline  or  saline  soil 
from  Neb.  to  Wash.,  Tex.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Salida;  Mancos; 
Grand  Junction;  Mancos  Canon;  Lake  John,  North  Park;  near  Montrose; 
Walsenburg;  Olathie ;  Black  Canon  of  the  Gunnison;  Gypsum;  Middle  Park. 

13.  DONDIA  Adans.  Sea  Blite. 


Sepals  more  or  less  fleshy,  but  none  of  them  carinate ;  leaves  narrowed  at  the  base. 
Plant  perennial,  stout.  1.  D.  Moquini. 

Plant  annual,  slender.  2.  D.  diffusa. 


120 


CHENOPODIACEAE. 


Sepals  very  fleshy,  one  or  two  decidedly  carinate ;  leaves  broadest  near  the  base. 

Plant  depressed,  spreading.  3.  D.  depressa. 

Plant  erect.  4.  D.  erecta. 

1.  Dondia  Moquini  (Torr.)  A.  Nels.  ( Chenopodium  Moquini  Torr. ; 
Swaeda  Torreyana  S.  Wats.)  In  salt  marshes  from  Wyo.  to  Nev.,  Colo,  and 
Lower  Calif. — Canon  City;  Hotchkiss. 

2.  Dondia  diffusa  (S.  Wats.)  Heller.  ( Swaeda  diffusa  S.  Wats.)  In  salt 
marshes  from  Nebr.  to  Nev.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Salida;  Grand 
Junction;  Mancos;  Canon  City;  Delta;  Pueblo. 

3.  Dondia  depressa  (Pursh)  Britton.  ( Salsola  depressa  Pursh;  Swaeda 
depressa  S.  Wats.)  In  salt  marshes  from  Sask.  to  Mont.,  Colo,  and  Nev. — 
Alt.  up  to  8000  ft. — Buena  Vista;  river  bottom  land,  Fort  Collins;  Delta. 

4.  Dondia  erecta  (S.  Wats.)  A.  Nels.  ( Swaeda  depressa  erecta  S.  Wats.) 
In  salt  marshes  from  N.  D.  to  Mont.,  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — 
Grand  Junction;  Lake  John,  North  Park;  Fort  Collins;  Pueblo;  along  Pou- 
dre  River. 

14.  SALSOLA  L.  Russian  Thistle,  Salt- wort. 

1.  Salsola  Tragus  L.  In  waste  places  and  old  fields;  introduced  from  Eu¬ 
rope  and  naturalized  from  Ont.  to  Wash.,  Mo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — 
Near  Boulder;  Pueblo;  Denver;  Huerfano  Valley;  Canon  City;  Walsenburg; 
La  Salle. 


Family  46.  AMARANTHACEAE  J.  St.  Hil.  Amaranth  Family. 

Anthers  2-celled ;  green  plants  with  alternate  leaves. 

Perianth  present  in  all  flowers.  1.  Amaranthus. 

Perianth  wanting  in  the  pistillate  flowers.  2.  Acnida. 

Anthers  i-celled ;  stellate  or  woolly  plants  with  mainly  opposite  leaves. 

Filaments  united  into  a  short  cup  at  the  base ;  calyx  neither  crested  nor  spiny ; 

plants  stellate,  diffuse.  3.  Cladotrix. 

Filaments  united  into  a  long  tube ;  calyx  crested  and  tubercled  or  spiny  at 
maturity ;  plants  woolly,  erect.  4.  Froelichia. 

1.  AMARANTHUS  L.  Amaranth,  Pigweed. 

Sepals  clawed ;  flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary  spikes. 

Bracts  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  flowers.  1.  A.  Torreyi. 

Bracts  subulate,  longer  than  the  flowers.  2.  A.  Palmeri. 

Sepals  not  clawed. 

Plants  tall,  simple  ;  flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary  spikes. 

Stamens  3  ;  sepals  1-2  mm.  long.  3.  A.  Powellii. 

Stamens  5  ;  sepals  2-3  mm.  long. 

Spikes  stout,  8-14  mm.  thick,  strict;  stem  usually  more  or  less  pubescent. 

4.  A.  retroflexus. 

Spikes  slender,  4-6  mm.  thick,  usually  drooping ;  stem  glabrous. 

5.  A.  hybridus. 

Plant  low,  much  branched ;  flowers  in  small  axillary  spikes,  shorter  than  the 
leaves. 

Sepals  4-5  ;  bracts  lanceolate-subulate,  a  little  longer  than  the  sepals  ;  plant 
prostrate.  6.  A.  blitoides. 

Sepals  3  ;  bracts  much  longer  than  the  sepals,  pungent ;  plant  erect,  glabrous. 

7.  A.  graecizens. 


AMARANTHACEAE. 


121 


1.  Amaranthus  Torreyi  (A.  Gray)  Benth.  ( Amblogyne  Torreyi  A.  Gray.) 
In  sandy  soil  from  Iowa  and  Wyo.  to  Mex.  and  L.  Cal. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — 
Fort  Collins ;  north  fork  of  Gunnison,  Delta  Co. 

2.  Amaranthus  Palmeri  S.  Wats.  In  sandy  soil  from  Kans.  and  Colo,  to 
Tex.  and  Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  about  6000  ft. — Clear  Creek  Canon,  above 
Golden. 

3.  Amaranthus  Powellii  S.  Wats.  In  sandy  valleys  from  Colo,  to  Texas 
and  Calif. — Alt.  up  to  9000  ft. — Southeast  of  Ouray;  Boulder;  Alamosa. 

4.  Amaranthus  retroflexus  L.  In  waste  places  from  Vt.  to  Ida.,  Fla.  and 
Mex. ;  naturalized  from  Europe. — Alt.  up  to  6000  ft. — Denver ;  Cheyenne 
Mountain;  Fort  Collins;  Durango. 

5.  Amaranthus  hybridus  L.  In  waste  places  from  R.  I.  to  Colo.,  Fla.  and 
Calif. ;  also  in  Mex. ;  naturalized  from  Europe. — Upper  Rio  Grande ;  exact 
locality  not  given. 

6.  Amaranthus  blitoides  S.  Wats.  In  dry  grounds,  roadsides  and  waste 
places  from  N.  Y.  to  Mont.,  La.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak 
trail;  Manitou;  Colorado  Springs;  Ouray;  Buena  Vista;  Durango;  vicinity 
of  Fort  Collins. 

7.  Amaranthus  graecizens  L.  (A.  albus  L.)  In  cultivated  grounds  and 
waste  places  from  R.  I.  to  Wash.,  Fla.  and  Ariz.;  introduced  from  tropical 
America. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Colorado  Springs;  Fort  Collins. 

2.  ACNIDA  L.  Water  Hemp. 

1.  Acnida  tamariscina  (Nutt.)  Wood.  In  alluvial  soil  from  Ill.  to  S.  D., 
La.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  up  to  5000  ft. — Fort  Collins. 

3.  CLADOTRIX  Nutt. 

1.  Cladotrix  lanuginosa  Nutt.  In  dry  soil  from  Kans.  to  Colo.,  Tex.,  Ariz. 
and  Mex. — Rocky  Ford. 

1.  FROELICHIA  Moench. 

Stout,  6-12  dm.  tall;  crest  of  fruiting  calyx  continuous,  dentate.  1.  F.  campestris. 
Slender,  2-5  dm.  high ;  crest  of  fruiting  calyx  interrupted.  2.  F.  gracilis. 

1.  Froelichia  campestris  Small.  (F.  Floridana  Coult. ;  in  part.)  In  sandy 
soil  from  Mo.  to  Colo,  and  Tex. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — New  Windsor,  Weld 
Co. 

2.  Froelichia  gracilis  Moq.  In  sandy  valleys  from  Neb.  to  Colo.,  Ark.  and 
Texas. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Boulder;  Colorado  Springs;  Denver;  along  Pou- 
dre;  Fort  Collins;  Manitou;  Ute  Pass. 

Family  47.  CORRIGIOLACEAE  Reichenb.  Whitlow-wort  Family. 

1.  PARONYCHIA  Adans.  Whitlow- worth. 

Flowers  solitary  ;  leaves  scarcely  exceeding  the  bracts ;  plants  densely  pulvinate. 
Leaves  elliptic,  thick,  not  spinulose-tipped.  1.  P.  pulvinata. 

Leaves  linear,  chartaceous,  spinulose-tipped. 

Leaves  arcuate,  spreading;  spinules  of  sepals  over  1  mm.  long. 

2.  P.  sessilfflora. 


122 


CORRIGIOLACEAE. 


Leaves  straight,  ascending;  spinules  of  sepals  less  than  i  mm. 

3.  P.  brevispina. 

Flowers  more  or  less  clustered ;  leaves  much  longer  than  the  bracts. 

Plant  low  and  diffuse,  less  than  1  dm.  high ;  calyx  fully  3  mm.  long. 

4.  P.  diffusa. 

Plant  taller,  1  dm.  or  more  high ;  stem  erect  or  ascending ;  calyx  2-2.5  mm. 
long. 

Branches  of  the  cymes  ascending;  calyx  about  2.5  mm.  long;  sepals  lanceolate, 
gradually  acuminate.  5.  P.  Jamesii. 

Branches  of  the  cymes  divarcate ;  calyx  about  2  mm.  long;  sepals  oblong, 
abruptly  acuminate.  6.  P.  Wardii. 

1.  Paronychia  pulvinata  A.  Gray.  On  exposed  mountain  tops  from  Wyo. 
to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  11,000-14,000  ft. — Cameron  Pass;  Mt.  Garfield; 
Gray’s  Peak;  Pike’s  Peak  trail;  Massif  de  l’Arapahoe;  Berthoud  Pass. 

2.  Paronychia  sessilifiora  Nutt.  On  dry  ridges  from  Sask.  to  Alb.,  Tex. 
and  Utah. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Upper  Larimer  River. 

3.  Paronychia  brevispina  (A.  Nels.)  Rydb.  (P.  sessilifiora  brevispina  A. 
Nels.)  On  dry  hills  in  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Waldon,  North  Park. 

4.  Paronychia  diffusa  A.  Nels.  On  dry  plains  and  mountains  from  S.  D. 
to  Wyo.,  Kans.  and  Colo. — Alt.  5000-13,000  ft. — Castle  Rock,  near  Golden; 
Gray’s  Peak;  Pike’s  Peak  trail;  Table  Rock. 

5.  Paronychia  Jamesii  T.  &  G.  On  dry  plains  and  mountains  from  Neb. 
to  Wyo.,  Tex.  and  N.  M. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Ruxton  Ridge; 
Pike’s  Peak ;  river  flats  east  of  Ft.  Collins ;  Horsetooth  Mountain ;  moun¬ 
tains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Boulder;  Larimer  Co.;  Morrison; 
Meadow  Park,  Lyons ;  Colorado  City ;  Spring  Canon ;  Ft.  Collins ;  Horse- 
tooth  Mountain. 

6.  Paronychia  Wardii  Rydb.  On  dry  plains  from  Neb.  to  Colo.,  Kans.  and 
Tex. — Alt.  up  to  7000  ft. — Colorado  City;  Cheyenne  Mountain. 

Family  48.  ALLIONIACEAE  Reichenb.  Four-o’clock  Family. 

Bracts  distinct.  1.  Abronia. 

Bracts  united. 

Fruit  neither  strongly  tubercled  nor  winged. 

Fruit  not  ribbed ;  involucre  herbaceous,  little  if  at  all  enlarging  in  fruit,  not 
becoming  membranous. 

Stamens  usually  5  ;  involucres  campanulate,  not  enlarged  in  fruit. 

2.  Quamoclidion. 

Stamens  3  ;  involucre  rotate,  somewhat  enlarged  in  fruit  in  the  manner  of 
the  next  genus,  but  not  membranous.  3.  Allioniella. 

Fruit  ribbed ;  involucre  rotate,  in  fruit  becoming  much  enlarged  and  mem¬ 
branous.  4.  Allionia. 

Fruit  with  two  rows  of  strong  tubercles  on  the  back  and  surrounded  by  two 
toothed  indexed  wings.  5.  Wedelia. 

1.  ABRONIA  Juss. 

Fruit  narrowly  winged  or  crested;  wings  or  crests  not  completely  encircling  the 
fruit. 

Fruit  biturbinate,  i.  e.,  tapering  at  both  ends,  irregularly  ridged  or  crested. 

1.  A.  fragrans. 

Fruit  turbinate  or  obpyramidal,  i.  e.,  almost  truncate  above,  distinctly  winged; 
the  wings  very  broad  above. 

Bracts  broadly  ovate  or  obovate,  acute  or  obtusish. 


ALLIONIACEAE. 


123 


Stem  puberulent.  2.  A.  elliptica. 

Stem  glabrous.  3.  A.  glabra. 

Bracts  oblong-lanceolate  or  lanceolate,  attenuate  or  cuspidate. 

4.  A.  Carletoni. 

Fruit  completely  surrounded  by  the  broad  netted-veined  membranous  wings. 

Flowers  3  cm.  or  more  long ;  limb  about  1  cm.  wide ;  peduncles  longer  than  the 
leaves.  5.  A.  cycloptera. 

Flowers  1.5-2  cm.  long;  limb  about  5  mm.  wide.  6.  A.  micrantha. 

1.  Abronia  fragrans  Nutt.  In  dry  sandy  soil  from  S.  D.  to  Ida.,  Kans.  and 
N.  M. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Crow  Creek;  Ft.  Col¬ 
lins;  Salida;  Cucharas  River,  below  La  Veta;  Walsenburg;  near  Pueblo; 
Table  Rock;  Fossil  Creek;  Colorado  Springs. 

2.  Abronia  elliptica  A.  Nels.  (A.  Bakeri  Greene.)  In  sandy  soil  in  Wyo. 
and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Deer  Run;  Grand  Junction;  Rifle,  Garfield  Co. 

3.  Abronia  glabra  Rydb.  In  dry  arid  soil  in  Colo,  and  Utah. — Grand 
Junction;  near  Ft.  Collins;  Hotchkiss. 

4.  Abronia  Carletoni  Coult.  &  Fisch.  Dry  plains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  5000 
ft. — Ft.  Collins. 

5.  Abronia  cycloptera  A.  Gray.  Plains  from  Wyo.  to  Tex.  and  Calif. — 
Exact  locality  not  given. 

6.  Abronia  micrantha  A.  Gray.  On  dry  mesas  and  in  sandy  soil  from  S.  D. 
to  Mont,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Near  Pike’s  Peak;  Crow  Creek; 
Canon  City;  Grand  Junction;  Trinidad;  valley  of  upper  Arkansas  River; 
Swallows,  between  Canon  City  and  Pueblo;  near  Badito;  near  Pueblo;  head¬ 
waters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Walsenburg;  Salida;  New  Windsor; 
Conejos  River,  north  of  Antonito. 

2.  QUAMOCLIDION  DC.  Four-o’clock. 

1.  Quamoclidion  multiflorum  Torr.  ( Mirabilis  multi-flora  A.  Gray.)  In 
valleys  from  Colo,  to  Utah,  Texas  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Florence; 
Pueblo;  Deer  Run;  Cucharas  Junction;  Canon  City;  Cucharas  Valley,  near 
La  Veta;  Grand  Junction;  Cimarron;  Pueblo;  Florence. 

3.  ALLIONIELLA  Rydb. 

1.  Allioniella  oxybaphoides  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Mirabilis  oxybaphoides  A. 
Gray)  In  valleys  from  Colo,  to  Utah  and  Tex. —  Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — Salida; 
Buena  Vista;  Trail  Glen. 

4.  ALLIONIA  Loeffl.  Umbrella- wort. 

Leaves  from  cordate  to  broadly  ovate-lanceolate ;  all  distinctly  petioled. 

1.  A.  nyctaginea. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  oblong  or  linear,  sessile  or  only  the  lower  short-petioled. 
Involucres  in  open  terminal  cymes. 

Stem  more  or  less  hirsute  as  well  as  viscid. 

Leaves  ovate  or  broadly  oblong,  as  well  as  the  stem  conspicuously  hirsute. 

2.  A.  hirsuta. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  almost  glabrous ;  stem  sparingly  hirsute  or  glabrous 
except  under  the  nodes.  3.  A.  pilosa. 

Stem  glabrous  below,  not  hirsute,  viscid-puberulent  above. 

Lower  leaves  ovate,  rounded  at  the  base.  4-  A.  sessilifolia. 

Lower  leaves  lanceolate  to  linear,  tapering  at  the  base. 


124 


ALLIONIACEAE. 


Leaves  erect  or  ascending;  lobes  of  the  involucre  rounded  or  broadly 
triangular-ovate. 

Plant  prostrate  or  diffuse ;  involucres  and  branches  of  the  inflorescence 
densely  viscid  hairy.  5.  A.  diffusa. 

Plants  more  simple,  erect  or  ascending ;  branches  of  the  inflorescence 
usually  merely  viscid-puberulent. 

Leaves  from  ovate  or  obovate  to  linear-lanceolate,  usually  over  5 
mm.  wide.  6.  A.  lanceolata. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  less  than  5  mm.  wide.  7.  A.  linearis. 

Leaves  divergent ;  lobes  of  the  involucre  elliptic  or  oval. 

8.  A.  divaricata. 

Involucres  on  solitary  axillary  peduncles,  rarely  also  in  small  dense  terminal 
clusters.  9.  A.  Bodinii. 

1.  Allionia  myctaginia  Michx.  ( Oxybaphus  myctaginius  Sweet)  In 
alluvial  soil  from  Ill.  to  Sask.,  Mo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Denver; 
Ft.  Collins ;  buttes  along  Poudre  River,  near  Ft.  Collins. 

2.  Allionia  hirsuta  Pursh.  On  plains  and  sandy  .valleys  from  Minn,  to  S. 
D.,  Nebr.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Cheyenne  Mountain;  Manitou ;  Colo¬ 
rado  Springs;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  North  Cheyenne  Canon; 
Colorado  Springs;  Englemann  Canon;  vicinity  of  Ft. .Collins. 

3.  Allionia  pilosa  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  In  dry  and  sandy  soil  from  Wis.  to  Sask., 
La.  and  Tex. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  La  Veta. 

4.  Allionia  sessilifolia  Osterhout.  Plains  of  Colo. — Livermore. 

5.  Allionia  diffusa  Heller.  In  sandy  soil  and  on  plains  from  N.  D.  to  Wyo., 
Kans.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Minnehaha;  Piedra;  Ft.  Collins;  Pueblo; 
Horsetooth  Gulch;  Table  Rock;  Hotchkiss;  above  Rustic;  Grand  Junction. 

6.  Allionia  lanceolata  Rydb.  On  plains  and  prairies  and  in  dry  sandy  soil 
from  Minn,  to  Wyo.,  Tenn.,  Tex.  and  Colo. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — Estes  Park, 
Larimer  Co.;  Canon  City;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  vicinity  of  Ft.  Collins. 

7.  Allionia  linearis  Pursh.  ( Oxybaphus  angustifolius  Sweet.)  On  dry 
plains  from  Minn,  to  Mont.,  La.  and  Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — 
Grand  Canon  of  Arkansas;  Platte  River,  Denver;  Grand  Junction;  southeast 
of  Ouray;  Parlin,  Gunnison,  Co. 

8.  Allionia  divaricata  Rydb.  In  sandy  valleys  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and 
Ariz. — Durango. 

9.  Allionia  Bodinii  (Holz.)  Morong.  ( Oxybaphus  Bodinii  Holz.)  On  dry 
mesas  from  Colo,  to  Utah  and  Tex. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Pueblo;  Ft.  Collins. 

5.  WEDELIA  Loeffl. 

1.  Wedelia  incarnata  L.  In  valleys  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz.;  also 
Mexico  and  Tropical  America. — Canon  City  ( Greene ). 


Family  49.  TETRAGONIACEAE  Reichenb.  Carpet-weed  Family. 

1.  SESSUVIUM  L.  Sea-purslane. 

1.  Sessuvium  sessile  Pers.  On  saline  plains  from  Kans.  to  Nev.,  Tex.  and 
Calif.;  also  Mex. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Alamosa. 


PORTULACACEAE. 


125 


Family  50.  PORTULACACEAE  Reichenb.  Purslane  Family. 

Ovary  superior. 

Sepals  2. 

Sepals  deciduous;  capsule  3-valved.  j.  Talinum. 

Sepals  persistent. 

Capsule  3-valved  from  the  apex. 

Plants  with  corms  or  fleshy  roots ;  stem-leaves  opposite.  2.  Claytonia. 
Plants  with  slender  rootstocks  or  annual  roots. 

Stem  with  a  single  sessile  pair  of  leaves,  with  an  erect  or  ascending 
rootstock  or  in  ours  annual  roots.  3.  Limia. 

Stem  decumbent  or  floating,  with  several  pairs  of  stem-leaves,  rooting 
at  the  nodes  and  producing  filiform  runners,  forming  bulblets  at 
the  apex.  4.  Crunocallis. 

Capsule  circumscissile  near  the  base. 

Plants  with  fleshy  roots  and  short  caudices  and  numerous  basal  leaves. 

5.  Oreobroma. 

Plants  with  globose  corms  and  2-3  cauline  leaves.  6.  Erocallis. 

Sepals  4-8.  7.  Lewisia. 

Ovary  partly  inferior ;  upper  portion  circumscissile,  falling  off  with  the  sepals. 

8.  PORTULACA. 


1.  TALINUM  Adans.  Fame-flower. 

Flowers  about  1  cm.  wide;  stamens  5.  1.  T.  parviflorum. 

Flowers  2-3  cm ;  stamens  many.  2.  T.  calycinum. 

1.  Talinum  parviflorum  Nutt.  ( T .  teretifolium  Porter  &  Coult. ;  not  L.) 
In  rocky  soil  from  Minn,  to  S.  D.,  Tex.  and  Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  4000- 
7000  ft. — Garden  of  the  Gods ;  Denver,  along  the  Platte  River ;  Ft.  Collins ; 
Mason’s  river-front  farm ;  Spring  Canon. 

2.  Talinum  calycinum  Engelm.  In  sandy  soil  from  Ark.  to  Colo.,  Tex.  to 
N.  M. — Exact  locality  not  given. 

2.  CLAYTONIA  L.  Spring  Beauty. 

Plant  with  rounded  corms ;  basal  leaves  few. 

Stem  leaves  linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate,  1 -ribbed  or  indistinctly  3-ribbed. 
Leaves  petioled;  corolla  white.  1.  C.  virginiana. 

Leaves  sessile ;  corolla  pink.  2.  C.  rosea. 

Stem  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  distinctly  3-ribbed.  3.  C.  lanceolata. 

Plants  with  a  short  caudex  and  a  fleshy  tap  root ;  basal  leaves  numerous. 

4.  C.  megarrhiza. 

\ 

1.  Claytonia  virginiana  L.  Around  springs  from  N.  S.  and  Mont,  to  Va., 
Tex.  and  Colo. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — Foot-hills,  Ft.  Collins;  Soldier  Canon; 
Larimer  Co. 

2.  Claytonia  rosea  Rydb.  In  rich  damp  soil  in  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  7000- 
8000  ft. — Graham’s  Peak;  hills  southeast  of  La  Veta. 

3.  Claytonia  lanceolata  Pursh.  (C.  Caroliniana  sessilifolia  Torr.)  In  wet 
rich  soil  from  Sask.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  up  to  9000  ft. — Howe’s 
Gulch;  gulch  west  of  Dixon  Canon;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Grand  Mesa. 

4.  Claytonia  megarrhiza  Parry.  Among  rock-slides,  on  the  higher  moun¬ 
tains,  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  8000-14,000  ft. — West  Spanish 
Peak;  Cameron  Pass;  Gray’s  Peak;  Central  City;  James’  Peak;  Pike’s  Peak; 
near  Pagosa  Peak;  Little  Kate  Basin,  La  Plata  Mountains;  Como;  Boreas; 


126 


PORTULACACEAE. 


Carson;  Mt.  Bartlett;  Robinson;  mountains  near  Empire;  Massif  de  l’Arapa- 
hoe;  Lake  City;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  mountains  northwest  of  Como; 
Boreas;  Devil’s  Causeway;  Berthoud  Pass;  Ethel  Peak. 

3.  LIMNIA  L.  Spanish  Lettuce. 

1.  Limnia  depressa  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Claytonia  parvidora  depressa  A. 
Gray)  On  river  banks  and  near  springs  from  S.  D.  to  Wash.,  Colo.,  Ariz. 
and  Calif. — Reported  from  Colorado,  but  doubtful. 

4.  CRUNOCALLIS  Rydb.  Water  Spring  Beauty. 

1.  Crunocallis  Chamissonis  (Esch.)  Rydb.  ( Claytonia  Chamissonis  Esch.) 
In  streams  from  Minn,  to  B.  C.,  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Rabbit- 
Ear  Pass;  Beaver  Creek;  Long  Gulch;  Ward,  Boulder  Co.;  Middle  Park; 
Green  Mountain  Falls;  North  Park;  Empire;.  Moon’s  ranch,  Larimer  Co.; 
Empire;  Walton  Creek,  North  Park;  Baxter’s  ranch;  Table  Rock;  Middle 
Park;  Arapahoe  Pass;  Beaver  Creek;  Long  Gulch. 

5.  OREOBROMA  Howell. 

Sepals  not  erose-denticulate.  1.  O.  nevadensis. 

Sepals  erose-denticulate.  2.  O.  Grayi. 

1.  Oreobroma  nevadensis  (S.  Wats.)  Howell.  ( Calandrinia  Nevadensis  S. 
Wats.)  On  dry  mountains  from  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Steamboat 
Springs. 

2.  Oreobroma  pygmaea  (A.  Gray)  Howell.  ( Calandrinia  pygmaea  A.  Gray) 
Dry  mountain  sides  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  up  to  12,000  ft. — 
Mountain  northeast  of  Boreas ;  Ragged  Mountain,  Gunnison  Co. ;  Leroux 
Parks ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Bob  Creek ;  Boreas ;  Leadville ;  Grayback  mining 
camp ;  Arapahoe  Peak. 

6.  EROCALLIS  Rydb. 

1.  Erocallis  triphylla  (S.  Wats.)  Rydb.  ( Claytonia  triphylla  S.  Wats.; 
Oreobroma  triphylla  Howell)  In  the  mountains  from  Wyo.  and  Wash,  to 
Colo,  and  Calif. — Cameron  Pass. 

7.  LEWISIA  Pursh.  Bitter  Root. 

1.  Lewisia  redeviva  Pursh.  On  stony  ridges  from  Mont,  to  Colo.,  Ariz. 
and  Calif. — Pinkham  Creek,  Larimer  Co. 

8.  PORTULACA  L.  Purslane,  Pussley. 

Stem  prostrate  ;  sepals  pointed  in  the  bud ;  seeds  obscurely  granulate. 

1  P.  oleracea. 

Stem  ascending ;  sepals  obtuse  in  the  bud ;  seeds  echinate-tuberculate. 

2.  P.  retusa. 

1.  Portulaca  oleracea  L.  In  waste  places  and  cultivated  soil  from  Maine  to 
Mont.,  Fla.  and  Mex. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Ft.  Collins. 

2.  Portulaca  retusa  Engelm.  In  sandy  soil  from  Ark.  to  Nev.,  Tex.  and 
N.  M. — Alt.  up  to  6000  ft. — Colorado  Springs. 


ALSINACEAE. 


127 


Family  5 1 .  ALSINACEAE  Wahl.  Chickweed  Family. 


Stipules  wanting. 

Petals  2-cleft  or  2-parted. 

Capsule  short  ovate  or  oblong;  styles  usually  3.  1.  Alsine. 

Capsule  long,  cylindric  and  often  curved  ;  styles  usually  5.  2.  Cerastium. 

Petals  entire  or  merely  notched. 

Styles  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alternate  with  them.  3.  Sagina. 

Styles  fewer  than  the  sepals  or  if  occasionally  of  the  same  number  opposite 
them. 

Seeds  with  a  basal  membranous  appendage  (strophiole)  at  the  hylum. 

4.  Moehringia. 

Seeds  not  strophiolate. 

Capsules  opening  by  twice  as  many  valves  as  the  styles.  5.  Aren  aria. 

Capsules  opening  by  as  many  valves  as  the  styles.  6.  Alsinopsis. 

Stipules  present.  7.  Tissa. 


1.  ALSINE  L.  Star  wort.  Chick-weed,  Stitch  wort. 


Lower  leaves  ovate,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  distinct  petiole. 

1.  A.  media. 

Leaves  all  sessile  or  subsessile. 

Plant  not  at  all  viscid. 

Upper  bracts  at  least  scarious. 

Petals  minute  or  none ;  branches  of  the  inflorescence  at  last  reflexed. 


2.  A.  baicalensis. 

Petals  equalling  or  exceeding  the  sepals ;  branches  of  the  inflorescence 
ascending. 

Leaves  broadest  about  the  middle,  narrowed  at  the  base. 

3.  A.  longi folia. 

Leaves  broadest  near  the  base. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  light  green ;  flowers  usually  many. 

4.  A.  longipes. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  bluish  green ;  flowers  few,  often  solitary. 


5.  A.  laeta. 

None  of  the  bracts  scarious. 

Leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  more  than  four  times  as  long  as  broad. 

Petals  equalling  or  exceeding  the  sepals. 

Plant  low,  less  than  1  dm.  high,  bluish  green.  5.  A.  laeta. 

Plant  tall,  light  green  ;  stem  over  1  dm.  long.  6.  A.  borealis. 

Petals  much  shorter  than  the  sepals  or  none.  7.  A.  crassifolia. 

Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  ovate  or  oval,  less  than  four  times  as  long  as  broad. 

Leaves  thin. 

Stem  glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  sepals  obtuse.  8. 

Stem  distinctly  pubescent ;  sepals  acutish.  9. 

Leaves  very  thick  and  fleshy.  10. 

Plant  more  or  less  viscid,  especially  the  upper  portion.  11. 


A.  obtusa. 

A.  calycantha. 

A.  polygonoides. 
A.  J amesiana. 


1.  Alsine  media  L.  ( Stellaria  media  Cyr.)  Introduced  around  dwellings. 
Native  of  Europe  and  Asia. — Ft.  Collins. 

2.  Alsine  baicalensis  Coville.  {Stellaria  umbellata  Turcz.)  Along  moun¬ 
tain  streams  from  Mont,  to  Ore.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  8000-14,000  ft. — 
Cameron  Pass;  Red  Mountain;  Seven  Lakes;  Buffalo  Pass;  Beaver  Creek; 
Ouray;  Ruby;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Grayback  mining  camps;  Silver  Plume; 
near  Pagosa  Peak;  Middle  Park;  Mt.  Hesperus;  Trapper’s  Lake;  Pike’s 
Peak;  Gray’s  Peak;  Ironton;  Argentine  Pass;  northeast  of  Boreas;  Eldora 
to  Baltimore;  summit  of  North  Park  Range,  Larimer  Co. 


128 


ALSINACEAE. 


3.  Alsine  longifolia  (Muhl.)  Britt.  ( Stellaria  longifolia  Muhl.)  In  wet 
meadows  from  Newf.  to  Alaska,  Md.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-11,000  ft. — Pike’s 
Peak;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Tennessee  Pass;  Mancos;  Larimer  Co.; 
Andrew’s  Shetland  ranch;  Idaho  Springs;  Higho;  Parlin;  Sheephorn  Divide; 
Gunnison;  Iola;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Graymont;  Conejos  River,  north 
of  Antonito ;  Baxter’s  ranch;  Table  Rock;  Steamboat  Springs. 

4.  Alsine  longipes  (Goldie)  Coville.  ( Stellaria  longipes  Goldie)  In  wet 
meadows  from  Lab.  to  B.  C.  and  Colo. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Leroux  Parks; 
Caribou. 

In  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  it  is  mostly  represented  by  var.  stricta 
(Richardson)  Rydb.  ( Stellaria  stricta  Richardson.)  It  differs  from  the  type 
in  having  acute  sepals.  Its  range  extends  farther  southwest  to  Calif. — Alt. 
8000-11,000  ft. — West  Indian  Creek;  Moon’s  ranch,  Larimer  Co.;  Marshall 
Pass;  Dark  Canon;  Tennessee  Pass;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

5.  Alsine  laeta  (Richards.)  Rydb.  In  wet  places  in  the  mountain  sides  from 
Lab.  to  B.  C.,  Que.  and  Nev. — Alt.  9000-12,000  ft. — Little  Veta  Mountain; 
West  Spanish  Peak;  Bob  and  Chicken  Creeks;  Beaver  Creek;  Devil’s 
Causeway. 

6.  Alsine  borealis  (Bigel.)  Britt.  In  wet  meadows  from  Lab.  to  Alaska, 
N.  J.  and  Calif. — Idaho  Springs;  Trapper’s  Lake. 

7.  Alsine  crassifolia  (Ehrh.)  Britton.  ( Stellaria  crassifolia  Ehrh.) 
Marshes  and  wet  places  from  Lab.  to  Alaska,  Que.  and  Colo. — Alt.  about 
10,000  ft. — Como. 

8.  Alsine  obtusa  (Engelm.)  Rose.  ( Stellaria  obtusa  Engelm.)  In  wet 
places  from  Mont,  to  B.  G,  Colo.,  Utah  and  Wash. — Alt.  up  to  10,000  ft. — 
Ruby;  Anthracite  Creek. 

9.  Alsine  calycantha  (Bong.)  Rydb.  ( Stellaria  calycantlia  Bong.)  In  bogs 
and  wet  meadows  from  Mont,  to  Alaska,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  9000-10,500 
ft. — Bogs,  Columbine;  Bob  Creek. 

10.  Alsine  polygonoides  Greene.  In  wet  places  in  Colo. — Alt.  about  11,500 
ft. — Little  Kate  Basin,  La  Plata  Mountains. 

11.  Alsine  Jamesiana  (Torr.)  Heller.  ( Stellaria  Jamesiana  Torr.)  In 
wet  woodlands  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Howe’s 
Gulch ;  Rist  Canon ;  Poverty  Ridge ;  near  Cimarron ;  mountains  west  of 
Steamboat  Springs;  Four-Mile  Hill,  Routt  Co.;  Mesa  Verde;  Cucharas  River, 
below  La  Veta;  Apex;  hills  south  of  Rifle,  Garfield  Co.;  Mancos;  Platte 
Canon ;  Rabbit-Ears,  Larimer  Co. 

2.  CERASTIUM  L.  Mouse-ear  Chick  weed,  Powder-horn. 

Annual ;  pods  2-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Pedicels  in  fruit  1-3  times  as  long  as  the  calyx,  straight  or  nearly  so. 

1.  C.  brachypodum. 

Pedicels  in  fruit  5  times  as  long  as  the  calyx  or  longer,  strongly  curved  above. 

2.  C.  longipedunculatum. 

Perennials ;  pods  1-2  times  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Leaves  oblong,  ovate  or  oval,  mostly  obtuse  or  acutish. 

Petals  1  cm.  long  or  more,  fully  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Sepals,  at  least  the  outer,  oval,  obtuse,  scarious-margined  at  the  tip  as  well 
as  on  the  sides.  3.  C.  pulchellum. 

Sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  scarious-margined  mostly  only  on  the  sides. 

4.  C.  Ear  lei. 


ALSINACEAE. 


129 


Petals  less  than  i  cm.  long. 

Sepals  tinged  with  purple ;  stem  depressed.  5.  C.  beeringianum. 

Sepals  light  green  ;  plant  not  depressed.  6.  C.  pilosum. 

Leaves,  except  the  uppermost,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute. 

Leaves  of  the  inflorescence  short,  broadly  ovate.  7.  C.  oreophilum. 

Leaves  all  linear  or  linear-lanceolate  or  linear-oblong. 

Stem  villous  with  reflexed  hairs.  8.  C.  campestre. 

Stem  finely  glandular  puberulent. 

Leaves  thin  and  soft,  all  linear  or  narrowly  linear-lanceolate ;  midrib  not 
prominent.  9.  C.  scopulorum. 

Leaves  thick  and  firm;  midrib  prominent.  10.  C.  occidentale. 

1.  Cerastium  brachypodium  (Engelm.)  Robbinson.  In  dry  sandy  soil  from 

S.  D.  to  Mont.,  Mo.,  Tex.  and  Ariz. ;  also  Mex. — Alt.  4000-7500  ft. — Moun¬ 
tains,  Larimer  Co. ;  Pennock’s  mountain  ranch ;  gulch  west  of  Pennock’s ; 
Ft.  Collins;  gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Howe’s  Gulch; 
Bijou  Basin. 

2.  Cerastium  longipedunculatum  Muhl.  (C.  nutans  Ra.)  In  wet  places 
from  N.  S.  to  B.  C.,  N.  C.,  Ariz.  and  Ore. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Veta  Pass; 
Iola;  Veta  Mountain. 

3.  Cerastium  pulchellum  Rydb.  On  alpine  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt.  13,000  ft. — 
Hayden  Peak. 

4.  Cerastium  Earlei  Rydb.  In  wet  places  among  rocks  in  the  mountains 
of  Colorado. — Alt  9000-12,000  ft. — Near  La  Plata  Post  Office;  Little  Kate 
Basin ;  Mt.  Robinson ;  Cumberland  Basin ;  Horsetooth  Gulch. 

5.  Cerastium  beeringianum  C.  &  S.  In  alpine-arctic  regions  among  rocks 
from  Alb.  to  Alaska,  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  9000-12,000  ft. — Gray’s  Peak;  Seven 
Lakes;  Upper  West  Mancos  Canon;  Mt.  Hesperus,  at  timber  line;  mountains 
of  Estes  Park;  Bottomless  Pit,  near  Pike’s  Peak;  West  Spanish  Peak;  head¬ 
waters  of  Clear  Creek;  southeast  of  Cameron  Pass. 

6.  Cerastium  pilosum  Greene.  In  alpine  places  among  rocks  in  Colo. — Alt. 
5000-12,000  ft. — Mountains  above  Ouray;  Horsetooth  Gulch. 

7.  Cerastium  oreophilum  Greene.  In  wet  places  among  the  mountains  from 
Colo,  to  Calif. — Alt.  5000-12,000  ft. — Seven  Lakes;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.; 
foot-hills  west  of  Ft.  Collins;  Pass  Creek;  mountain  near  Veta  Pass. 

8.  Cerastium  campestre  Greene.  On  hills  and  mountain-sides  from  Alb.  to 
Yukon,  Wash,  and  Colo. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — Mt.  Abram,  Ouray;  Pike’s  Peak; 
foot-hills  north  of  Ft.  Collins;  Berthoud  Pass;  Continental  Divide;  Muddy 
Pass;  North  Park;  Soldier  Canon;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Trapper’s  Lake;  Pen¬ 
nock’s;  Como;  Dixon  Canon;  Spring  Canon,  Howe’s  Gulch;  Coup  Divide. 

9.  Cerastium  scopulorum  Greene.  In  mountains  from  Colo,  to  Wyo.  and 
N.  M. — Alt.  9000-11,000  ft. — Near  La  Plata  Post  Office;  Little  Kate  Basin,  La 
Plata  Mountains;  vicinity  of  Como;  Robinson;  Veta  Pass;  Cameron  Pass; 
Dixon  Canon. 

10.  Cerastium  occidentale  Greene.  On  dry  hills  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and 
Utah. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Cripple  Creek  road;  Seven  Lakes;  Cameron  Pass; 
Veta  Mountain;  Clear  Creek  Station;  Empire;  Horsetooth  Mountain;  Horse¬ 
tooth  Gulch;  Bear  Creek  Canon;  Spicer,  Larimer  Co.;  Rabbit-Ear  Range, 
Routt  Co. 


9 


130 


ALSINACEAE. 


3.  SAGINA  L.  Peal- wort. 

Basal  leaves  linear-filiform;  petals  shorter  than  the  green  sepals.  1.  S.  saginoides. 
Basal  leaves  subulate ;  petals  longer  than  the  purple-tinged  sepals. 

2.  S.  nivalis. 

1.  Sagina  saginoides  (L.)  Britton.  (S.  Linnaei  Presl)  In  wet  places, 
among  rocks  and  on  brook-banks  from  Greenl.  to  Alaska,  Que.,  Colo,  and 
Utah. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Twin  Lakes;  Grayback  mining  camps;  La  Plata 
Post  Office;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Cameron  Pass;  Buffalo  Pass;  Em¬ 
pire  ;  Chambers’  Lake. 

2.  Sagina  nivalis  Fries.  In  arctic-alpine  localities  from  Lab.  to  Alaska  and 
Colo. — Alt.  about  14,000  ft. —  Gray’s  Peak. 

4.  MOEHRINGIA  L. 

Leaves  elliptic-oblong  or  oval,  usually  obtuse ;  sepals  obtuse  or  acutish ;  stem  terete. 

1.  M.  lateriflora. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  acute ;  sepals  very  acute  or  acuminate ;  stem  angled. 

2.  M.  macrophylla. 

1.  Moehringia  lateriflora  (L.)  Fenz.  {Arenaria  lateriflora  L.)  In  wet  places, 
especially  among  bushes,  from  Lab.  to  Alaska,  N.  J.  and  Utah. — Alt.  5000- 
10,000  ft. — Happy  Hollow,  Larimer  Co.;  headwaters  of  Pass  Creek;  Leroux 
Creek,  Delta  Co.;  Rifle,  Garfield  Co.;  Stove  Prairie;  Walton  Creek. 

2.  Moehringia  macrophylla  (Hook.)  Torr.  (A.  macrophylla  Hook.)  In  wet 
places,  among  bushes,  from  Lab.  to  B.  C.,  Vt.  and  Calif. — Alt.  10,000-12,000 
ft. — Red  Mountain;  Slide  Rock  Canon. 

5.  ARENARIA  L.  Sandwort. 

Leaves  neither  narrowly  linear  nor  pungent. 

Plant  low  and  spreading ;  stem  less  than  1  dm.  long ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  less  than  1  cm.  long.  1.  A.  polycaulos. 

Plant  taller;  stem  2-3  dm.  long;  leaves  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  over  1  cm.  long. 

2.  A.  confusa. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  more  or  less  rigid  and  pungent. 

Sepals  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate. 

Inflorescence  contracted  and  headlike.  3.  A.  congesta. 

Inflorescence  more  open. 

Flowers  mostly  subsessile  in  small  glomerules  at  the  ends  of  the  branches 
of  the  very  irregular  cymes.  4.  A.  Burkei. 

Flowers  all  pedicelled  in  open  regular  cymes ;  inflorescence  more  or  less 
glandular. 

Leaves  distinctly  pungent ;  plant  sparingly  glandular-puberulent. 

5.  A.  uintahensis. 

Leaves  more  fleshy,  hardly  pungent ;  inflorescence  and  calyx  densely  glan¬ 
dular-pubescent.  6.  A.  Tweedyi. 

Sepals  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate. 

Cymes  open,  not  densely  congested. 

Plant  more  or  less  glandular.  7.  A.  Fendleri. 

Plant  perfectly  glabrous.  8.  A.  Eastwoodiae. 

Cymes  densely  congested. 

Sepals  8-10  mm.  long;  stem  leaves  2-3  cm.  long.  9.  A.  pinetornm. 

Sepals  5 -7  mm.  long;  stem-leaves  0.5-1. 5  cm.  long.  10.  A.  Hookeri. 

1.  Arenaria  polycaulos  Rydb.  (A.  saxosa  Coulter;  not  A.  Gray)  On  dry 
hills  from  Colo,  to  Ariz. — Alt.  9000-10,000  ft. — La  Plata  Post  Office;  Dark 
Canon;  Breckenridge ;  Grayback  mining  camps;  Mt.  Harvard;  Silverton. 


ALSINACEAE. 


131 


2.  Arenaria  confusa  Rydb.  ( A .  saxosa  Robinson,  in  part)  In  sandy  soil 
from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  7500-12,000  ft. — Ouray;  Wahatoya  Creek; 
near  Pagosa  Peak;  La  Plata  Mountains;  Mancos. 

3.  Arenaria  congesta  Nutt.  On  dry  plains  from  Mont,  to  Wash.,  Colo,  and 
Calif. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Oak  mesa,  Delta  Co. ;  Little  Muddy  Creek,  Gun¬ 
nison  Co.;  Twin  Lakes;  North  Park;  along  the  Michigan;  Middle  Park; 
Ouray;  Cimarron. 

4.  Arenaria  Burkei  Howell.  (A.  subcongesta  (Wats.)  Rydb.)  On  plains  and 
hills  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Hills  about  Box 
Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  Willow  Creek,  Routt  Co. 

5.  Arenaria  uintahensis  A.  Nels.  Dry  plains  from  Mont,  and  Ida.  to  Colo, 
and  Calif. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Mesa  on  the  Gunnison  River;  Grand  Junction. 

6.  Arenaria  Tweedyi  Rydb.  On  dry  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  12,000 
ft. — La  Plata  Mountains. 

7.  Arenaria  Fendleri  A.  Gray.  On  dry  hills  and  mountains  from  Wyo.  to 
N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  7000-13,500  ft. — Mountains  between  Sunshine  and 
Ward;  Crystal  Park;  Stage  Coach  Mountain;  butte  5  miles  southwest  of 
La  Veta;  Callian;  Cascades,  near  Pike’s  Peak;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Cam¬ 
eron  Pass;  Crystal  Lake;  Colorado  Springs;  Caribou;  headwaters  of  Clear 
Creek;  Gray’s  Peak;  Dillon  Canon;  vicinity  of  Como;  Leroux  Creek;  Cam¬ 
eron  Pass ;  Moon’s  ranch ;  Wood’s  ranch ;  mountains  between  Steele’s  and 
Little  Beaver;  Graymont;  West  Cameron  Pass;  South  Park,  southeast  of 
Jefferson;  Monument;  Campton’s  Pass;  Ethel  Peak. 

Arenaria  Fendleri  Porteri  Rydb.  On  dry  mountain  ridges  of  Colo. — 
Alt.  7000-13,500  ft. — Mount  Ouray;  Pike’s  Peak;  Alpine  Tunnel;  mountains 
west  of  Como;  South  Park,  southeast  of  Jefferson;  Silver  Plume;  George¬ 
town;  Stephan’s  Mine;  divide  between  Colorado  Springs  and  Denver;  Estes 
Park,  Larimer  Co.;  Pike’s  Peak;  Little  Kate  Basin,  La  Plata  Mountains; 
West  Spanish  Peak;  La  Plata  Post  Office;  north  of  Cheyenne  Canon;  Em¬ 
pire;  Berthoud  Pass. 

Arenaria  Fendleri  diffusa  Porter  &  Coulter.  On  dry  mountains  of  Colo. — 
Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Mountains  between  Steele’s  and  Little  Beaver;  Como; 
Mt.  Harvard;  Green  Mountain  Falls;  Georgetown;  Cheyenne  Mountain; 
Middle  Park;  Boulder. 

8.  Arenaria  Eastwoodiae  Rydb.  ( A .  Fendleri  glabrescens  Wats.?)  On  dry 
hills  in  western  Colo. — Grand  Junction. 

9.  Arenaria  pinetorum  A.  Nels.  On  dry  hills  from  S.  D.  to  Ida.,  Neb.  and 
Colo. — Livermore,  Larimer  Co. ;  Cedar  Hills ;  Owl  Canon. 

10.  Arenaria  Hookeri  Nutt.  On  dry  hills  from  Mont,  to  Nebr.  and  Colo. — 
Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Larimer  Co. ;  Cedar  Hills. 

6.  ALSINOPSIS  Small.  Sandwort. 

Sepals  acute  or  acuminate. 

Petals  6-7  mm.  long,  much  exceeding  the  sepals.  1.  A.  macrantha. 

Petals  small,  scarcely  exceeding  the  sepals. 

Plant  densely  glandular.  2.  A.  propinqua. 

Plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  linear-subulate,  usually  over  1  cm.  long,  1 -nerved,  obtuse,  more  or 
less  triangular,  fleshy.  3.  A.  Rossii. 


132 


ALSINACEAE. 


Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  acutish,  flat,  less  than  1  cm.  long. 

4.  A.  quadrivalvis. 

Sepals  obtuse.  5.  A.  obtusiloba. 

1.  Alsinopsis  macrantha  Rydb.  In  sandy  soil  in  the  mountains  of  Colo. 
— Little  Kate  Basin,  La  Plata  Mountains. 

2.  Alsinopsis  propinqua  (Richards.)  Rydb.  ( Arenaria  propinqua  Richard¬ 
son;  A.  verna  hirta  Am.  auth. ;  A  verna  aequicaulis  A.  Nels.)  In  sandy  soil 
from  Hudson  Bay  and  Mackenzie  River,  to  B.  C.,  Colo,  to  Utah. — Alt.  8000- 
13,000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  Silverton;  Saddle  Cliffs;  Georgetown;  Little  Kate 
Basin,  La  Plata  Mountains;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  South  Park;  Boreas;  Beaver 
Creek ;  Chambers’  Lake ;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

3.  Alsinopsis  Rossii  (Richards.)  Rydb.  ( Arenaria  Rossii  Richards.)  In 
arctic-alpine  regions  from  the  arctic  coast  to  Colo,  and  Wash. — Alt.  11,000- 
13,500  ft. — Sierra  Blanca;  Bald  Mountain. 

4.  Alsinopsis  quadrivalvis  (R.  Br.)  Rydb.  ( Arenaria  quadrivalvis  R.  Br.) 
In  alpine-arctic  situations,  along  the  arctic  coast  of  North  America  and  on 
alpine  peaks  in  Colo. — “  Colorado.” 

5.  Alsinopsis  obtusiloba  Rydb.  ( Arenaria  obtusa  Torr. ;  not  All.;  A.  bfflora 
S.  Wats.,  in  part;  A.  Sajanensis  Robinson;  scarcely  Willd.)  On  exposed 
mountain  tops  from  Alb.  to  B.  C.,  N.  M.  and  Utah. — Alt.  10,000-13,500 
ft. — Mt.  Garfield;  Pike’s  Peak;  Beaver  Creek;  Ward,  Boulder  Co.;  Mount 
Ouray;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Mt.  Harvard;  Cameron  Pass;  Iron  Mountain;  West 
Spanish  Peak;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Gray’s  Peak;  Mt.  Princeton;  Seven 
Lakes ;  Caribou ;  Empire ;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek ;  Massif  de  l’Arapahoe ; 
mountains  near  Como ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Graymont ;  Beaver  Creek ;  Berthoud 
Pass ;  northwest  of  Como ;  Gray’s  Peak ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Graymont ;  Ethel 
Peak. 


7.  TISSA  Adans.  Sand  Spurry. 

1.  Tissa  sparsiflora  Greene.  Sandy  and  alkaline  soil  from  Wyo.  to  B.  C., 
Colo,  and  Ore. — New  Windsor. 


Family  52.  CARYOPHYLLACEAE  Reichenb.  Pink  Family. 


Calyx-ribs,  usually  10,  at  least  twice  as  many  as  the  teeth,  running  both  into  the 
teeth  and  the  sinuses. 

Styles  mostly  3;  capsule  usually  septate  at  the  base.  1.  Silene. 

Styles  5  ;  capsule  i-celled  to  the  base.  2.  Lychnis. 

Calyx  strongly  5-angled  and  5-ribbed.  3.  Vaccaria. 


1.  SILENE  L.  Catchfly,  Campion. 


Annuals. 

Glabrous  or  nearly  so  or  the  upper  nodes  glutinous. 

Stem-leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate  ;  bracts  narrowly  linear-lanceolate. 
Petals  exceeding  the  sepals  by  2-5  mm. ;  blade  obovate-cuneate,  2-cleft. 

1.  S'.  antirrhina. 

Petals  none  or  small,  not  exceeding  the  sepals  ;  blade  cuneate,  truncate  or 
emarginate  at  the  apex.  2.  S',  antirrhina  depauperata. 

Stem-leaves  oblanceolate  or  lanceolate  ;  bracts  lanceolate,  more  or  less  scarious- 
margined  below.  3.  S’.  antirrhina  vaccariifolia. 

Viscid-pubescent  or  hirsute  throughout.  4.  S',  noctidora. 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 


133 


Perennials. 

Calyx  not  much  inflated. 

Plant  caulescent,  rather  tall,  not  densely  matted. 

Inflorescence  thyroid-paniculate,  racemiform  or  spicate,  not  leafy ;  flowers 
over  i  cm.  long. 

Claws  and  auricles  of  the  petals  narrow ;  the  latter  laciniate ;  leaves  linear 
or  linear-lanceolate.  5.  5.  Scouleri. 

Claws  and  auricles  of  the  petals  broad ;  the  latter  ciliate ;  leaves  ob- 
lanceolate.  6.  S.  Hallii. 

Inflorescence  leafy ;  the  flowers  borne  in  the  axils  of  the  branches,  less  than 
1  cm.  long. 

Leaves  broadly  oblanceolate,  spreading ;  branches  of  the  inflorescence 
divaricate.  7.  S.  Menziesii. 

Leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  ascending;  branches  of  the  inflorescence 
usually  ascending  or  erect.  8.  6'.  stellarioides. 

Plant  subacaulescent,  densely  cespitose,  dwarf.  9.  S.  acaulis. 

Calyx  much  inflated  and  bladdery.  10.  S.  vulgaris. 

1.  Silene  antirrhina  L.  In  waste  places  from  Newf.  to  B.  C.,  Fla.  and 
Calif. — Alt.  5000-6500  ft. — Palmer  Lake;  northwest  of  Soldier  Canon. 

2.  Silene  antirrhina  depauperata  Rydb.  In  sandy  soil  from  Sask.  to  B.  C., 
Colo,  and  Ariz. — Exact  locality  not  given. 

3.  Silene  antirrhina  vaccariifolia  Rydb.  On  hillsides  from  Mont,  and  Ida. 
to  Colo. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — Larimer  Co. ;  Rist  Canon ;  near  Golden. 

4.  Silene  noctiflora  L.  In  waste  places  and  fields  from  N.  S.  to  Man.,  Fla. 
and  Utah.  Naturalized  from  Europe. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Ft.  Collins. 

5.  Silene  Scouleri  Hook.  In  the  mountain  valleys  and  hillsides  from  Ida. 
to  B.  C.,  Colo,  and  Ore. — Alt.  up  to  9000  ft. — Near  Pagosa  Peak. 

6.  Silene  Hallii  S.  Wats.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  6000- 
12,000  ft. — Jack’s  Cabin,  Gunnison  watershed;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.; 
Ruxton  Dell ;  Villa  Grove ;  Cheyenne  Canon ;  Mancos ;  Upper  La  Plata 
Canon;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Gray’s  Peak;  Bosworth’s  ranch;  Stove 
Prairie;  Mt.  Harvard. 

7.  Silene  Menziesii  Hook.  In  wet  soil,  especially  among  bushes,  from 
Mont,  to  B.  C.,  Neb.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  7000-10,500  ft. — Ouray;  Bob 
Creek;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Graymont;  Gore  Pass;  North  Park; 
Hotchkiss;  Dolores. 

8.  Silene  stellarioides  Nutt.  Among  bushes  from  Mont,  to  Wash,  and 
Colo. — Alt.  7000-9000  ft. — Gunnison ;  Leroux  Creek,  Delta  Co. ;  Middle  Park ; 
Mancos;  Los  Pinos;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek. 

9.  Silene  acaulis  L.  On  exposed  mountain  tops,  often  near  the  snow,  from 
Greenl.  to  Alaska,  N.  H.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  9000-13,000  ft. — Saddle,  Pike’s  Peak; 
West  Spanish  Peak;  Mt.  Hesperus  and  Little  Kate  Basin;  near  Pagosa  Peak; 
Mt.  Harvard ;  Boreas ;  Gray’s  Peak ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Marshall  Pass ;  Massif 
de  l’Arapahoe;  Crystal  Lake;  Beaver  Creek;  Leroux  Creek;  Ethel  Peak. 

10.  Silene  vulgaris  (Moench)  Garcke.  (S.  inflata  J.  E.  Smith.)  Intro¬ 
duced  from  Europe,  in  meadows  and  waste  places,  from  N.  B.  and  Ills,  to 
N.  J.  and  Colo. — Manitou. 

2.  LYCHNIS  L. 

Tall,  3  dm.  high  or  more,  several  to  many-flowered. 

Petals  included.  1.  L.  Drummondii. 

Petals  exserted.  2.  L.  striata. 

Low,  about  1  dm.  high ;  flowers  1-3.  3.  L.  montana. 


134 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 


1.  Lychnis  Drummondii  (Hook.)  S.  Wats.  On  dry  hills  and  plains  from 
Man.  to  B.  C.,  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek ; 
Middle  Park;  Ironton  Park,  9  miles  south  of  Ouray;  hills  about  Box  Canon, 
west  of  Ouray;  Marshall  Pass;  Georgetown;  Yampa;  mountains  between 
Sunshine  and  Ward;  Trapper’s  Lake;  South  Park;  Empire;  vicinity  of 
Como;  Leroux  Creek,  Delta  Co. 

2.  Lychnis  striata  Rydb.  On  hillsides  from  Wyo.  to  Utah  and  Colo. — Alt. 
8000-10,000  ft. — Cameron  Pass;  Silver  Plume. 

3.  Lychnis  montana  S.  Wats.  Mountains  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — “Colorado”; 
exact  locality  not  given. 

3.  VACCARIA  Medic.  Cow-herb. 

1.  Vaccaria  Vaccaria  (L.)  Britton.  (Saponaria  V accaria  L.)  In  waste 
places  from  Ont.  to  Alaska,  Fla.  and  Calif. — Naturalized  from  Europe. — Alt. 
5000-8000  ft. — Cucharas  Valley;  Wahatoya  Creek;  Pagosa  Springs;  Boulder; 
Ft.  Collins;  Pueblo. 


Order  25.  RANALES. 

Stamens  numerous ;  anther-sacs  opening  by  slits. 

Gynoecium  of  single  or  several  free  carpels. 

Submerged  water  plants  with  minute  axillary  sessile  monoecious  flowers ; 

anthers  with  horn-like  appendages.  53.  Ceratophyllaceae. 

Land  plants  or  rarely  water  plants  with  perfect  or  rarely  dioecious  flowers  ; 
anthers  not  with  horn-like  appendages.  54.  Ranunculaceae. 

Gynoecium  of  several  united  carpels ;  water  plants  with  floating,  reniform  or 
orbicular-cordate  leaf-blades.  55.  Nymphaeaceae. 

Stamens  definite  (in  ours  6)  ;  anther-sacs  opening  by  hinged  valves. 

56.  Berberidaceae. 

Family  53.  CERATOPHYLLACEAE.  A  Gray. 

1.  CERATOPHYLLUM  L. 

1.  Ceratophyllum  demersum  L.  In  water  from  Newf.  and  Ore.  to  Fla.  and 
Calif. — Platte  River. 


Family  54.  RANUNCULACEAE  Juss.  Crowfoot  Family. 

Carpels  with  several  ovules ;  fruit  a  follicle  or  a  berry. 

Flowers  regular. 

Petals  inconspicuous  or  none,  not  spurred. 

Fruit  follicles ;  leaves  simple  ;  flowers  solitary. 

Petals  wanting;  leaf-blades  entire  or  toothed.  1.  Caltha. 

Petals  present,  small,  linear,  clawed ;  leaf-blades  palmately  parted  and 
toothed.  2.  Trollius. 

Fruit  a  berry;  leaves  twice  or  thrice  ternately  compound;  flowers  racemose. 

3.  Actaea. 

Petals  conspicuous,  produced  into  a  spur  or  at  least  saccate  at  the  base ; 
leaves  ternately  compound.  4.  Aquilegia. 

Flowers  irregular. 

Posterior  sepal  spurred.  5.  Delphinium. 

Posterior  sepal  hooded,  helmet-shaped  or  boat-shaped.  6.  Aconitum. 


RANUNCULACEAE. 


135 


Carpels  i-ovuled  ;  fruit  an  achene. 

Petals  wanting ;  sepals  often  petal-like. 

Sepals  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  leaves  all  alternate,  or  only  those  subtending 
the  inflorescence  opposite. 

Flowers  subtended  by  opposite  or  verticillate  leaf-like  bracts. 

Styles  short,  not  elongated  in  fruit.  7.  Anemone. 

Styles  much  elongated  in  fruit,  plumose.  8.  Pulsatilla. 

Flowers  not  subtended  by  opposite  or  verticillate  bracts ;  leaves  all  alternate, 
ternately  compound.  17.  Thalictrum. 

Sepals  valvate  in  the  bud ;  leaves  all  opposite. 

Flowers  cymose-paniculate,  dioecious  or  polygamo-dioecious ;  stamens  and 
sepals  spreading.  9.  Clematis. 

Flowers  solitary,  perfect. 

Stamens  erect ;  sepals  thickish,  more  or  less  converging ;  staminodia 

wanting.  10.  Viorna. 

Stamens  spreading ;  sepals  thin,  spreading  from  the  base ;  staminodia  often 
present.  11.  Atragene. 

Petals  usually  present. 

Sepals  spurred ;  small  annuals  with  basal  linear  leaves ;  receptacle  in  fruit 

elongated-cylindrical.  12.  Myosurus. 

Sepals  not  spurred ;  plant  usually  bearing  cauline  as  well  as  basal  leaves ; 
receptacle  in  fruit  spherical,  conical  or  short-cylindric. 

Achenes  transversely  wrinkled;  petals  white.  13.  Batrachium. 

Achenes  not  transversely  wrinkled ;  petals  yellowish  at  least  without. 
Achenes  not  ribbed.  14.  Ranunculus. 

Achenes  longitudinally  ribbed. 

Achenes  compressed ;  leaves  simple,  crenate  or  lobed. 

15.  Halerpestes. 

Achenes  terete;  leaves  compound.  16.  Cyrtorhyncha. 

1.  CALTHA  L.  Marsh-marigold,  Meadow-gowan. 

1.  Caltha  leptosepala  Hook.  (C.  rotundifolia  (Huth)  Greene;  C.  chiono- 
phila  Greene.)  Along  brooks  and  below  the  snow  from  the  Canadian  Rockies 
to  Colo. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Cameron  Pass;  Graymont;  Beaver  Creek;  Al¬ 
pine  Tunnel;  Bear  Creek  Divide;  Marshall  Pass;  Pike’s  Peak;  Red  Moun¬ 
tain,  south  of  Ouray ;  Columbine ;  Grand  Mesa ;  Carson ;  Gore  Pass ;  Seven 
Lakes;  near  Ironton;  Chambers’  Lake;  Gray’s  Peak;  Front  Range,  Larimer 
Co.;  South  Cottonwood  Gulch,  Chaffee  Co.;  Mt.  Harvard;  Lake  City;  Em¬ 
pire;  Rabbit-Ear  Range,  Routt  Co. 

2.  TROLLIUS  L.  Globe-flower. 

1.  Trollius  albiflorus  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  (T.  laxus  albidorus  Gray)  In 
swamps  and  along  streams  from  Mont,  to  Wash.,  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  9000- 
12,000  ft. — Above  Beaver  Creek ;  Leroux  Park ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Slide  Rock 
Canon ;  Mt.  Hesperus,  above  timber  line ;  Pagosa  Peak ;  Grand  Mesa ;  Gray¬ 
mont  ;  Red  Mountain ;  Marshall  Pass ;  Crystal  Lake ;  headwaters  of  Clear 
Creek;  Massif  de  l’Arapahoe. 

3.  ACTAEA  L.  Bane-berry. 

Filaments  whitish ;  raceme  short ;  pedicels  in  fruit  1-3  cm.  long. 

Fruit  white,  ellipsoid,  9-12  mm.  long.  1.  A.  eburnea. 

Fruit  red,  spherical  or  nearly  so,  5-7  mm.  long.  2.  A.  arguta. 

Filaments  greenish  ;  raceme  elongated ;  pedicels  very  short,  even  in  fruit  less  than 

1  cm.  long;  fruit  red.  3.  A.  virididora. 


136 


RANUNCULACEAE. 


1.  Actaea  eburnea  Rydb.  In  rich  woods  and  canons  from  Newf.  to  Alb., 
Vt.  and  Utah. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Mancos;  Ouray;  Ragged  Mountain,  Gun¬ 
nison  Co. 

2.  Actaea  arguta  Nutt.  In  rich  woods  and  canons  from  Mont,  to  Alaska, 
Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Mountains  above  Ouray;  Wahatoya 
Canon;  Black  Canon;  Veta  Pass;  Artists’  Glen;  near  Pike’s  Peak. 

3.  Actaea  viridiflora  Greene.  In  canons  from  Colo,  to  Ariz. — Alt.  about 
8000  ft. — Four-Mile  Hill,  Routt  Co.;  hills  west  of  Ouray;  Trapper’s  Lake. 

4.  AQUILEGIA  L.  Columbine. 

Petals  merely  saccate,  not  spurred ;  terminal  leaflet  rhombic,  acute. 

1.  A.  Eastwoodiae. 

Petals  spurred ;  all  leaflets  obtuse. 

Lamina  of  the  petals  longer  than  the  strongly  curved  spur  ;  flowers  blue  ;  stem  low. 

2.  A.  saximontana. 

Lamina  of  the  petals  shorter  .than  the  slightly  curved  or  straight  spur. 

Spur  not  over  2  cm.  long  ;  flowers  nodding. 

Sepals  and  spur  red.  3.  A.  elegantula. 

Whole  flower  light  yellow.  4.  A.  micrantha. 

Spur  3-7  cm.  long;  flowers  in  anthesis  usually  erect. 

Basal  leaves  usually  twice  ternate ;  spur  3-4  cm.  long ;  sepals  blue  or  white. 

5.  A.  coerulea. 

Basal  leaves  usually  thrice  ternate ;  spurs  4-7  cm.  long ;  sepals  yellow. 

Spur  4-5  cm.  long ;  sepals  less  than  2  cm.  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute ; 

follicles  strongly  curved  outward.  6.  A.  thalictrifolia. 

Spur  5-7  cm.  long ;  sepals  2-3  cm.  long,  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate ;  follicles  almost  straight.  7.  A.  chrysantha. 

1.  Aquilegia  Eastwoodiae  Rydb.  (A.  ecalcarata  Eastw. ;  A.  micrantha 
Mancosana  Eastwood;  A.  Mancosana  Cockerell)  In  dark  canons,  Colo. — 
Johnston  Canon,  Mesa  Verde. 

2.  Aquilegia  saximontana  Rydb.  ( A .  brevistyla  A.  Gray;  not  Hook.) 
Among  rocks,  Colo. — Alt.  10,000-12,000  ft. — Cameron  Pass ;  Gray’s  Peak ; 
headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Bottomless  Pit;  Argentine  Pass. 

3.  Aquilegia  elegantula  Greene.  (A.  Canadensis  A.  Gray,  in  part)  On 
wooded  hillsides  in  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  7500-11,000  ft. — Rico;  Silverton; 
Marshall  Pass;  Slide  Rock  Canon;  Mancos;  about  Ouray;  Van  Boxle’s 
ranch,  above  Cimarron ;  Minturn,  Eagle  Co. ;  Glenwood  Springs ;  headwaters 
of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  mountain  near  Veta  Pass;  West  Indian  Creek; 
Lake  City. 

4.  Aquilegia  micrantha  Eastw.  In  canons  of  Colo,  and  Utah. — Johnston 
Canon. 

5.  Aquilegia  coerulea  James.  In  woods  and  on  mountain-sides  from  Mont, 
to  Utah  and  Colo. — Alt.  6500-12,000  ft. — Vicinity  of  Como  and  Como  Pass, 
above  timber  line;  west  of  Rist  Canon;  Beaver  Creek;  Pennock’s  mountain 
ranch;  Table  Rock;  timber  line  above  Graymont;  Baxter’s  ranch;  Cameron 
Pass;  Trapper’s  Lake;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Horsetooth  Mountain;  Poudre 
River;  Rist  Canon;  Bosworth’s;  above  Beaver  Creek;  forks  of  Poudre 
and  Big  South;  Empire;  Mt.  Hesperus,  above  timber  line;  West  Spanish 
Peak;  Bob  Creek;  below  Gray’s  Peak;  Middle  Park;  mountains  near  Veta 
Pass;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Marshall  Pass;  Mt. 
Ouray;  near  Teller,  North  Park;  Pike’s  Peak;  Columbine;  Dark  Canon; 


RANUNCULACEAE. 


137 


North  Boulder  Peak;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Rabbit-Ears,  Larimer  Co.; 
Hahn’s  Peak.  [State  Flower  of  Colorado.] 

6.  Aquilegia  thalictrifolia  Rydb.  (A.  chrysantha  Coulter,  in  part.)  In  the 
mountains  of  Colo,  and  western  Tex. — Alt.  6000-9000  ft. — Alpine  Tunnel; 
Colorado  Springs ;  Bear  Creek  Canon ;  Canon  City ;  Grand  Canon  of  the 
Arkansas. 

7.  Aquilegia  chrysantha  A.  Gray.  In  the  mountains  of  N.  M.  and  Ariz. 
It  has  also  been  reported  from  Colo.,  but  no  locality  given. 


5.  DELPHINIUM  L.  Larkspur. 

Pedicels  erect  or  nearly  so. 

Sepals  white,  only  tinged  with  blue ;  pods  over  1  cm.  long,  about  four  times  as 
long  as  broad ;  seeds  squamellate. 

Spur  almost  three  times  as  long  as  the  upper  petals,  more  or  less  curved ; 

seeds  3  mm.  long,  black,  slightly  squamellate.  1.  D.  Penardii. 

Spur  scarcely  twice  as  long  as  the  upper  petals,  almost  straight;  seeds  1.5-2 
mm.  long,  brown,  strongly  squamellate. 

Lobes  of  the  lateral  petals  divergent ;  lower  pedicels  elongated ;  spur  mostly 
erect.  2.  D.  camporuni. 

Lobes  of  the  lateral  petals  not  divergent ;  lower  pedicels  not  elongated ;  spur 
mostly  horizontal.  3.  D.  albescens. 

Sepals  dark  blue ;  pod  less  than  1  cm.  long,  only  2-3  times  as  long  as  broad  ; 
seed  not  squamellate,  but  wing-margined ;  stem  and  leaves  glabrous  and 
glaucous.  12.  D.  elongatum. 

Pedicels  ascending  or  spreading. 

Inflorescence  few-flowered,  the  lower  pedicels  elongated ;  sepals  broad,  spreading ; 
leaf-segments  narrow. 

Roots  fascicled,  thick,  but  not  tuberiform ;  stem  usually  viscid,  at  least  above ; 

blades  of  the  lateral  petals  about  1  cm.  long.  4.  D.  bicolor. 

Roots  tuberiform  ;  stem  not  viscid  ;  blades  of  the  lateral  petals  about  5  mm.  long. 


Flowers  dark  blue.  5.  D.  Nelsonii. 

Flowers  light  blue.  6.  D.  dumetorum. 

Lower  pedicels  not  elongated. 

Segments  of  the  basal  leaves  obtuse,  mucronate ;  flowers  light  blue. 

7.  D.  scaposum. 

Segments  of  all  the  leaves  acute  or  acuminate. 

Plant  not  at  all  viscid  ;  follicles  pubescent. 

Stem  grayish  strigose  throughout. 

Leaves  divided  into  cuneate,  merely  cleft  segments. 

8.  D.  geranii folium. 

Leaves  repeatedly  divided  into  linear  division. 

Stem  3-5  dm.  high  ;  bractlets  oblong,  close  under  the  calyx. 

9.  D.  Geyeri. 

Stem  5-20  dm.  high  ;  bractlets  subulate,  2-3  mm.  below  the  calyx. 

11.  D.  robustum. 


Stem  glabrous  and  glaucous  at  least  below. 

Inflorescence  dense ;  follicles  scarcely  at  all  arcuate. 

Leaves  puberulent ;  inflorescence  stigose. 

Leaf-divisions  broad,  cuneate,  merely  cleft  into  lanceolate  lobes. 

10.  D.  cuculatum. 


Leaves  repeatedly  dissected  into  linear  lobes. 

11.  D.  robustum. 

Leaves  glabrous  and  glaucous  ;  inflorescence  almost  glabrous. 

12.  D.  elongatum. 

Inflorescence  lax;  follicles  strongly  arcuate.  13.  D.  ramosum. 

Plants  more  or  less  viscid,  at  least  the  pedicels. 


138 


RANUNCULACEAE. 


Plant  tall,  4-20  dm.  high,  not  cespitose. 

Follicles  viscid  pubescent. 

Flowers  light  blue  or  yellowish,  tinged  with  blue  or  purple. 

14.  D.  multiiiorum. 


Flowers  dark  blue. 


15.  D.  occidentals. 


Follicles  glabrous. 

Sepals  obtuse. 

Sepals  acute  or  acuminate. 


16.  D.  reticulatum. 

17.  D.  Barbeyi. 


Plants  about  1  dm.  high,  cespitose,  viscid  pubescent. 


18.  D.  alpestre. 


1.  Delphinium  Penardii  Huth.  On  dry  plains  of  Colo. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — 
Horsetooth  Gulch;  bank  of  Arkansas  River;  Poudre  flats,  north  of  Ft.  Col¬ 
lins;  Ft.  Collins;  Dixon  Canon;  near  Badito;  Wahatoya  Creek;  Brantly 
Canon,  Las  Animas  Co. 

2.  Delphinium  camporum  Greene.  On  dry  plains  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Plains  and  foot-hills  near  Boulder;  New  Windsor; 
near  Badito;  Walsenburg. 

3.  Delphinium  albescens  Rydb.  In  meadows  from  Ills,  to  Man.,  Ind.  Terr, 
and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Ft.  Collins. 

4.  Delphinium  bicolor  Nutt.  Hills  and  plains  from  Ass.  and  Wash,  to  S.  D., 
Utah  and  Ore. — Also  reported  from  Colorado ;  but  doubtful. 

5.  Delphinium  Nelsonii  Greene.  On  hillsides  from  Alb.  to  Wash.,  Neb. 
and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Four-Mile  Hill,  Routt  Co. ;  hills  west  of 
Soldier  Canon;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Dolores;  Ouray;  Howe’s  Gulch;  Rist 
Canon;  Spring  Canon;  Table  Rock;  Grand  Junction;  Wyoming  State  line; 
Minturn,  Eagle  Co.;  Ft.  Collins;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Chicken  Creek; 
Los  Pinos;  Van  Boxle’s  ranch,  above  Cimarron;  foot-hills  west  of  Ft.  Col¬ 
lins;  Mesa  Verde;  Cerro  Summit;  Ironton;  Apex;  near  Boulder;  Steamboat 
Springs ;  Beaver  Creek,  Larimer  Co. 

6.  Delphinium  dumetorum  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about 
7000  ft. — Cimarron. 

7.  Delphinium  scaposum  Greene.  On  dry  plains  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. — Mancos. 

8.  Delphinium  geraniifolium  Rydb.  On  hills  from  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Colo¬ 
rado  Springs. 

9.  Delphinium  Geyeri  Greene.  On  the  plains  from  Wyo.  to  Colo. — Alt. 
5000-7000  ft. — Foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  Rist  Canon ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  hills 
south  of  Horsetooth  Mountain ;  plains  near  Ft.  Collins ;  Livermore,  Larimer 
Co.;  New  Windsor. 

10.  Delphinium  cuculatum  A.  Nels.  On  mountain  sides  from  Mont,  and 
Ida.  to  Colo. — Alt.  about  9000  ft. — Four-Mile  Hill,  Routt  Co. 

11.  Delphinium  robustum  Rydb.  In  mountain  meadows  from  Mont,  to  N. 
M. — Alt.  6000-9000  ft. — Wahatoya  Creek;  La  Veta;  Colorado  Springs;  In¬ 
dian  Creek  Pass ;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. 

12.  Delphinium  elongatum  Rydb.  On  hills  and  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt. 
7000-10,000  ft. — Elk  Canon ;  Baxter’s  ranch ;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  Villa 
Grove;  alpine  ridge  east  of  Middle  Park;  headwaters  <?f  Clear  Creek. 

13.  Delphinium  ramosum  Rydb.  In  canons  and  on  mountain  sides  in  Wyo. 
and  Colo. — Alt.  6000-9000  ft. — Crystal  Park;  Williams’  Canon;  Artists’  Glen; 
North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Idaho  Springs. 


RANUNCULACEAE. 


139 


14.  Delphinium  multiflorum  Rydb.  On  mountain  sides  from  Mont,  to 
Wash,  and  Colo. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — North  Park;  Columbine;  divide  road 
to  Steamboat  Springs;  Wilson,  San  Miguel  Co. 

15.  Delphinium  occidentale  S.  Wats.  ( D .  quercetorum  Greene.)  On  the 
mountains  from  Wyo.  to  Utah  and  Colo. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Cerro  Sum¬ 
mit;  Berthoud  Pass. 

16.  Delphinium  reticulatum  (A.  Nels.)  Rydb.  ( Delphinium  occidentale 
reticulatum  A.  Nels.)  On  mountain-sides  in  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Mouth  of 
Basin  Creek;  Upper  La  Plata  Canon. 

17.  Delphinium  Barbeyi  Huth.  (D.  scopulorum  subalpinum  A.  Gray; 
D.  subalpinum  A.  Nels.)  In  shady  places  in  the  mountains  of  Wyo.  and 
Colo. — Alt.  8000-13,000  ft. — Cameron  Pass  ;  Boreas ;  Gray’s  Peak ;  Mt.  Abram, 
Ouray;  Buffalo  Pass;  Columbine;  near  Ironton;  Silver  Plume;  Indian  Creek 
Pass;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Upper  La  Plata  Canon;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek; 
Hinsdale  Co.;  Empire;  Rabbit-Ears,  Larimer  Co. 

18.  Delphinium  alpestre  Rydb.  On  alpine  peaks,  among  rocks,  in  Colo. — 
Alt.  10,000-13,000  ft. — Mountain  northwest  of  Como;  West  Spanish  Peak. 

6.  ACONITUM  L.  Monkhood. 

Front  line  of  the  hood  strongly  concave,  i.  e.,  the  beak  long,  porrect,  almost 
horizontal. 

Lower  sepals  at  least  24  as  long  as  the  lateral  ones  ;  leaf  segments  rather  broad. 

1.  A.  Bakeri. 

Lower  sepals  Vz-Vz  as  long  as  the  lateral  ones ;  leaf  segments  narrow. 

2.  A.  porrectum. 

Front  line  of  the  hood  almost  straight,  i.  e.,  the  beak  directed  downward. 

Lateral  sepals  very  oblique;  upper  margin  semi-reniform.  3.  A.  columbianum. 
Lateral  sepals  moderately  oblique  ;  upper  margin  slightly,  if  at  all,  concave. 
Flowers  blue.  4.  A.  insigne. 

Flowers  ochroleucous.  5.  A.  ochroleucum. 

1.  Aconitum  Bakeri  Greene.  (A.  atrocyaneum  Rydb.)  In  the  mountains 
of  Colo.,  Wyo.  and  Utah. — Alt.  10,000-12,000  ft. — Boreas ;  Steamboat  Springs ; 
gulch  west  of  Bear  River;  Marshall  Pass;  Cameron  Pass;  near  Ironton,  San 
Juan  Co. 

2.  Aconitum  porrectum  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Alt. 
6000-10,000  ft. — Graymont ;  Arapahoe  Pass ;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  Coffee 
Pot  Springs;  Columbine;  Pike’s  Peak;  North  Park;  Villa  Grove;  La  Plata 
Mountains ;  Lake  City ;  Rabbit-Ears,  Larimer  Co. 

3.  Aconitum  columbianum  Nutt.  In  meadows  and  open  woods  from  Mont, 
to  B.  G,  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  9000-12,000  ft. — Ruxton  Park;  Ruxton  Creek; 
Pike’s  Peak;  Ouray;  Hinsdale  Co. 

4.  Aconitum  insigne  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  7000-11,000 
ft. — Bosworth’s  ranch;  Stove  Prairie;  Beaver  Creek;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Par- 
lin,  Gunnison  Co.;  Middle  Park;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Veta  Pass;  Sangre 
de  Cristo  Creek ;  Central  City ;  La  Plata  Mountains ;  near  Pagosa  Peak ; 
Eldora  to  Baltimore;  Empire. 

5.  Aconitum  ochroleucum  A.  Nels.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — 
Alt.  about  9000  ft. — Indian  Creek  Pass ;  Ruxton  Park,  Pike’s  Peak ;  Eldora 
to  Baltimore. 


140 


RANUNCULACEAE. 


7.  ANEMONE  L.  Anemone,  Wind-flower. 

Achenes  densely  villous. 

Style  filiform,  usually  deciduous ;  heads  of  fruit  spherical  or  nearly  so  ;  involucral 
leaves  short-petioled. 

Leaves  ternate ;  divisions  broadly  cuneate  or  flabelliform,  crenate  or  slightly 
cleft.  1.  A.  parvidora. 

Leaves  2-4  times  ternate ;  segments  linear  to  lanceolate.  2.  A.  globosa. 

Styles  subulate,  persistent ;  heads  of  fruit  cylindrical ;  involucral  leaves  long- 
petioled.  3.  A.  cylindrica. 

Achenes  not  villous. 

Flowers  cymose ;  achenes  sparingly  hirsute  when  young,  sessile ;  style  long, 
straight.  4.  A.  canadensis. 

Flowers  subumbellate ;  achenes  glabrous,  stipitate  ;  style  short,  curved. 

5.  A.  narcissidora. 

1.  Anemone  parviflora  Michx.  On  exposed  mountain  tops  from  Lab.  to 
Alaska,  Ont.  and  Colo. — Alt.  about  10.500  ft. — South  Cottonwood  Gulch,  Chaf¬ 
fee  Co. 

2.  Anemone  globosa  Nutt.  ( A .  multidda  Hook.,  in  part;  not  Poir.)  In 
meadows  and  on  hillsides  from  S.  D.  to  Mackenzie  River  and  Alaska,  Colo, 
and  Calif. — Alt.  7000-12,000  ft. — Rist  Canon;  gulch  east  of  Stove  Prairie; 
Barnes’  Camp;  forks  of  Poudre  and  Big  South  Rivers;  near  foot  of  Rabbit- 
Ear  Range ;  near  Georgetown ;  Campton’s  ranch ;  Carson ;  Mt.  Abram, 
Ouray;  Placer;  Ironton  Park,  9  miles  south  of  Ouray;  Veta  Pass;  Crystal 
Park;  Ruxton  Park;  Pagosa  Springs;  Central  City;  Tennessee  Pass;  Grizzly 
Creek;  Mt.  Harvard;  Grayback  mining  camps;  Little  Veta  Mountains; 
Caribou ;  Lake  City ;  Empire ;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

3.  Anemone  cylindrica  A.  Gray.  Among  bushes  and  on  hillsides  from  N.  B. 
to  B.  C.,  N.  J.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Pennock’s;  Horsetooth  Moun¬ 
tain;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Dillon  Canon,  Trinidad;  hills  west  of  Soldier 
Canon;  Trinidad;  La  Veta;  Wahatoya  Creek;  Mancos;  Pagosa  Springs; 
Piedra. 

4.  Anemone  canadensis  L.  (A.  dichotoma  L.)  In  river  valleys  and  among 
bushes  from  Lab.  to  Alb.,  Md.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Rist  Canon; 
Ft.  Collins;  Table  Rock;  Poudre  Flats;  Garland;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek; 
New  Windsor. 

5.  Anemone  narcissiflora  L.  In  the  mountains  from  Alb.  to  Alaska  and 
Colo. — Alt.  8000-13,000  ft. — Cameron  Pass;  Beaver  Creek;  near  Teller,  North 
Park;  Tennessee  Pass;  mountains  northeast  of  Boreas;  Mt.  Harvard;  Buf¬ 
falo  Pass;  Alpine  Tunnel;  South  Park;  summit  of  North  Park  Range, 
Larimer  Co. 

8.  PULSATILLA  Adans.  Pasque  Flower. 

1.  Pulsatilla  hirsutissima  (Pursh.)  Britton.  ( Anemone  patens  Nuttal- 
liana  A.  Gray.)  On  plains  and  hills  from  Ills,  to  Mackenzie,  Alb.,  Tex.  and 
Wash. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Cameron  Pass;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Clear 
Creek;  Hermosa;  Manitou;  Crystal  Park;  about  Ouray;  mountains  near  Veta 
Pass;  South  Cheyenne  Canon;  foot-hills  west  of  Ft.  Collins;  Horsetooth 
Gulch;  Howe’s  Gulch;  Stove  Prairie  Hill;  Poudre  Canon;  Dixon’s  Canon; 
Ojo;  Lake  City;  Pike’s  Peak;  North  Boulder  Peak;  Eldora  to  Baltimore; 
Bear  Creek  Canon. 


RANUNCULACEAE. 


141 


9.  CLEMATIS  L.  Virgin’s  Bower. 

1.  Clematis  ligusticifolia  Nutt.  Among  bushes  and  in  canons  from  N.  D. 
to  B.  C.,  Mo.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Log  Canon;  Poudre  River,  near 
Ft.  Collins;  Rist  Canon;  Redstone;  Narrows;  Deer  Run;  Ft.  Collins;  near 
Ouray;  Manitou ;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Piedra;  Arkansas  Valley; 
Salida;  Durango;  plains,  Colorado  Springs. 

10.  VIORNA  Reichenb.  Leather-flower,  Vase-vine. 

Sepals  not  at  all  or  very  slightly  dilated  above. 

Divisions  of  the  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  2-5  cm.  long.  1.  V.  Scottii. 
Divisions  of  the  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate,  1-2  cm.  long.  2.  V.  Bakeri. 

Sepals  conspicuously  dilated  at  the  apex. 

Sepals  acute  or  short-acuminate  ;  plant  in  age  glabrate ;  divisions  of  the  leaves 
lanceolate.  3.  V.  Jonesii. 

Sepals  obtuse  or  merely  acutish ;  plant  permanently  villous ;  divisions  of  the 
leaves  linear.  4.  V .  eriophora. 

1.  Vioma  Scottii  (Porter)  Rydb.  ( Clematis  Scottii  Porter;  C.  Douglasii 
Scottii  Coulter)  In  open  woods  and  on  hillsides  from  S.  D.  to  Wyo.  and 
N.  M. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Vicinity  of  Dillon  Canon;  Trinidad;  La  Veta; 
Veta  Pass;  Poverty  Ridge,  near  Cimarron;  Grizzly  Creek;  La  Plata  River 
Valley,  near  Hesperus  Post  Office;  Canon  City. 

2.  Viorna  Bakeri  (Greene)  Rydb.  ( Clematis  Bakeri  Greene)  In  moun¬ 
tains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. — Los  Pinos ;  Camp  Creek,  Larimer  Co. 

3.  Viorna  Jonesii  (Kuntze)  Rydb.  ( Clematis  Douglasii  Jonesii  Kuntze) 
On  hillsides  and  in  canons  from  Colo,  to  Nev. — Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Howe’s 
Gulch,  near  Ft.  Collins;  vicinity  of  Ouray;  Dolores;  Cimarron;  Dixon  Canon; 
foot-hills  near  Boulder. 

4.  Viorna  eriophora  Rydb.  ( Clematis  eriophora  Rydb.)^  In  the  foot-hills 
of  Colo.,  Utah  and  Wyo. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  gulch 
west  of  Dixon  Canon ;  Howe’s  Gulch ;  Rist  Canon ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  Ft. 
Collins ;•  Clear  Creek;  mesas  near  Colorado  Springs;  mountains  near  Golden 
City;  Pagosa. 


11.  ATRAGENE  L.  Bell-rue,  Purple  Virgin’s  Bower. 

Leaves  merely  ternate. 

Staminodia  usually  decidedly  spatulate ;  leaflets  toothed  or  cleft ;  teeth  and  apex 
rounded.  3.  A.  diversiloba. 

Staminodia  linear  or  none ;  leaflets  entire  or  crenate  above  the  middle,  long- 
acuminate.  1.  A.  occidentalis. 

Leaves  twice  or  thrice  ternate  ;  staminodia  linear  or  lacking. 

Secondary  leaflets  merely  toothed  or  cleft.  2.  A.  pseudalpina. 

Secondary  leaflets  divided  to  near  the  base.  4.  A.  tenuiloba. 

1.  Atragene  occidentalis  Hornem.  (A.  Columbiana  Nutt. ;  Clematis  verti- 
cillaris  Coult.,  in  part)  In  mountain  woods  from  Mont,  to  B.  C.,  Colo,  and 
Utah. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — Foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Howe’s  Gulch;  gulch  east 
of  Stove  Prairie;  Rist  Canon;  Baxter’s  ranch;  Ft.  Collins;  Four-Mile  Hill, 
Routt  Co. ;  Empire ;  Camp  Creek,  Larimer  Co. 

2.  Atragene  pseudalpina  (Kuntze)  Rydb.  ( Clematis  alpina  occidentalis 
A.  Gray;  not  A.  occidentalis  Hornem.)  On  hillsides,  among  bushes  and  in 


142 


RANUNCULACEAE. 


open  woods,  in  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Van  Boxle’s  ranch, 
above  Cimarron;  Minnehaha;  Ojo;  hills  southeast  of  La  VetaJ  Veta  Pass; 
Idaho  Springs;  Mt.  Abram,  Ouray;  chaparral-covered  hills  southeast  of 
Ouray;  Lake  City;  Cheyenne  Canon. 

3.  Atragene  diversiloba  Rydb.  In  mountains  of  Colo. — Mountains  near 
Denver. 

4.  Atragene  tenuiloba  (A.  Gray)  Britton.  {Clematis  alpina  tenuiloba 
A.  Gray.)  In  mountain  woods  from  S.  D.  to  Mont.,  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt. 
7000-10,000  ft. — Placer;  Sheep  Canon;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Williams’ 
Canon,  above  Manitou ;  Colorado  Springs ;  Pike’s  Peak. 

12.  MYOSURUS  L.  Mouse-tail. 

Achenes  with  a  flat  back,  only  slightly  carinate  and  tipped  with  a  very  short 
appressed  beak.  1.  M.  minimus. 

Achenes  strongly  carinate  on  the  back,  tipped  with  a  long  subulate  ascending  beak. 

2.  M.  aristatus. 

1.  Myosurus  minimus  L.  In  muddy  places  and  shallow  water  from  Ont. 
to  Wash.,  Fla.  and  Calif.;  also  in  Europe  and  northern  Africa. — Alt.  up  to 
5000  ft. — Denver  (Eastwood) . 

2.  Myosurus  aristatus  Benth.  In  muddy  places  from  Mont,  to  Wash.,  Colo, 
and  Calif.— Alt.  up  to  9000  ft. — Long’s  Peak. 

13.  BATRACHIUM  S.  F.  Gray.  White  Water-crowfoot. 

Petals  5-7  mm.  long,  broadly  obovate ;  stamens  many. 

Segments  of  the  leaves  10-15  mm.  long,  rather  rigid,  scarcely  collapsing  when 
withdrawn  from  the  water.  1.  B.  trichophyllum. 

Segments  of  the  leaves  15-30  mm.  long,  flaccid,  collapsing  when  withdrawn  from 
the  water.  2.  B.  ilaccidum. 

Petals  less  than  5  mm.  long,  oblong-obovate ;  stamens  5-12. 

Stem  slender;  leaves  not  very  flaccid.  3.  B.  Drouetii. 

Stem  filiform  ;  leaves  very  flaccid.  4.  B.  ’ confervoides . 

1.  Batrachium  trichophyllum  (Chaix.)  Bosh.  ( Ranunculus  aquatilis  tricho- 
phyllus  Chaix.)  In  water  from  N.  S.  to  B.  C.,  N.  C.  and  Calif.;  also 
in  Mex.,  Europe  and  Asia. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Near  Ouray;  Grizzly  Creek; 
Ft.  Collins;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  New  Windsor;  Denver. 

2.  Batrachium  flaccidum  (Pers.)  Rupr.  ( Ranunculus  aquatilis  trichophyl- 
lus  A.  Gray,  in  part)  In  water  from  Lab.  to  Wash.,  N.  C.  and  Low.  Calif. 
— Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  Trail  Creek,  near  junction  with  North 
Poudre;  Trapper’s  Lake;  below  Carson;  Upper  Laramie  River;  Boulder. 

3.  Batrachium  Drouetii  (F.  Schultz)  Nym.  In  water  from  Vt.  to  Alaska, 
R.  I.  and  Low.  Calif. — Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — Along  Uncompahgre  River,  near 
Ouray;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co.;  Piedra. 

4.  Batrachium  confervoides  Fries.  In  water  from  Man.  to  Alaska,  south  to 
Colo. — In  Grand  Lake. 

14.  RANUNCULUS  L.  Crowfoot,  Butter-cup. 

Leaves  linear  to  oval,  entire  or  merely  denticulate  or  crenate ;  none  divided  or  cleft. 

Flammulae. 

Some  of  the  leaves  at  least  cleft. 

Sepals  black-hairy. 

Sepals  not  black-hairy. 


N 1  VALES. 


RANUNCULACEAE. 


143 


Some  of  the  basal  leaves  entire.  Glaberrimi. 

None  of  the  leaves  entire. 

Plants  neither  immersed  in  the  water  nor  creeping  in  the  mud,  if  rooting 
at  the  nodes,  not  with  palmately  lobed  or  dissected  leaves. 

Achenes  turgid,  marginless. 

Petals  much  exceeding  the  sepals. 

Basal  leaf-blades  not  divided  to  the  base. 

Basal  leaf-blades  divided  to  the  base,  2-3  times  ternate. 

Petals  scarcely  exceeding  the  sepals. 

Achenes  compressed  with  a  distinct  margin. 

Beak  of  the  achenes  distinctly  hooked. 

Beak  of  the  achenes  straight  or  nearly  so. 

Plants  immersed  in  the  water  or  creeping  in  the  mud ;  leaves  palmately 
lobed,  divided  or  dissected.  Multifidi. 


Affines. 

Triternati. 

Abortivi. 

Recurvati. 

Repentes. 


Flammulae. 

Stem  filiform,  prostrate,  rooting  at  the  nodes. 

Stem  not  filiform,  erect  or  ascending,  not  rooting. 

Petals  distinctly  clawed ;  beak  of  the  achenes  stout. 
Petals  not  clawed  ;  beak  of  the  achenes  filiform. 

Nivales. 

Leaf-blades  spatulate  or  elliptic,  2-4-toothed  at  the  apex. 


x.  R.  rep  tans. 

2.  R.  unguiculatus. 

3.  R.  alismaefolius. 

4.  R.  Macauleyi. 


Glaberrimi. 

Basal  leaf-blades  elliptic  to  oval,  usually  all  entire. 


5.  R.  ellipticus. 


Affines. 


Achenes  pubescent ;  heads  oblong  to  cylindric. 

Basal  leaf-blades  or  some  of  them  merely  crenate ;  the  rest  3-cleft  at  the  apex 
with  a  narrow  middle  lobe. 

Petals  broadly  obovate,  about  1  cm.  long ;  sepals  densely  villous. 

6.  R.  cardiophyllus. 

Petals  oblong-obovate,  3-6  mm.  long ;  sepals  not  densely  villous. 

Petals  5-6  mm.  long ;  head  of  achenes  oblong.  7.  R.  inamoenns. 

Petals  3-5  mm.  long ;  head  of  achenes  cylindric.  8.  R.  micropetalus. 

Basal  leaf-blades  all  digitately  or  pedately  cleft  with  acute  lobes. 

9.  R.  afdnis. 


Achenes  glabrous. 

Plant  glabrous,  except  the  sepals. 

Lobes  of  the  stem-leaves  elliptic,  oval  or  obovate.  10.  R.  Eschscholtzii. 
Lobes  of  the  upper  stem-leaves  linear  to  oblong. 

Basal  leaf-blades  orbicular,  seldom  reniform,  seldom  cleft  more  than  half¬ 
way  down ;  heads  of  fruit  decidedly  oblong ;  stipules  semi-circular,  about 
2  mm.  long.  11.  R.  alpeophilus. 

Basal  leaf-blades  decidedly  reniform,  cleft  deeper  than  half-way  down ; 
heads  of  achenes  spherical  or  nearly  so  ;  stipules  of  the  stem-leaves  oval, 
3—4  mm.  long.  12.  R.  ochreatus. 

Plant  more  or  less  pubescent.  13.  R.  ovalis. 


Triternati. 

One  species.  14.  R •  adoneus. 

Abortivi. 

Basal  leaf-blades,  at  least  some  of  them,  merely  crenate. 

Achenes  pubescent;  heads  of  achenes  cylindric.  8.  R.  micropetalus. 

Achenes  glabrous ;  heads  spherical. 


144 


RANUNCULACEAE. 


Basal  leaf-blades  cordate  at  the  base;  plant  glabrous.  15.  R.  abortivus. 
Basal  leaf-blades  rarely  cordate  at  the  base  ;  plant  hairy. 

16.  R.  micranthus. 


All  the  leaf-blades  divided  or  lobed. 

Lower  leaf-blades  less  deeply  lobed,  often  not  more  than  half  down  to  the  base. 

1 7.  R.  sceleratus. 

Leaf-blades  all  divided  to  near  the  base.  18.  R.  eremogenes. 


Recurvati. 


Flowers  small ;  petals  only  2- 5  mm.  long. 

Stem  glabrous. 

Stem  hairy  ;  with  spreading  hairs. 

Petals  2-3  mm.  long.  20.  R. 

Petals  4-5  mm.  long.  21.  R. 

Flowers  larger;  petals  5-10  mm.  long;  stem  appressed-pubescent. 

22.  R.  acriformis. 

Repentes. 


19.  R.  Douglasii. 


Bongardii. 

Earlei. 


Heads  of  achenes  oblong,  about  5  mm.  thick. 
Heads  of  achenes  globose,  about  8  mm.  thick. 


23.  R.  penns ylvanicus. 

24.  R.  Macounii. 


Multifidi. 

Leaf-blades  deeply  cordate  at  the  base ;  primary  divisions  lobed  or  dissected. 

25.  R.  Purshii. 

Leaf-blades  truncate  or  slightly  cordate  at  the  base  ;  primary  lobes  merely  crenate 
or  entire.  .  26.  R.  intertextus. 


1.  Ranunculus  reptans  L.  ( R .  Flammula  reptans  E.  Meyer)  On  sandy 
shores  from  Lab.  to  Alaska,  N.  J.,  Utah  and  Ore. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — 
Vicinity  of  Como;  bank  of  Michigan,  North  Park;  Trapper’s  Lake;  plains 
and  foot-hills  near  Boulder;  Ward;  Gunnison;  Parlin;  Twin  Lakes;  Steam¬ 
boat  Springs. 

2.  Ranunculus  unguiculatus  Greene.  In  wet  places  in  the  mountains  of 
Colo. — Alt.  9000-12,000  ft. — Grand  Mesa;  Buffalo  Pass;  near  Pagosa  Peak; 
Deep  Creek  Lake,  Garfield  Co. ;  Rabbit-Ear  Range,  Routt  Co. ;  Beaver  Creek. 

3.  Ranunculus  alismaefolius  Geyer.  ( R .  calthaefolius  Greene)  In  wet 
places  from  Wyo.  to  Nev.,  Colo.,  Utah  and  Ore. — Alt.  10,000-12,000  ft. — 
Deep  Creek  Lake;  Bear  Creek  Divide;  Cameron  Pass;  Tennessee  Pass; 
Golden ;  Berthoud  Pass ;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek ;  alpine  ridges  east  of 
Middle  Park. 

4.  Ranunculus  Macauleyi  A.  Gray.  In  wet  places,  among  rocks,  on  alpine 
peaks  of  Colo. — Alt.  10,000-12,000  ft. — Red  Mountain;  Carson;  Pagosa  Peak; 
West  Spanish  Peak;  Bear  Creek  Divide;  Hinsdale  Co. 

5.  Ranunculus  ellipticus  Greene.  ( R .  glaberrimus  Coulter,  in  part.)  In 
wet  places  from  Mont,  to  B.  C.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-12,000  ft. — Rist. 
Canon ;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  gulch  west  of  Bellone ;  Dixon  Canon ;  foot 
of  Horsetooth  Mountain;  Ft.  Collins;  Berthoud  Pass. 

6.  Ranunculus  cardiophyllus  Hook.  ( R .  affinis  cardiophyllus  A.  Gray) 
In  wet  meadows  and  bogs  from  Sask.  to  Colo. — Alt.  5ooo-'io,ooo  ft. — Table 
Rock;  gulch  east  of  Stove  Prairie;  Campton’s  ranch,  12  miles  below  Grand 
Lake;  Veta  Pass;  Twin  Lakes;  Tennessee  Pass;  Graham’s  Peak;  divide  be¬ 
tween  Colorado  Springs  and  Denver;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 


RANUNCULACEAE. 


145 


7.  Ranunculus  inamoenus  Greene.  In  meadows  and  along  streams  from 
Mont,  to  N.  M.  and  Utah. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Silverton;  Boreas;  Mancos; 
Breckenridge ;  Bob  Creek;  Veta  Mountain;  Cucharas  River,  above  La  Veta; 
Manitou;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Los  Pinos;  West  Indian 
Creek ;  Palsgrove  Canon ;  Grand  Mesa ;  Caribou ;  Berthoud  Pass ;  Eldora  to 
Baltimore;  Rabbit-Ear  Range,  Routt  Co. 

8.  Ranunculus  micropetalus  (Greene)  Rydb.  ( R .  aiHnis  micro pe talus 
Greene)  In  wet  meadows  and  along  streams  from  Colo,  to  Utah  and  Ariz. — 
Alt.  7000-11,000  ft. — Rico;  Silverton;  gulch  east  of  Stove  Prairie;  Rabbit-Ear 
Pass;  Chambers’  Lake;  Ironton  Park,  9  miles  south  of  Ouray;  headwaters 
of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Iron  Mountain;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La 
Veta;  West  Spanish  Peak. 

9.  Ranunculus  affinis  R.  Br.  In  alpine  bogs  and  meadows  from  Sask.  to 
Alaska  and  Colo. — Alt.  7000-12,000  ft. — Stove  Prairie  Hill;  Boreas;  West 
Indian  Creek;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

10.  Ranunculus  Eschscholtzii  Schlecht.  I11  wet  alpine  or  subarctic  localities 
from  Wyo.  to  Alaska,  Colo.,  Nev.  and  Wash. — Mt.  Heseprus,  at  timber  line; 
Mt.  Barrett. 

11.  Ranunculus  alpeophilus  A.  Nels.  In  wet  places  near  the  snow  from 
Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  9000-12,000  ft. — Boreas;  Trapper’s  Lake;  Beaver  Creek; 
Mt.  Abram,  Ouray;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Tennessee  Pass;  Caribou;  Berthoud 
Pass. 

12.  Ranunculus  ocreatus  Greene.  In  wet  places  on  alpine  peaks  in  Colo. — 
Head  of  Leroux  Creek,  Delta  Co. ;  Mt.  Hesperus,  at  timber  line ;  Mt.  Abram, 
Ouray. 

13.  Ranunculus  ovalis  Raf.  ( R .  rhomboideus  Goldie.)  In  meadows  from 
Lab.  to  Athabaska,  Que.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-7500  ft. — Stove  Prairie  Hill; 
Table  Rock;  Cherry  Creek,  El  Paso  Co. 

14.  Ranunculus  adoneus  A.  Gray.  On  alpine  peaks  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and 
Utah. — Alt.  10,000-12,000  ft. — Mountains  about  Graymont;  above  Beaver 
Creek;  above  timber  line,  West  Como  Pass;  Berthoud  Pass;  Georgetown; 
south  fork  of  Cache  la  Poudre  River;  Cameron  Pass;  Ward,  Boulder  Co.; 
Spicer,  Larimer  Co. 

15.  Ranunculus  abortivus  L.  In  woods  and  wet  grounds  from  Lab.  to 
Sask.,  Fla.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Rist  Canon;  Pennock’s  mountain 
ranch;  Walton  Creek;  Victoria;  Clear  Creek;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La 
Veta;  Cascade;  Ft.  Collins;  Cameron  Pass;  Steamboat  Springs. 

16.  Ranunculus  micranthus  Nutt.  In  rich  woods  from  Mass,  to  Sask.,  Pa. 
and  Colo. — Twin  Lakes. 

17.  Ranunculus  sceleratus  L.  In  swamps  and  ditches  from  N.  B.  to  Wyo., 
Fla.  and  Colo. — Villa  Grove. 

18.  Ranunculus  eremogenes  Greene.  In  swamps  and  on  lake  shores  from 
Sask.  to  Alb.,  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Poudre,  near  La  Porte; 
Ft.  Collins;  Montrose;  Placer;  near  Boulder;  Gunnison;  Black  Canon;  New 
Windsor;  Arboles;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta. 

19.  Ranunculus  Douglasii  Howell.  ( R .  tenellus  Nutt.;  not  Viv.)  On  river 
banks  and  wet  meadows  from  Mont,  to  Alaska,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  about 
8500  ft. — Leroux  Creek,  Delta  Co. 

10 


146 


RANUNCULACEAE. 


20.  Ranunculus  Bongardii  Greene.  ( R .  tenellus  Lyallii  A.  Gray)  Along 
streams  from  Mont,  to  Alaska,  Colo,  and  Ore. — Near  Wyoming  line,  North 
Park. 

21.  Ranunculus  Earlei  Greene.  Along  mountain  streams  in  Colo. — Alt.  up 
to  10,000  ft. — Gore  Pass ;  Leroux  Creek ;  Hotchkiss,  Delta  Co. ;  Mancos ;  Bob 
Creek. 

22.  Ranunculus  acriformis  A.  Gray.  Along  streams  in  Wyo.  and  northern 
Colo. — Alt.  up  to  9000  ft. — Laramie  River. 

23.  Ranunculus  pennsylvanicus  L.  f.  On  river  banks  from  N.  S.  to  Ida., 
Ga.  and  Colo. — Alamosa. 

24.  Ranunculus  Macounii  Britton.  Along  streams  and  in  wet  places  from 
Ont.  to  Alb.,  Iowa  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  Bear  River; 
Steamboat  Springs;  Durango;  bank  of  Michigan,  Walden;  New  Windsor; 
Gunnison;  Mancos;  Middle  Park;  La  Veta;  Kremmling;  Cucharas  Valley, 
near  La  Veta;  Routt  Co. 

25.  Ranunculus  Purshii  Richardson.  ( R .  multiiidus  Coult.,  in  part)  In  water 
and  on  muddy  flats  from  N.  S.  to  Alaska,  Ont.,  Colo,  and  Ore. — Alt.  4000- 
10,000  ft. — Laramie  River;  above  Beaver  Creek;  Ft.  Collins;  bank  of  Michi¬ 
gan,  at  Walden;  Front  Range,  Larimer  Co.;  Wahatoya  Creek;  Parlin,  Gun¬ 
nison  Co. ;  stream  12  miles  below  Grand  Lake ;  Gunnison. 

26.  Ranunculus  intertextus  Greene.  ( R .  hyperboreus  natans  Coult.;  not 
Regel;  R.  natans  A.  Gray;  not  Meyer)  In  water  in  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
8000-10,000  ft. — Vicinity  of  Como;  Graymont;  Georgetown;  Breckenridge ; 
Cassell’s;  South  Park;  Empire  City. 

15.  HALERPESTES  Greene. 

1.  Halerpestes  Cymbalaria  (Pursh)  Greene.  ( Ranunculus  Cymbalaria 
Pursh;  Oxygraphis  Cymbalaria  Prantl)  In  wet  and  especially  alkaline  soil 
from  Lab.  to  Alaska,  N.  J.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Ft.  Collins; 
Pueblo;  Gypsum;  Trail  Creek;  Graymont;  Colorado  Springs;  Montrose; 
Grizzly  Creek;  Durango;  Arboles;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Walsenburg; 
Parlin;  Ouray;  Palsgrove  Canon. 

16.  CYRTORRHYNCHA  Nutt. 

Sepals  broadly  rounded-ovate,  not  clawed ;  petals  usually  wanting. 

1.  C.  neglect  a. 

Sepals  spatulate  or  obovate,  clawed ;  petals  usually  present. 

Leaf  segments  thick,  mostly  acute ;  panicle  corymbiform.  2.  C.  ranunculina. 
Leaf  segments  thin,  broad;  inflorescence  not  corymbiform.  3.  C.  rnpestris. 

1.  Cyrtorrhyncha  neglecta  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Horsetooth 
Mountain;  Golden  City. 

2.  Cyrtorrhyncha  ranunculina  Nutt.  In  the  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. 
— Alt.  6000-8000  ft. — Hills  west  of  Soldier  Canon;  Rist  Canon;  foot-hills,  Ft. 
Collins ;  Howe’s  Gulch,  Larimer  Co. ;  Spring  Canon ;  Horsetooth  Mountain ; 
Dixon  Canon;  Green  Mountain  Falls;  Ohio  Creek. 

3.  Cyrtorrhyncha  rupestris  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colorado. — Black 
Canon. 


RANUNCULACEAE. 


147 


17.  THALICTRUM  L.  Meadow-Rue, 

Flowers  perfect. 

Plant  2  dm.  or  less  high;  achenes  turgid;  filaments  filiform.  1.  T.  alpinum. 
Plant  3-10  dm.  high;  achenes  flat  and  very  oblique;  filaments  clavate. 

2.  T.  sparsiflorum. 

Flowers  dioecious  or  polygamous. 

Achenes  turgid,  thick-walled ;  ribs  thick  and  almost  corky,  separated  by  acute 
grooves. 

Plants  polygamous ;  stem-leaves  subsessile. 

Achenes,  petioles  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  decidedly  viscid-pubescent. 

3.  T.  dasycarpwn. 

Achenes,  petioles  and  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  glabrous  or  slightly 
viscid-puberulent.  4.  T.  purpurascens. 

Plants  dioecious;  stem-leaves  petioled.  5.  T.  venulosum. 

Achenes  more  or  less  flattened,  thin-walled ;  ribs  not  thick,  separated  by  wide 
shallow  rounded  grooves  ;  achenes  not  twice  as  long  as  broad,  decidedly  oblique. 

6.  T.  Fendleri. 

1.  Thalictrum  alpinum  L.  In  alpine  and  arctic  bogs  from  Greenl.  to 
Alaska,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  9000-12,000  ft. — Como;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Seven 
Lakes;  Tennessee  Pass;  near  Wyoming  line,  North  Park;  Hamor’s  Lake, 
above  Durango;  West  Indian  Creek;  Pike’s  Peak;  headwaters  of  Clear 
Creek;  alpine  ridges  east  of  Middle  Park. 

2.  Thalictrum  sparsiflorum  Turcz.  In  wet  ground  from  Mont,  to  Alaska, 
Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-8500  ft. — Happy  Hollow ;  near  Georgetown ;  Carle- 
ton  Lake ;  Parlin ;  Long  Gulch,  Larimer  Co. ;  Minnehaha ;  headwaters  of 
Clear  Creek;  Empire. 

3.  Thalictrum  dasycarpum  Fisch.  &  Lall.  In  wet  meadows  from  Ont.  to 
Sask.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  La  Veta;  New  Windsor; 
bank  of  river,  Larimer fcCo. ;  Wahatoya  Creek;  Pagosa  Springs;  Walsenburg. 

4.  Thalictrum  purpurascens  L.  (T.  Cornuti  Torr.,  in  part;  not  L.)  In 
wet  meadows  from  N.  S.  to  Sask.,  Fla.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Along 
the  Poudre;  Ft.  Collins  and  La  Porte;  plains  and  foot-hills  near  Boulder. 

5.  Thalictrum  venulosum  Trelease.  On  hills  and  in  open  woods  from  Man. 
to  B.  C.  and  Colo. — Alt.  5000-12,000  ft. — Dillon  Canon;  Cache  la  Poudre; 
Gunnison;  Estes  Park;  Cumberland  Mine,  La  Plata  Mountains. 

6.  Thalictrum  Fendleri  Engelm.  In  the  mountains  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M. 
and  Ariz. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  Dillon  Canon, 
Trinidad;  gulch  west  of  Pennock’s;  Livermore;  Steamboat  Springs;  Four- 
Mile  Hill,  Routt  Co.;  vicinity  of  Ouray;  Villa  Grove;  Ute  Pass;  Dillon;  foot 
of  Pike’s  Peak;  Veta  Pass;  West  Indian  Creek;  North  Cheyenne  Canon; 
Mancos;  Silver  Plume;  Idaho  Springs;  Arboles;  Pagosa  Peak;  Chicken 
Creek;  Bob  Creek;  Colorado  Springs;  Turkey  Creek;  Sangre  de  Cristo 
Creek;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

Family  55.  NYMPH AEACEAE  DC.  Water-lily  Family. 

1.  NYMPHAEA  L.  Yellow  Water-lily. 

1.  Nymphaea  polysepala  (Engelm.)  Greene.  In  lakes  and  slow  streams 
from  Mont,  to  Alaska,  Colo,  to  Calif. — Alt.  up  to  11,000  ft. — Chambers’  Lake; 
Bierstadt  Lake. 


148 


BERBERIDACEAE. 


Family  56.  BERBERIDACEAE.  Barberry  Family. 

Primary  leaves  of  the  shoots  reduced  to  spines  ;  in  their  axils  short  branches  with 
secondary,  unifoliate  leaves.  1.  Berberis. 

Primary  leaves  of  the  shoots  pinnate  ;  no  spines.  2.  Odostemon. 

1.  BERBERIS  L.  Barberry. 

1.  Berberis  Fendleri  A.  Gray.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt. 
6000-7000  ft. — Durango ;  Mancos ;  Arboles ;  Mancos  Canon. 

2.  ODOSTEMON  Raf.  Oregon  Grapes. 

Fruit  becoming  dry  and  inflated  at  maturity;  leaflets  less  than  3  cm.  long;  shrub 
15-36  dm.  high.  1.  O.  Fremontii. 

Fruit  fleshy,  not  inflated  at  maturity;  leaflets  3-6  cm.  long;  shrub  prostrate,  1-3 
dm.  high.  2.  O.  Aquifolium. 

1.  Odostemon  Fremontii  (Torr.)  Rydb.  ( Berberis  Fremontii  Torr.)  In  the 
mountains  of  Colo.,  Utah,  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Smith  Fork  Canon,  Delta  Co. 

2.  Odostemon  Aquifolium  (Pursh)  Rydb.  ( Berberis  Aquifolium  Pursh;  B. 
repens  Lindl.)  On  hills  from  Mont,  and  Ida.  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000- 
10,000  ft. — Vicinity  of  Horsetooth ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  Rist  Canon ;  Clear 
Creek  Canon,  above  Golden;  Platte  Canon;  Ouray;  Snake  River;  hills  south¬ 
east  of  La  Veta;  East  Indian  Creek;  Veta  Mountain;  canon  of  La  Plata 
River;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  about  Ouray;  Lake  City;  near  Boulder. 


Order  26.  PAPAVERALES. 


Sepals  2  or  3  ;  endosperm  present. 

Flowers  regular ;  stamens  in  ours  numerous. 

Flowers  irregular ;  stamens  6,  diadelphous. 

Sepals  4,  rarely  more ;  endosperm  wanting. 

Capsule  2-celled ;  stamens  6,  tetradynamous,  rarely  2  or  4. 
Capsule  i-celled ;  stamens  not  tetradynamous,  6  or  more. 


57.  Papaveraceae. 

58.  Fumariaceae. 

59.  Brassicaceae. 

60.  Capparidaceae. 


Family  57.  PAPAVERACEAE  Juss.  Poppy  Family. 


Capsule  opening  by  many  dentiform  lids  under  the  stigma  ;  placentae  ceptiform. 

1.  Papaver. 

Capsule  opening  by  4-6  valves  at  the  summit ;  placentae  nerviform.  2.  Argemone. 


1.  PAPAVER  L.  Poppy. 

1.  Papaver  radicatum  Rottb.  (P.  alpinum  and  P.  nudicaule  A.  Gray;  not 
L.)  In  arctic  regions  and  on  alpine  mountain  tops  from  Greenl.  and  Lab.  to 
Alaska  and  in  Colo. ;  also  in  Europe. — Alt.  13,000-14,000  ft. — Gray’s  Peak. 


2.  ARGEMONE  L.  Prickly  Poppy. 

Corolla  yellow.  1.  A.  mexicana. 

Corolla  white. 

Stem  unarmed  or  prickly,  but  not  hispid  pubescent.  2.  A.  intermedia. 

Stem  hispid  pubescent  as  well  as  spiny ;  leaf-blades  deeply  and  usually  doubly 

lobed.  3.  A.  hispida. 


PAPAVERACEAE. 


149 


1.  Argemone  mexicana  L.  Introduced  from  Mexico  and  sparingly  estab¬ 
lished  from  N.  J.  to  Fla.  and  N.  M.  It  has  been  reported  from  Colorado, 
but  doubtful. 

2.  Argemone  intermedia  Sweet.  (A.  platyceras  Coult.,  in  part)  In  sandy 
soil,  on  the  plains  and  in  the  foot-hills,  in  canons  and  draws  from  S.  D.  to 
Wyo.,  Tex.  and  Mex. — Alt.  4000-7500  ft. — Dixon  Canon;  Spring  Canon; 
Trinidad;  Manitou;  Black  Canon;  plains  and  foot-hills  near  Boulder;  New 
Windsor;  Ft.  Collins. 

3.  Argemone  hispida  A.  Gray.  (A.  bipinnatidda  Greene)  On  sandy  soil, 
on  the  plains  and  in  the  foot-hills,  from  Wyo.  to  Utah  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4500- 
9000  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  along  Platte  River,  Denver;  Huerfano  Valley,  near 
Gardner;  Veta  Pass;  west  of  New  Windsor;  foot-hills,  Colorado  Springs; 
plains  and  foot-hills  near  Boulder;  Redcliffe. 

Family  58.  FUMARIACEAE.  Fumitory  Family. 

Capsule  2-valved,  several-seeded.  1.  Capnoides. 

Fruit  globose,  indehiscent,  i-seeded.  2.  Fumaria. 

1.  CAPNOIDES  Adans.  Corydalis. 

Annual  or  biennial ;  corolla  yellow. 

Bracts  narrowly  lanceolate;  pod  torulose,  pedulous.  1.  C.  aureum. 

Bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  ovate  or  obovate ;  pod  erect  on  curved  pedicels,  not 
torulose.  2.  C.  montanum. 

Perennials  with  thickened  roots ;  corolla  white  or  tinged  with  purple. 

3.  C.  Brandegei. 

1.  Capnoides  aureum  (Willd.)  Kuntze.  ( Corydalis  aurea  Willd.)  Among 
bushes,  in  open  woods  and  on  hillsides,  from  N.  S.  to  Alaska,  Pa.  and  Calif. 
— Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Dillon  Canon,  Trinidad;  above  Beaver  Creek;  Platte 
River  Valley;  Stove  Prairie  Hill;  Trail  Creek;  near  Boulder;  mountains 
between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Engelmann  Canon;  Ouray;  Villa  Grove; 
Georgetown;  river  bank  near  Ft.  Collins;  West  Indian  Creek;  Green  Moun¬ 
tain  Falls;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  South  Park;  Manitou;  West 
Mancos  Canon;  Ward,  Boulder  Co.;  Sapinero;  Minnehaha;  Marshall  Pass; 
Pike’s  Peak;  mountain  sides  near  Empire;  Ute  Pass;  Walden,  Larimer  Co. 

2.  Capnoides  montanum  (Engelm.)  Britton.  ( Corydalis  aurea  occidentals 
A.  Gray;  Capnoides  pachylobum  Greene)  On  river  banks  and  in  canons 
from  S.  D.  to  Utah,  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Trinidad;  gulch  west 
of  Soldier  Canon ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  foot-hills  of  Larimer  Co. ;  Howe’s 
Gulch;  Los  Pinos;  hills  southeast  of  La  Veta;  Arboles;  near  Boulder;  Rist 
Canon;  Spring  Canon;  Poudre  flats;  Trinidad;  Manitou;  mountains  between 
Sunshine  and  Ward;  New  Windsor;  Upper  West  Mancos  Canon. 

3.  Capnoides  Brandegei  (S.  Wats.)  Heller.  ( Corydalis  Brandegei  S. 
Wats.)  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  9000-10,000  ft. — Leroux 
Creek;  Crystal  Creek;  Ruby;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Piedra  Mountains. 

2.  FUMARIA  L.  Fumitory. 

1.  Fumaria  officinalis  L.  Introduced  from  Europe  and  established  locally 
from  N.  S.  to  Fla.,  Colo,  and  Tex. — Ft.  Collins. 


150 


BRASSIACEAE. 


Family  59.  BRASSIACEAE  Lind.  Mustard  Family. 


I.  Pods  sessile  or  short-stipitate  (in  two  species  of  Thely podium)  ;  sepals  erect  or 
conivent  in  anthesis  ;  anthers  not  twisted  (except  in  Thelypodium) . 

A.  Pods  compressed  or  flattened  contrary  to  the  narrow  partition. 

Pods  not  didymous ;  plants  not  densely  stellate,  except  in  Smelozvskya. 

Pods  orbicular,  oval  or  cuneate,  strongly  flattened ;  plant  not  stellate. 

Cells  of  the  pod  i-seeded. 

Pods  ovate-cordate,  acute  at  the  apex,  neither  winged  nor  retuse. 

1.  Cardaria. 

Pods  orbicular,  elliptic  or  rarely  ovate,  retuse  or  notched  at  the  apex, 
usually  winged.  2.  Lepidium. 

Cells  of  the  pods  2-seeded. 

Pods  more  or  less  winged ;  cotyledons  acumbent ;  hairs  of  the  plant 
simple  or  none.  3.  Thlaspi. 

Pods  cuneate,  wingless ;  cotyledons  incumbent ;  plants  with  branched 
hairs.  4.  Bursa. 

Pods  ovate  or  lanceolate,  not  strongly  flattened ;  plant  stellate. 

5.  Smelowskya. 


\ 


Pods  more  or  less  didymous  ;  plants  stellate. 

Seeds  solitary  in  each  cell ;  pods  strongly  flattened.  6.  Dithyrea. 

Seeds  several  in  each  cell ;  pods  more  or  less  inflated.  7.  Physaria. 

B.  Pods  neither  compressed  nor  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition. 

1.  Anthers  not  sagittate  at  the  base. 
a.  Pods  terete  or  tetragonal. 

Pods  short,  scarcely  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad,  or  less. 

Cotyledons  accumbent ;  valves  of  the  pods  nerveless. 

Pubescence  stellate ;  seeds  flat.  8.  Lesquerella. 

Pubescence  not  stellate;  seeds  terete.  10.  Roripa. 

Cotyledons  incumbent  or  folded  transversely  ;  valves  of  the  pod  1 -nerved  ; 
pubescence  not  densely  stellate.  9.  Camelina. 

Pods  long,  several  times  as  long  as  broad. 

Pods  scarcely  beaked,  merely  tipped  by  a  short  style  or  a  sessile  stigma. 
Pods  terete  or  nearly  so. 

Seeds  in  two  rows  in  each  cell  of  the  pod. 

Valves  of  the  pod  nerveless;  seeds  globose  or  oblong,  turgid; 

cotyledons  accumbent.  10.  Roripa. 

Valves  of  the  pods  i-nerved;  cotyledons  at  least  partly  in¬ 
cumbent. 

Seeds  flattened;  leaves  entire  or  toothed  11.  Turritis. 

Seeds  turgid;  leaves  pinnatifid.  13.  Sophia. 

Seeds  in  one  row  in  each  cell  of  the  pod. 

Glabrous  perennials  with  creeping  rootstocks. 

12.  SCHOENOCRAMBE. 

More  or  less  hairy  annuals  or  perennials  with  tap-roots. 
Pubescence  of  simple  hairs  ;  leaves  runcinate  or  entire. 

12a.  Sisymbrium. 

Pubescence  of  forked  hairs ;  leaves  pinnately  dissected. 

13.  Sophia. 

Pods  4-angled. 

Stem  leaves  clasping  by  a  cordate  base.  23.  Conringia. 

Stem  leaves  not  clasping. 

Corolla  white.  14.  Stenophragma. 

Corolla  yellow. 

Seeds  plump  ;  leaf-blades  entire  or  toothed. 


Seeds  flat;  leaf-blades  pinnatifid. 
Pod  with  a  long  distinct  beak. 

Beak  flat  and  sword-like. 

Beak  elongated,  conic  or  4-angled. 
b.  Pod  flattened  parallel  to  the  broad  partition. 


15.  Erysimum. 

16.  Barbarea. 

17.  Sinapis. 

18.  Brassica. 


151 


BRASSIACEAE. 


Pod  orbicular ;  valves  convex,  with  flattened  margins ;  filaments  dilated 
and  toothed  near  the  base.  19.  Allyssum. 

Pod  oblong,  ovate  or  linear,  rarely  nearly  orbicular ;  valves  flat,  or  if 
convex  not  with  flattened  margins ;  filaments  unappendaged. 

Valves  nerveless. 

Valves  not  elastically  dehiscent;  seeds  in  two  rows  ;  pod  usually  short. 

20.  Draba. 

Valves  elastically  dehiscent;  seeds  in  one  row;  pod  long. 

2 1.  Cardamine. 

Valves  nerved  and  reticulate,  not  elastically  dehiscent. 

Pod  short,  from  orbicular  to  linear-oblong.  20.  Draba. 

Pods  elongated-linear. 

Cotyledons  accumbent.  22.  Arabis. 

Cotyledons  incumbent.  23.  Conringia. 

2.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base. 

Calyx  campanulate,  open ;  petals  ample. 

Pod  flat.  24.  Streptanthus. 

Pod  terete  or  tetragonal.  26.  Thelypodium. 

Calyx  urn-shaped,  closed ;  blades  of  the  petals  narrow,  undulate-crisp. 

25.  Euklisia. 

II.  Pod  terete  long-stipitate ;  sepals  spreading  in  anthesis ;  anthers  curved  and 
spirally  twisted.  27.  Stanleya. 


1.  CARDARIA  Desv. 

1.  Cardaria  Draba  (L.)  Desv.  ( Lepidium  Draba  L.)  Introduced  from 
Europe;  in  waste  places  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — 
Palisades;  Grand  Junction;  near  Boulder. 

2.  LEPIDIUM  L.  Pepper-grass. 

Style  evident,  at  least  equalling  the  wing-margins  of  the  fruit. 

None  of  the  leaves  pinnatifid. 

Blades  of  the  basal  leaves  truncate  and  3-toothed  at  the  apex. 

1.  L.  spatulatum. 

Blades  of  the  basal  leaves  acute,  serrate  or  crenate.  2.  L.  crenatum. 
Basal  leaves  at  least  pinnatifid. 

Segments  of  the  basal  leaves  short  obovate  or  broadly  oblanceolate  in  outline. 

3.  L.  montanum. 

Segments  of  the  basal  leaves  elongated,  linear,  oblong  or  lanceolate. 

Only  the  lowest  leaves  pinnatifid ;  pod  broadly  oval ;  style  scarcely  longer 
than  the  width  of  the  wing-margin.  4.  L.  alyssoides. 

Lower  stem-leaves  also  pinnatifid ;  pod  narrower,  acutish  at  both  ends ;  style 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  wing-margin. 

Plant  low,  3  dm.  high  or  less ;  leaves  or  their  lobes  narrowly  linear. 

5.  L.  Jonesii. 

Plant  tall,  4-8  dm.  high ;  upper  leaves  broadly  linear  or  oblong. 

6.  L.  Eastwoodiae. 

Style  obsolete,  at  least  much  shorter  than  the  wing-margin  of  the  fruit,  or  stigma 
subsessile. 

Petals  conspicuous,  at  least  equalling  the  sepals,  spatulate  or  obovate. 

Blades  of  the  petals  broadly  obovate,  much  exceeding  the  sepals  ;  style  short. 

7.  L.  idahoense. 

Blades  of  the  petals  spatulate ;  style  none. 

Cotyledons  accumbent ;  petals  broadly  spatulate.  8.  L.  virginicum. 

Cotyledons  incumbent ;  petals  narrowly  spatulate. 

Stem  glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  petals  well  exceeding  the  sepal. 

9.  L.  medium. 

Stem  glandular  puberulent ;  petals  about  equalling  the  sepal. 

10.  L.  ramosum. 


152 


BRASSIACEAE. 


Petals  none  or  minute,  scarcely  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  sepals,  linear  or 
linear-spatulate. 

Plant  branched  at  the  base ;  petals  often  present. 

Axillary  racemes  very  short  and  dense,  usually  shorter  than  the  leaves ; 

petals  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  sepals.  n.  L.  ramosissinmm. 

Axillary  racemes  at  last  elongated ;  petals  very  minute  or  none. 

12.  L.  diver  gens. 

Plant  simple  below,  branched  above ;  petals  none  ;  racemes  elongated. 

13.  L.  densidorum. 

1.  Lepidium  spathulatum  (Robinson)  Vasey.  (L.  scopulorum  spathulatum 
Robinson)  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Between  Meeker  and  Craig;  head¬ 
waters  of  Bear  Creek. 

2.  Lepidium  crenatum  (Greene)  Rydb.  (Thely podium  crenatum  Greene) 

In  river  valleys  of  Colo,  and  Utah. — Paonia;  Mancos. 

3.  Lepidium  montanum  Nutt.  In  mountain  valleys  and  on  plains  from 
Wyo.  to  Wash.,  Colo,  and  Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Pitkin; 
Lake  City. 

4.  Lepidium  alyssoides  A.  Gray.  In  river  valleys  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and 
Ariz.;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Grand  Junction;  Conejos  River, 
north  of  Antonito;  Alamosa. 

5.  Lepidium  Jonesii  Rydb.  In  mountain  valleys  of  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt. 
4000-7000  ft. — Palisades;  Grand  Junction;  Spring  Canon;  Montrose. 

6.  Lepidium  Eastwoodiae  Wooton.  In  river  valleys  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — 
Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Glenwood  Springs ;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek ;  Pueblo  Co. 

7.  Lepidium  idahoense  Heller.  In  sandy  river  valley  in  Ida.  and  Colo. — 
Alt.  up  to  7000  ft. — South  of  Horsetooth  Mountain;  Spring  Canon;  foot-hills, 
Larimer  Co. 

8.  Lepidium  virginicum  L.  In  waste  places  from  Que.  to  Minn.,  Fla.  and 
Tex. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Along  the  Conejos  River,  north  of  Antonito; 
Horsetooth  Gulch;  near  Pagosa  Peak. 

9.  Lepidium  medium  Greene.  In  waste  places  and  on  sandy  soil  from  Mo. 
to  Tex.  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — Grand  Junction;  gulch  west  of  Pen- 
nock’s;  Reno;  Larimer  Co.;  plains  and  foot-hills  near  Boulder;  Lower 
Boulder  Canon. 

10.  Lepidium  ramosum  A.  Nels.  In  arid  soil  from  S.  D.  to  Wyo.,  Colo, 
and  Utah. — Alt.  up  to  10,000  ft. — Vicinity  of  Como;  Wolcott,  Eagle  Co. 

11.  Lepidium  ramosissimum  A.  Nels.  In  arid  soil  from  Neb.  to  Wyo.  and 
Colo. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Pitkin;  plains,  Colorado  Springs. 

12.  Lepidium  divergens  Osterh.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Tennessee 
Pass. 

13.  Lepidium  densiflorum  Schrad.  (L.  apetalum  Aschers. ;  not  Willd. ;  L. 
intermedium  A.  Gray)  In  waste  places  and  sandy  soil  from  Me.  to  Alb.,  DC. 
and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Quimby;  Ft.  Collins;  New  Windsor,  Weld 
Co. ;  plains,  Larimer  Co. ;  Arboles ;  chaparral-covered  hills  southeast  of 
Ouray;  Dix. 

3.  THLASPI  L.  Penny-grass.  ' 

Pod  orbicular  in  outline,  broadly  wing-margined  and  deeply  notched  at  the  apex. 

1.  T.  arvense. 

Pods  obovate  or.  cuneate  in  outline,  with  narrow  margins,  truncate  or  slightly 
notched  at  the  apex. 


BRASSIACEAE. 


153 


Pods  emarginate ;  sinus  narrow. 

Rootstock  rather  slender ;  stem  1-2  dm.  high  ;  petals  spatulate,  about  5  mm. 

long.  2.  T.  Nuttallii.  . 

Rootstock  stout,  densely  caespitose ;  stems  less  than  1  dm.  high ;  petals  broadly 
obovate,  6-7  mm.  long.  3.  T.  coloradense. 

Pods  truncate  or  nearly  so  at  the  apex  ;  sinus  broad  and  open. 

Stem  2-3  dm.  high ;  stem-leaves  ample,  broader  than  the  basal  ones ;  sepals 
green.  4.  T.  glaucum. 

Stems  1  dm.  high  or  less  ;  stem-leaves  reduced  ;  sepals  and  often  also  petals 

purplish.  5.  T.  purpurascens. 

1.  Thlaspi  arvense  L.  In  waste  places  from  Lab.  to  B.  G,  N.  Y.  and  Colo. 
Introduced  from  Europe. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Quimby;  Silverton;  plains 
and  foot-hills  near  Boulder;  Pass  Creek. 

2.  Thlaspi  Nuttallii  Rydb.  (7\  cochleariforme  Nutt.;  not  DC.)  Among 
rocks  in  the  mountains  from  Mont,  to  Wash,  and  Colo. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — 
Dead  Lake;  Minturn,  Eagle  Co.;  Bob  Creek;  banks  of  Michigan  Creek,  near 
Teller;  North  Park. 

3.  Thlaspi  coloradense  Rydb.  In  wet  places,  among  rocks,  on  the  peaks,  in 
Colo. — Alt.  6000-14,400  ft. — Foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Gray’s  Peak;  along 
Beaver  Creek;  above  timber  line,  west  of  Cameron  Pass;  Sierra  Blanca;  sum¬ 
mit  of  Pike’s  Peak;  Grand  Mesa;  west  slope  of  Bald  Mountain;  Clear  Creek; 
Red  Mountain,  south  of  Ouray;  Seven  Lakes;  Los  Pinos;  Tennessee  Pass; 
Cheyenne  Mountain;  West  Spanish  Peak;  South  Cheyenne  Canon;  Massif  de 
l’Arapahoe;  Spicer,  Larimer  Co. 

4.  Thlaspi  glaucum  A.  Nels.  In  mountain  valleys  and  canons  from  Ida.  to 
Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  8000-13,000  ft. — Spring  Canon;  Red  Mountain;  Pike’s 
Peak  Valley;  Silver  Plume;  Gray’s  Peak;  Bob  Creek;  Cameron  Pass;  Pass 
Creek;  near  Ironton,  San  Juan  Co.;  Rabbit-Ears,  Larimer  Co. 

5.  Thlaspi  purpurascens  Rydb.  Among  rocks,  on  the  peaks  of  Colo,  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  7000-14,300  ft. — Gray’s  Peak;  Cimarron;  Spring  Canon;  Horse- 
tooth  Gulch;  gulch  west  of  Dixon  Canon;  Rist  Canon;  Table  Rock;  Front 
Range,  Larimer  Co.;  Dixon  Canon;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek; 
Iron  Mountain;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

4.  BURSA  Weber.  Shepherd’s  Purse. 

1.  Bursa  Bursa-pastoris  (L.)  Britton.  In  waste  places  and  fields  from  Lab. 
to  Wash,  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Quimby;  Table  Rock;  Ft.  Collins; 
hills  about  Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Mancos. 

5.  SMELOW  SKIA. 

Segments  of  basal  leaves  spatulate.  1.  S.  americana. 

Segments  of  the  basal  leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong.  2.  5*.  lineariloba. 

1.  Smelowskia  americana  Rydb.  (S.  calycina  B.  &  H. ;  not  C.  A.  Mey.) 
On  the  higher  mountain  tops  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  10, coo- 
12, 000  ft. — Cumberland  Basin,  La  Plata  Mountains ;  Devil’s  Causeway ;  moun¬ 
tain  northwest  of  Como ;  Ragged  Mountain,  Gunnison  Co. ;  Mt.  Abram, 
Ouray. 

2.  Smelowskia  lineariloba  Rydb.  On  alpine  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt.  12, coo- 
14, 000  ft. — Douglass  Mountain;  Georgetown;  Silver  Plume;  northwest  of 
Como ;  near  Ironton,  San  Juan  Co. ;  Mt.  Bartlett,  Robinson. 


154 


BRASSIACEAE. 


6.  DITHYREA  Harv. 

i.  Dithyrea  Wislizeni  Engelm.  In  dry  regions  from  Tex.  and  Colo,  to 
Utah  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4500-6000  ft. — Valley  of  the  San  Juan  (Brandegee) . 

7.  PH YS ARIA  A.  Gray.  Double  Bladder-pod. 

Pods  deeply  cordate  at  the  base ;  lower  sinus  almost  as  deep  as  the  upper. 

1.  P.  didymocarpa. 

Pods  not  cordate  at  the  base  or  slightly  so  ;  lower  sinus  none  or  very  shallow. 

Basal  leaves  or  at  least  some  of  them  more  or  less  fiddle-shaped. 

Leaves  of  the  decumbent  flowering  stems  reduced  ;  terminal  lobe  of  the  basal 
leaves  rounded  or  reniform,  very  obtuse,  entire.  2.  P.  •vitulifera. 

Leaves  of  the  ascending  flowering  stems  ample ;  terminal  lobe  of  the  basal 
leaves  rhombic  or  ovate,  obtuse  or  acute,  sinuate.  3.  P.  floribunda. 

Basal  leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  acute,  not  fiddle-shaped,  2-4  cm.  long. 

4.  P.  acutifolia. 

1.  Physaria  didymocarpa  (Hook.)  A.  Gray.  On  dry  hills  from  Sask.  and 
Alb.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — Bluffs  north  of  La  Porte;  Ft. 
Collins;  Ruxton;  Durango;  Mancos. 

2.  Physaria  vitulifera  Rydb.  In  mountain  valleys  and  canons  of  Colo. — ■ 
Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Palisades;  Idaho  Springs;  Grand  Junction;  headwaters 
of  Clear  Creek;  alpine  ridges  east  of  Middle  Park;  Bear  Creek  Canon. 

3.  Physaria  floribunda  Rydb.  In  mountain  valleys  of  Colo. — Alt.  5000- 
9000  ft. — Plains  and  foot-hills  near  Boulder;  Wolcott;  Veta  Pass;  Golden, 
Jefferson  Co.;  Cimarron;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Clear  Creek  Canon; 
Hotchkiss;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

4.  Physaria  acutifolia  Rydb.  On  dry  hills  in  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  5000- 
10,500  ft. — Grand  Junction;  Ruxton  Ridge;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Steam-  ’ 
boat  Springs. 


8.  LESQUERELLA  S.  Wats.  Bladder-pod. 

Ovary  and  pod  stellate-pubescent. 

Pods  ovoid  or  ellipsoid. 

Pods  distinctly  compressed  and  acute  at  the  apex. 

Pods  6-8  mm.  long ;  plant  usually  over  1  dm.  high. 

Basal  leaf-blades  broadly  oval ;  septum  elliptic  in  outline ;  style  equalling 
the  pod  in  length.  1.  L.  Shearis. 

Basal  leaf-blades  oblanceolate  to  obovate ;  septum  ovate  in  outline ;  style 
much  shorter  than  the  pod.  2.  L.  curvipes. 

Pods  3-5  mm.  long ;  plant  1  dm.  or  less  high. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear-oblanceolate  ;  plant  pulvinate.  3.  L.  alpina. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear ;  plant  multicipital  with  a  subterranean  woody 
caudex.  4.  L.  parvula. 

Pods  not  compressed  above. 

Basal  leaf-blades  rounded  or  broadly  spatulate. 

Stem-leaves  small,  generally  less  than  1  cm.  long,  linear-oblanceolate. 

5.  L.  prostrata. 

Stem-leaves  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  1-2  cm.  long.  6.  L.  montana. 
Basal  leaf-blades  linear-oblanceolate.  7.  L.  arenosa. 

Pods  globose. 

Stem  very  slender ;  stem-leaves  oblanceolate,  1-3  cm.  long. 

7.  L.  arenosa. 

Stem  stouter,  strict ;  stem-leaves  linear,  2-6  cm.  long.  8.  L.  argentea. 
Ovary  and  pod  glabrous,  globose. 


BRASSIACEAE. 


155 


Basal  leaf-blades  oblanceolate. 

Plant  usually  over  3  dm.  high ;  flowers  and  fruit  corymbose. 

9.  L.  Engelmanni. 

Plant  usually  less  than  3  dm.  high ;  inflorescence  at  least  in  fruit  elongated, 
racemose.  10.  L.  stenophylla. 

Basal  leaves  broadly  oval.  11.  L.  ovalifolia. 

1.  Lesquerella  Shearis  Rydb.  On  plains  and  foot-hills  of  Colo. — Alt.  5000- 
8000  ft. — Boulder;  Palmer  Lake;  Idaho  Springs. 

2.  Lesquerella  curvipes  A.  Nels.  On  dry  hills  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt. 
up  to  10,000  ft. — Como. 

3.  Lesquerella  alpina  (Nutt.)  S.  Wats.  ( Vesicaria  alpina  Nutt.)  Dry  Hills 
from  N.  D.  and  Mont,  to  Colo. — Florence;  North  Park. 

4.  Lesquerella  parvula  Greene.  On  dry  hills  in  Colo. — Mt.  Bross,  Middle 
Park. 

5.  Lesquerella  prostrata  A.  Nels.  In  dry  places,  in  the  mountains,  from 
Ass.  to  Colo. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Northern  State  line;  mountain  near  Veta 
Pass;  between  La  Veta  and  Gardner. 

6.  Lesquerella  montana  (A.  Gray)  S.  Wats.  ( Vesicaria  montana  A.  Gray) 
On  hillsides  and  in  the  mountains  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M. — Alt.  5000-11,000  ft. 
— Larimer  Co.;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Palmer  Lake;  Fossil  Creek;  Ft.  Collins; 
Rist  Canon,  Larimer  Co.;  Salida;  Mancos ;  Trinidad;  mesas  near  Colorado 
Springs;  river  bluffs  north  of  La  Veta;  Los  Pinos;  plains  near  Denver;  hills 
southeast  of  La  Veta;  Manitou;  Veta  Pass;  South  Park. 

7.  Lesquerella  arenosa  (Richardson)  Rydb.  On  dry  hills  from  Sask.  to 
S.  D.  and  Colo. — Dolores. 

8.  Lesquerella  argentea  (Pursh)  MacM.  ( Vesicaria  Ludoviciana  DC.) 
On  plains  and  dry  hills  from  Minn,  to  N.  D.,  Kans.  and  Colo. — Wray;  north 
of  Craig,  Routt  Co. ;  Clear  Creek ;  25  miles  below  Manitou. 

9.  Lesquerella  Engelmanni  (A.  Gray)  S.  Wats.  On  dry  mesas  from  Kans. 
and  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  N.  M. — Pueblo. 

10.  Lesquerella  stenophylla  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Vesicaria  stenophylla  A. 
Gray  and  V.  Fendleri,  in  part.)  On  dry  mesas  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  N.  M. ; 
also  in  Mex. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Florence;  Swallow’s,  between  Pueblo  and 
Canon  City;  mesas  near  Pueblo;  Brantly  Canon,  Las  Animas  Co.;  Pueblo. 

11.  Lesquerella  ovalifolia  Rydb.  (L.  ovata  Greene.)  On  dry  mesas  and 
hillsides  from  Neb.  to  Colo,  and  Kans. — Alt.  about  1500  m. — Mesas  near 
Pueblo. 

10.  RORIPA  Scop.  Water-cress. 

Aquatics,  usually  immersed  and  rooting,  with  pinnate  leaves  and  white  petals. 

1.  R.  N asturtiuni. 

Terrestrial  or  marsh  plants  with  pinnatifid  leaves  and  yellow  petals  (except  in 
R.  trachycarpa. 

Perennials  with  rootstocks ;  petals  much  exceeding  the  sepals. 

Pods  pappillose. 

Leaves  thin ;  petals  white ;  fruit  recurved.  2.  R.  trachycarpa. 

Leaves  thick ;  petals  yellow ;  fruit  erect.  3.  R.  calycina. 

Pods  not  papillose.  4.  R.  sinuata. 

Annuals  or  biennials. 

Pods  spherical  to  oblong-ellipsoid ;  in  the  latter  case  shorter  than  the  pedicels. 
Pedicels  4-10  mm.  long;  pods  3-5  mm.  long  (rarely  6-7  mm.  in  R.  palustris) , 
1.5-2  mm.  thick. 


156 


BRASSIACEAE 


Stem  more  or  less  hirsute.  5-  R-  hispida. 

Stem  glabrous. 

Stem  tall,  3-8  dm.  high ;  stigma  prominent,  2-lobed. 

6.  R.  palustris. 

Stem  low,  divaricately  branched,  1-3  dm.  high ;  stigma  scarcely  thicker 
than  the  style.  7*  R-  alpina. 

Pedicels  2-5  mm.  long ;  pods  globose.  8.  R.  sphaerocarpa. 

Pods  oblong  to  linear-cylindric,  equalling  or  longer  than  the  short  pedicels. 

Style  about  1  mm.  long. 

Leaves  nearly  all  pinnatifid  with  obtuse  divisions.  9.  R.  obtusa. 

Leaves  mostly  sinuate,  or,  if  pinnatifid,  with  acute  divisions. 

Pods  short,  ellipsoid,  straight  on  straight  pedicels. 

8.  R.  sphaerocarpa. 

Pods  elongated  ovoid,  curved  on  curved  pedicels.  10.  R.  curvipes. 

Style  minute,  5  mm.  or  less  long. 

Low,  slender,  less  than  2  dm.  high  ;  leaves  not  auricled  at  the  base. 

11.  R.  lyrata. 

Stouter,  over  2  dm.  high  ;  petioles  of  the  stem-leaves  auricled  at  the  base. 

12.  R.  Underwoodii. 

1.  Roripa  Nasturtium  (L.)  Rusby.  {Nasturtium  officinale  R.  Br.)  In 
slow  brooks  and  streams  from  N.  S.  to  Wash.,  Va.  and  Calif. — Alt.  1200- 
2800  m. — Along  Poudre,  Ft.  Collins ;  Durango ;  plains  and  foot-hills  near 
Boulder;  about  Ouray;  swamp  near  Ft.  Collins. 

2.  Roripa  trachycarpa  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Nasturtium  tr  achy  car pum  A. 
Gray)  On  river  banks  in  Colo. — Alt.  about  6000  ft.— Walsenburg;  “South¬ 
western  Colorado.” 

3.  Roripa  calycina  (Engelm.)  Rydb.  (N.  calycinum  Engelm.)  On  sandy 
river  bottoms  from  Mont,  to  Wash,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Ft. 
Collins. 

4.  Roripa  sinuata  (Nutt.)  A.  S.  Hitchc.  ( Nasturtium  sinuatum  Nutt.) 
On  river  banks  and  in  wet  ground  from  Minn,  to  Wash.,  Mo.  and  Ariz. — 
Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Gunnison;  New  Wind¬ 
sor;  mesas  near  Pueblo;  Pike’s  Peak;  near  Boulder. 

5.  Roripa  hispida  (Desv.)  Britton.  ( N .  hispidum  Desv.)  In  swamps  from 
N.  B.  to  the  Mackenzie  and  B.  C.,  south  to  Fla.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-9000 
ft. — Ft.  Collins;  Cache  la  Poudre  banks;  Quimby;  plains  and  foot-hills  near 
Boulder;  Gunnison;  Pass  Creek. 

6.  Roripa  palustris  (L.)  Bess.  ( N .  palustre  DC.)  In  swamps  from  Lab. 
to  B.  C.,  Ga.,  N.  M.  and  Nev. — Alt.  up  to  10,000  ft. — Trapper’s  Lake;  Du¬ 
rango;  Twin  Lakes. 

7.  Roripa  alpina  (S.  Wats.)  Rydb.  ( N .  obtusum  alpinum  S.  Wats.)  In 
wet  places  in  the  mountains  from  Mont,  and  Ida.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — 
Ft.  Collins;  Poudre  Canon;  Steamboat  Springs;  Fish  Creek;  Hotchkiss. 

8.  Roripa  sphaerocarpa  (A.  Gray)  Britton.  ( N .  sphaerocarpum  A.  Gray;  N. 
obtusum  sphaerocarpum  S.  Wats.)  In  wet  places  from  Ills,  to  Wyo.,  Calif, 
and  Ariz. — North  Park,  near  Wyoming  line;  near  Ironton,  San  Juan  Co. 

9.  Roripa  obtusa  (Nutt.)  Britton.  On  sandy  beaches  and  river  banks  from 
Mich,  to  Wash.,  Tex.  and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — New  Windsor;  Mt. 
Harvard;  Massif  de  l’Arapahoe;  Hotchkiss,  Delta  Co. 

10.  Roripa  curvipes  Greene.  In  wet  places  in  mountain  valleys  of  Colo, 
and  Wyo. — Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — Squaw  Hill,  above  Cimarron;  Dale  Creek, 
Larimer  Co. ;  Gunnison. 


BRASSIACEAE. 


157 


ii  Roripa  lyrata  (Nutt.)  Greene.  ( N .  lyratum  Nutt.)  In  sandy  wet  soil 
from  Mont,  to  Wash.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — New  Windsor. 

12.  Roripa  Underwoodii  Rydb.  In  wet  places  in  the  mountains  of  Colo. — 
Alt.  about  11,000  ft. — Red  Mountain,  south  of  Ouray. 

ii.  TURRITIS  L. 

i.  Turritis  glabra  L.  ( Arabis  perfoliata  Lam.)  In  waste  places  and  on 
sandy  soil  from  Que.  and  Alb.  to  Pa.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — 
Middle  Park;  Mancos;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Almelia;  Hotchkiss;  Platte 
Canon;  Steamboat  Springs. 

12.  SCHOENOCRAMBE  Greene. 

Leaves  all  linear,  entire. 

Plant  decumbent,  slender ;  pods  ascending,  more  or  less  arcuate  ;  style  about  1 

mm.  long.  1.  5".  decumbens. 

Plant  erect,  stouter ;  pods  erect  or  nearly  so,  straight ;  style  obsolete,  0.5  mm.  or 
less  long.  2.  .S',  linifolia. 

Some  of  the  lower  leaves  pinnatifid.  3.  S',  pinnata. 

1.  Schoenocrambe  decumbens  Rydb.  In  dry  places  from  Mont,  to  Colo, 
and  Utah. — Alt.  up  to  7000  ft. — Gypsum. 

2.  Schoenocrambe  linifolia  (Nutt.)  Greene.  ( Sisymbrium  linifolium  Nutt.) 
In  dry  places  from  Mont,  to  B.  C.,  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — 
Cimarron;  Arboles;  Grand  Junction. 

3.  Schoenocrambe  pinnata  Greene.  On  dry  hills  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and 
Nev. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. — Cimarron. 

13.  SISYMBRIUM  L.  Hedge  Mustard. 

1.  Sisymbrium  officinale  (L.)  Scop.  In  waste  places  from  Newf.  to  B.  C, 
Fla.  and  Calif.;  naturalized  from  Europe. — Platte  near  Denver  {Eastwood) . 

14.  SOPHIA  Adans.  Herb-sophia,  Tansey-mustard. 

Pedicels  ascending  or  spreading. 

Pods  linear,  1  mm.  wide,  somewhat  curved ;  seeds  in  one  row. 

Pods  8-15  mm.  long;  stem  simple  or  with  ascending  branches. 

Pods  divergent ;  segments  of  the  uppermost  leaves  often  entire. 

1.  .S',  leptophylla. 

Pods  ascending ;  segments  of  the  leaves  all  sharply  cut-lobed. 

•  2.  S'.  incisa. 

Pods  5-8  mm.  long;  stem  diffusely  branched.  3.  5.  purpurascens. 

Pods  more  or  less  clavate,  5-12  mm.  long,  1-2  mm.  wide;  seeds  usually  in  two 
more  or  less  distinct  rows. 

Pods  8-12  mm.  long,  mostly  erect  on  spreading  pedicels. 

Leaves  and  stem  green,  only  sparingly  stellate. 

Stem  divaricately  branched ;  branches  making  with  the  stem  an  angle  of 
450  or  more;  pedicels  8-10  mm.  long,  usually  shorter  than  the  pods. 

4.  S'.  ramosa. 

Stem  simple  or  with  erect  or  strongly  ascending  branches. 

Petals  much  exceeding  the  sepals  ;  terminal  segments  of  the  upper  leaves 
usually  elongated,  linear,  entire.  5.  S',  dlipes. 

Petals  not  much  exceeding  the  sepals ;  terminal  segment  of  the  upper 
leaves  not  elongated.  6.  S',  intermedia. 

Leaves  and  stem  cinereous-stellate. 


158 


BRASSIACEAE. 


Petals  longer  than  the  sepals,  about  2  mm.  long ;  upper  leaves  mostly 
once  pinnate,  with  elongated  broad  terminal  segments. 

7.  S.  andrenarum. 

Petals  not  longer  than  the  sepals,  about  1.5  mm.  long;  upper  leaves  usually 
more  dissected  ;  terminal  segment  narrow,  not  elongated. 

8.  S.  halictorum. 

Pods  5-8  mm.  long. 

Pods  acute  above,  acuminate  below ;  style  obsolete.  9.  S.  pinnata. 

Pods  acuminate  at  both  ends;  style  evident.  10.  5.  procera. 

Pedicels  erect. 

Pods  over  1  mm.  thick. 

Plant  green  and  almost  glabrous.  10.  S.  procera. 

Plant  cinereous-pubescent.  ix.  5.  brevipes. 

Pods  about  .75  mm.  thick ;  plant  glandular  puberulent,  especially  the  inflores¬ 
cence,  or  glabrous.  12.  S.  glandulifera. 


1.  Sophia  leptophylla  Rydb.  In  dry  places  from  Wyo.  and  Ida.  to  Colo. — 
Alt.  about  6500  ft. — Foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  Bosworth’s  ranch ;  Stove 
Prairie. 

2.  Sophia  incisa  (Engelm.)  Greene.  On  hillsides  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M. — 
Alt.  6000-9000  ft. — Walcott;  Chicken  Creek;  Idaho  Springs;  southeast  of  La 
Veta;  Mancos;  west  of  Steamboat  Springs;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Cimarron; 
Glenwood  Springs,  Garfield  Co. 

3.  Sophia  purpurascens  Rydb.  On  mountain  sides  in  Colo. — Alt.  about 
11,000  ft. — Known  only  from  the  type  locality:  Red  Mountain,  south  of 
Ouray. 

4.  Sophia  ramosa  Rydb.  On  mountain  sides  in  Colo. — Alt.  about  9000  ft. — 
Known  only  from  Pitkin. 

5.  Sophia  filipes  (A.  Gray)  Heller.  On  hillsides  from  N.  D.  and  Wash, 
to  Colo. — Mancos. 

6.  Sophia  intermedia  Rydb.  On  hillsides  and  prairies  and  in  sandy  soil 
from  Mich,  and  B.  C.  to  Tenn.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Sangre  de 
Cristo  Creek;  near  Ironton,  San  Juan  Co.;  Buena  Vista;  Parlin;  Mancos; 
plains  near  Denver;  southeast  and  north  of  La  Veta. 

7.  Sophia  andrenarum  Cockerell.  On  hillsides  and  in  sandy  valleys  from 
Mont,  and  Wash,  to  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Canon  City;  Walsenburg; 
river  bluffs  north  of  La  Veta;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Ft.  Collins; 
New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Los  Pinos;  near  Poudre  River;  Antonito. 

8.  Sophia  halictorum  Cockerell.  In  sandy  valleys  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to 
Tex.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  up  to  6000  ft. — Walsenburg. 

9.  Sophia  pinnata  (Walt.)  Howell.  In  sandy  soil  from  Va.  and  Colo,  to 
Fla.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — Plains  near  Denver;  mesas  near  Pueblo; 
Ft.  Collins;  Cache  la  Poudre;  Lamar;  Gypsum;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co. 

10.  Sophia  procera  Greene.  In  sandy  valleys  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and 
Utah. — Alt.  7500-9000  ft. — Ironton  Park,  9  miles  south  of  Ouray;  Box  Canon, 
west  of  Ouray;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Tennessee  Pass. 

11.  Sophia  brevipes  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  ( Sisymbrium  canescens  brevipes 
Nutt.;  S.  incisum  Hartwcgicmum  S.  Wats.;  (?)  S.  Hartzvegianum  Fourn.) 
In  sandy  valleys,  among  bushes,  from  Mackenzie  to  Minn,  and  Utah. — Man¬ 
cos  ;  east  side  Poudre  River,  above  Ft.  Collins ;  Middle  Park. 

12.  Sophia  glandulifera  Rydb.  In  sandy  places  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M. — 
La  Veta. 


BRASSIACEAE. 


159 


15.  STENOPHRAGMA  Celac. 

1.  Stenophragma  virgata  (Nutt.)  Greene.  ( Sisymbrium  virgatum  Nutt.) 
In  dry  places  in  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Exact  locality  not  given  ( Hall  &  Harbour )  ; 
McCoy’s,  Eagle  Co. 

16.  ERYSIMUM  L. 


Petals  less  than  1  cm.  long. 

Petals  3-5  mm.  long.  1.  E.  cheiranihoides. 

Petals  8-10  mm.  long.  2.  E.  parvidorum. 

Petals  over  1  cm.  long. 

Petals  light  yellow. 

Plants  biennial  or  short-lived  perennials  ;  not  cespitose. 

Basal  leaves,  as  well  as  the  whole  plant,  grayish. 

Pods  widely  spreading,  5-8  cm.  long,  stout ;  stem-leaves  usually  sinuate- 
dentate.  3.  E.  asperiim. 

Pods  strongly  ascending  or  almost  erect,  8-12  cm.  long. 

Claws  of  the  petals  one-half  longer  than  the  sepals  ;  stem-leaves  broadly 
oblanceolate,  usually  sinuate-dentate.  4.  E.  elatum. 

Claws  of  the  petals  scarcely  exceeding  the  sepals ;  stem-leaves  entire 
or  nearly  so. 

Stem-leaves  linear  or  nearly  so  ;  pods  usually  twisted. 

5.  E.  asperrimum. 

Stem-leaves  oblanceolate ;  pods  straight.  6.  E.  oblanceolatum. 

Basal  leaves,  at  least,  silvery  white ;  stem  leaves  narrowly  linear. 

Plants  2-3  dm.  high  ;  stem-leaves  sinuate-dentate.  7.  E.  Bakeri. 

Plants  1-2  dm.  high ;  stem-leaves  entire.  8.  E.  argillosum. 

Plants  low  cespitose  perennials. 

Leaves  entire-margined  or  nearly  so.  9.  E.  nivale. 

Leaves  sinuate-dentate.  10.  E.  radicatum. 

Petals  varying  from  orange  to  dark  brown  or  purple. 

Plant  simple,  3-5  dm.  high;  basal  leaves  5-10  cm.  long,  oblanceolate. 

11.  E.  Wheeleri. 

Plant  cespitose,  1-2  dm.  high  ;  basal  leaves  2-4  cm.  long,  spatulate. 

12.  E.  amoenum. 

1.  Erysimum  cheiranthoides  L.  In  waste  places,  on  river  banks  and  among 
bushes,  from  Newf.  and  Alaska  to  Tenn.  and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — 
Headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek ;  Middle  Park ;  along  the  Poudre ; 
Ft.  Collins;  Grizzly  Creek;  North  Park;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co. 

2.  Erysimum  parviflorum  Nutt.  ( E .  inconspicuum  (S.  Wats.)  MacM.)  On 
hillsides  from  Minn,  and  Alb.  to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Dix 
Post  Office;  Mancos;  Durango;  Ruxton. 

3.  Erysimum  asperum  DC.  Dry  plains  and  hills,  Sask.  to  Ark.  and  Colo. 
— Alt.  4000-9500  ft — Butte,  5  miles  southwest  of  La  Veta;  mountains  between 
Sunshine  and  Ward. 

4.  Erysimum  elatum  Nutt.  On  hills  from  N.  D.,  Mont,  and  Wash,  to 
Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  up  to  6000  ft. — Foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  Rist  Canon ; 
Horsetooth  Gulch;  Quimby;  Cucharas  River,  below  La  Veta;  Horsetooth 
Gulch;  Pike’s  Peak;  Crystal  Park;  Camp  Creek,  Larimer  Co. 

5.  Erysimum  asperrimum  (Greene)  Rydb.  ( Cheiranthus  asperrimus 
Greene)  On  hills  from  S.  D.  and  Mont,  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000- 
9000  ft. — Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Minnehaha;  near  Pueblo;  Manitou;  Wil¬ 
liams’  Canon,  above  Manitou;  Spring  Canon;  Table  Rock;  Trinidad;  Dixon 
Canon ;  Howe’s  Gulch ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  Rist  Canon. 


160 


BRASSIACEAE. 


6.  Erysimum  oblanceolatum  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — 
Alt.  5000-11,000  ft. — Golden;  near  La  Plata  Post  Office;  Hamor’s  Lake,  above 
Durango;  Williams’  Canon;  near  Pueblo;  Georgetown;  Stove  Prairie  Hill; 
Cameron  Pass ;  Dixon  Canon ;  plains  and  foot-hills  near  Boulder ;  Alpine 
Tunnel;  Cimarron. 

7.  Erysimum  Bakeri  (Greene)  Rydb.  ( Chieranthus  aridus  Greene;  C. 
Bakeri  Greene)  On  dry  hills  in  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Golden  City. 

8.  Erysimum  argillosum  (Greene)  Rydb.  ( C .  argillosus  Greene)  On  dry 
mesas  and  bluffs  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Pueblo;  plains  near  Denver; 
bluffs  north  of  La  Porte. 

9.  Erysimum  nivale  (Greene)  Rydb.  (C.  nivalis  Greene)  In  the  higher 
mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  11,000-13,000  ft. — Mountains  northeast 
of  Boreas ;  mountains  above  Graymont ;  mountain  northwest  of  Como ;  above 
Ouray;  Carson;  Argentine  Pass;  Mt.  Hesperus,  above  timber  line;  Slide 
Rock  Canon;  West  La  Plata  Mountains. 

10.  Erysimum  radicum  Rydb.  On  the  higher  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt.  10,000- 
13,000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  Bottomless  Pit. 

11.  Erysimum  Wheeleri  S.  Wats.  ( E .  asperum  alpestre  Cockerell)  On 
dry  hills  and  plains  in  the  mountains  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. 
— Alt.  5000-12,000  ft. — Mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  plains  and 
foot-hills  near  Boulder;  East  Indian  Creek;  Turkey  Creek  and  tributaries; 
Veta  Mountain;  Ojo;  west  slope  Bald  Mountain;  Slide  Rock  Canon,  West 
La  Plata  Mountains;  foot-hills  near  Ft.  Collins;  mountains  near  Veta  Pass; 
headwaters  of  Pass  Creek;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Howe’s  Gulch;  Montrose; 
Dillon  Canon;  Chicago  Lakes;  near  Boulder. 

12.  Erysimum  amoenum  (Greene)  Rydb.  ( Cheiranthus  nivalis  amoenus 
Greene.)  On  the  higher  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt.  10,000-13,000  ft. — La  Plata 
Mountains;  Silverton;  near  Ironton,  San  Juan  Co.;  Mt.  Abram;  mountains 
near  Ouray;  Berthoud  Pass. 

17.  BARBAREA  L.  Winter-cress,  Scurvy-grass. 

„  Pods  sharply  4-angled,  stout-pediceled  ;  leaf-segments  4-8  pairs.  1.  B.  praecox. 
Pods  obtusely  4-angled  ;  leaf-segments  1-4  pairs.  2.  B.  americana. 

1.  Barbarea  praecox  (J.  E.  Smith)  R.  Br.  In  waste  places  from  N.  Y. 
to  Wash.,  Fla.  and  Calif.;  sparingly  introduced  from  Europe. — Hotchkiss. 

2.  Barbarea  americana  Rydb.  ( B .  vulgaris  gracilis  S.  Wats.;  not  DC.) 
In  rich  soil  from  Sask.  and  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Between  Eldora  and 
Baltimore. 

18.  SINAPIS  L.  White  Mustard. 

1.  Sinapis  alba  L.  Introduced  in  grain  fields  and  waste  places  from  Me. 
to  B.  C.  and  Calif. — Ft.  Collins. 

19.  BRASSICA  L.  Wild  Mustard,  Turnips,  Cabbage. 

Pedicels  1-2  cm.  long;  plant  glabrous.  1.  B.  juncea. 

Pedicels  about  5  mm.  long ;  plant  sparingly  hispid.  2.  B.  arvensis. 

1.  Brassica  juncea  (L.)  Coss.  Sparingly  introduced  from  Europe;  in 
waste  places  from  N.  H.  to  Colo.,  Va.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Hills 
about  Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray. 


BRASSIACEAE. 


161 


2.  Brassica  arvensis  (L.)  B.  S.  P.  ( B .  Sinapistrum  Boiss.)  Introduced 
from  Europe  and  sometimes  a  troublesome  weed  in  grain  fields  from  Newf. 
to  Alb.  and  Colo. — Ft.  Collins. 


20.  ALYSSUM  L. 

i.  Alyssum  alyssoides  (L.)  Gouan.  (A.  calycinum  L.)  In  fields  and 
waste  places  and  on  hillsides  from  N.  H.  and  Iowa  to  N.  J.  and  Colo. ;  intro¬ 
duced  from  Europe. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Boulder. 


21.  DRABA  L.  Whitlow-grass. 

Winter  annuals  or  No.  7  sometimes  perennial;  style  obsolete. 

Pods  hairy. 

Flowers  white  ;  leaves  all  crowded  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem ;  racemes 
short  on  long  naked  peduncles. 

Inflorescence  even  in  fruit  corymbiform  ;  petals  minute  or  none. 

1.  D.  micrantha. 

Inflorescence  in  fruit  elongated  ;  petals  conspicuous.  2.  D.  coloradensis. 
Flowers  yellow  or  in  age  sometimes  whitish  ;  stem  more  or  less  leafy  throughout. 
Basal  leaves  obovate,  ovate  or  oblong ;  stem-leaves  ample  ;  pedicels  longer 
than  the  pods.  3.  D.  nemorosa. 

Basal  leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong ;  stem-leaves  smaller,  oblong-lanceolate ; 
pedicels  shorter  than  the  pods.  4.  D.  montana. 

Pods  glabrous. 

Stem  more  or  less  leafy. 

Basal  leaves  obovate;  stem-leaves  several,  broad.  5.  D.  lutea. 

Basal  leaves  oblanceolate ;  stem-leaves  very  few  and  small. 

6.  D.  nitida. 

Stem  scapiform  or  with  a  single  leaf ;  leaves  in  basal  rosettes. 

Basal  leaves  oblanceolate  or  narrowly  spatulate,  hirsute. 

7.  D.  crassifolia. 

Basal  leaves  narrowly  linear-oblanceolate,  glabrous,  except  the  very  sparingly 
ciliate  margins.  8.  D.  Parryi. 

Perennials  ;  style  usually  evident. 

Plant  scapose  or  nearly  so  ;  leaves  ciliate  on  the  margins. 

Petals  white.  9.  D.  fladnizensis. 

Petals  yellow.  D.  steptocarpa  Gray  ana. 

Stem  leafy. 

Petals  white  ;  leaves  stellate ;  plant  usually  over  1  dm.  high. 

10.  D.  cana. 

Petals  yellow. 

Plants  glabrous,  except  the  margins  of  the  leaves,  which  are  occasionally 
ciliate. 

Leaves  linear  or  narrowly  linear-oblanceolate,  thin. 

Leaves  much  shorter  than  the  flowering  stems  ;  pods  lance-linear. 

11.  D.  chrysantha. 

Leaves  almost  equalling  the  flowering  stems  ;  pods  ovate. 

12.  D.  graminea. 

Leaves  spatulate  or  broadly  oblanceolate,  thick.  13.  D.  crassa. 

Plants  decidedly  hairy,  at  least  on  the  stem. 

Pubescence  long-hirsute,  with  simple  or  slightly  branched  hairs. 

14.  D.  streptocarpa. 

Pubescence  dense,  mostly  of  branched  or  stellate  hairs. 

Styles  1.5-2  mm.  long;  pods  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulent. 

Pubescence  rather  sparse  and  minute ;  stem-leaves  usually  sharply 
toothed.  15.  D.  spectabilis. 


11 


162 


BRASSIACEAE. 


Pubescence  dense  and  grayish ;  stem-leaves  entire-margined  or  mi¬ 
nutely  denticulate.  16.  D.  Helleriana. 

Style  i  mm.  long ;  pod  decidedly  pubescent. 

Stem  erect  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  thin  ;  basal  ones  usually  over  2  cm.  long  ;  cauline  ovate  to 
lanceolate. 

Petals  5  mm.  or  more  long ;  stem-leaves  often  dentate. 

17.  D.  luteola. 

Petals  3-4  mm.  long  ;  stem-leaves  entire-margined. 

18.  D.  aureformis. 

Leaves  thick  :  basal  ones  1-2  cm.  long ;  cauline  lanceolate  or  oblong. 

19.  D.  aurea. 

Flowering  stem  decumbent ;  leaves  finely  stellate  ;  pods  twisted. 

20.  D.  decumbens. 

1.  Draba  micrantha  Nutt.  (D.  caroliniana  micrantha  A.  Gray)  In  arid 
soil  from  Ill.  to  Wash.,  Tex.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Mancos;  Denver; 
foot-hills  west  of  Ft.  Collins. 

2.  Draba  coloradensis  Rydb.  (D.  cuncifolia  Coult.,  in  part;  not  Nutt.)  On 
plains  and  hillsides  of  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — Hills  west  of  Soldier  Canon; 
Ft.  Collins;  Mancos;  foot-hills  west  of  Ft.  Collins;  plains  near  Denver;  near 
Boulder;  New  Windsor. 

3.  Draba  nemorosa  L.  In  dry  places,  often  among  grass,  from  Mich,  to 
Mont.,  B.  C.,  Colo,  and  Ore. — Alt.  4000-10.000  ft. — Georgetown ;  mountain 
near  Veta  Pass;  foot-hills  west  of  Ft.  Collins;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de 
Cristo  Creek;  Rist  Canon;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Poudre  River;  west  of  Soldier 
Canon ;  Howe’s  Gulch  ;  near  Chambers’  Lake ;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co. ;  Middle 
Park ;  Georgetown. 

4.  Draba  montana  S.  Wats.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  2700  m. 
— I  ronton  Park,  9  miles  south  of  Ouray. 

5.  Draba  lutea  Gilib.  ( D .  nemorosa  leiocarpa,  in  part)  On  hillsides  from 
Hudson  Bay  to  Alaska,  Mich.,  Colo,  and  Ore. — Idaho  Springs ;  Georgetown ; 
Rabbit-Ear  Range,  Routt  Co. 

6.  Draba  nitida  Greene.  ( D .  stenoloba  Wats.  &  Brew.;  not  Ledeb.)  On 
hillsides  from  Wyo.  to  Ore.,  Colo,  and  southern  Calif. — Alt.  8000-11,000  ft. — 
Near  Teller,  North  Park;  Tennessee  Pass;  Cameron  Pass;  mountains  east 
of  Cameron  Pass ;  Grayback  mining  camps ;  Flat  Top  Mountains ;  Marshall 
Pass ;  Sargent’s ;  South  Park ;  near  Chambers’  Lake. 

7.  Draba  crassifolia  Graham.  On  exposed  mountain-tops  from  Greenl.  to 
B.  C.,  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  10,000-14,000  ft. — Mountains  northeast  of 
Boreas;  near  Ironton,  San  Juan  Co.;  vicinity  of  Como;  Leroux  Creek,  Delta 
Co.;  Sierra  Blanca;  Massif  de  l’Arapahoe ;  summit  of  North  Park  Range, 
Larimer  Co. 

8.  Draba  Parry i  Rydb.  On  alpine  peaks  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Alt.  10,000- 
13,000  ft. — Foot  of  Gray’s  Peak;  Cameron  Pass;  Cumberland  Basin,  La  Plata 
Mountains;  Red  Mountain;  Alpine  Tunnel. 

9.  Draba  fladnizensis  Wulf.  In  arctic  regions  and  on  alpine  peaks,  on 
wet  rocks,  from  Lab.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  about  13,000  ft. — 
Gray’s  Peak  trail;  Gray’s  Peak;  West  Spanish  Peaks;  Parlin. 

10.  Draba  cana  Rydb.  ( D .  incana  confusa  of  Coult.  Man.;  not  Poir.)  In 
the  mountains,  among  rocks,  from  Lab.  and  Yukon  to  Colo. — Alt.  11,000-12,000 
ft. — Massif  de  1’ Arapahoe ;  northeast  of  Boreas ;  Red  Mountain  ;  Pike’s  Peak. 


BRASSIACEAE. 


163 


11.  Draba  chrysantha  S.  Wats.  On  alpine  peaks  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt. 
12,000-13,000  ft. — Gray’s  Peak. 

12.  Draba  graminea  Greene.  On  alpine  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  12,500 
ft. — Telluride;  Carson. 

13.  Draba  crassa  Rydb.  On  alpine  peaks  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  8000- 
12,500  ft.— Cumberland  Mine,  La  Plata  Mountains. 

14.  Draba  streptocarpa  A.  Gray.  On  alpine  peaks  and  rocky  places  in  the 
higher  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  6000-13,000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  headwaters  of 
Clear  Creek;  South  Park;  Gray’s  Peak;  West  Indian  Creek;  West  Spanish 
Peak;  near  Colorado  Springs;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  moun¬ 
tains  near  Veta  Pass;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Robinson;  northwest  of 
Como ;  east  of  Cameron  Pass ;  Pennock’s  mountain  ranch ;  Beaver  Creek ; 
Chambers’  Lake ;  Crystal  Park ;  Gentian  Ridge ;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek 
and  alpine  ridges  east  of  Middle  Park;  Gray’s  Peak;  South  Park;  Empire; 
Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

Draba  streptocarpa  Grayana  Rydb.  Alpine  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt.  12, coo- 
13, 000  ft. — Mountains  northwest  of  Como;  Gray’s  Peak  trail. 

15.  Draba  spectabilis  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
9000-12,000  ft. — Near  Ironton,  San  Juan  Co.;  Cumberland  Basin  and  Bob 
Creek,  La  Plata  Mountains;  Upper  La  Plata  Canon;  Mt.  Hesperus;  moun¬ 
tains  about  Ouray;  Red  Mountain. 

16.  Draba  Helleriana  Greene.  ( D .  oxyloba  Greene.)  In  the  mountains  of 
Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Sargent’s;  Van  Boxle’s  ranch,  above 
Cimarron ;  Grayback  Mining  Camps ;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek ; 
Ojo;  Silverton. 

17.  Draba  luteola  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  9000-12,000  ft. 
— Cumberland  Basin,  La  Plata  Mountains ;  Idaho  Springs ;  Upper  Canon  of 
the  La  Plata ;  near  Pagosa  Peak ;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

18.  Draba  aureiformis  Rydb.  ( D .  Bakeri  Greene.)  In  the  mountains  of 
Colo,  and  the  Black  Hills  of  S.  D. — Alt.  9000-11,000  ft. — Near  Graymont; 
headwaters  of  Pass  Creek;  Carson;  Palsgrove  Canon. 

19.  Draba  aurea  Wahl.  Among  rocks  in  the  higher  mountains  and  in  sub¬ 
arctic  regions  from  Greenl.  to  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Ariz. ;  also  in  northern 
Europe. — Alt.  9000-13,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Massif  de  l’Arapa- 
hoe;  Battlement  Crag,  Pike’s  Peak;  Como;  West  Spanish  Peak;  near  Iron- 
ton,  San  Juan  Co. ;  between  Bald  Mountain  and  Seven  Lakes ;  Dark  Canon ; 
Cripple  Creek  road;  vicinity  of  Como;  Boreas;  Silverton;  Leroux  Creek; 
Chambers’  Lake;  Graymont;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Grand  Lake;  Mt.  Abram, 
Ouray;  Mt.  Baldy;  Mt.  Garfield;  Middle  Park;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

20.  Draba  decumbens  Rydb.  Alpine  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt.  12,000-13,000  ft. 
— Gray’s  Peak. 

22.  CARDAMINE  L.  Bitter-cress. 

Leaves  all  entire  ;  blades  more  or  less  cordate,  dentate. 

Plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  1.  C.  cordifolia. 

Plant,  at  least  the  stem,  densely  pilose  ;  leaves  also  hairy.  2.  C.  infausta. 
Leaves,  at  least  some  of  them,  pinnate. 

Petals  about  5  mm.  long;  leaflets  1-7;  the  terminal  much  larger,  cordate,  ovate 
or  reniform,  sinuately  toothed.  3.  C.  vallicola. 

Petals  2-4  mm.  long;  leaflets  5-15,  from  linear  to  obovate. 


164 


BRASSIACEAE. 


Plant  perfectly  glabrous  ;  beak  of  the  pod  less  than  i  mm.  long. 

4.  C.  pennsylvanica. 

Plant  more  or  less  hairy,  at  least  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stem  or  the  base  of 
the  petioles  ;  beak  of  the  pod  over  1  mm.  long.  5.  C.  acuminata. 

1.  Cardamine  cordifolia  A.  Gray.  In  brooks  and  on  shady  banks  from  Wyo. 
to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  7500-11,000  ft. — Rico;  Gore  Pass;  Graymont; 
Chambers’  Lake;  Villa  Grove;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward; 
Marshall  Pass;  canons  and  adjoining  meadows  west  of  Ouray;  Idaho 
Springs;  Clear  Creek;  Ironton;  Tennessee  Pass;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  on  Bob 
Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains;  Como;  Silver  Plume;  Gray’s  Peak;  Ojo; 
Pass  Creek ;  Caribou ;  Eldora  to  Baltimore ;  summit  of  North  Park  Range, 
Larimer  Co. ;  Spicer. 

2.  Cardamine  infausta  Greene.  (C.  cardiophylla  Rydb.)  In  brooks  in 
Colo. — Alt.  up  to  10,000  ft. — Above  Beaver  Creek;  Tennessee  Pass. 

3.  Cardamine  vallicola  Greene.  In  shady  wet  woods  and  on  river  banks 
in  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Bank  of  Poudre  River,  Ft.  Collins; 
Columbine ;  Dale  Creek. 

4.  Cardamine  pennsylvanica  Muhl.  On  shaded  banks  from  Newf.  to  Wash., 
Fla.,  Kans.  and  Ore. — Walton  Creek;  North  Park. 

5.  Cardamine  acuminata  Nutt.  On  shaded  banks  from  Mont,  to  Alaska, 
Colo,  and  Ore. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Ft.  Collins. 

23.  ARABIS  L.  Rock-cress. 

Pods  erect  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  coarsely  hirsute  ;  the  cauline  ones  cordate  or  auricled  at  the  base. 

1.  A.  ovata. 

Leaves  not  coarsely  hirsute. 

Pubescence  if  any  sparse  and  consisting  of  2-forked  hairs. 

Plant  perfectly  glabrous.  2.  A.  philonipha. 

Lower  leaves  more  or  less  hairy. 

Lower  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate  ;  cauline  narrow  and  acuminate ;  pods 
about  1.5  mm.  wide.  3.  A.  oxyphylla. 

Lower  leaves  spatulate  ;  cauline  not  long-acuminate ;  pods  about  2  mm. 
wide.  4.  A.  commixa. 

Pubescence  of  the  lower  leaves  distinctly  stellate. 

Stem  over  3  dm.  high;  basal  leaves  3-10  cm.  long;  petals  purple. 

5.  A.  oblanceolata. 

Stem  usually  less  than  3  dm.  high  ;  basal  leaves  1-2  cm.  long  ;  petals  white 
or  pinkish.  6.  A.  Crandalii. 

Pods  spreading  or  reflexed. 

Leaves  more  or  less  stellate. 

Leaves  finely  stellate  without  coarser  simple  hairs. 

Stem  3-5  dm.  high,  branched;  basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  5-10  cm.  long, 
denticulate.  7.  A.  Selbyi. 

Stems  1-4  dm.  high,  simple  ;  basal  leaves  1-5  cm.  long. 

Plant  green,  minutely  stellate  or  sometimes  glabrate  ;  basal  leaves  usu¬ 
ally  entire.  12.  A.  lignifera. 

Plant  densely  stellate ;  basal  leaves  dentate. 

Petals  about  8  mm.  long ;  sepals  and  upper  leaves  usually  glabrous. 

13.  A.  rhodantha. 

Petals  about  6  mm.  long ;  sepals  stellate ;  leaves  usually  all  stellate. 

8.  A.  consanguinea. 

Leaves  hispid  on  the  margins  as  well  as  stellate.  9.  A.  Fendleri. 

Leaves  not  stellate,  perfectly  glabrous  or  with  ciliate  margins. 


BRASSIACEAE. 


165 


Plants  not  densely  cespitose ;  stem-leaves  lanceolate-sagittate ;  basal  leaves 
oblanceolate  or  spatulate.  io.  A.  divaricarpa. 

Plants  densely  cespitose ;  stem-leaves  oblong  or  lance-oblong,  indistinctly 
auricled ;  basal  leaves  narrowly  linear-oblanceolate.  n.  A.  oxylobula. 

1.  Arabis  ovata  (Pursh)  Poir.  (A.  hirsuta  Hook.,  in  part;  not  L.)  In 
waste  places  and  sandy  or  rocky  soil  from  N.  B.  and  Alb.  to  Ga.  and  Calif. — 
Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Boulder  Canon;  Mancos;  Ojo;  Cucharas  River,  below  La 
Veta;  Pagosa  Springs;  West  Indian  Creek;  South  Park;  Chicken  Creek,  La 
Plata  Mountains;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Williams’  Canon;  butte,  5  miles 
southwest  of  La  Veta;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  gulch 
south  of  Boulder ;  Spring  Canon ;  Moon’s  ranch ;  Dixon  Canon ;  gulch  west  of 
Soldier  Canon ;  Rustic ;  Cache  la  Poudre ;  South  Park ;  Colorado  Springs ; 
Castle  Canon;  Cimarron;  Lake  City;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

2.  Arabis  philonipha  A.  Nelson.  On  hillsides  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to 
Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  up  to  9500  ft. — Breckenridge ;  Villa  Grove;  mountains 
between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 

3.  Arabis  oxyphylla  Greene.  On  hillsides  and  in  canons  from  Wyo.  to 
Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  7000-11,500  ft. — Cucharas  River,  below  La  Veta; 
Chicken  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains;  Hounold;  Cripple  Creek  road; 
near  Pagosa  Peak;  near  Chambers’  Lake;  Carson;  Cerro  Summit;  Van 
Boxle’s  ranch,  above  Cimarron;  Dark  Canon;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Empire;  Camp 
Creek,  and  Beaver  Creek,  Larimer  Co. 

4.  Arabis  connexa  Greene.  In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and 
Utah. — Alt.  9000-11,000  ft. — Lake  City;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  headwaters  of 
Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

5.  Arabis  oblanceolata  Rydb.  On  mountains  in  Colo. — Alt.  about  10,000 
ft. — Valley  Spur. 

6.  Arabis  Crandalii  Robinson.  (A.  stenoloba  Greene)  In  the  mountains  of 
Colo. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. — Cimarron. 

7.  Arabis  Selbyi  Rydb.  (A.  recondita  Greene,  in  part)  On  mountains  of 
Colo. — Alt.  7000-9500  ft. — West  of  Ouray;  Glenwood  Springs  (the  last  speci¬ 
men  included  by  Dr.  Greene  in  A.  recondita  Greene,  but  does  not  agree  with 
the  description). 

8.  Arabis  consanguinea  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  7000-9000 
ft. — Los  Pinos;  headwaters  of  Pass  Creek;  Van  Boxle’s  ranch,  above 
Cimarron, 

9.  Arabis  Fendleri  (S.  Wats.)  Greene.  ( A .  Hoelboellii  Fendleri  S.  Wats.) 
In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Georgetown ; 
Como;  butte,  5  miles  southwest  of  La  Veta;  Wahatoya  Canon;  river  bluffs 
north  of  La  Veta;  hills  southeast  of  La  Veta;  Mancos. 

10.  Arabis  divaricarpa  A.  Nels.  On  dry  hills  from  Ass.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. 
—Alt.  8000-9500  ft. — Mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 

11.  Arabis  oxylobula  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Leadville;  Trap¬ 
per's  Lake;  Glenwood  Springs. 

12.  Arabis  lignifera  A.  Nels.  In  the  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
about  8000  ft. — Columbine. 

13.  Arabis  rhodantha  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt. 
up  to  8000  ft. — Mancos  ;  Oj  o. 


166 


BRASSIACEAE. 


24.  CONRINGIA  Heist. 

1.  Conringia  orientalis  (L.)  Dum.  Introduced  from  Europe;  from  Me.  and 
Alb.  to  Del.  and  Colo. — Minnehaha. 


25.  STREPTANTHUS  Nutt. 

1.  Streptanthus  wyomingensis  A.  Nels.  On  dry  hills  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — 
Alt.  about  7000  ft. — Palisades,  Mesa  Co. ;  Cimarron ;  Glenwood  Springs,  Gar¬ 
field  Co. 

26.  EUKLISIA  (Nutt.)  Rydb. 

Stem  leaves  oblong  or  ovate,  with  cordate  base. 

Leaves  thick;  sepals  with  bristles  near  the  apex.  1.  E.  crassifolia. 

Leaves  thin  ;  sepals  without  bristles.  2.  E.  cordata. 

Stem  leaves  linear.  3.  E.  longirostris. 

1.  Euklisia  crassifolia  (Greene)  Rydb.  ( Streptanthus  crassifolius  Greene) 
On  dry  hills  from  Colo,  to  Utah,  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. — 
Grand  Junction ;  Cimarron. 

2.  Euklisia  cordata  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  ( Streptanthus  cordatus  Nutt.)  On  dry 
hills  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — McCoy’s,  Eagle  Co. ;  Mesa  Verde. 

3.  Euklisia  longirostris  (S.  Wats.)  Rydb.  ( Arabis  and  Streptanthus  longi¬ 
rostris  S.  Wats.)  In  valleys  from  Wyo.  to  Utah,  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Palisades. 

27.  THELYPODIUM  Endl. 

Plant  glabrous  or  with  simple  hairs. 

Upper  leaf-blades  auricled  at  the  base. 

Petals  rose-color,  purplish  or  white. 

Pods  7-10  cm.  long.  1.  T.  elegans. 

Pods  3-5  cm.  long. 

Stem-leaves  lanceolate-sagittate ;  petals  rose  or  purplish. 

2.  T.  paniculatum. 

Stem-leaves  ovate-sagittate ;  petals  white  or  straw  color. 

3.  T.  Bakeri. 

Petals  bright  yellow.  4.  T.  aureum. 

Upper  leaf-blades  attenuate  at  the  base. 

Some  of  the  leaves  sinuately  toothed  or  laciniate. 

Pedicels  slender,  6-15  mm.  long;  upper  leaves  entire  or  slightly  toothed; 

pods  divergent.  5.  T.  Wrightii. 

Pedicels  short  and  stout,  2-5  mm.  long ;  most  of  the  leaves  laciniate ; 

pods  reflexed.  6.  T.  utahensis. 

Leaves  all  entire  or  the  lower  sometimes  repand. 

Inflorescence  dense ;  stigma  truncate ;  lower  leaf-blades  obovate  or 
oblanceolate. 

Inflorescence  very  short ;  stipes  1  mm.  long  ;  pod  rather  stout. 

7.  T.  integri folium. 

Inflorescence  more  elongated  ;  stipes  2-3  mm.  long ;  pod  very  slender. 

8.  T.  gracilipes. 

Inflorescence  very  slender  and  lax  ;  stigmas  conical ;  leaves  all  linear. 

9.  T.  lineari folium. 

Plant  pubescent  with  branched  hairs.  10.  T.  micrantlmm. 

1.  Thelypodium  elegans  M.  E.  Jones.  On  adobe  plains  in  Utah  and  Colo. 
— Southwestern  Colorado. 


BRASSIACEAE. 


167 


2.  Thelypodium  paniculatum  A.  Nels.  (T.  sagittatum  Endl. ;  T.  torulosum 
Heller)  On  dry  hills  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  7000-9500  ft. — 
On  Grizzly  Creek;  Pearl  North  Park;  Canadian  River. 

3.  Thelypodium  Bakeri  Greene.  On  dry  hills  in  Colo. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. 
— Cimarron. 

4.  Thelypodium  aureum  Eastw.  On  dry  hills  in  Colo. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — 
Durango. 

5.  Thelypodium  Wrightii  A.  Gray.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo.,  Utah,  N.  M. 
and  Ariz. — Durango;  Glenwood  Springs,  Garfield  Co. 

6.  Thelypodium  utahense  Rydb.  In  river  valleys  of  Colo,  and  Utah. — 
Minturn,  Eagle  Co. 

7.  Thelypodium  integrifolium  (Nutt.)  Endl.  ( T .  lilacinum  Green.)  On 
plains  and  in  river-valleys  from  Mont,  to  Wash.,  Neb.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000- 
8000  ft. — Miller’s  ranch;  Ft.  Collins;  Poudre  Canon;  Villa  Grove;  meadows, 
Lake  John,  Middle  Park;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Doyle’s;  Hayden, 
Routt  Co. 

8.  Thelypodium  gracilipes  (Robinson)  Rydb.  In  valleys  of  Colo. — Alt. 
about  7000  ft. — Durango. 

9.  Thelypodium  linearifolium  (A.  Gray)  S.  Wats.  In  river  valleys  and  on 
hillsides  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz.;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  8000-9000  ft. — 
Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek. 

10.  Thelypodium  micranthum  S.  Wats.  Rocky  hills  from  western  Tex.  and 
Colo,  to  Ariz.  and  Mex. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. — Manitou. 


28.  STANLEYA  Nutt. 

Blades  of  the  petals  linear-oblong  to  elliptic ;  flowers  bright  yellow. 

Blades  of  the  petals  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as  the  claws. 

Pod  decidedly  tortuose.  1.  S.  bipinnata. 

Pod  arcuate,  not  tortuose.  2.  S.  glauca. 

Blades  of  the  petals  about  as  long  as  the  claws. 

Leaf-blades  broadly  lanceolate,  the  lower  with  short,  broad  lobes ;  blades  of  the 
petals  oblong ;  pod  ascending.  3.  T.  integrifolia. 

Leaf-blades  linear-lanceolate,  all  often  entire ;  blades  of  the  petals  broadly 
elliptic ;  pod  recurved.  4.  S.  arcuata. 

Blades  of  the  petals  rounded  oval ;  flowers  ochroleucous.  5.  S.  albescens. 

1.  Stanleya  bipinnata  Greene.  In  dry  places  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — North 
Fork,  Larimer  Co. 

2.  Stanleya  glauca  Rydb.  In  dry  soil  from  N.  D.  to  Wyo.,  Colo,  and  Utah. 
— Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Entrance  of  Soldier  Canon  to  Sulphur  Springs ;  north  of 
Ft.  Collins;  Arkansas  River;  Cedar  Hills;  Ft.  Collins;  Florence;  Dixon 
Canon;  Spring  Canon;  near  Badito,  between  La  Veta  and  Gardner;  Mancos; 
McElmo  Canon;  Garden  of  the  Gods;  Pueblo;  Pike’s  Peak. 

3.  Stanleya  integrifolia  James.  (S.  pinnatiUda  integrifolia  Robinson)  In 
dry  soil  from  S.  D.  to  Wyo.,  Kans.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Hochkiss, 
Delta  Co. ;  Cimarron. 

4.  Stanleya  arcuata  Rydb.  In  dry  soil  from  Wyo.  to  Nev.,  Colo,  and  Calif. 
— Grand  Junction. 

5.  Stanleya  albescens  Jones.  On  river  banks  in  western  Colo,  and  N.  M. 
— Along  Gunnison  River,  above  Delta;  Grand  Junction. 


168 


CAPPARIDACEAE. 


Family  60.  CAPPARIDACEAE  Lindl.  Caper  Family. 

Pods  elongated  ;  receptacle  with  an  appendage  or  gland. 

Appendage  tubular ;  petals  cuneate-flabelliform,  laciniate,  very  unequal. 

i.  Cristatella. 

Appendage  solid  ;  petals  entire,  emarginate  or  3-toothed,  but  not  laciniate. 
Stamens  12-24;  capsule  sessile  or  short  stipitate.  2.  Polanisia. 

Stamens  6  ;  capsule  long-stipitate.  3.  Peritoma. 

Pods  short,  broader  than  long,  more  or  less  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition ; 
receptacle  without  appendage.  4.  Cleomelea. 


1.  CRISTATELLA  Nutt. 

1.  Cristatella  Jamesii  T.  &  G.  In  sandy  soil  from  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Tex. 
— Sterling,  Logan  Co. 

2.  POLANISIA  Raf. 

1.  Polanisia  trachysperma  T.  &.  G.  In  sandy  soil  from  Ass.  to  Tex.  and 
Nev. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Canon  City;  plains  and  foot-hills  near  Boulder; 
New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Ft.  Collins;  Salida;  Howe’s  Gulch;  Mason’s  river¬ 
front  farm;  Rocky  Ford;  Soldier  Canon;  Poudre  Canon. 


3.  PERITOMA  DC. 

Petals  yellow. 

Petals  purple,  pink  or  white. 

Petals  8-12  mm.  long,  usually  3-toothed. 

Stamens  exserted ;  petals  usually  rose  color  or  purplish. 
Stamens  included  ;  petals  white, 

Petals  about  4  mm.  long,  entire. 


1.  P.  luteum. 


2.  P.  serrulatum. 

3.  P.  inornatnm. 

4.  P.  Sonorae. 


1.  Peritoma  luteum  (Hook.)  Greene.  ( Cleome  lutea  Nutt.)  In  sandy  soil 
from  Wyo.  and  Wash,  to  Colo.,  Ariz.  and  Ore. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Grand 
Junction ;  Cimarron  and  Squaw  Hill ;  Gunnison  Valley,  above  Delta. 

2.  Peritoma  serrulatum  (Pursh)  DC.  ( Cleome  serrulata  Pursh.)  In  val¬ 
leys,  especially  in  light  or  sandy  soil,  from  Sask.  and  Ida.  to  Mo.  and  Ariz. 
— Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Boulder;  Colorado  Springs;  Gunnison;  Sapinero;  Du¬ 
rango;  Manitou;  along  Uncompahgre  River,  near  Ouray;  Crow  Creek;  along 
Platte  River,  Denver;  Ft.  Collins;  Poudre  flats,  north  of  Ft.  Collins;  Trini¬ 
dad;  near  Badito,  between  La  Veta  and  Gardner;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek; 
Redstone;  Pueblo;  Dixon  Canon;  Ft.  Collins;  Cache  la  Poudre;  Walsen- 
burg;  Manitou. 

3.  Peritoma  inornatum  Greene.  In  dry  soil  in  western  Colo. — Grand 
Junction. 

4.  Peritoma  Sonorae  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Cleome  Sonorae  A.  Gray.)  In 
saline  soil  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Sonora. — Alt.  4000--5000  ft. — Saguache; 
San  Luis;  Alamosa. 


4.  CLEOMELLA  DC. 

Capsule  rhomboidal  with  more  or  less  distinct  conical  or  horn-like  projections; 
stipe  shorter  than  the  pedicels ;  style  obsolete  ;  seeds  rugulose. 

1.  C.  angustifolia. 

Capsule  obscurely  rhomboidal,  merely  gibbous  on  the  back ;  stipe  equalling  the 
pedicels  ;  style  conspicuous ;  seeds  smooth  and  shining.  2.  C.  oocarpa. 


CAPPARIDACEAE. 


169 


1.  Cleomella  angustifolia  Torr.  In  valley,  especially  in  sandy  or  alkaline 
soil,  from  Neb.  and  Utah  to  Tex. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Julesburg. 

2.  Cleomella  oocarpa  A.  Gray.  In  alkaline  plains  and  desert  regions  from 
Colo,  to  Calif. — Mesa  Verde,  about  Rio  Mancos  (Brandegee) . 


Order  27.  ROSALES. 


Flowers  regular  or  nearly  so  (actinomorphic). 

Endosperm  present  usually  copious  and  fleshy ;  stipules  mostly  wanting. 

Herbs. 

Carpels  as  many  as  the  sepals ;  succulent  plants. 

Fam.  61.  Crassulaceae. 

Carpels  fewer  than  the  sepals ;  plant  scarcely  succulent. 

Staminodia  wanting ;  carpels  2  or  rarely  3,  distinct  or  only  partly  united. 

Fam.  62.  Saxifragaceae. 

Staminodia  present ;  carpels  3  or  4,  wholly  united  into  a  1 -celled  gynoecium. 

Fam.  63.  Parnassiaceae. 

Shrubs  or  trees. 

Leaves  opposite  ;  fruit  a  leathery  capsule,  more  or  less  adnate  to  the  hypan- 
thium ;  stipules  wanting.  Fam.  64.  Hydrangiaceae. 

Leaves  alternate. 

Fruit  thin-walled  follicles,  free  from  the  hypanthium ;  stipules  present 
( Opulaster  in)  Fam.  66.  Rosaceae. 

Fruit  a  berry ;  hypanthium  adnate  to  and  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary. 

Fam.  65.  Grossulariaceae. 
Endosperm  wanting  or  scant ;  stipules  mostly  present. 

Carpels  several  or  numerous,  or,  if  solitary,  becoming  an  achene. 

Carpels  distinct,  free  from  the  hypanthium ;  fruit  achenes,  follicles  or 
drupelets.  Fam.  66.  Rosaceae. 

Carpels  united,  enclosed  by  and  adnate  to  the  hypanthium  ;  fruit  a  pome. 

Fam.  67.  Malaceae. 

Carpel  solitary,  not  becoming  an  achene. 

Ovary  2-ovuled ;  fruit  a  drupe ;  leaves  simple.  Fam.  68.  Amygdalaceae. 
Ovary  several-ovuled ;  fruit  a  legume  ;  leaves  pinnately  compound. 

Fam.  69.  Mimosaceae. 


Flowers  irregular  (mostly  zygomorphic). 

Upper  petal  enclosed  by  the  lateral  ones  in  the  bud ;  corolla  not  papilionaceous. 

Fam.  70.  Cassiaceae. 

Upper  petal  enclosing  the  lateral  ones  in  bud ;  corolla  papilionaceous. 

Fam.  71.  Fabaceae. 


Family  61.  CRASSULACEAE  DC.  Orpine  Family. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals;  minute  herbs.  1.  Tillaeastrum. 

Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals ;  succulent  herbs. 

Flowers  axillary  in  dense  congested  racemes ;  petals  rose-colored. 

2.  Clementsia. 

Flowers  terminal,  arranged  in  one-sided  raceme-like  branches. 

Carpels  erect ;  flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious  ;  petals  in  ours  purplish. 

3.  Rhodiola. 

Carpels  spreading;  flowers  perfect;  petals  in  ours  yellow.  4.  Sedum. 

1.  TILLAEASTRUM  Britton.  Pigmy-weed. 

1.  Tillaeastrum  aquaticum  (L.)  Britt.  ( Tillaea  aquatica  L. ;  T.  augusti- 
folia  Nutt.)  On  muddy  shores  from  N.  S.  and  Wash,  to  Md.,  La.  and  Lower 
Calif. — Alt.  up  to  10,000  ft. — Twin  Lakes. 


170 


CRASSULACEAE. 


2.  CLEMENTSIA  Rose.  Red  Orpine. 

i.  Clementsia  rhodantha  (A.  Gray)  Rose.  ( Sedum  rhodanthum  A.  Gray) 
In  meadows  and  along  streams  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  10,000- 
13,000  ft. — Gray’s  Peak;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Caribou;  Pike’s  Peak; 
Gore  Pass;  Cameron  Pass;  Pagosa  Peak;  Villa  Grove;  Dark  Canon;  Mar¬ 
shall  Pass;  near  Georgetown;  Twin  Lakes;  Chambers’  Lake;  Berthoud  Pass. 

3.  RH0DI0LA  L.  Rose-root,  Rose-wort. 

Flowers  dioecious ;  carpels  3-5  mm.  long,  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  di¬ 
vergent  or  reflexed  beak.  1.  R.  integri folia. 

Flowers  polygamous ;  carpels  6-8  mm.  long,  gradually  tapering  into  a  long 
ascending  beak.  2.  R.  polygama. 

1.  Rhodiola  integrifolia  Raf.  ( Sedum  rhodiola  Coult.,  in  part;  not  DC.; 
Sedum  frigidum  Rydb.)  On  high  alpine  peaks  from  Alb.  and  Alaska  to 
Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  9000-14,000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  Mount  Garfield;  Gray- 
back  mining  camps;  West  Spanish  Peak. 

2.  Rhodiola  polygama  (Rydb.)  Britt.  &  Rose.  ( Sedum  polygamum  Rydb.) 
On  alpine  peaks  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  9000-13,000  ft. — Engineer  Moun¬ 
tain;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Carson;  Basin  Creek,  La  Plata  Mountains; 
Mount  Hesperus ;  near  Ironton ;  Pike’s  Peak ;  Chambers’  Lake ;  Mt.  Lincoln ; 
West  Spanish  Peak;  South  Park;  Leroux  Park;  Estes  Park;  Bethoud  Pass. 

4.  SEDUM  L.  Stone-crop,  Orpine. 

1.  Sedum  stenopetalum  Pursh.  On  dry  rocky  or  gravelly  hills  from  Alb. 
and  B.  C.  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-12,000  ft. — Gray’s  Peak;  Pike’s 
Peak;  Clear  Creek  Canon;  Colorado  Springs;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek; 
Cameron  Pass;  Larimer  Co.;  Hamor’s  Lake;  Bald  Mountain;  Mt.  Garfield; 
Grayback  mining  camp;  Silver  Plume;  Morrison;  Telluride;  Minnehaha; 
Cimarron;  Denver;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Ft.  Collins;  Ironton;  Green  Moun¬ 
tain  Falls ;  Howe’s  Gulch ;  mountains  southeast'  of  Cameron  Pass ;  forks  of 
Poudre  and  Big  South ;  gulch  west  of  Pennock’s ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  near 
Narrows;  Dixon  Canon;  Table  Rock;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and 
Ward. 


Family  62.  SAXIFRAGACEAE  Dumort.  Saxifrage  Family. 

Placentae  parietal,  sometimes  nearly  basal. 

Flowers  solitary  and  axillary  to  leaf-like  bracts,  or  2-4  in  small  corymbs,  each 
subtended  by  a  leaf-like  bract.  1.  Chrysosplenium. 

Flowers  in  more  or  less  elongated  racemes  or  panicles. 

Flower-stalk  axial  from  a  slender  bulbiferous  rootstock ;  gynoecium  3-car- 
pellary.  2.  Lithophragma. 

Flower  stalks  a  lateral  shoot  from  a  stout  scaly  rootstock ;  gynoecium  2-car- 
pellary. 

Inflorescence  racemose. 

Petals  pinnately  cleft  or  pinnatifid.  3.  Pectiantia. 

Petals  entire,  toothed  or  3-cleft  above.  4.  Ozomelis. 

Inflorescence  paniculate ;  petals  broadened  upward.  5.  Heuchera. 

Placentae  axial. 


SAXIFRAGACEAE. 


171 


Hypanthium  well  developed  and  accrescent,  at  maturity  longer  than  the  sepals. 
Stamens  5  ;  sepals  imbricated ;  petals  marcescent.  6.  Sullivantia. 
Stamens  10;  petals  not  marcescent. 

Petals  clawed  ;  styles  partially  united ;  plants  with  thick  rootstocks. 

7.  Telesonix. 

Petals  clawless ;  styles  distinct ;  plants  with  slender  rootstocks  or  with 
offsets. 

Plants  without  caudices,  only  producing  annual  flowering  stems. 

8.  Saxifraga. 

Plants  with  perennial,  very  leafy  caudices,  often  with  offsets  ;  the  flow¬ 
ering  stems  very  different.  9.  Muscaria. 

Hypanthium  only  slightly  developed,  unchanged  at  maturity,  or  if  slightly 
accrescent  flat  and  plants  acaulescent. 

Plants  acaulescent. 

Corolla  essentially  regular,  the  petals  about  equal  in  shape  and  length. 

10.  Micranthes. 

Corolla  irregular,  3  petals  with  blades  of  an  ovate  or  lanceolate  type  and 
2  narrower  and  longer.  11.  Spatularia. 

Plants  caulescent.  12.  Leptasea. 

1.  CHRYSOSPLENIUM  L.  Golden  Saxifrage. 

1.  Chrysosplenium  tetrandrum  Fries.  In  wet  places  from  Greenl.  and 
Alaska  to  Alb.  and  B.  C. ;  also  in  Colo,  and  northern  Europe. — Upper  Platte 
( Hall  &  Harbour). 


2.  LITHOPHRAGMA  Nutt. 

Hypanthium  campanulate,  with  a  rounded  base,  adnate  only  to  the  base  of  the 
ovary. 

Stem-leaves  rarely  bulbiferous  in  the  axils  ;  stipules  long  and  narrow ;  free  por¬ 
tion  triangular  or  lanceolate,  not  fimbriate.  1.  L.  australis. 

Stem-leaves  usually  bulbiferous  in  the  axils  ;  stipules  short  and  broad  ;  free  por¬ 
tion  round  and  fimbriate.  2.  L.  bulbifera. 

Hypanthium  turbinate  or  obconic,  adnate  to  the  lower  half  of  the  ovary. 

3.  L.  parviflora. 

1.  Lithophragma  australis  Rydb.  In  sandy  mountain  valleys  and  hillsides 
from  Wyo.  and  Utah  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  7000-9000  ft. — Platte  Canon ; 
headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Van  Boxle’s  ranch,  above  Cimarron. 

2.  Lithophragma  bulbifera  Rydb.  ( Tellima  tcnella  S.  Wats.)  On  hillsides 
from  the  Black  Hills  of  S.  D.,  Mont,  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  up 
to  11,000  ft. — Tennessee  Pass. 

3.  Lithophragma  parviflora  (Hook.)  Nutt.  ( Tellima  parviflora  Hook.)  In 
rocky  and  gravelly  places  from  Alb.  to  B.  C.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Locality  not 
given. 


3.  PECTIANTHIA  Raf.  Mitre-wort. 

1.  Pectianthia  pentandra  (Hook)  Rydb.  ( Mitella  pentandra  Hook.)  In 
springy  places  in  the  woods  and  along  streams,  from  Alb.  and  Alaska  to 
Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Beaver  Creek;  Marshall  Pass;  Red 
Mountain;  Slide  Rock  Canon;  Empire;  Estes  Park;  Berthoud  Pass;  Cam¬ 
eron  Pass ;  Ruby ;  Damfino  Creek ;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek  and  alpine 
ridges  east  of  Middle  Park ;  Empire ;  Caribou ;  Golden. 


172 


SAXIFRAGACEAE. 


4.  OZOMELIS  Raf.  Mitre-wort. 

Petals  3-fid.  to  the  middle  ;  hypanthium  with  the  sepals  3-5  mm.  long. 

1.  O.  stauropetala. 

Petals  entire  or  3-fid  only  at  the  apex  ;  hypanthium  with  the  sepals  1.5-3  mm.  long. 
Hypanthium  with  the  sepals  2-3  mm.  long ;  leaf-blades  indistinctly  lobed  and 
with  shallow  crenulations  ;  petals  often  entire.  2.  O.  stenopetala. 

Hypanthium  with  the  sepals  1.5-2  mm.  long;  leaf-blades  distinctly  lobed  and 
deeply  crenate  ;  petals  3-cleft.  3.  O.  Parryi. 

1.  Ozomelis  stauropetala  (Piper)  Rydb.  ( Mitella  stauropetala  Piper;  M. 
tridda  Coulter,  in  part.)  In  springy  places  in  the  woods  from  Mont,  and 
Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Ore. — Alt.  about  10,000  ft. — Mt.  Hesperus. 

2.  Ozomelis  stenopetala  (Piper)  Rydb.  ( Mitella  stenopetala  Piper)  In 
springy  places  in  Utah  and  Colo. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Mt.  Hesperus;  Eldora 
to  Baltimore. 

3.  Ozomelis  Parryi  (Piper)  Rydb.  ( Mitella  stenopetala  Parryi  Piper) 
Mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  about  9500  ft. — Trapper’s  Lake. 

5.  HEUCHERA  L.  Alum-root. 

Stamens  equalling  or  exceeding  the  sepals. 

Panicle  open,  not  spike-like  ;  plant  tall ;  hypanthium  very  oblique. 

1.  H.  hispida. 

Panicle  contracted,  dense,  spike-like  ;  plant  low  ;  hypanthium  not  very  oblique. 

2.  H.  bracteata. 

Stamens  much  shorter  than  the  sepals. 

Hypanthium  campanulate,  yellowish  or  pinkish  ;  sepals  almost  erect. 

3.  H.  Hallii. 

Hypanthium  saucer-shaped,  greenish  ;  sepals  spreading.  4.  H.  parvifolia. 

1.  Heuchera  hispida  Pursh.  In  woods  and  on  hillsides,  Ont.  to  Ass.,  Va. 
and  Colo. — Edgerton. 

2.  Heuchera  bracteata  (Torr.)  Ser.  On  rocky  ridges  in  Colo,  and  northern 
Wyo. — Alt.  6000-10.000  ft. — Rist  Canon;  Grand  Lake;  Georgetown;  Andrew’s 
Shetland  ranch;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Gray’s  Peak;  North  Cheyenne 
Canon;  Boulder  Canon;  road  between  Denver  and  Idaho  City;  Horsetooth 
Mountain;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Eldora  to  Baltimore; 
Berthoud  Pass;  between  Denver  and  Idaho  City;  Golden;  Empire. 

3.  Heuchera  Hallii  A.  Gray.  On  rocky  ridges  in  Colo. — Alt.  7000-12,000  ft. 
— Mt.  Garfield ;  Cameron’s  Cone ;  Pike’s  Peak ;  Rock  Mountain  Pass ;  George¬ 
town  ;  Ruxton ;  Pike’s  Peak ;  Cheyenne  Mountain ;  Bald  Mountain ;  Grand 
Canon  of  the  Arkansas ;  Graymont. 

4.  Heuchera  parvifolia  Nutt.  On  hills  from  Alb.  and  Ore.  to  N.  M.  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  6000-13,000  ft. — Mt.  Abram,  Ouray;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.; 
Cameron  Pass ;  Howe’s  Gulch ;  Minnehaha ;  Marshall  Pass ;  Colorado 
Springs;  Douglass  Mountain,  Georgetown;  Van  Boxle’s  ranch,  above  Cimar¬ 
ron;  Halfway  House;  Chicken  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains; 
Grizzly  Creek;  near  La  Veta;  Ojo;  Cumberland  Basin;  Upper  La  Plata 
Canon;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Ironton;  Wahatoya 
Canon;  Veta  Pass;  Mt.  Princeton;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Ward,  Boulder  Co.; 
Red  Mountain;  Manitou;  Lake  City;  Caribou;  Dillon  Canon,  Trinidad;  Estes 
Park;  Empire;  northeast  of  Boreas;  Spring  Canon;  Dixon  Canon;  Horse- 


SAXIFRAGACEAE. 


173 


tooth  Gulch;  Mancos;  Ute  Pass;  Golden;  Sangre  de  Cristo;  Hahn’s  Peak; 
Fish  Creek  Falls,  Routt  Co. 


6.  SULLIVANTIA  T.  &  G. 


i.  Sullivantia  Hapemanii  (Coult.  &  Fish.)  Coulter.  ( Boykinia  Purpusi 
Brandegee.)  In  rocky  places  from  Wis.  and  Wyo.  to  Colo. — Black  Canon 
of  the  Gunnison. 

7.  TELESONIX  Raf. 


1.  Telesonix  Jamesii  (Torr.)  Raf.  ( Saxifraga  Jamesii  Torr.)  On  exposed 
mountain-tops  in  Colo. — Alt.  8000-13,000  ft. — Mt.  Garfield;  Pike’s  Peak;  Min¬ 
nehaha. 

8.  SAXIFRAGA  L.  Saxifrage. 

Flowers  normal,  none  of  them  represented  by  clusters  of  bulblets.  1.  S’,  debit  is. 
Flowers  below  the  terminal  one  replaced  by  clusters  of  bulblets. 

Lobes  of  the  stem-leaves  linear  to  triangular  lanceolate  ;  petals  cuneate. 

2.  .S',  cernua. 

Lobes  of  the  stem-leaves  broad  and  rounded,  as  broad  as  long  or  broader ;  petals 
fiddle-shaped.  3.  S.  simulata. 


1.  Saxifraga  debilis  Engelm.  Among  wet  rocks,  on  alpine  peaks,  from  Mont, 
to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  9000-13,000  ft. — Mt.  Hesperus;  Sierra  Blanca;  Mt. 
Abram,  Ouray;  Front  Range,  Larimer  Co.;  Redcliffe,  Eagle  Co.;  West 
Spanish  Peak ;  Gray’s  Peak ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Bottomless  Pit.  near  Pike’s 
Peak;  Ruby;  Massif  de  l’Arapahoe;  mountains  above  Beaver  Creek. 

2.  Saxifraga  cernua  L.  Among  wet  rocks,  on  alpine  peaks,  from  Greenl. 
and  Alaska  to  Lab.  and  Colo;  also  in  Europe. — Alt.  about  13,000  ft. — Mt. 
Abram,  Ouray. 

3.  Saxifraga  simulata  Small.  Among  rocks,  on  the  higher  peaks,  in 
the  Black  Hills  of  S.  D.  and  Colo. — Alt.  10,000-13,000  ft. — West  Spanish 
Peak. 

9.  MUSCARIA  Haw. 

Leaves  of  the  caudex  with  entire  or  slightly  3-toothed  blades.  1.  M.  adscendens. 
Leaves  of  the  caudex  with  3-cleft  or  prominently  3-lobed  blades. 

2.  M.  delicatula. 

1.  Muscaria  adscendens  (L.)  Small.  ( Saxifraga  adscendens  L.)  Among 
rocks,  on  alpine  peaks,  from  Alb.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  10,000- 
13,000  ft. — Gray’s  Peak;  Deep  Creek  Lake;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Pike’s  Peak. 

2.  Muscaria  delicatula  Small.  On  alpine  peaks  from  Alb.  to  Colo,  and 
Utah. — Gray’s  Peak. 

10.  MICRANTHES  Haw. 


Filaments  subulate  or  filiform-subulate,  or  rarely  narrowly  linear. 

Cymules  wholly  or  mainly  aggregated  into  a  head,  or  one  or  two  lower  ones 
remote  or  peduncled ;  leaves  petioled ;  blades  rhombic  ovate. 

1.  M.  rhomboidea. 

Cymules  in  narrow  pyramidal  or  corymb-like  panicles  ;  leaves  subsessile,  oblan- 
ceolate-oblong. 

Panicle  wide,  peduncles  of  the  lower  cymules  elongated.  2.  M.  arnoglossa. 

Panicle  narrow ;  peduncles  permanently  very  short.  3.  M.  brachypus. 

Filaments  clavate  or  spatulate ;  petals  spotted.  4-  M.  arguta. 


174 


SAXIFRAGACEAE. 


1.  Micranthes  rhomboidea  (Greene)  Small.  ( Saxifraga  rhomboidea 
Greene.)  Among  rocks  in  the  mountains  from  Mont,  and  Ida.  to  Colo. — 
Alt.  5000-12,000  ft. — Gray’s  Peak;  West  Spanish  Peak;  near  Ironton;  Grand 
Mesa;  Marshall  Pass;  Seven  Lakes;  Black  Rock  Creek;  Pike’s  Peak;  Ft. 
Collins;  Georgetown;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Tennessee  Pass;  Bear  Creek 
Divide,  West  La  Plata  Mountains;  Iron  Mountain;  headwaters  of  Beaver 
Creek;  gulch  west  of  Dixon  Canon;  Massif  de  l’Arapahoe;  near  Pagosa 
Peak;  Rist  Canon;  mountains  west  of  Cameron  Pass;  Soldier  Canon;  Boreas; 
Beaver  Creek ;  Eldora  to  Baltimore ;  Berthoud  Pass ;  Rabbit-Ear  Range, 
Routt  Co. 

2.  Micranthes  arnoglossa  (Greene)  Small.  ( Saxifraga  arnoglossa  Greene.) 
On  hills  and  mountains  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  9000- 
12,000  ft. — Mountains  of  Delta  Co.;  Marshall  Pass;  Silver  Plutne. 

3.  Micranthes  brachypus  Small.  In  the  mountains  from  Colo,  to  Nev. — 
Alt.  11,000-12,000  ft. — Half-Moon  Creek;  Berthoud  Pass. 

4.  Micranthes  arguta  (D.  Don.)  Small.  ( Saxifraga  arguta  D.  Don.;  S'. 
dcnudata  Nutt.;  S',  punctata  Hook.,  in  part;  not  L.)  In  springy  places  and 
along  streams  from  Mont,  and  B.  C.  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  8000-12,000 
ft. — Mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward ;  Villa  Grove ;  Mt.  Abram, 
Ouray;  Dark  Canon;  Wyoming  line  in  North  Park;  Georgetown;  Middle 
Park ;  Grayback  mining  camps ;  near  Pagosa  Peak ;  Pike’s  Peak ;  Rabbit- 
Ear  Range ;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek ;  Silver  Plume ;  Clear  Lake ;  Berthoud 
Pass;  Upper  La  Plata  Canon;  Cameron  Pass;  Ruby;  headwaters  of  Pass 
Creek ;  Massif  de  l’Arapahoe ;  Beaver  Creek ;  Leroux  Park,  Graymont ; 
Gore  Pass ;  Anita  Peak. 


11.  SPATULARIA  Haw. 

1.  Spatularia  Vreelandii  Small.  On  the  higher  peaks  of  Mont,  and  Colo. 
• — Mt.  Evans. 


12.  LEPTASEA  Haw. 

Leaf-blades  not  spine-tipped  at  the  apex,  more  or  less  ciliate. 

Petals  suborbicular  or  oval,  $.5-6.5  mm.  long,  abruptly  narrowed  into  short 
claws.  1.  L.  chrysantha. 

Petals  elliptic  to  oblong,  9-13  mm.  long,  clawless.  2.  L.  Hirculus. 

Leaf-blades  spine-tipped  at  the  apex. 

Petals  white,  usually  spotted,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate  or  elliptic ;  plant  ces- 
pitose,  not  stoloniferous.  3.  L.  anstromontana. 

Petals  yellow,  broadly  obovate  ;  plant  with  flagelliform  stolons. 

4.  L.  dagellaris. 

1.  Leptasea  chrysantha  (A.  Gray)  Small.  ( Saxifraga  chrysantha  A.  Gray) 
On  alpine  peaks,  among  rocks,  of  Colo. — Alt.  11,000-14,000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak; 
Mt.  Bartlett;  Central  City;  Gray's  Peak;  mountains  of  Estes  Park;  Massif 
de  l’Arapahoe ;  Berthoud  Pass. 

2.  Leptasea  Hirculus  (L.)  Small.  ( Saxifraga  Hirculus  L.)  On  the  higher 
mountains,  in  wet  places,  from  Greenl.  and  Alaska  to  Colo,  and  B.  C. ;  also 
in  Europe  and  Asia. — Alt.  9000-11,000  ft. — Beaver  Park;  Twin  Lakes; 
Caribou. 


SAXIFRAGACEAE. 


175 


3.  Leptasea  austromontana  (Wieg.)  Small.  ( Saxifraga  bronchioles  Torr. ; 
not  L. ;  S',  austromontana  Wieg.)  On  rocks  and  stony  hills  from  Alb.  and 
B.  C.  to  N.  M.  and  Wash. — Alt.  6000-13,000  ft. — Red  Mountain;  Ouray; 
Minnehaha;  Mt.  Garfield;  Halfway  House,  Pike’s  Peak;  Central  City;  West 
Spanish  Peak;  Little  Veta  Mountain;  Black  Canon;  Upper  La  Plata  Canon; 
Como ;  Silver  Plume ;  near  Colorado  Springs ;  Pagosa  Peak ;  El  Paso  Co. ; 
Georgetown ;  near  Denver ;  Andrew’s  Shetland  ranch ;  Caribou ;  South 
Boulder  Peak ;  Massif  de  l’Arapahoe ;  Palmer  Lake ;  headwaters  of  Clear 
Creek ;  Lake  City ;  near  Empire ;  west  of  Cameron  Pass ;  Graymont ;  Ragged 
Mountain,  Gunnison  Co. ;  Estes  Park ;  Cameron  Pass ;  mountains  above 
Ouray;  Buffalo  Pass;  Pennock’s  mountain  ranch;  Devil’s  Causeway;  Twin 
Lakes;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Anita  Peak. 

4.  Leptasea  flagellaris  (Willd.)  Small.  ( Saxifraga  flagellaris  Willd.)  On 
alpine  peaks,  among  rocks,  from  Greenl.  and  Alaska  to  Colo,  and  Ariz. — 
Alt.  10,000-14,000  ft. — Red  Mountain ;  summit  of  Pike’s  Peak ;  Mt.  Abram, 
Ouray;  Cumberland  Basin,  La  Plata  Mountains;  Mt.  Harvard;  Pike’s  Peak; 
West  Spanish  Peak;  Gray’s  Peak;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Massif  de 
l’Arapahoe. 

Family  63.  PARNASSIACEAE  Dumort.  Grass-of-Parnassus 

Family. 

1.  PARNASSIA  L.  Grass  of  Parnassus. 

Petals  fimbriate  on  the  sides  ;  basal  leaf-blades  reniform. 

Petals  obovate,  5-nerved  ;  staminodial  scales  with  5-9  lobes  ;  sepals  elliptic. 

1.  P.  hmbriata. 

Petals  oblong,  3-nerved  ;  staminodial  scales  3-5-lobed  ;  sepals  narrowly  lanceolate. 

2.  P.  civilians. 

Petals  not  fimbricate  ;  basal  leaf-blades  tapering  at  the  base.  3.  P.  parviHora. 

1.  Parnassia  fimbriata  Banks.  On  banks  of  streams  and  in  springy  places 
from  Alb.  and  Alaska  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  9000-11,000  ft. — Twin  Lakes; 
North  Park;  Ruby;  Ragged  Mountain,  Gunnison  Co.;  near  Pagosa  Peak; 
Cameron  Pass ;  Marshall  Pass ;  Caribou. 

2.  Parnassia  rivularis  Osterhout.  Along  mountain  brooks  in  Colo. — North 
Park,  near  Wyoming  line. 

3.  Parnassia  parviflora  DC.  In  wet  places  from  Que.  and  Alaska  to  Colo, 
and  Utah. — Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — North  Park;  Gypsum  Creek;  canon,  Eagle 
Co.;  Pagosa  Springs;  Wahatoya  Creek ;.  Marshall  Pass;  Iola;  Parlin;  La 
Veta;  Lake  John,  North  Park;  Buena  Vista;  Big  Muddy,  Gunnison  Co. 

Family  64.  HYDRANGEACEAE  Dumort.  Hydrangea  Family. 

Stamens  15  or  more;  ovary  inferior.  *  1.  Philadelphus. 

Stamens  8-10;  ovary  mostly  superior. 

Hypanthium  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  1 -celled  ovary  or  incompletely  3-7-celled 
capsule  ;  petals  5.  2.  Edwinia. 

Hypanthium  adnate  for  half  its  length  to  the  4-celled  ovary  and  capsule  ;  petals  4. 

3.  Fendlera. 


176 


PARNASSIACEAE. 


i.  PHILADELPHUS  L.  Syringa,  Mock  Orangeg. 

Hypanthium  4-5  mm.  long  ;  sepals  acuminate  ;  leaves  much  paler  beneath  ;  styles 
united.  1.  P.  microphyllus. 

Hypanthium  about  2  mm.  long  or  in  fruit  3-4  mm.  long;  sepals  acute. 

Styles  wholly  or  nearly  wholly  united  ;  stigmas  usually  oblong. 

2.  P.  occidentalis. 

Styles  with  the  upper  half  distinct ;  stigmas  decidedly  clavate. 

3.  P.  minutus. 

1.  Philadelphia  microphyllus  A.  Gray.  Mountains  of  N.  M.  and  Colo. — 
Brantly  Canon;  Canon  City  ( Brandcgee ),  “Colorado.” 

2.  Philadelphus  occidentalis  A.  Nels.  Mountains  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and 
Utah. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — Canon  City;  Glenwood  Springs  (A.  Nelson). 

3.  Philadelphus  minutus  Rydb.  Canons  of  Colo. — Alt.  7000  ft. — Black 
Canon  of  the  Gunnison. 

2.  EDWINIA  Heller. 

1.  Edwinia  americana  (T.  &  G.)  Heller.  ( Jamcsia  americana  T.  &  G.) 
On  cliffs,  mountain  sides  and  in  canons,  from  Wyo.  and  Utah  to  N.  M. — 
Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Rist  Canon ;  Minnehaha ;  Pike’s  Peak ;  Rock  Mountain 
Pass;  Ward;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Central  City;  Engelmann’s  Canon;  North 
Cheyenne  Canon ;  Green  Mountain  Falls ;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  George¬ 
town  ;  Canon  City ;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek  and  alpine  ridges  east  of  Mid¬ 
dle  Park;  Manitou ;  Graymont;  Narrows,  Moon’s  ranch;  Horsetooth  Gulch; 
Soldier  Canon ;  Howe’s  Gulch ;  Pennock’s  mountain  ranch ;  mountains  be¬ 
tween  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

3.  FENDLERA  Engelm.  &  Gray. 

1.  Fendlera  rupicola  Engelm.  &  Gray.  On  hills  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and 
Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Durango ;  Mancos  ;  Cerro  Summit ; 
Los  Pinos ;  Hotchkiss,  Delta  Co. ;  Dolores. 


Family  65.  GROSSULARIACEAE.  Gooseberry  Family. 

1.  RIBES  L.  Goose-berry,  Currant. 

Leaves  plicate  in  vernation. 

Stems  usually  with  subaxillary  spines. 

Racemes  1-4-flowered  ;  hypanthium  campanulate  to  tubular. 

Calyx  and  tube  of  hypanthium  externally  glabrous  or  the  former  with  a  few 
scattered  hairs. 

Peduncles  and  bracts  more  or  less  glandular  or  pubescent ;  leaves  finely 
puberulent.  1.  R.  Purpusi. 

Peduncles  and  bracts  glabrous  or  the  latter  ciliate ;  leaf-blades  cordate 
at  the  base,  in  age  glabrose  and  shining.  2.  R.  vallicola. 

Calyx  and  hypanthium  pubescent.  3.  R.  leptanthum. 

Racemes  several-flowered  ;  hypanthium  saucer-shaped. 

Leaves  densely  pubescent ;  fruit  red.  4.  R.  lentum. 

Leaves  glabrate ;  fruit  black.  5.  R.  parvulum. 

Stem  unarmed  ;  raceme  many-flowered. 


GROSSULARIACEAE. 


177 


Hypanthium  campanulate. 

Berry  glandular-bristly. 

Leaves  glabrous ;  fruit  spherical. 

Tube  of  the  hypanthium  saucer-shaped ;  bracts  minute,  lanceolate  to 
linear  ;  fruit  without  a  bloom.  6.  R.  coloradense. 

Tube  of  the  hypanthium  campanulate  ;  fruit  black  with  a  bloom ;  bracts 
conspicuous  oblong,  spatulate  or  obovate.  7.  R.  Wolfii. 

Leaves  pubescent  and  often  very  glandular ;  fruit  ovoid  ;  tube  of  hypan¬ 
thium  deeply  campanulate.  8.  R.  viscosissimum. 

Berry  glabrous  ;  tube  of  the  hypanthium  deeply  campanulate ;  fruit  black ; 
bracts  persistent.  9.  R.  doridum. 

Hypanthium  tubular. 

Petioles  and  veins  of  the  leaves  with  stalked  glands. 

10.  R.  pumilum. 

Petioles  and  veins  with  sessile  glands  or  glandless.  11.  R.  inebrians. 

Leaves  convolute  in  bud,  stem  unarmed  ;  hypanthium  tubular. 

1 2.  R.  Ion gi folium. 

1.  Ribes  Purpusi  Koehne.  In  the  mountains  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M. — Alt. 
5000-10,000  ft. — Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Ojo;  foot-hills  west  of  Ft. 
Collins;  Sierra  Blanca;  near  Steamboat  Springs;  West  Indian  Creek;  Villa 
Grove;  Grand  Lake;  Dillon;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward; 
Soldier  Canon;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Rist  Canon;  Dixon  Canon;  Cheyenne 
Canon. 

2.  Ribes  valicola  Greene.  ( R .  saxosum  Coville;  not  Hook;  R.  oxycan- 
thoidcs  of  Coulter’s  Man.)  In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to  Colo, 
and  Calif. — Alt.  8000-9000  ft. — Upper  Canon  of  the  West  Mancos;  Los  Pinos; 
Cerro  Summit ;  Steamboat  Springs. 

3.  Ribes  leptanthum  A.  Gray.  In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Bob  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains;  Ute  Pass; 
foot-hills,  Sierra  Blanca;  Buena  Vista;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Crystal 
Lake ;  Manitou ;  South  Cheyenne  Canon ;  Canon  City ;  Poncha  Pass ;  Garden 
of  the  Gods ;  Mancos. 

4.  Ribes  lentum  (Jones)  Coville  &  Rose.  ( R .  lacustre  ntolle  A.  Gray.)  In 
the  mountains  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Mount 
Ouray;  Windy  Point;  Lake  City;  Veta;  Georgetown;  Cameron  Pass; 
Canon  of  the  Cache  la  Poudre;  near  La  Plata  Post  Office;  Bob  Creek; 
Pagosa  Peak;  West  Indian  Creek;  Wahatoya  Canon;  near  Empire;  Seven 
Lakes;  four  miles  west  of  Cameron  Pass;  Telluride;  Grand  Mesa;  Cotton¬ 
wood  Lake;  Jack  Brook;  mountains  near  Seven  Lakes;  Pike’s  Peak;  Hahn’s 
Peak;  Red  Mountain,  south  of  Ouray;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek  and  alpine 
ridges  east  of  Middle  Park ;  Empire ;  near  Buffalo  Pass,  Park  Range ; 
Eldora  to  Baltimore;  Berthoud  Pass;  Graymont. 

5.  Ribes  parvulum  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  (R.  lacustre  parvulum  A.  Gray.)  In 
the  mountains  from  Alb.  and  Yukon  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  7000-12,000  ft. 
— Black  Canon;  Ouray;  Red  Mountain,  south  of  Ouray;  Berthoud  Pass; 
Silverton ;  Big  Creek ;  Anita  Peak ;  Pinkham  Creek. 

6.  Ribes  coloradense  Coville.  In  the  mountains  from  Colo,  to  N.  M. — 
Alt.  9000-11,000  ft. — Silverton;  Marshall  Pass;  Slide  Rock  Canon;  near 
Pagosa  Peak;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Silver  Plume;  Telluride;  Twin 
Lakes;  Berthoud  Pass;  Cameron  Pass;  Rabbit-Ear  Range,  Routt  Co. 

12 


178 


GROSSULARIACEAE. 


7.  Ribes  Wolfii  Rothrock.  ( R .  mogollonicum  Greene)  In  woods  from 
Colo,  and  Utah  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  7500-12,000  ft. — Van  Boxle’s  ranch, 
above  Cimarron ;  Redcliffe,  Eagle  Co. ;  canons  near  Ouray ;  Mt.  Abram, 
Ouray;  Box  Canon;  Bear  Creek  Divide;  Wahatoya  Canon;  Hinsdale  Co.; 
Buffalo  Pass,  Park  Range;  Leroux. 

8.  Ribes  viscosissimum  Pursh.  On  wooded  hillsides  from  Mont,  and  Wash, 
to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Steamboat  Springs,  Routt  Co. 

9.  Ribes  floridum  L’Her.  In  wet  woods  from  N.  S.  and  Mont,  to  Va.  and 
Colo. — Notch  Mountain. 

10.  Ribes  pumilum  Nutt.  ( R .  cereum  Coulter,  in  part.)  On  dry  hills  from 
Mont,  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-10,0000  ft. — Foot-hills  west  of  Ft.  Col¬ 
lins;  Larimer  Co.;  Ute  Pass,  Walsenburg;  Colorado  Springs;  Turkey  Creek 
and  tributaries;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  near  Boulder;  Horsetooth 
Gulch;  La  Porte;  Rist  Canon;  Howe’s  Gulch;  Soldier  Canon;  Stove  Prairie; 
Trinidad;  Ute  Pass;  Beaver  Creek. 

11.  Ribes  inebrians  Lindl.  ( R .  cereum  Coulter,  in  part.)  On  hills  from 
Mont,  to  N.  M.  and  Utah. — Alt.  5000-11,000  ft. — Ouray;  Buena  Vista;  Cerro 
Summit;  hills  about  Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  Bob  Creek,  West  La  Plata 
Mountains;  West  Mancos  Canon;  mesas  near  Colorado  Springs;  Minturn; 
Lake  City;  Pike’s  Peak  trail. 

12.  Ribes  longifolium  Nutt.  ( R .  aureum  T.  &  G.,  mainly;  not  Pursh.)  On 
the  plains  and  in  the  foot-hills  from  S.  D.  and  Wyo.  to  Kans.  and  Ariz. — 
Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  near  Denver;  Steamboat  Springs;  West 
Soldier  Canon ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  Manitou ;  Boulder ;  Villa  Grove ;  Rocky 
Mountains. 


Family  66.  ROSACEAE  Juss.  Rose  Family. 

Hypanthium  neither  fleshy  nor  prickly  nor  strongly  constricted  at  the  throat,  if  at 
all  inclosing  the  fruit  merely  loosely  investing  it. 

Carpels  few,  becoming  2-4-seeded  follicles,  more  or  less  united  at  the  base  and 
opening  along  both  sutures  ;  shrubs  with  palmately  veined  leaves. 

1.  Opulaster. 

Carpels  usually  many,  rarely  few,  becoming  1 -seeded  (rarely  2-seeded)  achenes 
or  drupelets. 

Carpels  becoming  more  or  less  fleshy  drupelets. 

Styles  club-shaped ;  stigmas  2-lobed  ;  receptacle  flat ;  unarmed  shrubs  with 
shreddy  bark  and  digitately  veined,  maple-like  leaves. 

Drupelets  capped  by  hard  hairy  cushions ;  style  glabrous ;  erect  shrubs. 

2.  Rubacer. 

Drupelets  without  cushions  ;  styles  hairy  ;  prostrate  or  reclining  shrubs. 

3.  Oreobatus. 

Styles  filiform,  glabrous  ;  stigmas  capitate ;  receptacle  hemispherical,  conical 
or  nipple-shaped  ;  drupelets  without  cushions  ;  leaves  in  our  species  pin¬ 
nate  and  stem  prickly.  4.  Rubus. 

Carpels  dry  achenes. 

Style  articulated  to  the  ovary  and  deciduous. 

Style  terminal  or  nearly  so  ;  ovules  pendulous  and  anatropous. 

Stamens  inserted  very  near  the  base  of  the  receptacle  on  a  more  or  less 
evident  annular  thickening.  5.  Potentilla. 

Stamens  separated  from  the  receptacle  by  a  wide  open  space  ;  no  indica¬ 
tion  of  an  annular  thickening.  6.  Horkelia. 

Style  lateral  or  basal ;  ovules  not  pendulous. 


ROSACEAE. 


179 


Style  lateral ;  ovules  ascending  and  amphitropous. 

Achenes  glabrous ;  herbs. 

Achenes  numerous  ;  stamens  about  20. 

Receptacle  neither  enlarged  in  fruit  nor  becoming  pulpy ;  leaves 
interruptedly  pinnate  ;  petals  yellow.  7.  Argentina. 

Receptacle  much  enlarged  in  fruit  and  becoming  red  and  pulpy ; 
leaves  trifoliate ;  petals  white  or  pinkish.  8.  Fragaria. 
Achenes  10-15;  stamens  5;  leaves  trifoliate;  petals  yellowish. 

9.  SlBBALDIA. 

Achenes  hairy;  shrubs  with  pinnate  leaves.  10.  Dasiphora. 

Styles  nearly  basal ;  ovules  ascending  or  erect,  orthotropous. 

Stamens  5;  pistils  5-10;  bractlets  wanting;  leaves  twice  ternate. 

11.  Chamaerhodos. 

Stamens  and  pistils  numerous ;  bractlets  present ;  leaves  pinnate. 

12.  Drymocallis. 

Style  not  articulated  to  the  ovary,  persistent,  at  least  the  lower  portion. 
Style  geniculated  above,  the  upper  hairy  portion  deciduous  ;  herbs. 

13.  Geum. 

Style  not  geniculated  above,  wholly  persistent. 

Petals  normally  5  or  none. 

Herbs  with  woody  rootstocks  and  pinnate  leaves  ;  bractlets  present ; 

carpels  numerous.  14.  Sieversia. 

Shrubs  or  trees. 

Bractlets  present ;  carpels  numerous  with  plumose  styles. 

15.  Fallugia. 

Bractlets  wanting ;  carpels  solitary  or  few. 

Hypanthium  saucer-shaped  or  hemispherical ;  carpels  5  ;  flowers 
panicled.  16.  Holodiscus. 

Hypanthium  funnel-form  or  tubular ;  carpels  solitary ;  flowers 
solitary. 

Petals  5  ;  style  not  elongated  in  fruit ;  calyx  persistent ;  leaves 
3-cleft.  1 7.  Kunzia. 

Petals  wanting ;  style  elongated  and  plumose  in  fruit ;  calyx 
deciduous  from  the  hypanthium ;  leaves  toothed. 

18.  Cercocarpus. 

Petals  8-9  ;  dwarf  matted  undershrubs  with  solitary  flowers  and  simple, 
in  ours  crenate  leaves.  19.  Dryas. 

Hypanthium  constricted  at  the  throat,  wholly  enclosing  the  achenes. 

Hypanthium  dry,  turbinate ;  upper  portions  armed  with  hooked  prickles  ;  herbs ; 

carpels  few ;  flowers  racemose.  20.  Agrimonia. 

Hypanthium  in  fruit  becoming  fleshy ;  carpels  numerous ;  shrubs  with  large 
flowers  solitary  or  in  small  corymbs.  21.  Rosa. 

1.  OPULASTER  Medic.  Nine-bark. 

Carpels  3-5,  united  only  at  the  base.  1.  O.  intermedins. 

Carpels  2,  united  at  least  half  their  length. 

Bracts  obovate  or  spatulate,  often  foliaceous  and  more  persistent. 

2.  O.  Ramaleyi. 

Bracts  linear  or  linear-oblanceolate,  membranous  and  caducous. 

Pedicels  and  hypanthium  almost  glabrous.  3.  O.  glabratus. 

Pedicels,  hypanthium  and  sepals  decidedly  stellate.  4.  O.  monogynus. 

1.  Opulaster  intermedius  Rydb.  ( Physocarpus  opnlifolius  Coulter,  in  part.) 
On  river  banks  and  hillsides  from  Ill.  and  S.  D.  to  Mo.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
4000-7000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Colorado  Springs; 
Lower  Boulder  Canon. 

2.  Opulaster  Ramaleyi  Aven  Nelson.  (O.  bracteatus  Rydb.)  In  the  foot¬ 
hills  of  Colo. — Alt.  5000-6000  ft. — New  Windsor;  Buckthorn  Creek,  Larimer 
Co.;  Cheyenne  Canon;  foot-hills  west  of  Ft.  Collins. 


180 


ROSACEAE. 


3.  Opulaster  glabratus  Rydb.  Along  streams  in  the  mountains  of  Colo. — 
Alt.  5000-11,000  ft. — West  Spanish  Peak;  Turkey  Creek  and  tributaries;  Rist 
Canon;  North  Poudre;  Boulder. 

3.  Opulaster  monogynus  (Torr.)  Kuntze.  ( Physocarpus  Torreyi  Max.) 
On  the  mountain  tops  from  S.  D.  and  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Nev. — Alt.  6000- 
9000  ft. — Denver ;  Cheyenne  Canon ;  Colorado  Springs ;  Flouissant ;  Upper 
Bear  Creek ;  Pike’s  Peak ;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  Glen  Eyrie ;  Livermore, 
Larimer  Co.;  Idaho  Springs;  Cascade  Canon;  Engelmann  Canon;  near 
Georgetown ;  Minnehaha ;  Black  Canon ;  headwaters  of  Pass  Creek ;  Stove 
Prairie  Hill;  North  Poudre;  Table  Rock;  Pennock’s  mountain  ranch;  Howe’s 
Gulch ;  Rist  Canon ;  Baxter’s  ranch. 

2.  RUBACER  Rydb.  Flowering  Raspberry,  Salmon-berry. 

1.  Rubacer  parviflorus  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  ( Rubus  Nutkanus  Mog.)  On 
wooded  hillsides  from  Ont.  and  Alaska  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. ;  also  in  Mex. — 
Alt.  6000-9000  ft. — Four-Mile  Hill ;  La  Plata  Canon ;  Steamboat  Springs ; 
Redcliffe;  Eagle  Cliff;  Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  Ouray;  near  Pagosa 
Peak;  Fish  Creek;  Rico;  Rabbit-Ear  Range,  Routt  Co. 

3.  OREOBATUS  Rydb. 

1.  Oreobatus  deliciosus  (James)  Rydb.  ( Rubus  deliciosus  James)  On 
the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak ;  Manitou ;  head¬ 
waters  of  Clear  Creek;  Apex;  foot-hills  west  of  Ft.  Collins;  Colorado 
Springs;  Cheyenne  Canon;  near  Manitou;  Cheyenne  Mountain;  Turkey 
Creek  and  tributaries;  Georgetown;  Bear  Canon;  Ute  Pass;  Rist  Canon; 
Howe’s  Gulch ;  Palmer  Lake ;  Spring  Canon ;  Dixon  Canon ;  Stove  Prairie 
Hill;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  gulch  south  of  Boulder;  Engelmann  Canon. 

4.  RUBUS  L.  Raspberry,  Blackberry,  Bramble. 

Stems,  pedicels  and  petioles  glandular  bristly,  not  prickly  ;  fruit  red. 

1.  R.  strigosus. 

Stems,  pedicels  and  petioles  more  or  less  prickly,  not  bristly  ;  fruit  black. 

2.  R.  occidentalis. 

1.  Rubus  strigosus  Michx.  On  hills  and  in  rocky  woods  from  Lab.  and 
Mackenzie  to  N.  J.  and  Neb. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Minnehaha;  Box  Canon, 
west  of  Ouray;  Ouray;  Manitou;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch; 
Cheyenne  Canon;  Chambers’  Lake;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Upper  West 
Mancos  Canon;  Campton’s  ranch;  Cache  la  Poudre;  Fish  Creek  Falls, 
Routt  Co. 

2.  Rubus  occidentalis  L.  In  open  woods  and  among  bushes  from  Que.  and 
Minn,  to  Ga.  and  Colo. — Locality  not  given,  perhaps  doubtful. 

5.  POTENTILLA  L.  Five-finger,  Cinquefoil. 

Flowers  many  in  very  leafy  cymes  ;  annuals  or  biennials  or  short-lived  perennials  ; 

style  fusiform.  I.  Supinae. 

Flowers  cymose,  but  cymes  not  very  leafy,  generally  rather  few-flowered  ;  peren¬ 
nials  with  a  strongly  developed  rootstock. 


ROSACEAE. 


181 


CONCINNAE. 

Aureae. 

Graciles. 

SUBJUGAE. 

Niveae. 


Leaves  mainly  digitate,  rarely  pinnate  with  approximate  leaflets  or  with  a  pair 
of  small  leaflets  on  the  petioles. 

Leaves  or  at  least  the  basal  ones  5-9-foliolate. 

Additional  smaller  leaflets  on  the  petioles  not  present. 

Plants  less  than  2  dm.  high. 

Leaves  tomentose  at  least  beneath.  II. 

Leaves  not  tomentose.  III. 

Plants  more  than  2  dm.  high.  IV. 

Additional  smaller  leaflets  on  the  petioles  present.  V. 

Leaves  3-foliolate,  tomentose  beneath.  VI. 

Leaves  manifestly  pinnate. 

Style  not  longer  than  the  mature  achenes,  thickened  or  glandular  below  ;  leaves 
more  or  less  tomentose,  but  not  necessarily  white  beneath. 

VII.  Multifidae. 

Style  much  longer  than  the  mature  achenes,  filiform. 

Leaflets  approximate,  3-7. 

Leaves  tomentose  beneath.  VIII. 

Leaves  not  at  all  tomentose.  III. 

Leaflets  rather  distant  7-21. 

Leaves  green  on  both  sides  and  only  slightly  hairy. 

IX. 

Leaves  grayish  or  whitish,  silky  or  tomentose.  X. 


Rubricauees. 

Aureae. 


Multijugae. 

Leucophyllae. 


I.  SuPINAE. 

Achenes  with  a  corky  gibbosity  on  the  upper  suture ;  leaves  pinnate  with  3-5 
pairs  of  leaflets.  1.  P.  parcidoxa. 

Achenes  not  gibbous. 

Leaves  pinnate,  with  2  approximate  pairs  of  leaflets  ;  the  upper  ternate. 

2.  P.  rivalis. 

Leaves  all  ternate  (or  the  lower  rarely  digitately  5-foliate). 

Petals  shorter  than  the  sepals  ;  achenes  whitish. 

Stem  diffusely  branched,  spreading ;  leaflets  cuneate ;  inflorescence  cymose. 

3.  P.  leucocarpa. 

Stem  erect,  strict ;  leaflets  broadly  obovate  ;  inflorescence  falsely  racemose. 

4.  P.  lateriflora. 

Petals  about  equalling  the  sepals  ;  stem  stout,  strict ;  achenes  brownish. 

5.  P.  monspeliensis. 

II.  CONCINNAE. 

Middle  leaflet  sessile. 

Leaflets  obovate  or  cuneate,  deeply  toothed  or  incised.  6.  P.  concinna. 

Leaflets  oblong,  with  entire  margins,  only  3-toothed  (rarely  5-toothed)  at  the 
very  apex.  7.  P.  bicrenata. 

Middle  leaflet  petioled.  8.  P.  quin que foli a. 

III.  Aureae. 

Only  one  species.  9.  P.  dissecta. 


IV.  Graciles. 

Leaves  green  on  both  sides,  not  at  all  tomentose  beneath. 

Leaflets  cuneate  at  the  base,  usually  toothed  only  above  the  middle  ;  plants  low, 
usually  less  than  3  dm.  high.  #  9.  P.  dissecta. 

Leaflets  oblanceolate,  toothed  to  near  the  base  ;  plants  3-6  dm.  high. 

Stem  glabrous  or  appressed-pubescent ;  leaflets  coarsely  toothed  or  cleft  half¬ 
way  to  the  mid-rib  or  less. 

Slender ;  leaves  thin,  not  strongly  ribbed  ;  inflorescence  open  ;  bracts  small. 

10.  P.  jucunda. 

Stout ;  leaves  thick  and  strongly  ribbed  ;  inflorescence  dense ;  bracts  con¬ 
spicuous.'  11.  P.  Nutt allii. 


182 


ROSACEAE. 


Stem  with  spreading  hairs ;  leaflets  cleft  to  near  the  mid-rib. 

12.  P.  brunnescens. 


Leaves  more  or  less  tomentose  beneath. 

Leaves  sparingly  tomentose  and  grayish  beneath ;  leaflets  dissected  about  three- 
fourths  to  the  mid-rib.  13.  P.  Bakeri. 

Leaves  densely  white-tomentose  beneath  ;  leaflets  merely  crenate  or  toothed. 
Lower  stem-leaves  5-foliolate ;  plant  3  dm.  or  more  high. 

Hypanthium  and  calyx  not  tomentose,  as  well  as  the  pedicels  more  or  less 
viscid ;  pubescence  of  stem  and  petioles  usually  loose. 

14.  P.  filipes. 

Hypanthium  and  calyx  more  or  less  tomentose,  not  viscid ;  pubescence  of 
the  stem  and  petioles  usually  appressed.  15.  P.  pulcherrima. 

Stem-leaves  all  ternate ;  plant  1-2  (seldom  3)  dm.  high. 

8.  P.  quinquefolia. 


V.  Subjugae. 

One  species.  16.  P.  subjuga. 

VI.  Niveae. 


Stem  1-2  dm.  high,  more  or  less  leafy,  several-flowered.  17.  P.  nivea. 

Stem  less  than  1  dm.  high,  subscapose,  usually  1-2  flowered.  18.  P.  unidora. 


VII.  Multifidae. 

Pubescence  not  silvery  white. 

Plant  dark  green ;  branches  of  inflorescence  rather  long,  erect. 

19.  P.  atrovirens. 

Plant  usually  yellowish  green  ;  branches  of  inflorescence  short  and  ascending. 

20.  P.  pennsylvanic a. 

Pubescence  silvery  white,  at  least  beneath. 

Leaves  white-silky  on  both  sides ;  lobes  of  the  leaflets  linear. 

2 1.  P.  bipinnatidda. 

Leaves  greenish  above ;  lobes  of  the  leaflets  oblong  or  lanceolate. 

22.  P.  platyloba. 

VIII.  Rubricaules. 


Sepals  lanceolate  to  linear,  acuminate. 

Leaves  densely  silky  or  tomentose  on  both  sides.  23.  P.  dlicaulis. 

Leaves  greenish  above. 

Segments  of  the  leaflets  oblong  to  orbicular  in  outline. 

Stems  decumbent  or  prostrate ;  segments  of  the  leaves  oblong. 

24.  P .  rubripes. 

Stems  ascending ;  segments  of  the  leaves  orbicular  or  nearly  so. 

25.  P.  minutifolia. 

Segments  of  the  leaflets  linear  ;  stems  erect.  26.  P.  tenerrima. 

Sepals  broadly  ovate  or  ovate-triangular,  obtusish  or  abruptly  mucronate. 

Plant  densely  cespitose  ;  leaves  silky  and  finely  tomentose  beneath. 

27.  P.  saximontana. 

Plants  with  a  few  spreading  branches ;  leaves  floccose  beneath. 

6.  P.  concinna. 


IX.  Multijugae. 

Leaflets  dissected  to  near  the  mid-rib. 

Stem  erect,  with  1-3  small  leaves. 

Stem  decumbent  or  ascending,  leafy. 

Leaflets  merely  coarsely  toothed ;  stem  erect. 


28.  P.  pinnatisecta. 

29.  P.  plattensis. 

30.  R.  rupincola. 


X.  Leucophyllae. 

Leaves  white-tomentose,  floccose  or  silky,  at  least  beneath. 

Bractlets  nearly  equalling  the  acute  sepals ;  leaves  silky  as  well  as  tomentulose ; 
hence  shining. 


ROSACEAE. 


183 


Leaves  nearly  equally  white  on  both  sides  ;  upper  leaflets  not  decurrent. 

31.  P.  Hippiana. 

Leaves  greener  above ;  upper  3  leaflets  more  or  less  decurrent  on  the  rachis. 

32.  P.  propinqua. 

Bractlets  much  shorter  than  the  acuminate  sepals ;  leaves  merely  floccose ;  hence 

dull. 

Leaves  thick,  densely  floccose;  pistils  numerous.  33.  P.  effusa. 

Leaves  thin ;  tomentum  sparse  and  more  or  less  deciduous  ;  pistils  few. 

34.  P.  coloradensis. 


Leaves  grayish  silky. 

Stem  stout,  erect,  6-7  dm.  high  ;  leaflets  obovate  or  oblong,  coarsely  serrate,  the 
upper  decurrent  on  the  rachis.  35.  P.  ambigens. 

Stem  1-4  dm.  high ;  leaflets  cuneate,  toothed  at  the  apex  only,  conduplicate, 
none  decurrent.  36.  P.  crinita. 


1.  Potentilla  paradoxa  Nutt.  ( P .  supina  Am.  auth. ;  not  L.)  In  wet  places 
from  Ont.  and  Wash,  to  N.  M. ;  also  Mex.  and  western  Asia. — Steamboat 
Lake. 

2.  Potentilla  rivalis  Nutt.  In  wet  places  from  Sask.  and  Ore.  to  Mex. — 
Alt.  up  to  8000  ft. — Lee’s  Lake;  along  the  Conejos  River,  north  of  Antonito; 
Ft.  Collins;  Quimby;  along  the  Platte  River,  Denver;  Georgetown;  New 
Windsor. 

3.  Potentilla  leucocarpa  Rydb.  (P.  milligrana  Engelm. ;  not  Dougl.)  In 
wet  meadows  from  Ill.  and  Wash,  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Poudre  Canon;  Mid¬ 
dle  Park;  Steamboat  Springs. 

4.  Potentilla  lateriflora  Rydb.  (P.  biennis  Rydb.,  in  part;  not  Greene)  In 
loose  soil  from  Ass.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — 
Gunnison. 

5.  Potentilla  monspeliensis  L.  (P.  norvegica  hirsuta  T.  &  G.)  In  fields 
and  waste  places  from  Lab.  and  Alaska  to  D.  C.  and  Mex. — Alt.  up  to  8000 
ft. — Along  Conejos  River,  north  of  Antonito;  Rist  Canon;  Soldier  Canon; 
Gypsum;  La  Porte;  Ft.  Collins;  Rocky  Ford;  near  Boulder;  Gunnison;  Iron- 
ton  Park;  Ruxton  Park;  New  Windsor;  Pagosa  Springs;  Green  Mountain 
Falls;  Pike’s  Peak;  Placer  Gulch;  Beaver  Creek. 

6.  Potentilla  concinna  Richardson.  (P.  humifusa  Nutt.)  Dry  hills  and 
mountains  from  Sask.  and  Alb.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — 
Devil’s  Causeway;  North  Park;  Empire;  Lake  City;  Georgetown;  Cameron 
Pass;  Mt.  Abram;  Cumberland  Mine,  La  Plata  Mountains;  Little  Kate 
Mine;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Little  Veta  Mountain;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de 
Cristo  Creek;  Spicer,  Larimer  Co. 

7.  Potentilla  bicrenata  Rydb.  Dry  mountains  of  N.  M.  and  Colo.— 
“  Colorado.” 

8.  Potentilla  quinquefolia  Rydb.  (P.  nivca  subquinata  Lange;  P.  nivea 
pentaphylla  Lehm.)  On  dry  mountains  from  Greenl.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo. — 
Alt.  10,000-14,000  ft. — Cumberland  Mine,  La  Plata  Mountains;  West  Spanish 
Peak;  Mt.  Hesperus;  Hahn’s  Peak. 

9.  Potentilla  dissecta  Pursh.  (P.  diversifolia  Lehm.)  On  hills  and  moun¬ 
tain  sides  from  Sask.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  up  to  13,000  ft. — 
Lake  City;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Cameron  Pass;  Lake  City;  Caribou; 
Willis  Gulch;  Pagosa  Springs;  Carson;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Buffalo  Pass  Park; 
Mt.  Princeton;  Little  Kate  Mine;  Ouray;  Estes  Park;  Spicer. 


184 


ROSACEAE. 


Potentilla  dissecta  glaucophylla  (Lehm.)  S.  Wats.  A  taller  and  more  glab¬ 
rous  variety. — Boreas;  Beaver  Creek  Canon;  above  Beaver  Creek;  Beaver 
Creek;  camp  on  Little  Beaver;  Graymont;  Cameron  Pass;  Lake  City;  Cari¬ 
bou;  Red  Mountain;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Silver  Plume;  Camp  Creek. 

10.  Potentilla  juncunda  A.  Nels.  In  the  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — 
Alt.  up  to  10,000  ft. — Chambers’  Lake ;  Beaver  Creek ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Little 
Kate  Mine. 

11.  Potentilla  Nuttallii  Lehm.  (P.  gracilis  rigida  S.  Wats.)  In  mountain 
valleys  from  Sask.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Sheephorn  Divide,  Middle 
Park;  Grizzly  Creek;  northwest  of  North  Park. 

12.  Potentilla  brunnescens  Rydb.  In  dry  mountain  meadows  from  Mont, 
to  Colo. — Alt.  about  8ooo  ft. — Columbine  ;  Grizzly  Creek ;  Steamboat  Springs ; 
Walden. 

13.  Potentilla  Bakeri  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  8000-9000 
ft. — Grizzly  Creek;  southwest  North  Park;  Doyle’s;  Gunnison  watershed. 

14.  Potentilla  filipes  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  5000-10,000 
ft.— Forks  of  Poudre  and  Big  South;  above  Ouray;  along  Bear  River;  Como; 
Chambers’  Lake ;  Dolores. 

15.  Potentilla  pulcherrima  Lehm.  In  mountain  meadows  from  Sask.  and 
Alb.  to  N.  M.  and  Nev. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Lake  City;  mountains  above 
Denver;  Larimer  Co.;  near  Empire;  Como;  Silverton;  Beaver  Creek;  along 
the  Conejos  River,  north  of  Antonito;  Rico;  Stove  Prairie  Hill,  Larimer 
Co. ;  Campton’s  ranch ;  Dolores ;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek. 

16.  Potentilla  subjuga  Rydb.  Mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  8000-9000  ft. — 
Near  Empire. 

17.  Potentilla  nivea  L.  In  alpine-arctic  situations  from  Lab.  and  Alaska 
to  Colo.;  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. — Alt.  10,000-13,000  ft. — Devil’s  Causeway; 
Empire;  Ouray;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Cumberland  Mine,  La  Plata  Mountain; 
mountains  of  Estes  Park. 

18.  Potentilla  uniflora  Ledeb.  In  alpine-arctic  situations  from  Greenl.  and 
Alaska  to  Colo,  and  Ore. — Alt.  10,000-13,000  ft. — High  mountains  about  Em¬ 
pire;  Hinsdale  Co.;  Cameron  Pass;  Estes  Park;  Boreas. 

19.  Potentilla  atrovirens  Rydb.  On  plains  and  hills  from  Minn,  and  Wyo. 
to  Colo. — Williams’  Canon,  Pike’s  Peak. 

20.  Potentilla  pennsylvanica  strigosa  Pursh.  On  plains  from  Hudson  Bay 
and  Alb.  to  Kans.  and  N.  M.  (the  true  P.  Pcnsylvanica  L.  is  not  found  in 
Colo.). — Alt.  up  to  8000  ft. — Antonito;  West  Mancos  Canon;  Central  City; 
Empire. 

Potentilla  pennsylvanica  arachnoidea  Lehm.  On  high  plains  from  Mont, 
and  Utah  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Lake  City;  Sangre  de 
Cristo  Creek;  Chicken  Creek;  Ouray;  near  Boulder;  mountains  of  Estes 
Park. 

21.  Potentilla  bipinnatifida  Dougl.  On  plains  from  Sask.  and  Alb.  to  Neb. 
and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Larimer  Co.;  Como;  Antonito;  Higho;  Ute 
Pass ;  Indian  Creek  Pass ;  Gunnison. 

22.  Potentilla  platyloba  Rydb.  ( P .  bipinnatifida  platyloba  Rydb.)  On 
plains  from  Hudson  Bay  and  Alb.  to  Neb.  and  Colo. — Mountain  View;  Gun¬ 
nison  ;  Pitkin ;  Empire. 


ROSACEAE. 


185 


23.  Potentilla  filicaulis  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  (P.  effusa  Ulicaulis  Nutt.)  In  the 
mountains  from  Colo,  to  Ida. — Beaver  Creek. 

24.  Potentilla  rubripes  Rydb.  (P.  rubricaulis  Rydb.,  mainly;  not  Lehm.) 
In  the  higher  mountains  from  Alb.  to  Colo. — Alt.  10,000-13,000  ft. — Estes 
Park;  Mt.  Abram,  Ouray;  Pike’s  Peak;  Little  Kate  Mine,  La  Plata  Moun¬ 
tains  ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Berthoud  Pass ;  Rabbit-Ears,  Larimer  Co. 

25.  Potentilla  minutifolia  Rydb.  On  the  higher  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt.  9000- 
13,000  ft. — Graymont;  Georgetown;  Saddle,  Pike’s  Peak;  mountains  of  Estes 
Park ;  Cumberland  Mine ;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

26.  Potentilla  tenerrima  Rydb.  On  the  higher  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt. 
10,000-13,000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  West  Spanish  Peak. 

27.  Potentilla  saximontana  Rydb.  On  the  higher  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt. 
10,000-13,000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  West  Spanish  Peak. 

28.  Potentilla  pinnatisecta  (S.  Wats.)  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  from  Alb. 
to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Little  Kate  Mine,  La  Plata  Moun¬ 
tains;  mountains  of  Estes  Park. 

29.  Potentilla  plattensis  Nutt.  In  mountain  meadows  from  Sask.  to  Colo, 
and  Utah. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Platte  River,  South  Park;  Tobe  Miller’s 
ranch;  Walden;  Gunnison;  Ojo;  Placer  Gulch;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de 
Cristo  Creek;  Buena  Vista. 

30.  Potentilla  rupincola  Osterh.  Mountains  in  Colo. — Dale  Creek,  Larimer 

Co. 

31.  Potentilla  Hippiana  Lehm.  On  plains  and  in  meadows  from  Minn., 
Sask.  and  Alb.  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — -Near  Empire;  Trap¬ 
per’s  Lake;  Estes  Park;  Willow  Creek;  Georgetown;  Gunnison;  Colorado 
Springs;  South  Park;  Chambers’  Lake;  Upper  Laramie  River;  Forrester’s 
ranch,  Larimer  Co. ;  North  Park ;  Indian  Creek  Pass. 

32.  Potentilla  propinqua  Rydb.  ( P .  Hippiana  diffusa  Lehm.)  In  meadows 
from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Rico;  Como;  near  Nar¬ 
rows  ;  Durango ;  Chambers’  Lake ;  near  Pagosa  Peak ;  Mancos ;  Pagosa 
Springs;  Ruxton  Dell;  Chicken  Creek;  Pitkin;  Mt.  Hesperus;  North  Park; 
Grizzly  Creek,  southwest  of  North  Park. 

33.  Potentilla  effusa  Dough  On  plains  and  hills  from  Ass.  and  Mont,  to 
N.  M. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Crow  Creek ;  near  Empire ;  Bosworth’s  ranch ; 
Poudre  flats,  above  Ft.  Collins;  Estes  Park,  Larimer  Co.;  Table  Rock; 
Moore’s  ranch ;  Manitou ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Cascade ;  Indian  Creek  Pass ; 
Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  near  Boulder. 

34.  Potentilla  coloradensis  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  8000- 
10,000  ft. — Georgetown ;  South  Park ;  Estes  Park,  Larimer  Co. ;  Empire ; 
Chambers’  Lake;  Minnehaha;  Silver  Plume;  Como. 

35.  Potentilla  ambigens  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — 

36.  Potentilla  crinita  A.  Gray.  On  dry  hills  of  Colo.,  Utah,  N.  M.  and 
Ariz. — Piedra. 

6.  HORKELIA  C.  &  S. 

1.  Horkelia  Gordonii  Hook.  On  dry  mountains  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to 
Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  about  11,000  ft. — Buffalo  Pass;  summit  of  North 
Park  Range,  Routt  Co. ;  Ethel  Peak. 


186 


ROSACEAE. 


7.  ARGENTINA  Lam.  Silver-leaf,  Goose-tansy. 

Leaves  green  and  glabrate  above.  1.  A.  anserina. 

Leaves  silvery-white  on  both  sides.  2.  A.  argentea. 

1.  Argentina  anserina  (L.)  Rydb.  ( Potentilla  anserina  L.)  Wet  soil  from 
Greenl.  and  Alaska  to  N.  J.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Bear 
River;  Steamboat  Springs;  Ft.  Collins;  Como;  Platte  Canon. 

2.  Argentina  argentea  Rydb.  (A.  anserima  concolor  Rydb. ;  not  Potentilla 
anserina  concolor  Ser.)  In  wet  mountain  meadows  from  Ass.  and  Wash, 
to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Black’s  Lake ;  Upper  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek. 


8.  FRAGARIA  L.  Strawberry. 


Pubescence  of  the  scape  and  petioles  spreading  or  reflexed  ;  achenes  superficial. 
Calyx  in  fruit  spreading;  scape  usually  with  a  leafy  bract.  1.  F.  bracteata. 

Calyx  in  fruit  reflexed ;  scape  generally  without  a  leafy  bract. 

2.  F.  americana. 

Pubescence  of  the  scape  and  petioles  appressed  or  ascending;  achenes  set  in  pits. 
Plant  not  glaucous ;  scape  densely  strigose. 

Leaflets  over  3  cm.  long,  very  veiny  beneath ;  runners  numerous. 

3.  F.  prolifica. 

Leaflets  1-3  cm.  long,  not  very  veiny ;  runners  few.  4.  F.  pumila. 

Plant  more  or  less  glaucous. 

Leaves  thin. 

Leaflets  obovate ;  scape  several-flowered.  5.  F.  glauca. 

Leaflets  oblong-cuneate ;  scape  1-4-flowered.  6.  F.  pauciflora. 

Leaves  rather  thick,  firm  ;  leaflets  oblong-cuneate.  7.  F.  ovalis. 


1.  Fragaria  bracteata  Heller.  In  meadows  and  open  copses  from  Mont, 
and  B.  C.  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  8000-11,000  ft. — Minnehaha;  Little  Veta 
Mountain;  Pike’s  Peak;  Georgetown. 

2.  Fragaria  americana  (Porter)  Britton.  (F.  vesca  Pursh,  in  part;  not 
L.)  In  meadows  and  woods  and  on  hillsides  from  Newf.  and  Man.  to  Va. 
and  N.  M. — Dillon  Canon ;  Pennock’s  mountain  ranch ;  Rist  Canon ;  Boulder ; 
Ute  Pass. 

3.  Fragaria  prolifica  Baker  &  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  7000- 
10,000  ft. — Cameron  Pass;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch;  Pike’s 
Peak ;  Seven  Lakes ;  bank  of  Poudre ;  near  Silverton ;  Como ;  Chambers’ 
Lake;  Columbine;  Red  Mountain;  Breckenridge ;  Wahatoya  Canon;  Pike’s 
Peak;  Cheyenne  Canon. 

4.  Fragaria  pumila  Rydb.  On  hillsides  from  S.  D.  and  Wyo.  to  Colo. — 
Pike’s  Peak;  Gunnison;  Seven  Lakes. 

5.  Fragaria  glauca  (S.  Wats.)  Rydb.  In  meadows  and  open  woods  from 
Mackenzie  and  Mont,  to  S.  D.,  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  8000-11,000  ft. — Pike’s 
Peak;  Veta  Mountain;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Pass  Creek;  East 
Indian  Creek;  Andrew’s  ranch,  Larimer  Co.;  Little  Kate  Basin,  La  Plata 
Mountains;  bank  of  Poudre;  Howe’s  Gulch;  Como. 

6.  Fragaria  pauciflora  Rydb.  On  hills  from  Hudson  Bay  and  Alb.  to  Colo, 
and  Utah. — Alt.  7000-9000  ft. — North  Boulder  Peak;  below  Halfway  House, 
Pike’s  Peak;  Andrew’s  Shetland  ranch;  North  Park,  near  Teller;  Pennock’s 
mountain  ranch;  along  the  Conejos  River,  north  of  Antonito;  Minnehaha. 

7.  Fragaria  ovalis  (Lehm.)  Rydb.  ( Potentilla  ovalis  Lehm. ;  Fragaria 
'firm a  Rydb.)  On  dry  hills  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Cent.  Mex. — Bear  Creek 
Divide,  La  Plata  Mountains. 


ROSACEAE. 


187 


9.  SIBBALDIA  L. 

1.  Sibbaldia  procumbens  L.  On  alpine  peaks  and  in  arctic  regions  from 
Greenl.  and  Alaska  to  N.  H.,  Colo,  and  Calif. ;  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. — 
Alt.  10,000-14,000  ft. — Massif  de  l’Arapahoe;  Red  Mountain,  south  of  Ouray; 
Silver  Plume;  Mt.  Harvard;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Tennessee  Pass,  seven 
miles  west  of  Leadville;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Boreas;  Cameron  Pass;  Little 
Kate  Basin,  La  Plata  Mountains;  Beaver  Creek;  Leroux  Creek;  Rabbit-Ear 
Range;  Berthoud  Pass. 

10.  DASIPHORA  Raf.  Shrubby  Cinquefoil. 

1.  Dasiphora  fruticosa  (L.)  Rydb.  ( Potentilla  fruticosa  L.)  In  meadows 
and  on  rocks  from  Lab.  and  Alaska  to  N.  J.,  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  about 
10,000  ft. — Vicinity  of  Como;  North  Park;  Berthoud  Pass. 

11.  CHAMAERHODOS  Bunge. 

1.  Chamaerhodos  erecta  (L.)  Bunge.  On  dry  plains  from  Sask.  and  Alaska 
to  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  9000  ft. — South  Park,  southeast  of  Jefferson. 

12.  DRYMOCALLIS  Tourr. 

Petals  white;  leaves  densely  and  coarsely  hairy.  1.  D.  arguta. 

Petals  yellow  ;  leaves  sparingly  and  finely  pubescent. 

Corolla  15-20  mm.  in  diameter;  petals  much  exceeding  the  sepals. 

2.  D.  fissa. 

Corolla  10-15  mm.  in  diameter;  petals  slightly  if  at  all  exceeding  the  sepals. 

3.  D.  glandulosa. 

1.  Drymocallis  arguta  (Pursh)  Rydb.  On  prairies,  plains,  meadows  and 
hillsides  from  N.  B.  and  Mackenzie  to  D.  C.  and  Colo. — Table  Rock;  Steam¬ 
boat  Springs. 

2.  Drymocallis  fissa  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  ( Potentilla  fissa  Nutt.)  In  the  moun¬ 
tains  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  6000-12,000  ft. — Near  Narrows,  Rist  Canon; 
Horsetooth  Gulch;  Dixon  Canon;  Beaver  Creek;  Table  Rock;  Empire;  Bear 
Creek  Canon;  Wyoming  State  line;  Pennock’s  mountain  ranch;  Beaver 
Creek;  summit  of  North  Park  Range,  Larimer  Co. 

3.  Drymocallis  glandulosa  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  ( Potentilla  glandulosa  Nutt.) 
In  the  mountains  from  Alb.  and  B.  C.  to  S.  D.,  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Leroux 
Creeks,  Delta  Co. ;  Rist  Canon. 


13.  GEUM  L.  Avens. 

Petals  yellow,  clawless. 

Upper  internode  of  the  style  long-hairy  ;  lower  not  glandular ;  petals  5-7  mm. 

long.  1.  G.  strictum. 

Upper  internode  of  the  style  sparingly  short-hairy  ;  lower  more  or  less  glandular- 
puberulent ;  petals  4-5  mm.  long.  2.  G.  oregonense. 

Petals  pink  or  purplish,  more  or  less  clawed.  3.  G.  rivale. 

1.  Geum  strictum  Ait.  In  low  meadows  and  among  bushes  from  Newf. 
and  B.  C.  to  Pa.,  Mo.  and  Mex. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Sangre 
de  Cristo  Creek ;  Mancos ;  Stove  Prairie,  Larimer  Co. ;  Moon’s  ranch ;  Buena 
Vista ;  Victoria ;  Piedra ;  Gunnison ;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co. ;  Silver  Plume ; 


188 


ROSACEAE. 


Soldier  Canon ;  Graymont ;  Ft.  Collins ;  Happy  Hollow ;  Elk  Canon ;  Bos- 
worth’s  ranch;  Boulder. 

2.  Geum  oregonense  (Scheutz)  Rydb.  ( G .  urbanum  oregonense  Scheutz; 
G.  macrophyllum  Coulter,  in  part;  not  Willd.)  In  mountain  meadows  from 
Mackenzie  and  B.  C.  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — La  Plata 
Canon;  Veta  Pass;  Marshall  Pass;  Cascade  Canon;  Chicken  Creek,  west  of 
Mt.  Hesperus;  Grizzly  Creek;  Chambers’  Lake;  White  River  Plateau; 
Hounold;  Yampa;  Victoria;  Ironton  Park,  nine  miles  south  of  Ouray;  Man- 
cos  ;  Castle  Canon ;  Arapahoe  Pass ;  Elk  Canon ;  Beaver  Creek ;  Rico ;  foot¬ 
hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  Medicine  Bow  Mountains ;  Arapahoe  Pass ;  Empire ; 
Eldora  to  Baltimore ;  Steamboat  Springs. 

3.  Geum  rivale  L.  In  swamps  and  wet  meadows  from  Newf.  and  B.  C. 
to  N.  J.  and  Colo. — Alt.  8000-9000  ft. — Estes  Park;  Twin  Lakes;  headwaters 
of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Indian  Creek  Pass;  Victoria;  Parlin,  Gunnison 
Co.;  Ironton  Park,  nine  miles  south  of  Ouray;  Crystal  Park;  Empire; 
Walden. 

14.  SIEVERSIA  R.  Br.  Mountain  Avens. 

Petals  light  purple;  styles  in  fruit  much  elongated,  plumose.  1.  5'.  ciliata. 

Petals  yellow  ;  styles  scarcely  elongating  in  fruit,  appressed  hairy. 

2.  S\  turbinata. 

1.  Sieversia  ciliata  (Pursh)  Don.  ( Geum  ciliatum  Pursh;  G.  triiiorum 
Pursh)  On  hills  from  Lab.  and  B.  C.  to  N.  Y.  and  Calif. ;  also  in  Mex. — 
Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Como,  South  Park;  Mt.  Harvard;  Chicken  Creek,  West 
La  Plata  Mountains;  North  Park;  Twin  Lakes;  Pike’s  Peak;  Pagosa;  near 
Graymont;  Marshall  Pass;  Van  Boxle’s  ranch,  above  Cimarron;  west  of 
Ouray ;  Red  Mountain  road,  south  of  Ouray ;  Dead  Lake ;  Palsgrove  Canon ; 
Arapahoe  Pass;  on  the  Michigan;  Big  South;  near  Silverton;  Beaver  Creek. 

2.  Sieversia  turbinata  (Rydb.)  Greene.  ( Geum  turbinatum  Rydb.;  G. 
Rossii  T.  &  G. ;  not  Ser.)  On  the  higher  peaks  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  10,000-14,000  ft. — Gray’s  Peak;  Uncompahgre  Peak;  Cameron 
Pass;  Pike’s  Peak;  West  Spanish  Peak;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Cumberland 
Basin,  La  Plata  Mountains;  Bear  Creek  Divide,  West  La  Plata  Mountains; 
Flat  Top  Mountains;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Carson;  Beaver  Creek;  Boreas; 
Devil’s  Causeway ;  Graymont ;  Berthoud  Pass ;  Ethel  Peak. 

15.  FALLUGIA  Endl. 

1.  Fallugia  acuminata  (Woot.)  Rydb.  (F.  paradoxa  Coult.,  in  part;  and  v. 
acuminata  Woot.)  On  dry  hills  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Tex  and  Ariz. — Alt. 
8000-9000  ft. — Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Cimarron. 

16.  HOLODISCUS  Max. 

Leaf-blades  broadly  rounded  ovate-spatulate,  more  or  less  double-toothed,  with 
rounded  teeth.  1.  H.  dumosus. 

Leaf-blades  oval  or  obovate,  with  simple  ovate  teeth. 

Leaf-blades  1.5-4  cm.  long;  panicle  open,  with  spreading  or  reflexed,  long 
branches.  2.  H.  australis. 

Leaf-blades  1-1.5  cm.  long;  panicle  contracted,  with  short  few-flowered 

branches.  3.  H.  microphyllus. 


ROSACEAE. 


189 


1.  Holodiscus  dumosus  (Nutt.)  Heller.  ( Spiraea  dumosa  Nutt.)  On  hills 
and  mountains  from  Wyo.  and  Utah  to  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — 
Cheyenne  Mountain;  near  Georgetown;  Grand  Junction;  Glenwood  Springs; 
Idaho  Springs;  Black  Canon;  southeast  of  Ouray;  Ragged  Mountain,  Gun¬ 
nison  Co.;  Ute  Pass;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  vicinity  of  Pine  Grove; 
Empire. 

2.  Holodiscus  australis  Heller.  On  hills  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — 
Alt.  6000-9000  ft. — Colorado  Springs ;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek ;  Cheyenne 
Canon ;  Georgetown ;  Minnehaha. 

3.  Holodiscus  microphyllus  Rydb.  On  dry  hills  from  Ida.  and  Ore.  to  Colo, 
and  Calif. — Alt.  about  9000  ft. — Chicken  Creek ;  Mt.  Harvard. 


17.  KUNZIA  Spreng. 

1.  Kunzia  tridentata  (Pursh)  Spreng.  ( Purskia  tridentata  DC.)  On  dry 
hills  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — Liver¬ 
more,  Larimer  Co.;  Dolores;  Walcott;  divide  road  to  Steamboat  Springs; 
Pearl;  between  Pallas  and  Sydney;  Rist  Canon;  Stove  Prairie  Hill;  Horse- 
tooth  Gulch ;  north  of  Poudre ;  Pinkham  Creek. 

18.  COLEOGYNE  Torr. 

1.  Coleogyne  ramosissima  Torr.  From  southwestern  Colo,  and  Nev.  to 
Ariz.  and  Calif. — Alt.  5250  ft. — Near  Hovenweep  Castle  (Brandegee) . 

19.  CERCOCARPUS  H.  B.  K.  Mountain  Holly. 

1.  Cercocarpus  parvifolius  Nutt.  On  hills  from  S.  D.  and  Mont,  to  N.  M. 
and  Utah. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Golden;  Colorado  Springs;  Boulder;  Cerro 
Summit;  Manitou;  Cucharas  River,  above  La  Veta;  Livermore,  Larimer  Co.; 
Mancos;  Trail  Glen,  Pike’s  Peak;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  foot-hills,  Lari¬ 
mer  Co. ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  gulch  west  of  Pennock’s ;  Rist  Canon ;  Pen- 
nock’s  mountain  ranch;  Poudre  Canon;  Trinidad;  Ft.  Collins;  Eldora  to 
Baltimore. 

20.  DRYAS  L. 

1.  Dryas  octopetala  L.  On  alpine  peaks  and  in  arctic  regions  from  Greenl. 
and  Alaska  to  N.  H.,  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  11,000-14,000  ft. — Mt.  Bartlett, 
Robinson ;  Bottomless  Pit ;  Silver  Plume ;  Mt.  Harvard ;  mountains  south 
of  Ward;  Front  Range,  Larimer  Co.;  above  Beaver  Creek;  Cameron  Pass. 

21.  AGRIMONIA  L.  Agrimony. 

1.  Agrimonia  Brittoniana  occidentalis  Bickn.  Among  bushes  from  S.  D. 
and  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz.  The  type-species  extends  east  to  Que.  and 
W.  Va. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Ft.  Collins ;  North  Cheyenne  Canon ;  Poudre 
flats;  Table  Rock;  Redstone. 


190 


ROSACEAE. 


22.  ROSA  L.  Rose,  Brier. 

Infrastipular  spines  not  present. 

Stems  bristly  or  prickly. 

Flowers  corymbose  at  the  end  of  the  stems  or  of  almost  erect  branches. 

Leaf-blades  glabrous ;  stipules,  leaf-stalks  and  sepals  more  or  less  glandular. 

i.  R.  arkansana. 

Leaf-blades  densely  pubescent,  at  least  beneath.  2.  R.  pratincola. 

Flowers  solitary  at  the  ends  of  spreading  branches. 

Leaflets  finely  but  distinctly  pubescent  beneath. 

Leaflets  rather  firm,  coarsely  serrate ;  fruit  spherical  or  nearly  so. 

3.  R.  Sayi. 

Leaves  thin,  sharply  serrate ;  fruit  elongated-ellipsoid. 

4.  R.  Engelmannii. 

Leaflets  glabrous  ;  fruit  rounded-obovate  or  spherical.  5.  R.  melina. 

Stem  unarmed.  11.  R.  Bakeri. 

Infrastipular  spines  present. 

Hypanthium  and  fruit  bristly.  6.  R.  Underwoodii. 

Hypanthium  and  fruit  glabrous. 

Leaflets  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Spines  curved. 

Leaflets  1-2  cm.  long ;  spines  stout ;  fruit  1  cm.  or  less  in  diameter. 

7.  R.  manca. 

Leaflets  2-3.5  cm.  long;  fruit  1-1.5  cm.  in  diameter. 

Spines  slender  ;  leaves  not  bluish  green,  thin.  8.  R.  melina. 

Spines  stout ;  leaves  bluish  green,  thick.  9.  R.  pandorana. 

Spines  straight  or  nearly  so.  10.  R.  Macounii. 

Leaflets  decidedly  pubescent  beneath. 

Fruit  over  1  cm.  broad  ;  leaflets  large ;  flowers  solitary ;  spines  stout. 

ix.  R.  Bakeri. 

Fruit  less  than  1  cm.  broad;  spines  weak,  slightly  curved  or  straight;  flowers 
often  corymbose. 

Petioles  and  stipules  densely  glandular.  12.  R.  Fendleri. 

Petioles  not  glandular ;  stipules  merely  glandular-toothed  or  entire. 
Spines  very  slender  and  straight.  13.  R.  aciculata. 

Spines  stouter  and  somewhat  curved.  14.  R.  Maximilliani. 

1.  Rosa  arkansana  Porter.  In  the  Arkansas  Canon  of  Colo. 

2.  Rosa  pratincola  Greene.  ( R .  Arkansana  S.  Wats.;  also  Coult.  Man.; 
not  Porter.)  On  prairies  and  plains  from  Minn,  and  Alb.  to  Kans.  and  Colo. 
— Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Veta  Pass;  Colorado  Springs. 

3.  Rosa  Sayi  Schweinitz.  On  hills  and  mountains,  in  open  woods,  from 
Que.  and  Alb.  to  Mich,  and  Colo. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — North  Cheyenne 
Canon;  Cottonwood  Lake;  Ruxton  Park,  Pike’s  Peak;  Front  Range,  Lari¬ 
mer  Co.;  Blue  River,  above  Kremmling;  Minnehaha;  Hounold;  Boulder; 
Columbine ;  Marshall  Pass ;  falls  of  Poudre ;  west  of  Steamboat  Springs ; 
Campton’s  ranch;  Beaver  Creek;  Horsetooth  Mountain;  gulch  west  of  Pen- 
nock’s;  Boulder;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

4.  Rosa  Engelmannii  S.  Wats.  In  open  woods  from  Upper  Mich,  and  N.  D. 
to  Tex.  and  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  9000  ft. — Manitou ;  headwaters  of  Pass  Creek; 
Minnehaha  Falls. 

5.  Rosa  Underwoodii  Rydb.  In  canons  of  Colo. — Alt.  8000-9000  ft. — Box 
Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  La  Plata  Canon. 

6.  Rosa  manca  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  7500-9000  ft.— 
Mancos;  southeast  of  Ouray. 

7.  Rosa  melina  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Alt.  6000- 
10,000  ft. — Chambers’  Lake;  West  Spanish  Peak;  southeast  of  Ouray;  Cerro 
Summit;  Black  Canon. 


ROSACEAE. 


191 


8.  Rosa  pandorana  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Pandora. 

g.  Rosa  Macounii  Greene.  In  valleys  and  along  streams  from  S.  D.  and 
Alb.  to  Kans.  and  Colo. — Colorado  Springs;  Pike’s  Peak;  Mancos ;  New 
Windsor;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Horsetooth  Mountain. 

10.  Rosa  Bakeri  Rydb.  In  canons  and  on  hillsides  from  Mont,  and  Ida. 
to  Colo. — Alt.  7500-9000  ft. — Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  Dix  Post  Office; 
Four-Mile  Hill,  Routt  Co. ;  Parlin. 

11.  Rosa  Fendleri  Crepin.  In  valleys  and  along  streams  from  S.  D.  and 
Mont,  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Blue  River,  above  Kremmling; 
Golden;  Twin  Lakes;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Boulder. 

12.  Rosa  aciculata  (Cockerell)  Rydb.  ( R .  blanda  aciculata  Cockerell)  In 
rich  valleys  of  Colo  and  N.  M. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Walsenburg;  moun¬ 
tains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 

13.  Rosa  Maximiliani  Nees.  (?  Rosa  Woodsii  Lindl.)  In  valleys  and  on 
foot-hills  from  Sask.  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  6000-9000  ft. — 
Gunnison;  Blue  River,  above  Kremmling;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Sangre 
de  Cristo  Creek;  Pagosa  Springs;  southeast  of  Ouray;  New  Windsor;  Horse- 
tooth  Mountain ;  Steamboat  Springs. 


Family  67.  MALACEAE  Small.  Apple  Family. 

Cavities  of  the  ovary  becoming  twice  as  many  as  the  styles  by  a  false,  complete  or 
incomplete  partition ;  leaves  simple,  toothed. 

Styles  5  ;  flowers  racemose.  1.  Amelanchier. 

Styles  2  ;  flowers  solitary  or  in  sessile  2-3-flowered  corymbs.  2.  Peraphyllum. 
Cavities  of  the  ovary  as  many  as  the  styles  ;  flowers  in  corymbiform,  compound 
cymes. 

Leaves  simple,  but  more  or  less  lobed ;  ovules  solitary  in  each  carpel. 

3.  Crataegus. 

Leaves  pinnate  ;  ovules  2  in  each  carpel.  4.  Sorbus. 

1.  AMELANCHIER  L.  June-berry. 

Leaf-blades  obtuse  to  truncate  at  the  apex. 

Leaf-blades  orbicular  or  nearly  so,  truncate  at  the  apex. 

Mature  leaves  glabrous  or  sparingly  and  loosely  villous. 

Whole  plant  perfectly  glabrous;  bud-scales  glabrous.  1.  A.  polycarpa. 

Inflorescence  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  white-villous  when  young ; 
bud-scales  hairy. 

Petals  12-15  mm.  long;  mature  leaves  perfectly  glabrous. 

Leaf-blades  elliptic.  2.  A.  elliptica. 

Leaf-blades  suborbicular  or  broadly  oval.  3.  A.  alnifolia. 

Petals  about  8  mm.  long ;  mature  leaves  often  somewhat  villous  beneath. 

4.  A.  oreopliila. 

Mature  leaves  finely  pubescent  on  both  sides,  or  rarely  glabrate  above. 

5.  A.  Bakeri. 

Leaf-blades  oval  or  obovate,  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  apex,  more  or  less  glaucous 
beneath,  entire  or  slightly  toothed.  6.  A.  prunifolia. 

Leaves  more  or  less  ovate,  acute.  7.  A.  rubescens. 

1.  Amelanchier  polycarpa  Greene.  Hills  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Alt.  7000- 
11,000  ft. — Piedra;  Mt.  Abram,  Ouray;  Hounold;  Twin  Lakes;  Bob  Creek, 
west  of  La  Plata  Mountains;  Cerro  Summit;  Ojo. 


192 


MALACEAE. 


2.  Amelanchier  elliptica  A.  Nels.  Hills  from  S.  D.  to  Colo. — Alt.  6000- 
8000  ft. — Cerro  Summit;  Crystal  Creek;  Beaver  Creek. 

3.  Amelanchier  alnifolia  Nutt.  Dry  hills  and  rolling  plains  from  N.  D. 
and  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Utah.— Alt  4000-8000  ft. — Poverty  Ridge,  near  Ci¬ 
marron ;  Cerro  Summit;  Hounold;  Glenwood  Springs;  Horsetooth  Gulch; 
Hounold ;  Central  City;  Four-Mile  Hill;  Parlin ;  Pallas;  Pandora. 

4.  Amelanchier  oreophila  A.  Nelson.  Hills  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  5000- 
8000  ft. — Willow  Creek;  Camp  Creek;  Ojo;  hills  southeast  of  La  Veta; 
Van  Boxle’s  ranch,  above  Cimarron;  Los  Pinos  (Bayfield);  Cottonwood 
Lake;  City  Creek  Canon;  Minturn. 

5.  Amelanchier  Bakeri  Greene.  Dry  hills  of  Colo. — Alt.  6000-8000  ft. — 
Cedar  Creek;  Mancos;  Los  Pinos  (Bayfield);  Wolcott;  Twin  Lakes. 

6.  Amelanchier  prunifolia  Greene.  Dry  hills  and  mountains  of  Colo,  and 
Utah. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Mancos ;  Cerro  Summit. 

7.  Amelanchier  rubescens  Greene.  Dry  hills  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Between 
Rifle  and  Meeker;  Cedar  Creek. 

2.  PERAPHYLLUM  Nutt. 

1.  Peraphyllum  ramosissimum  Nutt.  Dry  hills  and  mountains  from  Ore. 
to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  6500-8000  ft. — Mancos;  Los  Pinos  (Bayfield)  ;  Cerro 
Summit;  Cimarron;  Durango;  Dolores. 

3.  CRATAEGUS  L.  Hawthorn. 

Inflorescence  pubescent ;  leaves  hairy  beneath,  at  least  on  the  veins. 

Leaf-blades  orbicular  or  broadly  obovate,  abruptly  contracted  at  the  base,  5-7 
cm.  wide,  less  distinctly  lobed,  toothed  to  near  the  base. 

1.  C.  coloradensis. 

Leaf-blades  obovate  or  rhombic,  with  a  cuneate  base,  5-9  lobed,  with  triangular 
acute  lobes,  3-5  cm.  wide.  2.  C.  occidentalis. 

Inflorescence  glabrous  ;  leaves  glabrous  beneath. 

Leaf-blades  serrate  or  incised;  fruit  8-10  mm.  broad. 

Leaf-blades  rhombic,  incisedly  lobed  with  acute  serrate  lobes. 

3.  C.  cerronis. 

Leaf-blades  oblanceolate  or  rhombic-oblanceolate,  merely  irregularly  serrate. 

4.  C.  Wheeleri. 

Leaf-blades  crenate  ;  fruit  6-7  mm.  long.  5.  C.  saligna. 

1.  Crataegus  coloradensis  Aven  Nelson.  Canons  of  Colo. — Alt.  5000-6000 
ft. — Colorado  Springs  ;  Boulder. 

2.  Crataegus  occidentalis  Britton.  River-banks  from  N.  D.  and  Mont,  to 
Neb.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Golden;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Boulder; 
Lower  Boulder  Canon ;  Horsetooth  Gulch. 

3.  Crataegus  cerronis  A.  Nels.  Along  streams  in  Colo. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. 
— Colorado  Springs;  Larin;  Golden;  Livermore;  Boulder;  Cerro  Summit. 

4.  Crataegus  Wheeleri  A.  Nels.  Along  streams  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and 
Utah. — Alt.  about  6000  ft. — Wolcott;  Steamboat  Springs;  between  Fallas  and 
Sydney;  Steele  Canon;  Villa  Grove;  Dix;  between  Meeker  and  Craig;  be¬ 
tween  Rifle  and  Meeker;  Spring  Creek,  above  Uncompahgre  River. 

5.  Crataegus  saligna  Greene.  Hillsides  of  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  7000  ft. — 
Cimarron;  Gypsum  Creek  Canon;  Meeker;  Wolcott;  Gunnison;  Parlin. 


MALACEAE. 


193 


4.  SORBUS  L.  Mountain  Ash. 

1.  Sorbus  scopulina  Greene.  ( Pyrus  sambucifolia  T.  &  G. ;  not  C.  &  S.) 
In  moist  ground  and  hillsides  from  Alb.  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — 
Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Near  Ouray;  Upper  La  Plata  Canon;  Four-Mile  Hill, 
Routt  Co. ;  Pagosa  Peak ;  Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray ;  Victoria ;  North 
Cheyenne  Canon ;  west  of  Palmer  Lake ;  Buffalo  Pass ;  Empire ;  Rabbit-Ear 
Range,  Routt  Co. 


Family  68.  AMYGDALACEAE  Reichenb.  Plum  Family. 

1.  PRUNUS  L.  Plums,  Cherries. 

Flowers  in  lateral  scaly  umbels  or  corymbs,  expanding  with  or  before  the  leaves. 
Pits  of  the  fruit  flattened;  leaves  convolute  in  vernation.  1.  P.  americana. 

Pits  globose,  not  flattened ;  leaves  conduplicate  in  vernation. 

Low,  decumbent  shrubs  ;  inflorescence  strictly  sessile  and  umbel-like. 

2.  P.  Besseyi. 

Erect  shrubs  or  trees  ;  inflorescence  corymbiform,  more  or  less  peduncled. 

3.  P.  pennsylvanica. 

Flowers  in  long  racemes,  ending  leafy  branches  of  the  season. 

4.  P.  melanocarpa. 

1.  Primus  americana  Marsh.  Along  streams  from  N.  Y.  and  Mont,  to 
Fla.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Boulder;  foot-hills  of  Larimer  Co.;  Wal- 
senburg;  plains  near  Denver;  gulch  west  of  Dixon  Canon;  vicinity  of  Horse- 
tooth;  Rist  Canon;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Trinidad;  Cache  la  Poudre;  Manitou. 

2.  Prunus  Besseyi  Bailey.  On  sand-hills  from  N.  D.  to  Kans.  and  Colo. 
— Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  foot-hills  west  of  Ft.  Collins;  north  of 
La  Porte ;  Horsetooth  Mountain ;  Black’s  Lake. 

3.  Prunus  pennsylvanica  L.  f.  In  rocky  woods  and  on  hillsides  and  along 
streams  from  Newf.  and  N.  D.  to  Ga.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-9500  ft. — Estes 
Park,  Larimer  Co.;  Ft.  Collins;  Minnehaha;  gulch  west  of'  Pennock’s; 
Pike’s  Peak;  Rist  Canon;  Stove  Prairie  Hill;  Redstone;  mountains  between 
Sunshine  and  Ward;  Eldora  to  Baltimore;  Manitou. 

4.  Prunus  melanocarpa  (A.  Nels.)  Rydb.  (P.  demissa  Torr.,  in  part;  not 
Walp. ;  Cerasus  demissa  melanocarpa  A.  Nels.)  On  hillsides  from  N.  D.,  Alb., 
and  B.  C.  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Lake  City;  foot-hills,  Lari¬ 
mer  Co.;  Estes  Park;  Mancos;  Cheyenne  Canon;  butte,  five  miles  southwest 
of  La  Veta;  Cucharas  River,  below  La  Veta;  Dillon  Canon;  Trinidad;  Ft. 
Collins ;  Cache  la  Poudre ;  Bosworth’s  ranch ;  gulch  west  of  Pennock’s ; 
Horsetooth  Gulch;  Dixon  Canon;  Purgatory  River,  Trinidad;  Pinkham 
Creek. 


Family  69.  MIMOSACEAE  Reichenb.  Mimosa  Family. 

Valves  of  the  pod  not  separating  from  the  continuous  margin,  not  prickly;  stems 
erect,  unarmed.  1.  Acuan. 

Valves  of  the  pod  separating  from  the  continuous  margin;  pod  4-angled,  prickly; 
stems  prostrate,  prickly.  2.  Morongia. 


13 


194 


MIMOSACEAE. 


i.  ACUAN  Medic.  Prairie  Mimosa. 

i.  Acuan  illinoensis  (Michx.)  Kuntze.  ( Desmanthus  brachylobus  Benth.) 
In  rich  bottom  lands  from  Ind.  and  S.  D.  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Colo. — Sterling. 

2.  MORONGIA  Britton.  Sensitive-brier. 

i.  Morongia  uncinata  (Willd.)  Britton.  ( Schrankia  uncinata  Willd.)  On 
prairies  from  Ill.  and  S.  D.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. — Exact  locality  not  given. 

Family  70.  CASSIACEAE  Link.  Senna  Family. 

Leaves  simply  pinnate  ;  corolla  very  irregular ;  one  of  the  lateral  petals  (standard) 
and  the  lowest  petal  larger  than  the  rest.  1.  Chamaecrista. 

Leaves  twice  pinnate  ;  corolla  regularly  zygomorph,  the  upper  petal  only  differing 
materially  from  the  rest.  2.  Hoffmanseggia. 


1.  CHAMAECRISTA  Moench. 

1.  Chamaecrista  fasciculata  (Michx.)  Greene.  ( Cassia  fasciculata  Michx.; 
C.  Chamaecrista  Walt.;  not  L.)  In  prairies  from  Me.  and  S.  D.  to  Fla.,  Tex. 
and  Colo. — Denver. 

2.  HOFFMANSEGGIA  Cav. 

Leaves,  flowers  and  pods  with  black  glandular  dots ;  pods  short,  2-2.5  cm.  long, 
straight  on  the  back  or  nearly  so.  1.  H.  Jamesii. 

Dark  glandular  dots  none ;  pods  3-4  cm.  long,  strongly  arcuate. 

2.  H.  drepanocarpa. 

1.  Hoffmanseggia  Jamesii  Torr.  In  dry  soil  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. 
— Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Rocky  Ford;  Colorado  City;  Arkansas  River;  Wray. 

2.  Hoffmanseggia  drepanocarpa  A.  Gray.  In  dry  soil  from  Colo  to  Tex. 
and  Ariz. — Canon  City. 


Family  71.  FABACEAE  Reichenb.  Pea  Family. 

Filaments  distinct. 

Leaves  pinnate.  Tribe  I.  Sophoreae. 

Leaves  digitately  3-foliate.  Tribe  II.  Podalyrieae. 

Filaments  monadelphous  or  diadelphous. 

Rachis  of  the  leaves  not  produced  into  a  tendril  or  bristle-like  appendage,  repre¬ 
senting  the  terminal  leaflet. 

Fruit  2-valved  or  indehiscent,  not  a  loment. 

Foliage  not  glandular-dotted. 

Anthers  of  2  kinds ;  filaments  monadelphous ;  leaves  digitate ;  calyx  2- 
lipped.  Tribe  III.  Genisteae. 

Anthers  all  alike  ;  filaments  diadelphous ;  calyx  5-toothed. 

Leaflets  toothed.  Tribe  IV.  Trifolieae. 

Leaflets  not  toothed. 

Leaves  irregularly  pinnate ;  leaflets  even  in  number,  4  or  6 ;  stip¬ 
ules  gland-like;  flowers  umbellate.  Tribe  V.  Loteae. 

Leaves  odd-pinnate ;  stipules  not  gland-like ;  flowers  racemose  or 
capitate.  Tribe  VI.  Galegeae. 

Foliage  glandular-dotted. 

Pod  prickly. 

Pod  not  prickly,  indehiscent. 


Tribe  VII.  Glycyrrhizeae. 
Tribe  VIII.  Psoraleae. 


FABACEAE. 


195 


Pod  a  loment,  i.  e.,  breaking  up  transversely  into  i-seeded  indehiscent 
reticulate  internodes.  Tribe  IX.  Hedysareae. 

Rachis  of  the  leaves  produced  into  a  tendril  or  bristle-like  appendage. 


Tribe 

Tribe  I.  SOPHOREAE. 

X. 

VlCIEAE. 

One  genus. 

Tribe  II.  PODALYRIEAE. 

1. 

SOPHORA. 

One  genus 

Tribe  III.  GENISTEAE. 

2. 

Thermopsis. 

One  genus 

Tribe  IV.  TRIFOLIAE. 

3- 

Lupinus. 

Leaves  digitate  ;  in  ours  3-foliolate. 

Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate. 

4- 

Trifolium. 

Pod  curved  or  coiled. 

5- 

Medicago. 

Pod  straight. 

Tribe  V.  LOTEAE. 

6. 

Melilotus. 

One  genus. 

Tribe.  VI.  GALEGEAE. 

7- 

Anisolotus. 

I.  Leaves  pinnate  or  unifoliolate. 

A.  Blade  of  the  standard  as  broad  as  long,  spreading ;  trees. 

Leaflets  with  stipels ;  pod  broad,  margined  on  one  edge. 

8.  Robinia. 

Leaflets  without  stipels ;  pod  narrow.  9.  Peteria. 

B.  Blade  of  the  standard  relatively  narrow,  mostly  erect ;  herbs. 

1.  Keel  (lower  petals)  not  produced  into  a  beak. 

a.  Pods  2-celled,  with  a  perfect  partition. 

Pods  fleshy,  indehiscent  or  very  tardily  dehiscent.  10.  Geoprumnon. 
Pods  membranous,  leathery  or  woody,  dehiscent. 

Pods  not  inflated. 

Pods  ovoid  or  oblong,  rarely  almost  didymous,  terete  or  vertically 
flattened,  leathery  or  woody.  11.  Astragalus. 

Pods  linear,  somewhat  laterally  flattened,  membranous. 

12.  Hamosa. 

Pods  strongly  inflated,  papery.  13.  Cystium. 

b.  Pods  1 -celled,  the  partition,  if  any,  rudimentary. 

Lower  suture  strongly  intruded,  making  the  pod  sagittate  or  obcordate 
in  cross-section ;  pod  membranous,  rarely  leathery. 

14.  Tium. 

Lower  suture  not  intruded  or  merely  slightly  so  ;  pods  in  the  latter  case 
woody. 

Pods  strongly  inflated,  papery.  25.  Phaca. 

Pods  not  inflated,  or  slightly  so,  membranous  to  woody. 

Pods  with  a  partial  partition,  formed  by  the  inflexion  of  the  lower 
suture. 

Pods  membranous.  15.  Atelophragma. 

Pods  woody. 

Pods  stipitate  ;  leaves  unifoliolate.  16.  Jonesiella. 

Pods  sessile ;  leaves  pinnate. 

Calyx-tube  short,  campanulate,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the 
lobes;  tall  glabrous  plants.  17.  Phacopsis. 

Calyx  cylindrical,  longer  than  the  lobes ;  low  cespitose,  ciner- 
ous  or  villous  plants.  18.  Xylophacos. 

Pods  without  a  vestige  of  a  partition. 


196 


FABACEAE. 


Pods  not  with  two  grooves  on  the  upper  side  (or  if  slightly 
grooved,  sessile). 

Pods  with  a  fleshy  epicarp,  in  fruit  cross-ribbed ;  leaflets  ob¬ 
scurely  articulated  to  the  rachis,  fleshy,  narrow. 

19.  Ctenophyllum. 

Pods  without  fleshy  epicarp ;  leaflets  distinctly  articulated  to 
the  rachis. 

Pods  woody  or  at  least  leathery,  flattened  or  slightly  intruded 
on  the  lower  side. 

Calyx  cylindrical ;  flowers  large ;  plant  mostly  low  and 
cespitose.  18.  Xylophacos. 

Calyx  campanulate ;  flowers  small. 

Corolla  yellow ;  calyx-lobes  linear-lanceolate,  equalling 
the  tube ;  stipules  united ;  stem  low. 

20.  Cnemidophacos. 
Corolla  purple ;  calyx-lobes  triangular ;  much  shorter  than 

the  tube ;  stipules  free  or  nearly  so ;  stem  tall  and 
slender.  21.  Microphacos. 

Pods  membranous,  usually  more  or  less  flattened  laterally,  with 
both  sutures  prominent. 

Leaflets  spinulose-tipped ;  pod  1-2-seeded. 

23.  Kentrophyta. 

Leaflets  not  spinulose-tipped ;  pods  several-seeded. 

24.  Homalobus. 

Pods  with  two  grooves  on  the  upper  side,  stipitate. 

22.  Diholcos. 

2.  Keel  (lower  petals)  produced  into  a  beak.  27.  Aragallus. 

II.  Leaves  digitately  3-foliolate. 

Flowers  racemose.  26.  Orophaca. 

Flowers  capitate  (some  species  of).  4.  Trifolium. 


Tribe  VII.  GLYCYRRHIZEAE. 

One  genus.  28.  Glycyrrhiza. 

Tribe  VIII.  PSORALEAE. 

Petal  1  (standard)  ;  leaves  odd-pinnate.  29.  Amorpha. 

Petals  5. 

Wings  and  keel  free  from  the  filament-tube ;  leaves  in  our  digitate. 

30.  Psoralea. 

Wings  and  keel  adnate  to  the  filament-tube ;  leaves  odd-pinnate. 

Stamens  9  or  10.  31.  Parosela. 

Stamens  5.  32.  Petalostemon. 

Tribe  IX.  IiEDYSAREAE. 


Pod  4-several-seeded,  neither  spiny  nor  toothed.  33.  Hedysarum. 

Pod  1-2-seeded,  more  or  less  spiny  or  toothed.  34.  Onobrychis. 


Tribe  X.  VICIEAE. 

Style  filiform,  hairy  all  around  and  below  the  apex ;  stamen-tube  usually  oblique 
at  the  summit.  35.  Vicia. 

Style  flattened  towards  the  apex,  hairy  on  the  inner  side ;  stamen-tube  usually 
truncate  or  nearly  so.  36.  Lathyrus. 


1.  SOPHORA  L. 

1.  Sophora  sericea  Nutt.  Dry  prairies  from  S.  D.  and  Wyo.  to  Tex.  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Colorado  Springs;  Ft. 
Collins;  mesas  near  Pueblo;  Walsenburg;  Poudre  Flats;  Trinidad;  Boulder; 
Colorado  City. 


FABACEAE. 


197 


2.  THERMOPSIS  R.  Br. 

Pods  erect  or  ascending. 

Pods  straight. 

Pods  strictly  erect  and  appressed,  densely  pubescent ;  stipules  narrow. 

1.  T.  montana. 

Pods  ascending-erect,  sparingly  pubescent ;  stipules  broad. 

2.  T.  pinetorum. 

Pods  arcuate,  with  spreading  tips.  3.  T.  divaricarpa. 

Pods  strongly  divaricate  or  reflexed,  curved. 

Pods  mostly  horizontal,  arcuate.  4.  T.  arenosa. 

Pods  reflexed,  curved  in  a  half-circle  or  more.  5.  T.  rhombifolia. 

1.  Thermopsis  montana  Nutt.  {T.  stricta  Greene)  In  meadows  from 
Mont,  and  Wash,  to  Colo.,  Utah  and  Ore. — Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Hounold; 
Larimer  Co.;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch;  along  Conejos 
River,  north  of  Antonito;  Sapinero;  Gunnison. 

2.  Thermopsis  pinetorum  Greene.  In  open  woodlands  and  on  hillsides  in 
Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Chicken  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Moun¬ 
tains;  East  Indian  Creek;  Los  Pinos  (Bayfield);  Grayback  mining  camps 
and  Placer  Gulch;  Table  Rock;  foot  of  Horsetooth  Mountain;  Rist  Canon; 
Boulder;  Colorado  Springs;  Marshall  Pass. 

3.  Thermopsis  divaricarpa  A.  Nels.  In  valleys  and  on  foot-hills  in  Wyo. 
and  Colo. — Alt.  5000-11,000  ft. — Denver;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta; 
Veta  Mountain;  Ute  Pass;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  mountain  near  Veta 
Pass;  Ft.  Collins;  Howe’s  Gulch;  Beaver  Creek;  Horsetooth  Mountain; 
Cache  la  Poudre ;  foot-hills  near  Boulder ;  Eldora  to  Baltimore ;  Rist  Canon ; 
Anita  Peak. 

4.  Thermopsis  arenosa  A.  Nels.  In  sandy  soil  from  Sask.  and  Mont,  to 
Colo. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Empire ;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

5.  Thermopsis  rhombifolia  (Nutt.)  Richardson.  In  sandy  soil  from  Sask. 
and  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Manitou ;  butte  five  miles  southwest 
of  La  Veta;  mesas  near  Colorado  Springs;  Black’s  Lake;  west  of  Soldier 
Canon;  north  of  La  Porte;  north  of  Ft.  Collins;  Trinidad. 

3.  LUPINUS  L.  Lupine. 

A.  Perennials ;  cotyledons  petioled  after  germination. 

I.  Stems  tall,  3  dm.  or  more,  scarcely  cespitose. 

1.  Leaves  glabrous  above,  at  least  in  age. 

Stem  pubescent  with  long  and  spreading  hairs  or  glabrous. 

Banner  not  with  a  dark  spot ;  leaflets  of  the  basal  leaves  oblanceolate, 
acute.  1.  L.  amplus. 

Banner  with  a  dark  spot ;  leaflets  of  the  basal  leaves  spatulate,  obtuse, 
mucronate.  2.  L.  ammophilus. 

Stem  appressed-pubescent,  at  least  above. 

Flowers  large,  over  12  mm.  long;  banner  with  a  dark  spot. 

3.  L.  plattensis. 

Flowers  small  or  middle-sized,  12  mm.  or  less  long;  banner  not  with  a 
dark  spot. 

Plant  green ;  stem  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  sparingly  appressed- 
pubescent. 

Flowers  middle-sized,  8-12  mm.  long. 

Plant  purplish  ;  calyx  strongly  gibbous  at  the  base. 

4.  L.  rubricaulis. 

Plant  green;  calyx  not  strongly  gibbous.  5.  L.  alpestris. 
Flowers  very  small,  6-8  mm.  long. 


198 


FABACEAE. 


Flowers  about  8  mm.  long.  6.  L.  parviilorus. 

Flowers  about  6  mm.  long. 

Plant  vivid  green,  not  at  all  canescent.  7.  L.  doribundus. 
Plant  dark  green ;  inflorescence  and  young  leaves  canescent. 

8.  L.  myrianthus. 

Plant  light  green ;  stem  more  strigose ;  leaves  more  or  less  silvery ; 
flowers  light  blue  or  white. 

Flowers  about  8  mm.  long;  leaflets  linear.  11.  L.  tenellus. 
Flowers  10-12  mm.  long;  leaflets  oblanceolate. 

12.  L.  decumbens. 


2.  Leaves  permanently  pubescent  above. 

Plant  green ;  leaves  appressed-pubescent  or  slightly  silky ;  pubescence  of 
the  stem  long,  spreading.  9.  L.  comatus. 

Plants  more  or  less  canescent  or  silvery ;  at  least  the  upper  part  of  the  stem, 
inflorescence  and  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  densely  sill^y  or  villous. 
Stem  appressed-pubescent. 

Calyx  distinctly  spurred  at  the  base.  10.  L.  argophyllus. 

Calyx  not  spurred,  but  sometimes  rather  strongly  gibbous  at  the  base. 
Flowers  less  than  12  mm.  long;  banner  not  conspicuously  light- 
spotted. 

Pubescence  of  the  leaves  finely  silky,  short,  not  dense,  and  per¬ 
fectly  appressed. 

Pubescence  of  the  inflorescence  finely  appressed-silky ;  leaflets 
oblanceolate.  13.  L.  argenteus. 

Pubescence  of  the  inflorescence  looser  and  spreading. 

1 2.  L.  decumbens  var. 

Pubescence  of  the  leaves  dense,  longer  and  often  looser. 

14.  L.  oreophilus. 

Flowers  12  mm.  or  more  long;  banner  with  a  large  conspicuous  light 
spot. 

Stem  few-leaved,  only  slightly  exceeding  the  long  basal  leaves. 

15.  L.  humicola. 

Stem  very  leafy,  many  times  exceeding  the  basal  leaves. 

16.  L.  sericeus. 

Stem  with  dense  pubescence  of  spreading  usually  short  hairs. 

Corolla  blue;  banner  with  a  light  spot.  17.  L.  Bakeri. 

Corolla  at  first  white ;  the  banner  changing  into  purple ;  no  light  spot. 

18.  L.  dichrous. 

II.  Stem  low,  less  than  3  dm.  high,  densely  cespitose. 

Inflorescence  much  exceeding  the  leaves.  19.  L.  psoralioides. 

Inflorescence  not  exceeding  the  leaves. 

Racemes  very  dense  and  short,  sessile ;  bracts  lanceolate,  about  equalling 
the  flowers  ;  pubescence  rather  appressed.  20.  L.  caespitosus. 

Racemes  elongated ;  bracts  subulate,  exceeding  the  flowers ;  pubescence 
loose.  21.  L.  Watsoni. 

B.  Annuals ;  cotyledons  after  germination  sessile,  clasping  the  stem  ;  pod  2-seeded. 
Raceme  dense,  subcapitate ;  lower  lip  of  the  calyx  2-3-toothed. 

Plant  almost  stemless ;  lower  lip  of  the  calyx  oval  or  ovate. 

22.  L.  brevicaulis. 

Plant  with  a  distinct  leafy  stem ;  lower  lip  of  the  calyx  oblong-lanceolate. 

23.  L.  Kingii. 

Racemes  more  elongated  and  less  dense  ;  lower  lip  of  the  calyx  entire. 

24.  L.  pusillus.  • 


1.  Lupinus  amplus  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  8000 
ft. — Cerro  Summit;  below  Steamboat  Springs. 

2.  Lupinus  ammophilus  Greene.  (L.  Sitgreavesii  Coult.  Man.,  in  part.) 
In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  6000-7000  ft. — Los  Pinos  (Bay- 
field)  ;  Mancos;  Durango. 


FABACEAE. 


199 


3.  Lupinus  plattensis  S.  Wats.  On  hillsides  in  western  Neb.,  Wyo.  and 
Colo. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Walsenburg;  Denver;  La  Veta;  butte  five  miles 
southwest  of  La  Veta. 

4.  Lupinus  rubricaulis  Greene.  Hills  in  Colo. — Alt.  about  9000  ft. — Custer 
Butte. 

5.  Lupinus  alpestris  A.  Nels.  (L.  alsophilus  Greene.)  In  mountain  val¬ 
leys  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  8000-11,000  ft. — North  fork  of 
Cache  la  Poudre;  divide  above  Steamboat  Springs;  Grizzly  Creek;  Little 
Veta  Mountain;  Four-Mile  Hill;  North  Park;  Buffalo  Pass;  mountains 
above  Ouray;  summit  of  North  Park  Range,  Routt  Co. 

6.  Lupinus  parviflorus  Nutt.  In  open  woods,  on  hillsides,  among  bushes, 
S.  D.  and  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Near  Empire; 
Red  Mountain  road,  south  of  Ouray;  Pearl;  North  Park,  near  Teller; 
Berthoud  Pass;  Breckenridge. 

7.  Lupinus  floribundus  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Upper  Bear 
Creek. 

8.  Lupinus  myrianthus  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  8000- 
9000  ft. — Pitkin;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co.;  Jack’s  Cabin. 

9.  Lupinus  comatus  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  8000 
ft. — Lake  City;  Chicken  Creek,  La  Plata  Mountains;  Gunnison  Co. 

10.  Lupinus  argophyllus  (A.  Gray)  Cockerell.  (L.  decumbens  argophyllus 
A.  Gray;  L.  Helleri  Greene;  L.  aduncus  Greene)  Valleys  and  river  banks 
from  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Durango;  Sangre  de 
Cristo  Creek;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch;  Mancos;  Mesa 
Verde;  Colorado  Springs;  Antonito;  bank  of  Conejos  River. 

11.  Lupinus  tenellus  Nutt.  In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and 
Calif. — Estes  Park;  Mt.  Harvard;  Middle  Park;  Twin  Lakes;  Kremmling. 

12.  Lupinus  decumbens  Torr.  (L.  argenteus  decumbens  A.  Gray;  L.  lep- 
tostachys  Greene)  On  prairies  and  hillsides  from  Neb.,  Mont,  and  Ore.  to 
Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Boulder ;  Douglass  Co. ;  foot-hills, 
Larimer  Co.;  Colorado  Springs;  Wahatoya  Creek;  La  Veta;  Mosquito  Pass; 
Moon’s  ranch;  Victoria;  Veta  Mountain;  North  Park;  Trail  Creek;  Rist 
Canon;  Sapinero;  New'  Windsor;  Bosworth’s  ranch;  Pennock’s  mountain 
ranch;  Horsetooth  Mountain;  Callaway;  Redcliffe. 

Lupinus  decumbens  argentatus  Rydb.  Leaflets  broader  than  in  the  type  and 
not  conduplicate.  On  prairies  and  hillsides  in  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  5000-9000 
ft. — High  mountains,  Larimer  Co.;  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  foot-hills 
near  Boulder. 

13.  Lupinus  argenteus  Pursh.  On  prairies  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Glen- 
wood  Springs. 

14.  Lupinus  oreophilus  Greene.  In  the  mountains  from  Wyo.  to  Utah  and 
Colo. — West  Cliff;  Cimarron;  Steamboat  Springs;  Meeker;  Rio  Blanco  Co. 

15.  Lupinus  humicola  A.  Nels.  In  rich  soil  in  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Near 
Ironton,  San  Juan  Co. 

16.  Lupinus  sericeus  Pursh.  On  prairies  from  Ass.  and  Wash,  to  Wyo. 
and  Nev.  A  doubtful  specimen  has  been  collected  in  Colo. — Minturn. 

17.  Lupinus  Bakeri  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  7000-8500 
ft. — Hesperus;  Los  Pinos  (Bayfield);  Cedar  Edge. 


200 


FABACEAE. 


18.  Lupinus  dichrous  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  7000 
ft. — Cedar  Edge. 

19.  Lupinus  psoralioides  Pollard.  Open  gravelly  soil  in  Colo. — Gunnison. 

20.  Lupinus  caespitosus  Nutt.  On  hillsides  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and 
Utah. — Alt.  about  8000  ft— Hinsdale  Co.;  North  Park,  near  Teller;  twelve 
miles  below  Grand  Lake;  Gunnison;  Kremmling. 

21.  Lupinus  Watsoni  Heller.  ( Lupinus  aridus  Utahensis  S.  Wats.)  In 
sandy  soil  from  Ida.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — North  Park;  Gunnison. 

22.  Lupinus  brevicaulis  S.  Wats.  On  hills  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  N.  M. 
and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-6000  ft. — Arboles;  Hotchkiss,  Delta  Co. 

23.  Lupinus  Kingii  S.  Wats.  (L.  Sileri  S.  Wats.)  In  dry  soil  from  Utah 
and  Colo,  to  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Mancos;  Garland;  Piedra;  Thomp¬ 
son’s  Park,  La  Plata  Mountains ;  Gunnison. 

24.  Lupinus  pusillus  Pursh.  On  dry  plains  from  Mont,  and  Ore.  to  Kans., 
N.  M.  and  Utah. — Alt.  1500-1600  m. — Mesas  near  Pueblo;  New  Windsor; 
Crow  Creek;  La  Porte,  Larimer  Co.;  Wray;  Hotchkiss;  Lamar;  Rocky 
Ford;  Ft.  Collins;  Walsenburg. 


4.  TRIFOLIUM  L.  Clover. 


Heads  not  involucrate. 

Plants  mostly  tall ;  stem  leafy. 

Calyx  hairy. 

Heads  sessile ;  corolla  red-purple ;  free  portion  of  the  stipules  ovate. 

1.  T.  pratense. 

Heads  long-peduncled ;  corolla  white  or  pink ;  free  portion  of  the  stipules 
elongated-lanceolate. 

Plants  cespitose  from  a  woody  root ;  stems  ascending ;  corolla  salmon- 
color.  2.  T.  Rusbyi. 

Plant  erect  from  a  creeping  rootstock  ;  corolla  white. 

3.  T.  Rydbergii. 

Calyx  glabrous ;  peduncles  axillary ;  corolla  white  or  rose-color. 

4.  T.  repens . 


Plants  low,  cespitose  ;  stems  scapiform. 

Calyx  glabrous. 

Heads  1-3-flowered ;  flowers  not  reflexed ;  calyx-teeth  lanceolate ;  caudex 
thick,  densely  cespitose  with  short  branches.  5.  T.  nanum. 

Heads  several-flowered ;  flowers  reflexed ;  calyx-teeth  subulate ;  branches  of 
the  caudex  more  slender  and  elongated.  6.  T.  Brandegei. 

Calyx  pubescent. 

Leaflets  oval  or  obovate,  strongly  veined  and  sharply  dentate. 

Flowers  10-12  mm.  long.  7.  T.  subacaulescens. 

Flowers  about  8  mm.  long.  8.  T.  gymnocarpon. 

Leaflets  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  entire  and  not  strongly  veined. 
Flowers  reflexed  in  fruit ;  bracts  minute,  truncate  and  toothed. 

Calyx  2/z~Y  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  its  teeth  fully  twice  as  long  as  the 
tube.  9.  T.  stenolobum. 

Calyx  about  half  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  its  teeth  only  slightly  longer 
than  the  tube. 

Banner  acuminate;  leaflets  linear-lanceolate.  10.  T.  attenuatum. 

Banner  obtuse,  minutely  mucronate ;  leaflets  oblong-lanceolate  to 
elliptic.  11.  T.  bracteolatum. 

Flowers  not  reflexed  in  fruit ;  bracts  more  conspicuous,  lanceolate  to 
subulate,  long-attenuate. 

Bracts  narrowly  linear-lanceolate  or  subulate,  much  exceeding  the 
calyx-tube  and  often  almost  equalling  the  calyx-teeth  ;  plant  bright 
green.  12.  T.  lividum. 


FABACEAE. 


201 


Bracts  slightly,  if  at  all,  exceeding  the  calyx-tube,  distinctly  scarious- 
margined  and  abruptly  contracted  into  a  long  acumination ;  plant 
grayish.  13.  T.  dasyphyllum. 

Heads  more  or  less  involucrate  by  more  or  less  united  bracts. 

Plants  low,  cespitose ;  stem  scapiform  ;  bracts  united  only  at  the  base. 

Bracts  lanceolate  to  linear-subulate;  leaflets  entire  (see  No.  9-13). 

Bracts  oblong,  oval,  ovate  or  obovate  ;  leaflets  dentate. 

Banner  long-acute,  much  exceedings  the  wings.  14.  T.  salictorum. 

Banner  blunt,  slightly  exceeding  the  wings.  15.  T.  Parryi. 

Plants  with  elongated  leafy  stem  ;  bracts  united  to  a  monophyllous  involucre. 
Corolla  12-15  mm.  long.  16.  T.  Fendleri. 

Corolla  about  10  mm.  long.  17.  T.  oxydon. 

1.  Trifolium  pratensis  L.  Cultivated  and  escaped  along  roads,  around 
dwellings  and  in  waste  places  from  Newf.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — 
Ft.  Collins. 

2.  Trifolium  Rusbyi  Greene.  In  meadows  from  Colo,  to  Ariz.  and  Calif. 
— Mancos. 

3.  Trifolium  Rydbergii  Greene.  (T.  longipes  A.  Gray  and  Coult.,  in  part; 
not  Nutt.)  In  meadows  from  Mont,  and  Ida.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt. 
6000-10,000  ft. — Chicken  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains;  mountain  near 
Veta  Pass;  Pearl;  Elk  River,  Routt  Co.;  West  Indian  Creek;  Gore  Pass; 
Dolores;  Holdredge’s  ranch,  North  Park;  Camp  Creek. 

4.  Trifolium  repens  L.  Cultivated  and  escaped  in  waste  places  and  mead¬ 
ows  from  Newf.  to  B.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  up  to  7000  ft. — Cucharas 
Valley,  near  La  Veta. 

5.  Trifolium  nanum  Torr.  In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt. 
9000-14,000  ft. — Mt.  Evans;  Lake  City;  Pike’s  Peak;  near  Empire;  Carson; 
Gray’s  Peak;  mountains  above  Como;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Hayden  Peak; 
near  Pagosa  Peak;  Cameron  Pass;  Berthoud  Pass. 

6.  Trifolium  Brandegei  S.  Wats.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  up  to 

12.500  ft. — Near  Pagosa  Peak;  Cumberland  Basin,  La  Plata  Mountains. 

7.  Trifolium  subcaulescens  A.  Gray.  ( T .  nemorale  Greene)  In  dry  soil 
in  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Los  Pinos ;  Glenwood  Springs ;  Mancos. 

8.  Trifolium  gymnocarpon  Nutt.  In  arid  places  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and 
Utah. — Alt.  up  to  8000  ft. — North  Park;  Cerro  Summit. 

9.  Trifolium  stenolobum  Rydb.  On  alpine  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt.  9000- 
12,000  ft. — Little  Kate  Basin,  La  Plata  Mountains;  Upper  La  Plata  Canon; 
near  Ironton,  San  Juan  Co. 

10.  Trifolium  attenuatum  Greene.  On  alpine  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt.  about 

11.500  ft. — Near  Pagosa  Peak. 

11.  Trifolium  bacteolatum  Rydb.  (T.  lilacinum  Rydb.;  not  Greene;  5. 
petraeum  Greene)  On  mountain  peaks  of  southern  Colo. — Alt.  9000-10,000 
ft. — West  Spanish  Peak. 

12.  Trifolium  lividum  Rydb.  On  alpine  peaks  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
10,000-12,000  ft. — Massif  de  l’Arapahoe;  Graymont;  Alpine  Tunnel. 

13.  Trifolium  dasyphyllum  Torr.  On  alpine  peaks  from  Mont,  to  Colo. 
— Alt.  7000-13,000  ft. — Berthoud  Pass;  Eldora  to  Baltimore;  Lake  City; 
Pike’s  Peak;  Hinsdale  Co.;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Cameron  Pass; 
Bald  Mountain;  Mt.  Harvard;  Silver  Plume;  mountains  above  Boreas; 
Twin  Lakes;  mountains  of  Larimer  Co.;  Flat  Top  Mountains,  Routt  Co.; 


202 


FABACEAE. 


mountains  south  of  Ward,  Boulder  Co. ;  Devil’s  Causeway ;  above  Beaver 
Creek;  Leroux  Creek;  Twin  Lakes;  Spicer. 

14.  Trifolium  salictorum  Greene.  Mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  12,000 
ft. — Carson. 

15.  Trifolium  Parryi  A.  Gray.  In  the  mountains  of  Wyo.,  Utah  and  Colo. 
— Alt.  10,000-13,000  ft. — Twin  Lakes;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Tennes¬ 
see  Pass,  seven  miles  west  of  Leadville ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Buena  Vista,  Chaf¬ 
fee  Co. ;  Marshall  Pass ;  mountains  above  Boreas ;  Estes  Park ;  Silver 
Plume ;  Gray’s  Peak ;  Robinson ;  Chambers’  Lake ;  Graymont ;  Leroux 
Creek;  above  Beaver  Creek;  Berthoud  Pass. 

16.  Trifolium  Fendleri  Greene.  In  meadows  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and 
Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  up  to  8000  ft. — Wahatoya  Creek;  Gunnison;  La 
Veta;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co.;  Buena  Vista;  along  the  Conejos  River,  north 
of  Antonito;  Monte  Vista. 

17.  Trifolium  oxyodon  Greene.  In  meadows  from  Colo,  to  Ariz. — Alt.  up 
to  7700  ft. — Gunnison. 

5.  MEDICAGO  L.  Alfalfa,  Lucerne,  Medic. 

1.  Medicago  sativa  L.  Cultivated  from  Europe  and  escaped  from  Me.  and 
Ida.  to  Va.  and  Utah. — Alt.  5000-6000  ft. — Colorado  Springs ;  Ft.  Collins ; 
Boulder. 

6.  MELILOTUS  Juss.  Sweet  Clover. 

Corolla  white;  banner  a  little  longer  than  the  wings.  1.  M.  alba. 

Corolla  yellow  ;  banner  about  equalling  the  wings.  2.  M.  officinalis. 

1.  Melilotus  alba  Desv.  In  waste  places  from  N.  S.  and  D.  C.  to  Ida. 
and  Nev.  Naturalized  from  Europe;  also  cultivated. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — 
Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta. 

2.  Melilotus  officinalis  (L.)  Lam.  In  waste  places  from  N.  S.  and  La. 
to  Ida.  and  Colo.  Naturalized  from  Europe;  occasionally  cultivated  for 
bees. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  Boulder. 

7.  ANISOLOTUS  Bernh.  Bird’s-foot  Treefoil. 

1.  Anisolotus  Wrightii  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Hosackia  Wrightii  A.  Gray) 
In  dry  soil  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — Dolores; 
Mancos. 

8.  ROBINIA  L.  Locust-tree. 

1.  Robinia  neo-mexicana  A.  Gray.  Along  streams  from  Colo,  to  N.  M. 
and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Trinidad;  Walsenburg;  La  Veta;  Denver. 

9.  PETERIA  A.  Gray. 

1.  Peteria  scoparia  A.  Gray.  Dry  regions  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  N.  M. 
and  Ariz. — La  Plata  Valley  (Brandegee) . 

10.  GEOPRUMNON  Rydb.  Buffalo  Beans,  Ground  Plums. 


Corolla  yellowish  white,  with  purple-keel ;  leaflets  oval  or  obovate. 

1.  G.  succulentum. 

Corolla  purple ;  leaflets  oblong  to  linear.  2.  G.  crassicarpum. 


FABACEAE. 


203 


1.  Geoprumnon  succulentum  (Richardson)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  succulentus 
Richardson;  A.  prunifer  Rydb.)  On  plains  and  hills  from  Sask.  and  Mont, 
to  S.  D.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.; 
Colorado  Springs;  Cucharas  River,  below  La  Veta;  Walsenburg;  bank  of 
Cache  la  Poudre;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Velmont. 

2.  Geoprumnon  crassicarpum  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  crassicarpus 
Nutt.;  A.  caryocarpus  Ker)  On  prairies  and  plains  from  Man.  and  Mont, 
to  Mo.  and  Tex. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Plains  near  Denver;  South  Park; 
Lamar;  Ft.  Collins;  Howe’s  Gulch. 

11.  ASTRAGALUS  L.  Loco  Weed,  Milk  Vetch. 

Plants  cespitose,  subscapose,  villous-pubescent ;  pods  sulcate  on  both  sutures. 

Pod  glabrous,  deeply  sulcate.  1.  A.  mollissimus. 

Pod  villous,  slightly  sulcate. 

Calyx  densely  villous;  leaflets  6-12  pairs.  2.  A.  Bigelovii. 

Calyx  sparingly  nigrescent ;  leaflets  3-6  pairs.  3.  A.  anisus. 

Plants  with  elongated  leafy  stems. 

Pods  not  sulcate  or  slightly  so  on  the  lower  suture,  round  or  nearly  so  in 
cross-section. 

Bracts  linear-lanceolate,  long-attenuate ;  the  lower  almost  as  long  as  the 
calyces ;  calyx-teeth  all  narrow,  subulate,  fully  half  as  long  as  the  tube ; 
pod  glabrous.  4.  A.  canadensis. 

Bracts  ovate  to  lanceolate,  scarcely  half  as  long  as  the  calyces  ;  calyx-teeth 
short,  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  tube ;  the  upper  broader ;  pod  more  or 
less  hairy.  5.  A.  oreophilus. 

Pod  deeply  sulcate  on  the  lower  suture,  cordate  or  triangular  in  cross-section. 
Pod  with  appressed  gray  or  black  pubescence. 

Corolla  purple  or  pink,  seldom  white  ;  calyx-teeth  much  shorter  than  the  tube. 

6.  A.  nitidus. 

Corolla  sulphur-yellow ;  calyx-teeth  almost  equalling  the  tube. 

7.  A.  sulphur escens. 

Pod  villous  with  long  spreading  hairs. 

Corolla  ochroleucous ;  bracts  broadly  spatulate,  very  obtuse. 

8.  A.  virgultatus. 

Corolla  purple ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate  or  oblong,  often  acutish. 

9.  A.  goniatus. 

1.  Astragalus  mollissimus  Torr.  On  prairies  from  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to 

Tex.  and  N.  M. — At.  4000-5000  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  Lamar. 

2.  Astragalus  Bigelovii  A.  Gray.  In  dry  soil  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and 

Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Grand  Junction. 

3.  Astragalus  anisus  Jones.  On  dry  mesas  of  Colo. — Pueblo. 

4.  Astragalus  canadensis  L.  Among  bushes  and  in  meadows  from  Que. 

and  B.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — La  Veta;  Roswell;  Lower 
Boulder  Canon,  Boulder  Co. ;  Ft.  Collins ;  Poudre  flats ;  between  Ft.  Col¬ 
lins  and  La  Porte;  gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon;  along  Conejos  River. 

5.  Astragalus  oreophilus  Rydb.  (A.  Mortonii  Coulter,  in  part;  not  Nutt.) 
Among  bushes  in  Colo. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Pagosa  Springs;  mountains, 
Larimer  Co.;  Wahatoya  Creek;  Trimble  Springs,  above  Durango;  Stove 
Prairie,  Larimer  Co.;  plains  and  foot-hills  near  Boulder;  Walsenburg. 

6.  Astragalus  nitidus  Dough  ( A .  adsurgens  Hook.,  and  Am.  auth. ;  not 
Pall.)  On  hills. and  plains  from  Minn.,  Sask.  and  Alb.  to  Colo,  and  Oregon. 
— Alt.  4000-11,000  ft. — South  Park;  Manitou  Springs;  Platte  River;  Chey- 


204 


FABACEAE. 


enne  Canon;  Walsenburg;  Little  Veta  Mountain;  Colorado  Springs;  Mt. 
Harvard;  west  of  Soldier  Canon;  La  Porte;  Como;  Redcliffe. 

7.  Astragalus  sulphurescens  Rydb.  On  hills  and  mountains  of  Colo. — 
Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Boulder  Canon;  Georgetown;  Platte  River,  Denver; 
Estes  Park ;  vicinity  of  Como ;  Long  Gulch ;  near  Boulder ;  Empire. 

8.  Astragalus  virgultatus  Sheld.  (A.  hypoglottis  bracteosus  Osterh.)  In 
mountain  meadows  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Boulder;  Gunnison. 

9.  Astragalus  goniatus  Nutt.  (A.  hypoglottis  polyspermus  T.  &  G. ;  A. 
hypoglottis  Richardson;  not  L.)  In  meadows  and  river  valleys  from  Sask. 
and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Boulder;  Valmont;  Ala¬ 
mosa  ;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co. ;  Cimarron ;  Salida ;  butte  five  miles  southwest 
of  La  Veta;  Ft.  Collins;  Dillon;  Buena  Vista;  Arboles;  Cucharas  River, 
below  La  Veta;  Pagosa  Springs;  Stove  Prairie,  Larimer  Co.;  near  La  Plata 
Post  Office;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Table  Rock;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Do¬ 
lores  ;  Como ;  Colorado  City. 


12.  HAMOSA  Medic. 

Plant  acaulescent,  silvery-white.  1.  A.  scaposa. 

Plant  caulescent,  not  silvery. 

Pods  curved.  2.  H.  Nuttalliana. 

Pods  straight.  3.  H.  leptocarpa. 

1.  Hamosa  scaposa  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  (Astragalus  scaposus  A.  Gray.) 
On  dry  hills  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — McElmo  Canon. 

2.  Hamosa  Nuttalliana  (DC.)  Rydb.  (A.  Nuttallianus  DC.)  In  dry  soil 
from  Colo,  and  Ark.  to  Tex.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Palisades. 

3.  Hamosa  leptocarpa  (T.  &  G.)  Rydb.  (A.  leptocarpus  T.  &  G.)  In  dry 
soil  from  Tex.  to  Colo. — Lake  City. 


13.  CYSTIUM  Stev. 

1.  Cystium  diphysum  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  (Astragalus  diphysus  A.  Gray) 
On  hills  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — “  Southwestern  Colo¬ 
rado  ”  (Brandegee)  ;  exact  locality  not  given. 


14.  TIUM  Medic. 


Stipe  equalling  or  exceeding  the  calyx ;  pod  not  incurved. 
Pods  not  black-hairy  ;  corolla  white  or  ochroleucous. 

Plant  villous  ;  pod  cordate  in  cross-section. 

Plant  appressed-pubescent  or  glabrous  ;  pod  more  or  less 
V-shaped  in  cross-section. 

Calyx  not  black-hairy  ;  pod  straight. 

Calyx  black-hairy ;  pod  arcuate. 

Pod  black-hairy ;  corolla  purple. 

Stipe  shorter  than  the  calyx  or  almost  none ;  pod  incurved. 
Pod  mottled ;  plant  green. 

Pod  not  mottled ;  plant  cinereous. 

Pod  appressed-pubescent. 

Pod  hirsute-villous  with  spreading  hairs. 


1.  T.  Drummondii. 
triangular  or  inverted 

2.  T.  racemosum. 

3.  T.  scopulorum. 

4.  T.  alpinum. 

5.  T.  sparsidorum. 

6.  T.  humini stratum. 

7.  T.  desperatum. 


FABACEAE. 


205 


1.  Tium  Drummondii  (Dougl.)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  Drummondii  Dougl.) 
On  hills,  plains  and  valleys  from  Sask.  and  Alb.  to  Neb.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
4000-8000  ft. — Southeast  of  La  Veta;  Cimarron;  La  Veta;  Cheyenne  Canon; 
Ft.  Collins;  Colorado  Springs;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  east  of  Soldier  Canon; 
Boulder. 

2.  Tium  racemosum  (Pursh)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  racemosus  Pursh.)  On 
plains  and  hills,  N.  D.  to  Kans.  and  N.  M. — Oak  Creek;  Apishipa  Creek, 
Otero  Co. ;  east  of  Soldier  Canon. 

3.  Tium  scopulorum  (Porter)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  scopulorum  Porter;  A. 
rasus  Sheldon)  On  hills  and  open  woods  in  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt. 
5000-9000  ft. — Grand  Junction;  Mancos;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer 
Gulch;  Los  Pinos;  Cerro  Summit;  Cimarron;  Dolores. 

4.  Tium  alpinum  (L.)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  alpinus  L.)  In  the  moun¬ 
tains  and  in  open  woodlands  from  Lab.  and  Alaska  to  Vt.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
6000-11,000  ft. — Lake  City;  Boulder  Canon;  near  Empire;  Carson;  Twin 
Lakes;  Veta  Pass;  North  Park;  Twin  Lake  Creek;  near  La  Plata  Post 
Office;  Mt.  Harvard;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Como,  South 
Park;  Piedra;  North  Park,  near  Teller;  Leroux  Park;  Michigan  River; 
Chambers’  Lake;  Graymont. 

5.  Tium  sparsiflorum  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  sparsidorus  A. 
Gray)  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Cascade  Canon. 

6.  Tium  huministratum  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  huministratus  A. 
Gray)  In  the  mountains  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt. 
about  7000  ft. — Los  Pinos. 

7.  Tium  desperatum  (Jones)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  desperatus  Jones)  In 
the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  Utah. — Grand  Canon. 


15.  ATELOPHRAGMA  Rydb. 


Pods  stipitate,  flat. 

Pod  long-stipitate,  glabrous,  at  least  in  age. 

Pod  short-stipitate,  hairy. 

Pod  sessile,  more  turgid. 

Racemes  many-flowered ;  leaflets  oblong ;  septum  narrow. 
Racemes  elongated ;  pod  short  obovate. 

Racemes  short ;  pod  oblong. 

Racemes  few-flowered ;  leaflets  linear  ;  septum  broad. 


1.  A.  aboriginum. 

2.  A.  Macounii. 


3.  A.  elegans. 

4.  A.  Shear  is. 

5.  A.  Brandegei. 


1.  Atelophragma  aboriginum  (Richardson)  Rydb.  ( Phaca  aboriginorum 
Richardson)  On  mountain  sides  and  in  open  woods  from  Alb.  and  Yukon 
to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  up  to  10,000  ft. — Mountain  near  Veta  Pass. 

2.  Atelophragma  Macounii  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  Macouni  Rydb.)  In  the 
mountains  from  Alb.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo. — Exact  locality  not  given. 

3.  Atelophragma  elegans  (Hook.)  Rydb.  ( Phaca  elegans  Hook.;  Astra¬ 
galus  oroboides  americanus  A.  Gray)  In  the  mountains  from  Que.,  Sask. 
and  Idaho  to  Colo. — Alt.  7000-13,000  ft. — Georgetown;  Mt.  Lincoln;  Lake 
City;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  near  Empire;  South  Park;  Mancos; 
North  Park;  Empire. 

4.  Atelophragma  Shearis  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Twin  Lakes. 

5.  Atelophragma  Brandegei  (Porter)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  Brandegei  Por¬ 
ter)  In  the  mountains  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Ariz. — Alt.  about  6500  ft. — 
Arkansas  River  bluffs;  Pleasant  Valley. 


206 


FABACEAE. 


16.  JONESIELLA  Rydb. 

i.  Jonesiella  asclepiadoides  (Jones)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  asclepiadoides 
Jones)  In  arid  soil  of  Colo,  and  Utah. — Southeast  of  Hotchkiss;  Grand 
Junction. 


17.  PHACOPSIS  Rydb. 

Plant  perfectly  glabrous;  leaflets  oval,  retuse  or  obtuse.  1.  P.  praelongus. 

Plant  hispidulous-strigose  on  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  and  the  lower  surface  of 
the  leaves.  2.  P.  Pattersonii. 

1.  Phacopsis  praelongus  (Sheldon)  Rydb.  (A.  procei'us  A.  Gray)  From 
Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  2500-6500  ft. — Arboles;  Cimarron. 

2.  Phacopsis  Pattersonii  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  (A.  Pattersonii  A.  Gray)  On 
plains  and  open  ground  in  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  up  to  7000  ft. — Mancos; 
Wolcott,  Eagle  Co.;  Grand  River  Canon;  Hotchkiss;  Grand  Junction; 
Ridgeway. 

18.  XYLOPHACOS  Rydb. 

Pod  short-hairy  or  glabrous. 

Plant  villous;  both  of  the  sutures  indexed.  1.  X.  Parryi. 

Plant  cinereous  ;  none  of  the  sutures  or  only  the  dorsal  one  indexed. 

Pod  at  drst  somewhat  deshy,  in  age  spongy ;  plant  acaulescent. 

2.  X.  pygmaeus. 

Pod  coriaceous. 

Pods  straight  or  nearly  so. 

Pods  when  mature  somewhat  compressed  laterally.  3.  X.  missouriensis. 

Pods  when  mature  compressed  vertically.  4.  X.  vespertinus. 

Pods  more  or  less  curved. 

Pods  obtuse  at  the  base ;  dorsal  suture  strongly  indexed  ;  leaves  white- 
silky  on  both  sides.  5.  X.  Shortianus. 

Pods  tapering  at  both  ends. 

Pod  over  3  cm.  long ;  upper  suture  strongly  arched ;  calyx-teeth  short, 
triangular.  6.  X.  amphioxus. 

Pod  less  than  3  cm.  long ;  upper  suture  straight  or  slightly  curved ; 
calyx-teeth  linear-subulate.  7.  X.  uintensis. 

Pod  long-hairy,  densely  villous  ;  corolla  yellow  or  keel  purple. 

Leadets  broadly  obovate,  appressed-silky.  8.  X.  Newberryi. 

Leadets  elliptic  or  oblanceolate,  long-villous.  9.  X.  Purshii. 

1.  Xylophacos  Parryi  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  Parryi  A.  Gray) 
On  mountain  ridges  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Near  Empire; 
Turkey  Creek  and  tributaries;  Ft.  Collins;  Wahatoya  Canon;  headwaters 
of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  headwaters  of  Pass  Creek;  Estes  Park;  Bijou 
Basin ;  Platte  Canon ;  Rist  Canop ;  Chambers’  Lake ;  vicinity  of  Como ;  near 
Boulder. 

2.  Xylophacos  pygmaeus  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  ( Phaca  pygmaea  Nutt.;  A. 
chamaeluce  A.  Gray;  A.  Cicadae  Jones)  Dry  hills  and  arid  plains  of  Colo., 
Wyo.  and  Utah. — Grand  Junction. 

3.  Xylophacos  missouriensis  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  (A.  Missouriensis  Nutt.) 
On  plains  from  Sask.  and  Mont,  to  Kans.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. 
— Ft.  Collins;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Arboles;  Walsenburg;  river  bluffs 
north  of  La  Veta;  mesas  near  Pueblo;  Turkey  Creek  and  tributaries;  Grand 
Junction. 


FABACEAE. 


207 


4.  Xylophacos  vespertinus  (Sheld.)  Rydb.  ( A .  vespertinus  Sheld.)  In 

arid  places  of  W.  Colo,  and  N.  Mex. — Grand  Junction. 

5.  Xylophacos  Shortianus  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  (A.  Shortianus  Nutt.)  On 
plains  and  dry  hills  from  western  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt. 
4000-9000  ft. — Ute  Pass;  plains  near  Denver;  Clear  Creek  Canon;  Ft.  Col¬ 
lins;  Rist  Canon;  Spring  Canon;  west  of  Dixon  Canon;  Hotchkiss;  Table 
Rock;  Soldier  Canon;  vicinity  of  Horsetooth;  Grand  Junction;  north  of  La 
Porte;  near  Boulder;  Sapinero;  Arboles. 

6.  Xylophacos  amphioxus  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  (A.  amphioxus  A.  Gray) 
On  dry  plains  and  hills  from  southwestern  Colo,  to  Utah  and  Ariz. — Exact 
locality  not  given. 

7.  Xylophacos  uintensis  (Jones)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  Uintensis  Jones) 
On  dry  mesas  from  Colo,  to  Utah  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Mancos; 
mesas  near  Pueblo;  Cimarron;  Grand  Junction. 

8.  Xylophacos  Newberryi  A.  Gray.  Dry  hills  from  southwestern  Colo, 
and  Utah  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Exact  locality  not  given. 

9.  Xylophacos  Purshii  Dough  On  plains  and  hills  from  Mont,  and  B.  C. 
to  northern  Colo,  and  Calif. — Along  North  Platte. 

19.  CTENOPHYLLUM  Rydb. 

1.  Ctenophyllum  pectinatum  (Hook.)  Rydb.  ( Phaca  pectinata  Hook.; 
Astragalus  pectinatus  Dough)  On  dry  plains  from  Alb.  and  Sask.  to  Kans. 
and  Colo. — Ft.  Collins. 

20.  CNEMIDOPHACOS  Rydb. 

1.  Cnemidophacos  flavus  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  Havus  Nutt.)  On 
dry  mesas  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M. — Alt.  about  6000  ft. — Grand  Junction;  Man- 
cos;  Arboles. 

ai.  MICROPHACOS  Rydb. 

1.  Microphacos  microlobus  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  microlobus  A. 
Gray)  On  plains  and  hills  from  S.  D.  and  Mont,  to  Kans.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
4000-7000  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  Walsenburg;  New  Windsor;  mesas  near  Pueblo; 
Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Denver;  Colorado  City. 

22.  DIHOLCOS  Rydb. 

Corolla  over  1  cm.  long ;  calyx-teeth  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube. 

Corolla  purplish  or  pinkish;  pod  strigose.  1.  D.  bisulcatus. 

Corolla  whitish  ;  pod  glabrous.  2.  D.  decalvans. 

Corolla  whitish  or  straw  color,  less  than  1  cm.  long ;  calyx-teeth  much  shorter  than 
the  tube.  3.  D.  Haydenianus. 

1.  Diholcos  bisulcatus  (Hook.)  Rydb.  ( Phaca  bisulcata  Hook.;  Astragalus 
bisulcatus  A.  Gray)  On  plains  and  in  river  valleys  from  Sask.  and  Mont,  to 
Neb.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Pueblo;  between  La  Veta  and  Gardner; 
Ft.  Collins;  mesas  near  Pueblo;  Lamar;  Spring  Canon;  Platte  River; 
Colorado  Springs. 


208 


FABACEAE. 


2.  Diholcos  decalvans  (Gandoger)  Rydb.  (A.  bisulcatus  decalvans  Gan- 
doger)  River  valleys  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — New  Windsor,  Weld 
Co. ;  Ft.  Collins ;  Dixon  Canon ;  Quimby. 

3.  Diholcos  Haydenianus  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( A .  Haydenianus  A.  Gray) 
In  the  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. — Rio  Blanco,  south 
of  Pagosa;  Mancos;  Pagosa  Springs;  Montrose;  La  Veta;  Gunnison; 
Ridgeway. 

23.  KENTROPHYTA  Nutt. 

Stipules  united  only  at  the  base,  more  or  less  herbaceous. 

Plants  3-4  dm.  high,  usually  erect ;  stipules  with  long  spinulose  tips. 

2.  K.  hnpensa. 

Plant  low ;  stipules  not  spinulose-tipped.  3.  K.  viridis. 

Stipules  united  for  about  half  their  length,  scarious. 

Corolla  ochroleucous,  about  4  mm.  long ;  leaflets  less  than  5  mm.  long. 

4.  K.  Wolfit. 

Corolla  purple,  about  6  mm.  long;  leaflets  over  5  mm.  long.  5.  K.  aculeata. 

1.  Kentrophyta  impensa  (Sheldon)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  viridis  impensus 
Sheldon;  A.  Kentrophyta  elatus  S.  Wats.)  In  canons  and  bad-lands  from 
Colo,  to  Nev.  and  Ariz. — Grand  River  Canon. 

2.  Kentrophyta  viridis  Nutt.  ( Astragalus  Kentrophyta  A.  Gray,  in  part.) 
In  canons  and  bad-lands  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Palisades. 

3.  Kentrophyta  Wolfii  Rydb.  ( Homalobus  W olfii  Rydb.)  On  dry  hills  of 
Colo. — South  Park. 

4.  Kentrophyta  aculeata  (A.  Nels.)  Rydb.  (A.  tegetarius  implexus  Canby; 
A.  aculeatus  A.  Nels.)  On  dry  hills  and  mountains  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and 
Utah. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Chambers’  Lake;  Georgetown. 


24.  HOMALOBUS  Nutt. 


Leaves  simple  or  some  rarely  pinnately  3-foliolate ;  plants  pulvinate-cespitose. 

SlMPLICIFOLII. 


Leaves  pinnately  5-many-foliolate. 

Pods  sessile  or  short-stipitate ;  stipe  seldom  exceeding  the  calyx. 
Pods  more  or  less  compressed. 

Pods  oval,  ovate,  broadly  oblong  or  elliptical 
Pods  linear,  1.5  cm.  or  more  long. 

Pods  terete  or  nearly  so. 

Pods  long-stipitate ;  stipe  many  times  as  long  as  the  calyx. 


Tenelli. 

Campestres. 

Flexuosi. 

Macrocarpi. 


SlMPLICIFOLII. 

One  species. 

Tenelli. 

Pods  strictly  sessile. 

Pods  erect  on  long  pedicels. 

Pods  spreading  or  reflexed  on  short  pedicels. 

Pods  glabrous ;  plant  canescent. 

Pods  hairy  ;  plant  green. 

Pods  short-stipitate. 

Leaflets  broadly  linear  or  oblong ;  corolla  ochroleucous. 
Leaflets  narrowly  linear ;  corolla  whitish,  tinged  with  purple. 


1.  H.  caespitosus. 

2.  A.  gr allator. 

3.  H.  Wingatanus. 

4.  H.  Clementis. 

5.  H.  tenellus. 

6.  H.  acerbus. 


Campestres. 

Calyx-teeth  lanceolate  to  subulate,  half  as  long  as  the  tube  or  longer. 

Pods  arcuate.  7.  H.  dectanbens. 

Pods  straight. 


FABACEAE. 


209 


Leaflets  linear  or  linear-oblong,  acute,  ascending. 

Leaflets  narrowly  linear,  silvery-canescent. 

Low  and  very  cespitose,  1-2  dm.  high;  pods  about  1.5  cm.  long;  keel 
with  a  very  narrow  end.  8.  H.  camporum. 

Tall,  3-4  dm.  high,  more  simple;  pods  2-2.5  cm.  long;  keel  with  a 
broader  end.  9.  H.  campestris. 

Leaflets  oblong  or  lanceolate,  strigose  but  not  canescent ;  terminal  leaflet 
longer,  tapering  into  the  rachis  without  a  distinct  articulation ;  racemes 
long  and  lax.  10.  H.  decurrens. 

Leaflets,  at  least  of  the  lower  leaves,  oval  or  elliptical,  spreading. 

ii.  H.  hylophilus. 

Calyx-teeth  triangular,  Y^-Vz  as  long  as  the  tube;  leaflets  linear. 

Low,  depressed;  pods  12-15  mm.  long,  sessile.  12.  H.  tenuifolius. 

Taller,  2  dm.  or  more  high;  pods  over  15  mm.  long,  often  slightly  stipitate. 

13.  H.  junciformis. 


Flexuosi. 


Pod  oblong,  over  5  mm.  in  diameter. 

Inflorescence  short;  flowers  about  15  mm.  long;  pod  glabrous. 

(  14.  H.  Hallii. 

Inflorescence  elongated  and  lax;  flowers  about  10  mm.  long;  pod  pubescent. 

15.  H.  Fendleri. 

Pod  linear,  2-3  mm.  thick. 

Pod  abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  or  obsolete  stipe. 

Stem  decumbent;  stipe  minute  or  obsolete.  16.  H.  dexuosus. 

Stem  erect;  stipe  almost  equalling  the  calyx.  17.  H.  proximus. 

Pod  gradually  tapering  into  the  short  stipe.  18.  H.  Salidae. 


One  species. 


Macrocarpi. 


-pro 


Crop 

19.  H.  macrocarpus 


1.  Homalobus  caespitosus  Nutt.  ( Astragalus  caespitosus  A.  Gray.)  On 
dry  hills  from  Ass.  and  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — 
Livermore,  Larimer  Co. ;  north  of  La  Porte. 

2.  Homalobus  grallator  (S.  Wats.)  Rydb.  ( A .  grallator  S.  Wats.)  On 
river  banks  from  Colo,  to  Nev. — Steamboat  Springs. 

3.  Homalobus  wingatanus  (S.  Wats.)  Rydb.  ( A .  Wingatanus  S.  Wats.) 
On  dry  hills  in  S.  Colo,  and  N.  Mex. — Mancos. 

4.  Homalobus  Clementis  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  up  to 
10,000  ft. — Marshall  Pass ;  Sangre  de  Cristo ;  Big  Creek  Gulch. 

5.  Homalobus  tenellus  (Pursh)  Britton.  ( Astragalus  tenellus  Pursh ;  As¬ 
tragalus  multidorus  (Pursh)  A.  Gray)  On  plains  and  hills  from  Minn.,  Sask. 
and  Yukon  to  Neb.,  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Near  Empire; 
Ward,  Boulder  Co.;  Swallows,  between  Canon  City  and  Pueblo;  Estes 
Park;  near  mouth  of  Leroux  Creek;  Middle  Park;  Ft.  Collins;  near  Boul¬ 
der;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Marshall  Pass. 

6.  Homalobus  acerbus  (Sheld.)  Rydb.  (A.  acerbus  Sheld.)  In  the 
mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Glenwood  Springs. 

7.  Homalobus  decumbens  Nutt.  ( A .  decumbcns  A.  Gray)  In  the  moun¬ 
tains  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Steamboat  Springs. 

8.  Homalobus  camporum  Rydb.  On  plains  and  hills  from  Alb.  to  Colo, 
and  Utah. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch; 
North  Park. 

9.  Homalobus  campestris  Nutt.  (A.  campestris  A.  Gray;  A.  convallarius 
Greene)  On  plains  from  Mont,  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  up  to 

14 


210 


FABACEAE. 


10,000  ft. — Lake  City;  Canon  City;  Como,  South  Park;  Big  South;  Stove 
Prairie  Hill;  Gore  Pass;  Rabbit-Ear  Range;  North  Park;  Estes  Park; 
forks  of  Poudre  and  Big  South ;  mountains  of  Larimer  Co. ;  Pinkham  Creek. 

10.  Homalobus  decurrens  Rydb.  On  wooded  hills  in  Colo. — Alt.  8000- 
10,000  ft. — Estes  Park ;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch ;  Como ; 
Stove  Prairie  Hill. 

11.  Homalobus  hylophilus  Rydb.  On  wooded  hillsides  from  Mont,  and 
Ida.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Cerro  Summit;  North  Park, 
near  Teller;  Leadville;  Empire. 

12.  Homalobus  tenuifolius  Nutt.  From  the  Canadian  Rockies  to  the 
mountains  of  Colo. — Lake  City. 

13.  Homalobus  junciformis  (A.  Nels.)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  junciformis  A. 
Nels.)  On  dry  plains  and  hills  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  about 
7000  ft. — Glenwood  Springs;  Cedar  Edge. 

14.  Homalobus  Hallii  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  Hallii  A.  Gray)  In 
the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — South  Park;  Garland;  Como, 
South  Park;  Leadville;  Alamosa;  Dolores;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Como,  South 
Park ;  Black  Canon. 

15.  Homalobus  Fendleri  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  (A.  Fendleri  A.  Gray)  On 
dry  hills  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Mancos;  Los  Pinos. 

16.  Homalobus  flexuosus  (Dougl.)  Rydb.  ( Phaca  dexuosa  Hook;  A.  flex- 
uosus  Dougl.)  On  dry  plains  and  hills  from  Minn.,  Sask.  and  Alb.  to  Kans. 
and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Upper  Arkansas ;  South  Park ;  Los  Pinos ; 
Salida;  Gunnison;  New  Windsor;  Buena  Vista;  Veta  Pass;  Idaho  Springs; 
Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Cucharas  River,  below  La  Veta;  foot-hills,  Larimer 
Co. ;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch ;  Ft.  Collins ;  northwest  of 
Soldier  Canon;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Almelia ;  Estes  Park;  near  Boulder;  Em¬ 
pire. 

17.  Homalobus  proximus  Rydb.  On  dry  hills  of  Colo. — Arboles. 

18.  Homalobus  Salidae  Rydb.  On  hills  in  Colo. — Salida. 

19.  Homalobus  macrocarpus  (A  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Phaca  macrocarpa  A. 
Gray;  A.  lonchocarpus  Torr.)  In  open  woods  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  N. 
M. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Pagosa  Springs;  Thompson  Park,  La  Plata  Moun¬ 
tains;  Turkey  Creek  and  tributaries;  Arboles;  Durango. 


25.  PHACA  L. 

Upper  suture  not  acute ;  pod  circular  or  oval  in  cross-section. 

Pod  short-stipitate. 

Pod  not  mottled,  erect  or  ascending. 

Pod  ashy,  with  minute  white  hairs.  11.  P.  IVetherillii. 

Pod  glabrous.  1.  P.  Eastwoodiae. 

Pod  mottled,  spreading  or  reflexed. 

Leaflets  linear  or  none ;  plant  grayish-pubescent. 

Terminal  leaflet  none,  represented  by  the  much  produced  rachis ;  lateral 
leaflets  also  often  absent.  2.  P.  longifolia. 

Leaflets  present ;  rachis  not  produced.  3.  P.  picta. 

Leaflets  broadly  oval  or  obcordate ;  plant  glabrous.  4.  P.  artipes. 

Pod  sessile. 


FABACEAE. 


211 


Pod  over  1.2  cm.  long. 

Pod  2-2.5  cm.  long;  corolla  ochroleucous.  5.  P.  Candolleana. 

Pod  12-15  mm.  long;  corolla  purple.  6.  P.  cerussata. 

Pod  3-12  mm.  long. 

Pod  ovoid ;  plant  3-6  dm.  high  ;  raceme  many-flowered. 

7.  P.  Bodinii. 

Pods  ellipsoid ;  plant  usually  less  than  3  dm.  high  ;  raceme  few-flowered. 
Plant  cespitose ;  stem  slender,  1-2  dm.  high,  slender;  leaflets  0.5-1  cm. 

long.  8.  P.  pauciflora. 

Plant  pulvinate-cespitose,  almost  stemless ;  leaflets  minute. 

9.  P.  humillima. 

Upper  suture  of  the  pod  straight  or  curved  upwards,  acute ;  pod  in  cross-section 

obovate.  10.  P.  elatiocarpa. 

1.  Phaca  Eastwoodiae  (Jones)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  Preussii  sulcatus 
Jones;  A.  Eastwoodiae  Jones)  In  Utah  and  Colo. — Westwater. 

2.  Phaca  longifolia  (Pursh)  Nutt.  (A.  pictus  Ulifolius  A.  Gray)  On 
sandy  soil  from  S.  D.  and  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Salida;  Manitou;  Mani- 
tou  Junction. 

3.  Phaca  picta  A.  Gray.  (A.  pictus  foliosus  A.  Gray)  In  sandy  soil  from 
Colo,  and  Utah  to  N.  M. — Denver;  Colorado  Springs. 

4.  Phaca  artipes  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  artipes  A.  Gray)  In  the 
mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — Cerro  Summit ;  Cedar  Edge ;  Leroux 
Creek. 

5.  Phaca  Candolleana  H.  B.  K.  ( Astragalus  triflorus  A.  Gray)  In  dry 
places  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. ;  also  Mex. — Canon  City. 

6.  Phaca  cerussata  (Sheld.)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  cerusatus  Sheld.)  Moun¬ 
tain  sides  in  Colo. — Canon  City,  Fremont  Co. 

7.  Phaca  Bodinii  (Sheld.)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  Bodinii  Sheld.)  In  val¬ 
leys  from  Mont,  to  Neb.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — North  Park,  Larimer 
Co. 

8.  Phaca  pauciflora  Nutt.  (A.  leptaleus  A.  Gray)  In  the  mountains  of 
Colo. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Mt.  Harvard;  North  Park,  Larimer  Co.;  Como, 
South  Park;  Gunnison;  Laramie  River. 

.  9.  Phaca  humillima  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  (A.  humillimus  A.  Gray)  On  arid 
table-lands  of  Colo. — Mesa  Verde,  near  Mancos  River. 

10.  Phaca  elatiocarpa  (Sheld.)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  lotiflorus  brachypus 
A.  Gray;  A.  elatiocarpus  Sheld.)  On  plains  from  Minn,  to  Ass.  to  Mo., 
Tex.  and  Calif. — Canon  City;  Colorado  Springs. 

11.  Phaca  Wetherillii  (Jones)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  W etherillii  Jones) 

Dry  hills  and  mesas  of  Colo. — Grand  Junction. 

26.  OROPHACA  Britton. 

Densely  cespitose;  flowers  8-10  mm.  long;  inflorescence  not  exceeding  the  leaves. 
Flowers  about  10  mm.  long;  pods  puberulent.  1.  O.  tridactylica. 

Flowers  about  8  mm.  long ;  pods  hoary.  2.  O.  aretioides. 

Broadly  cespitose  with  prostrate  branches ;  flowers  about  6  mm.  long ;  peduncles 
usually  exceeding  the  leaves ;  pods  hoary.  3.  O.  sericea. 

1.  Orophaca  tridactylica  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  tridactylicus  A. 
Gray)  On  plains  and  hills  of  Colorado. — Alt.  5000-6000  ft. — Livermore; 
St.  Vrain’s  Canon;  Ft.  Collins;  plains  near  Denver;  foot-hills  west  of  Ft. 
Collins;  east  of  Black’s  Lake;  near  New  Windsor. 


212 


FABACEAE. 


2.  Orophaca  aretioides  (Jones)  Rydb.  ( Astragalus  sericoleucus  aretioides 
Jones)  On  dry  hills  and  plains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Ft. 
Collins;  vicinity  of  Horsetooth;  plains  near  Denver. 

3.  Orophaca  sericea  (Nutt.)  Britton.  ( Phaca  sericeus  Nutt.;  A.  sericoleu¬ 
cus  A.  Gray)  On  plains  and  hills  from  Neb.  to  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Julesburg. 

27.  ARAGALLUS  Necker.  Oxytrope,  Loco-weed. 

Stipules  adnate  to  the  petioles  only  slightly  at  the  base;  pods  pendant,  i-celled, 

many  times  exceeding  the  calyx.  1.  A.  deflexus. 

Stipules  decidedly  adnate  to  the  petioles  ;  pods  not  pendant. 

Leaves  strictly  pinnate ;  leaflets  opposite. 

Fruiting  calyx  inflated,  enclosing  the  fruit ;  plants  densely  cespitose,  less  than 
1.5  dm.  high.  2.  A.  multiceps. 

Fruiting  calyx  not  inflated,  much  exceeded  by  the  pod. 

Inflorescence  1-3-flowered;  plants  dwarf,  pulvinate. 

Pods  inflated,  1 -celled,  ovoid.  3.  A.  Hallii. 

Pods  not  inflated,  oblong,  almost  2-celled.  4.  A.  Parryi. 

Inflorescence  many-flowered;  plants  mostly  over  1.5  dm.  high  and  pod 

oblong,  not  inflated. 

Corolla  purple,  rarely  white. 

Leaflets  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  not  silvery-canescent. 

5.  A.  Lambertii. 

Leaflets  oblong-lanceolate  to  oval,  silvery-canescent.  6.  A.  sericeus. 

Corolla  yellow  or  white  with  a  purple  spot  on  the  keel. 

Flowers  12-15  mm.  long;  pods  semi-membranaceous. 

7.  A.  monticola. 

Flowers  18-25  mm.  long;  pods  coriaceous.  8.  A.  albidorus. 

Leaflets  verticillate.  9.  A.  Richardsonii. 

1.  Aragallus  deflexus  (Pall.)  Heller.  ( Oxytropis  deflexa  (Pall.)  DC.)  In 
the  mountains  from  Sask.  and  Alaska  to  N.  M. — Alt.  6000-11,000  ft. — Near 
Empire;  Lake  City;  Como,  South  Park;  North  Park,  near  Teller;  George¬ 
town;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Sargent;  Twin  Lakes;  Alamosa;  Kremm- 
ling;  Carson;  North  Park;  Arboles;  Dolores;  along  the  Conejos  River, 
north  of  Antonito;  Buena  Vista;  Empire;  Hahn’s  Peak. 

2.  Aragallus  multiceps  (Nutt.)  Heller.  ( Oxytropis  multiceps  Nutt.)  On 
dry  hills  and  mountains  from  western  Neb.  to  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000- 
10,000  ft. — Table  Rock;  Calhan;  Manitou  golf  links;  Colorado  Springs. 

Aragallus  multiceps  minor  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Oxytropis  multiceps  minor 
A.  Gray)  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Mountains  be¬ 
tween  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Empire;  mountains  of  Estes  Park;  headwaters 
of  Clear  Creek;  Caribou. 

3.  Aragallus  Hallii  (Bunge)  Rydb.  ( Oxytropis  Hallii  Bunge)  On  high 
mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  10,000-11,000  ft. — Little  Veta  Mountain. 

4.  Aragallus  Parryi  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Oxytropis  Parryi  A.  Gray)  In 
high  mountain  valleys  of  Colo. — Georgetown. 

5.  Aragallus  Lambertii  (Pursh)  Greene.  (O.  Lambertii  Pursh)  On 
plains,  prairies,  hills  and  table-lands  from  Minn,  and  Mont,  to  Mo.  and 
Colo. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Boulder;  Colorado  Springs;  Cheyenne  Canon; 
headwaters  of  Pass  Creek;  Cucharas  River,  below  La  Veta;  mesas  near 
Colorado  Springs;  between  Colorado  Springs  and  Cripple  Creek;  Horsetooth 
Gulch;  Palmer  Lake;  Howe’s  Gulch;  Poudre  Flats;  mountains  between 
Sunshine  and  Ward;  near  Boulder;  Eldora  to  Baltimore;  Hardin’s  ranch; 
Table  Rock. 


FABACEAE. 


213 


6.  Aragallus  sericeus  (Nutt.)  Greene.  ( Oxytropis  sericea  Nutt.)  On 
hills  and  table-lands  from  N.  D.  and  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000- 
9000  ft. — Estes  Park;  Sargents;  La  Veta;  Cimarron;  Grayback  mining 
camps  and  Placer  Gulch ;  Platte  Canon ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  Campton’s 
ranch;  west  of  Rist  Canon;  Wray;  Pinkham  Creek. 

7.  Aragallus  monticola  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  (O.  monticola  A.  Gray)  On 
mountain  ridges  from  Sask.  and  Wash,  to  Colo. — “Colorado”;  exact  locality 
not  given. 

8.  Aragallus  albiflorus  A.  Nels.  In  mountain  valleys  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. 
— Alt.  5000-11,000  ft. — Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  butte  five  miles 
southwest  of  La  Veta;  Iron  Mountain;  Placer;  Ft.  Collins;  Buena  Vista; 
Chambers’  Lake ;  west  of  Rist  Canon ;  Palmer  Lake ;  Pennock’s  mountain 
ranch;  Campton’s  ranch,  North  Poudre. 

9.  Aragallus  Richardsonii  (Hook.)  Greene.  ( Oxytropis  splendens 
Richardsonii  Hook.)  In  mountain  valleys  from  Sask.  and  Yukon  to  Colo. 
— Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — North  Park;  Georgetown;  Middle  Park;  Como, 
South  Park;  mountain  near  Veta  Pass;  Twin  Lakes;  Indian  Creek  Pass; 
Arkansas  Junction,  near  Leadville;  Eldora  to  Baltimore;  Empire. 

28.  GLYCYRRHIZA  L.  Wild  Liquorice. 

1.  Glycyrrhiza  lepidota  Nutt.  Among  bushes  and  in  rich  meadows  from 
Ont.  and  Wash,  to  N.  Y.  and  Ariz.;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Colorado 
Springs;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co.;  Alamosa;  Grand  Junction;  Huerfano  Val¬ 
ley,  near  Gardner;  Arboles;  Ft.  Collins;  Walcott;  Pueblo;  Denver;  Poudre 
Canon;  Rist  Canon;  near  Boulder. 

29.  AMORPHA  L.  False  Indigo,  Lead-plant. 

Tall  shrub;  leaflets  2-5  cm.  long;  pods  usually  2-seeded.  x.  A.  angustifolia. 

Low  shrubs;  leaflets  5-1.5  cm.  long;  pods  i-seeded. 

Glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  spike  usually  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 

2.  A.  nana. 

Densely  canescent;  spikes  usually  clustered.  3.  A.  canescens. 

1.  Amorpha  angustifolia  (Pursh)  Boynton.  ( A .  fruticosa  angustifolia 
Pursh;  A.  fruticosa  James;  not  L.)  Along  streams  from  S.  D.  and  Mont,  to 
Fla.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Sterling,  Logan  Co. ;  river  flats  and  plains 
east  of  Ft.  Collins. 

2.  Amorpha  nana  Nutt.  ( A .  microphylla  Pursh)  On  dry  prairies  from 

Man.  to  Iowa  and  Colo. — Palmer  Lake. 

3.  Amorpha  canescens  Pursh.  Sand-hills  and  prairies  from  Ind.  and  Man. 
to  La.,  Tex.  and  Colo. — Along  Platte  River. 

30.  PSORALEA  L.  Pome  Blanche,  Indian  Bread-root. 

Flowers  small,  less  than  8  mm.  long,  in  racemes  or  interrupted  spikes  ;  root  not 
tuberous. 

Flowers  in  racemes ;  leaves  not  silvery. 

Racemes  short  and  dense,  elliptic  or  oblong;  fruit  globose.  1.  P.  lanceolata. 

Racemes  lax,  more  elongated ;  fruit  ovoid.  2.  P.  tenuidora. 

Flowers  in  interrupted  spikes;  leaves  silvery.  3.  P.  argophylla. 

Flowers  large,  over  1  cm.  long,  in  dense  head-like  spikes  ;  plant  with  a  deep-seated 

tuberous,  farinaceous  root. 


214 


FABACEAE. 


Plants  with  long  scattered  hairs,  not  cinereous  ;  leaflets  linear  to  obovate. 

4.  P.  hypogaea. 

Plant  cinereous,  with  short  appressed  pubescence ;  leaflets  broadly  obovate  or 
rounded-spatulate.  5.  P.  mephitic  a. 

1.  Psoralea  lanceolata  Pursh.  In  sandy  soil  from  Sask.  to  Colo,  and  Ariz. 
— Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Colorado  Springs;  Wray;  Manitou  Junction;  La  Veta. 

2.  Psoralea  tenuiflora  Pursh.  On  dry  plains  and  hills  from  S.  D.  and 
Mont,  to  Ark.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Golden;  Cucharas  Valley,  near 
La  Veta;  Canon  City;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Eads;  Crow  Creek;  Chey¬ 
enne  Canon;  Colorado  Springs;  Ft.  Collins;  plains  and  foot-hills  near 
Boulder. 

3.  Psoralea  argophylla  Pursh.  On  plains  and  prairies  from  Wis.  and 
Sask.  to  Mo.  and  N.  M. — Denver. 

4.  Psoralea  hypogea  Nutt.  On  dry  plains  from  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Tex. 
and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Denver;  Colorado  Springs. 

5.  Psoralea  mephitica  S.  Wats.  In  arid  soil  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and 
Calif. — Grand  Junction. 


31.  PAROSELA  Car. 

Perennials. 

Stem  and  leaves  perfectly  glabrous. 

Stem  herbaceous ;  bracts  obovate,  persistent,  enclosing  the  calyx. 

1.  P.  lasianthera. 

Stem  low,  suffruticose,  branched ;  spikes  2-6  flowered ;  bracts  ovate,  deciduous. 

2.  P.  formosa. 

Stem  and  leaves  more  or  less  hairy. 

Spike  dense,  crowded  ;  petals  yellow,  at  least  at  first ;  plant  herbaceous. 
Leaves  digitately  tri-foliolate  ;  plant  low  and  cespitose.  3.  P.  Jamesii. 
Leaves  pinnately  3-7-foliolate. 

Leaflets  of  the  stem-leaves  at  least  only  3  ;  petals  turning  purplish ;  spike 
in  fruit  about  10  mm.  thick.  4.  P.  elatior. 

Leaflets  5-7  ;  petals  not  turning  purple;  spike  in  fruit  about  15  mm.  thick. 

5.  P.  aurea. 

Spike  lax ;  petals  purple. 

Leaves  pinnately  3-13  foliolate  ;  stem  scarcely  spinose.  6.  P.  lanata. 

Leaves  uni-foliolate  or  none ;  plant  very  spiny.  7.  P.  spinosa. 

Annual ;  leaves  glabrous.  8.  P.  Dalea. 

1.  Parosela  lasianthera  (A.  Gray)  Heller.  ( Dalea  lasianthera  A.  Gray) 
In  dry  soil  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  N.  M. — Reported  from  Colorado,  but 
doubtful. 

2.  Parosela  formosa  (Torr.)  Vail.  ( Dalea  formosa  Torr.)  In  dry  soil 
from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Platte  River. 

3.  Parosela  Jamesii  (T.  &  G.)  Vail.  ( Dalea  Jamesii  T.  &  G. ;  Parosela 
Porteri  A.  Nels.)  In  dry  soil  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000- 
6000  ft. — Rocky  Ford,  Otero  Co.;  Walsenburg;  Canon  City;  Florence. 

4.  Parosela  elatior  (A.  Gray)  Vail.  ( Dalea  nana  elatior  A.  Gray;  D. 
rubescens  S.  Wats.)  Dry  places  from  Colo,  to  Tex. — “  Southeastern  Colo¬ 
rado.” 

5.  Parosela  aurea  (Nutt.)  Britton.  ( Dalea  aurea  Nutt.)  On  plains  from 
S.  D.  to  Texas. — “Northeastern  Colorado.” 

6.  Parosela  lanata  (Spreng.)  Britton.  ( Dalea  lanata  Spreng.)  In  dry  soil 
from  Kans.  and  Utah  to  Tex.  and  Ariz.;  also  in  Mex. — On  the  Platte. 


FABACEAE. 


215 


7.  Parosela  spinosa  (A.  Gray)  Vail.  ( Dalea  spinosa  A.  Gray)  In  arid 
places  from  Colo,  to  Calif,  and  Ariz. ;  also  Mex. — “  Colorado  ” ;  exact  locality 
not  given. 

8.  Parosela  Dalea  (L.)  Britton.  ( Dalea  alopecuroides  Willd.)  Prairies 
from  Ill.  and  Minn,  to  Tex.  and  Mex. — Denver  {Eastwood). 


32.  PETALOSTEMON  Lam.  Prairie  Clover. 


Calyx  glabrous ;  corolla  white. 

Calyx  pubescent. 

Corolla  white  or  yellow ;  spike  long  and  compact. 
Corolla  rose  or  purple,  very  rarely  white. 

Leaflets  usually  5. 

Stem  and  leaves  glabrous  or  sparingly  hairy. 
Stem  rather  densely  short-hairy. 

Leaflets  7-17,  oblong. 


1.  P.  oligophyllas. 

2.  P.  compactus. 


3.  P.  purpureus. 

4.  P.  pubescens. 

5.  P.  villosus. 


1.  Petalostemon  oligophyllus  (Torr.)  Rydb.  ( P .  graciles  oligophyllus 
Torr.)  On  plains  from  Ass.  to  Iowa,  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — 
Ft.  Collins;  east  of  Colorado  Springs;  Canon  City;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.; 
Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Pueblo;  Poudre  River;  Arkansas  River; 
Fossil  Creek;  Dixon  Canon;  Boulder. 

2.  Petalostemon  compactus  (Spreng.)  Sweezy.  {Dalea  comp  acta  Spreng. ; 
P.  macrostachyus  Torr.)  On  dry  plains  from  Neb.  to  Wyo.  and  Colo. — 
Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Denver;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  near  Timnath;  Ft. 
Collins. 

3.  Petalostemon  purpureus  (Vent.)  Rydb.  {P.  violaccus  Michx.)  On  plains 
and  prairies  from  Ind.,  Sask.  and  Alb.  to  Mo.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-7000 
ft. — Colorado  Springs;  Boulder;  La  Porte,  Larimer  Co.;  Sterling,  Logan 
Co.;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Denver;  Ft.  Collins;  Spring  Canon; 
Horsetooth  Gulch;  Boulder. 

4.  Petalostemon  pubescens  A.  Nelson.  Plains  of  Colo. — Berwind. 

5.  Petalostemon  villosum  Nutt.  In  sandy  soil  from  Sask.  and  Mont,  to 
Mo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Sterling,  Logan  Co. 


33.  HEDYSARUM  L. 

Calyx-teeth  shorter  than  the  tube ;  reticulations  of  the  pod  polygonal. 

1.  H.  marginatum. 

Calyx-teeth  longer  than  the  tube  ;  reticulations  of  the  pods  transversely  elongated, 
usually  reaching  from  the  middle  to  the  margins,  without  cross-veins. 
Leaflets  elliptic-oblong,  not  fleshy;  flowers  12-15  mm.  long,  purple;  bracts  lan¬ 
ceolate-subulate,  3-5  mm.  long;  internodes  of  the  fruit  3-5. 

2.  H.  pabulare. 

Leaflets  linear-oblong,  somewhat  fleshy;  flowers  about  10  mm.  long,  rose-purple; 
bracts  lanceolate,  1.5-2  mm.  long;  internodes  of  the  fruit  1-3. 

3.  H.  carnosuhim. 

1.  Hedysarum  marginatum  Greene.  {H.  uintahcnse  A.  Nels.)  On  wooded 
hillsides  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  9000  ft. — Near  La  Plata  Post  Office; 
Pagosa  Springs;  Hesperus. 

2.  Hedysarum  pabulare  A.  Nelson.  {H.  Bakeri  Greene)  On  hills  of 
Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  6000-7000  ft. — Mancos;  Cimarron;  Canon  City,  Fre¬ 
mont  Co. ;  Dolores ;  Palisades. 


216 


FABACEAE. 


3.  Hedysarum  carnosulum  Greene.  On  dry  hills  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and 
Ariz. — Canon  City;  Cedar  Hills. 

34.  ONOBRYCHIS  Scop.  Sand-foin. 

1.  Onobrychis  Onobrychis  (L.)  Rydb.  (O.  sativa  Lam.)  Cultivated  and 
occasionally  escaped  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Walsenburg. 

33.  VICIA  L.  Vetch. 

Racemes  3-40-flowered ;  flowers  1-2.5  cm.  long. 

Leaves  decidedly  pubescent. 

Stipules  semi-sagittate,  not  toothed.  1.  V.  caespitosa. 

Stipules  broadly  semi-hastate,  strongly  toothed.  2.  V.  trifida. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  sparingly  pubescent  when  young. 

Leaflets  linear  or  oblong  to  oval,  not  toothed. 

Leaflets  oblong  or  linear,  rather  thick  and  strongly  veined. 

Stipules  narrowly  semi-sagittate  ;  often  entire. 

Leaflets  elongated,  narrowly  linear ;  plant  low.  3.  V.  sparsifolia. 

Leaflets,  at  least  the  upper  ones,  oblong  or  linear-oblong ;  plant  tall, 
climbing.  4.  V.  dissitifolia. 

Stipules  broadly  semi-hastate  or  semi-orbicular  in  outline,  sharply  toothed. 

5.  V.  oregana. 

Leaflets  usually  oval,  thin  and  not  strongly  veined.  6.  V.  americana. 

Leaflets  obovate-cuneate,  truncate  and  toothed  at  the  apex.  7.  V.  calif ornica. 
Racemes  1-2-flowered ;  flowers  5-6  mm.  long.  8.  V.  producta. 

1.  Vicia  caespitosa  A.  Nelson.  In  mountain  valleys  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — 
Alt.  5000-7500  ft. — Dixon  Canon  Creek;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Cache  la  Poudre; 
Ft.  Collins ;  Manitou ;  Colorado  City. 

2.  Vicia  trifida  D.  Dietr.  In  river  valleys  from  Minn,  and  Mont,  to  Neb. 
and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Mesas  near  Pueblo ;  Cucharas  River,  below 
La  Veta;  Veta  Pass;  butte  five  miles  southwest  of  La  Veta;  mesas  near 
Colorado  Springs;  Ft.  Collins;  Routt  Co.;  Campton’s  ranch,  North  Poudre; 
Moon’s  ranch;  Spring  Canon;  Empire. 

3.  Vicia  sparsifolia  Nutt.  ( Lathyrus  linearis  Nutt.;  V.  linearis  Greene) 
On  prairies  and  in  valleys  from  Man.,  Alb.  and  Ida.  to  Kans.  and  Calif. — 
Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Florissant;  Denver;  Arboles;  Turkey  Creek  and  tribu¬ 
taries;  Roswell;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch;  Table  Rock. 

4.  Vicia  dissitifolia  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  ( Lathyrus  dissitifolius  Nutt.)  In  val¬ 
leys  of  Neb.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Lake  City;  Bob  Creek,  West  La 
Plata  Mountains;  Colorado  Springs;  Mancos  Canon;  Roswell;  Green  Moun¬ 
tain  Falls;  Walcott;  New  Windsor;  Dillon  Canon,  Trinidad;  Empire. 

5.  Vicia  oregana  Nutt.  {V .  Americana  truncata  Port.  &  Coult.,  in  part.) 
On  river  banks  from  Minn.,  Sask.  and  Wash,  to  Kans.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000- 
10,000  ft. — Palmer  Lake;  Denver;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek; 
Upper  La  Plata  Canon;  Mancos. 

6.  Vicia  americana  Muhl.  On  prairies  and  in  rich  river  valleys  from  N. 
B.  and  Ida.  to  Va.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Cucharas  River,  below 
La  Veta;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Glenwood  Springs;  White  River  Plateau; 
Walsenburg;  Walcott,  Eagle  Co.;  Cerro  Summit;  southeast  of  Ouray;  Big 
Creek  Gulch ;  Empire. 

7.  Vicia  californica  Greene.  In  river  valleys  from  Calif,  and  Wyo.  to 
Colo. — Alt.  about  7500  ft. — A  doubtful  specimen  from  Ridgeway. 


FABACEAE. 


217 


8.  Vicia  producta  Rydb.  On  gravelly  hills  and  sides  of  canons  from  Colo, 
and  Utah  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — Butte  five  miles  southwest 
of  La  Veta;  Brantly  Canon,  Las  Animas  Co.;  Spring  Canon. 

34.  LATHYRUS  L.  Velchling,  Marsh  Pea. 

Flowers  less  than  18  mm.  long;  corolla  white. 

Leaflets  oval  to  oblong.  1.  L.  leucanthus. 

Leaflets  linear.  2.  L.  arizonicus. 

Flowers  about  2  cm.  or  more. 

Corolla  purple. 

Stipules  large  and  broad,  about  half  as  long  as  the  leaflets. 

3.  L.  utahensis. 

Stipules  narrow,  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  leaflets. 

Leaflets  elliptic  to  oval ;  upper  leaves  at  least  with  well  deveoped  tendrils. 

4.  L.  decapetalus. 

Leaflets  linear  or  nearly  so  ;  tendrils  reduced  to  cusps  or  small  appendages. 
Plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  5.  L.  ornatus. 

Plant  decidedly  villous-pubescent.  6.  L.  incanus. 

Corolla  white  or  yellowish.  7.  L.  laetivirens. 

1.  Lathyrus  leucanthus  Rydb.  Hillsides,  among  bushes  and  open  woods, 
in  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  8000-11,000  ft. — Empire;  Veta  Pass;  Ojo;  above 
Mancos;  Boulder;  Tennessee  Pass,  Lake  Co.;  Pass  Creek;  mountain  near 
Veta  Pass;  Rico,  Dolores  Co.;  West  Indian  Creek;  Los  Pinos  (Bayfield); 
North  Park,  near  Teller;.  Van  Boxle’s  ranch,  above  Cimarron;  Victoria; 
Leroux  Creek;  Michigan  Fork;  Spicer. 

2.  Lathyrus  arizonicus  Britton.  On  wooded  hillsides  from  Colo,  to  Ariz. — 
Alt.  8000-11,000  ft. — West  Mancos  Canon;  Mt.  Hesperus;  Grayback  mining 
camps  and  Placer  Gulch;  Pass  Creek;  Iron  Mountain;  West  Indian  Creek. 

3.  Lathyrus  utahensis  Jones.  In  valleys  of  Utah  and  Colo. — Parrott; 
Durango. 

4.  Lathyrus  decapetalus  Pursh.  On  plains  and  table-lands  from  Colo,  and 
Utah  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — Cato ;  Cucharas  River,  below 
La  Veta;  Calhan;  Mancos;  Palmer  Lake;  Robinson;  Mancos  Canon;  Swal¬ 
lows,  between  Pueblo  and  Canon  City;  Gunnison;  Sapinero. 

5.  Lathyrus  ornatus  Nutt.  On  prairies  and  plains,  S.  D.  and  Wyo.  to  Ind. 
Terr,  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Mesas  near  Colorado  Springs;  Dillon 
Canon;  along  Conejos  River,  north  of  Antonito;  Dolores;  Colorado  City. 

6.  Lathyrus  incanus  (Rydb.  &  Smith)  Rydb.  (L.  ornatus  incanus  Rydb. 
&  Smith.)  On  sandy  plains  from  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt. 
4000-8000  ft. — Table  Rock;  Palmer  Lake;  Calhan. 

7.  Lathyrus  laetivirens  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about 
8000  ft. — Cerro  Summit;  Steamboat  Springs. 

Order  28.  GERANIALES. 

Plants  destitute  of  secreting  glands  or  cells  in  the  tissue. 

Styles  united  around  a  central  column  from  which  they  break  at  maturity. 

Fam.  72.  Geraniaceae. 

Styles  distinct  or  permanently  united. 

Styles  distinct  or  partly  united ;  the  tips  and  the  stigmas  free. 

Leaves  simple ;  stamens  5.  73.  Linaceae. 

Leaves  compound;  stamens  10-15.  74.  Oxalidaceae. 

Styles  and  stigmas  permanently  united.  75.  Zygophyllaceae, 

Plants  with  secreting  glands  often  in  the  leaves  or  only  in  the  bark. 

76.  Rutaceae. 


218 


GERANIACEAE. 


Family  72.  GERANIACEAE  J.  St.  Hill.  Geranium  Family. 

Leaves  in  ours  digitately  divided  or  lobed ;  tails  of  the  ripening  carpels  dehiscent, 
merely  arched,  glabrous  on  the  inner  face.  1.  Geranium. 

Leaves  pinnately  dissected ;  tails  of  the  ripening  carpels,  if  dehiscent,  twisted 
below  and  bearded  on  the  inner  face.  2.  Erodium. 

1.  GERANIUM  L.  Cranebill,  Geranium. 

Petals  1-2  cm.  long. 

Plant  erect,  tall,  scarcely  cespitose ;  divisions  of  the  leaves  rhombic  in  out¬ 
line  ;  the  terminal  tooth  much  longer  than  the  rest ;  petals  white  (some¬ 
times  slightly  tinged  with  rose)  and  purple-veined. 

Lower  part  of  the  stem  glabrous  or  with  scattered  spreading  villous  or 
glandular  hairs.  1.  G.  Richardsonii. 

Lower  part  of  the  stem  with  short  reflexed  and  appressed  hairs. 

Slender ;  leaves  and  calyx  sparingly  pubescent.  2.  G.  gracilentum. 
Stout ;  calyx  and  leaves  densely  pubescent,  the  latter  almost  grayish. 

Veins  of  the  petals  weak ;  calyx  only  sparingly  glandular. 

3.  G.  Cowenii. 

Veins  of  the  petals  very  strong;  calyx  densely  glandular. 

4.  G.  nervosum. 

Plant  more  or  less  cespitose ;  stems  ascending  or  spreading ;  divisions  of  the 
leaves  obovate-cuneate ;  the  terminal  tooth  only  slightly  longer  than  the 
rest ;  petals  purplish. 

Petals  broadly  obovate  to  obcordate ;  light  purple  with  darker  veins. 

Stem  glandular-villous  with  long  spreading  hairs. 

Teeth  of  the  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute.  5.  G.  Parryi. 

Teeth  of  the  leaves  broadly  ovate,  abruptly  short-acuminate. 

6.  G.  Pattersonii. 

Lower  part  of  the  stem  grayish-pubescent  with  reflexed  hairs,  not  glandular. 
Teeth  of  the  leaves  very  short  and  broad;  stem  diffuse;  petals  obcordate. 

7.  G.  Fremontii. 

Teeth  of  the  leaves  elongated,  lanceolate;  stem  more  upright;  petals 
obovate.  8.  G.  caespitosum. 

Petals  narrowly  obovate,  dark  purple ;  plant  not  at  all  glandular. 

9.  G.  atropurpureum. 

Petals  5-7  mm.  long.  10.  G.  Bicknellii. 

1.  Geranium  Richardsonii  Fish.  &  Traut.  In  meadows  from  Sask.  and  B.  C. 
to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Honnold;  Rabbit-Ear  Pass;  Bob 
Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains;  Four-Mile  Hill,  Routt  Co.;  camp  on 
Grizzly  near  foot  of  Rabbit-Ear  Range. 

2.  Geranium  gracilentum  Greene.  In  mountain  valleys  from  Colo,  to  N.  M. 
and  Ariz. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Pike’s  Peak; 
Piedra;  Mancos ;  4  miles  west  of  Cameron  Pass;  near  Veta  Pass;  near  La 
Plata  Post  Office;  La  Plata  Canon;  Columbine,  Middle  Park;  Box  Canon, 
west  of  Ouray;  Bosworth’s ;  Beaver  Creek;  bank  of  Elk  River,  Routt  Co.; 
Trail  Creek  bottom;  Rico;  Silverton ;  northwest  of  Dolores. 

3.  Geranium  Cowenii  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  6000-7000  ft. — 
Hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Rist  Canon;  La  Veta. 

4.  Geranium  nervosum  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Ida.  to  Utah 
and  Colo. — Alt.  8000-9000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  Grizzly  Creek;  Continental  Di¬ 
vide,  Routt  Co. ;  Four-Mile  Hill,  Routt  Co. ;  Steamboat  Springs. 

5.  Geranium  Parryi  (Engelm.)  Heller.  ( G .  Fremontii  Parryi  Engelm.)  In 
the  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  head- 


GERANIACEAE. 


219 


waters  of  Clear  Creek;  Colorado  Springs;  Idaho  Springs;  Manitou;  Platte 
Canon;  vicinity  of  Arthur’s  Rock;  near  Boulder. 

6.  Geranium  Pattersonii  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  8000-12,000 
ft. — Near  Empire;  Douglas  Mountain,  Empire;  Gray’s  Peak;  Ute  Pass;  North 
Cheyenne  Canon;  Palmer  Lake;  near  Narrows;  Platte  Canon;  Eldora  to 
Baltimore. 

7.  Geranium  Fremontii  A.  Gray.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  up  to 
9000  ft. — Sand  Creek  Pass. 

8.  Geranium  caespitosum  James.  On  hills  and  in  dry  mountain  valleys 
from  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  5000-10,000. — Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer 
Gulch;  foothills  of  Larimer  Co.;  Turkey  Creek  and  tributaries;  Sangre  de 
Cristo  Creek;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Dixon  Canon. 

9.  Geranium  atropurpureum  Heller.  On  hills  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  Arboles;  Ouray; 
Mancos;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Dixon  Canon  Creek;  Dolores. 

10.  Geranium  Bicknellii  Britton.  In  waste  places  and  on  hillsides  from 
N.  S.  and  B.  C.  to  N.  Y.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Fish  Creek  Falls. 

2.  ERODIUM  L. 

1.  Erodium  ci-cutarium  L.  In  waste  places  from  N.  S.  and  Ore.  to  N.  J., 
Colo,  and  Calif. ;  also  Mex.  Introduced  from  Europe. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — 
Cucharas  River,  below  La  Veta;  South  Cheyenne  Canon;  Colorado  Springs; 
Brantly  Canon,  Las  Animas  Co.;  Deer  River;  Palisades;  Hotchkiss;  Ft.  Col¬ 
lins;  Boulder. 

Family  73.  LINACEAE  Dumont.  Flax  Family. 

1.  LINUM  L.  Flax. 

Petals  blue  ;  sepals  not  glandular-ciliate. 

Annual.  1.  L.  usitatissimum. 

Perennial.  2.  L.  Lewisii. 

Petals  yellow ;  sepals  usually  glandular-ciliate. 

Sepals  long-acuminate-aristate,  twice  as  long  as  the  pod.  3.  L.  aristatum. 

Sepals  not  more  than  half  longer  than  the  pod. 

Petals  less  than  1  cm.  long ;  sepals  merely  keeled  or  slightly  wing-crested. 

Stem  glabrous  or  slightly  and  minutely  puberulent. 

Lateral  veins  of  the  sepals  indistinct  at  least  below  ;  petals  6-7  mm.  long. 

4.  L.  australe. 

Lateral  veins  of  the  sepals  strong ;  petals  about  8  mm.  long. 

5.  L.  rigidum. 

Stem  densely  puberulent.  6.  L.  puberulum. 

Petals  over  1  cm.  long ;  sepals  strongly  wing-crested.  7.  L.  arkansanum. 

1.  Linum  usitatissimum  L.  In  waste  places,  escaped  from  cultivation; 
native  of  Europe. — Ft.  Collins. 

2.  Linum  Lewisii  Pursh.  (L.  perenne  of  Coult.  Man.;  not  L.)  On  dry 
plains  and  hills  from  Mackenzie  and  Yukon  to  Tex.  and  Calif.;  also  Mex. — 
Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Cimarron;  mesas  near  Pueblo;  Ft.  Collins;  Los  Pinos 
(Bayfield)  ;  Mancos;  West  Mancos  Canon;  Veta  Pass;  New  Windsor,  Weld 
Co.;  Palmer  Lake;  north  of  La  Porte;  Dixon  Canon;  foot-hills,  Larimer 
Co. ;  Spring  Canon ;  Hahn’s  Peak. 


220 


LINACEAE. 


3.  Linum  aristatum  Engelm.  In  arid  places  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Tex. 
and  Ariz. — “  Colorado  ” ;  exact  locality  not  given. 

4.  Linum  australe  Heller.  On  dry  plains  and  hills  from  Colo,  to  N.  M. 
and  Ariz.;  also  Mex. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Arboles;  La  Veta;  Mancos  Canon; 
Dixon  Canon ;  Durango. 

5.  Linum  rigidum  Pursh.  On  dry  plains  and  hills  from  Sask.  and  Alb.  to 
Mo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Livermore,  Larimer  Co. ;  foot-hills  western 
Larimer  Co. ;  Dillon  ;  Durango. 

6.  Linum  puberulum  (Engelm.)  Heller.  (L.  rigidum  puberulum  Engelm.) 
On  dry  plains  and  hills  from  Colo,  and  Nev.  to  Tex.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000- 
6000  ft. — Grand  Junction;  Walsenburg. 

7.  Linum  arkansanum  Osterh.  Sandy  soil  from  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Kans. 
and  Tex. — Rocky  Fork,  Otero  Co. 

Family  74.  OXALIDACEAE  Lindl.  Wood-sorrel  Family. 

Plants  acaulescent,  perennial  with  bulb-like  rootstock;  corolla  rose-violet, 

1.  Ionoxalis. 

Plants  caulescent,  not  succulent,  annuals  or  perennials  with  slender  rootstock ; 
corolla  yellow.  2.  Xanthoxalis. 

1.  IONOXALIS  Small.  Violet  Wood-sorrel. 

1.  Ionoxalis  violacea  (L.)  Small.  (Oxalis  violacea  L.)  On  prairies  and  in 
valleys  from  New  England  and  Minn,  to  Fla.  and  Colo. — Glen  Eyrie. 

2.  XANTHOXALIS  Small.  Yellow  Wood-sorrel,  Sourgrass. 

Inflorescence  umbellike;  pods  pubescent.  1.  X.  stricta. 

Inflorescence  dichotomous-cymose ;  pods  glabrous.  2.  X.  coloradensis. 

1.  Xantoxalis  stricta  (L.)  Small.  ( Oxalis  stricta  L.)  In  woods,  culti¬ 
vated  soil  and  roadsides,  from  N.  S.  and  S.  D.  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
4000-8000  ft. — Boulder;  Pagosa  Springs;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  gulch  west 
of  Pennock’s ;  mountains  northeast  of  Dolores;  Howe’s  Gulch;  Redstone; 
Horsetooth  Gulch. 

2.  Xantoxalis  coloradensis  Rydb.  In  gulches  and  in  river  valleys  of  Colo, 
and  Black  Hills  of  S.  D. — Alt  5000-9000  ft. — Gulch  in  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ; 
Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co. ;  along  Poudre;  Redstone; 
Ft.  Collins ;  Mason’s  river-front  farm. 


Family  75.  ZYGOPHYLLACEAE  Lindl.  Caltrop  Family. 


Herbs;  albumen  none;  fruit  not  villous;  carpels  10-12.  1.  Kalstroemia. 

Shrubs;  albumen  horny;  fruit  villous;  carpels  5.  2.  Covillea. 


1.  KALSTROEMIA  Scop. 

Sepals  lanceolate,  appressed-pubescent.  1.  K.  maxima. 

Sepals  linear-subulate,  bristly  hirsute.  2.  K.  hirsutissima. 

1.  Kalstroemia  maxima  (L.)  T.  &  G.  ( Tribulus  maximus  L.)  Waste 
places  and  sandy  soil  in  the  Gulf  States. — Rocky  Ford. 


ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. 


901 
^  +U  _L 

2.  Kalstroemia  hirsutissima  Vail.  On  plains  and  prairies  from  Kans.  and 
Colo,  to  Tex.  and  N.  M. ;  also  Mex. — Canon  City;  Pueblo. 

2.  COVILLEA  Vail.  Creosote  Bush. 

i.  Covillea  tridentata  (DC.)  Vail.  ( Larrea  mexicana  Moricand)  Arid 
districts  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Tex.  and  S.  Calif. — “  So.  Colo.,”  exact 
locality  not  given. 

Family  76.  RUTACEAE  Juss.  Rue  Family. 

Fuit  a  capsule;  leaves  unifoliolate ;  stamens  8.  1.  Thamnosma. 

Fruit  an  indehiscent  samara;  leaves  3-foliolate  ;  stamens  4-5.  2.  Ptelea. 

1.  THAMNOSMA  Torr.  &  Frem. 

1.  Thamnosma  texanum  Torr.  Dry  plains  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  N. 
Mex. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  up  to  5400  ft. — Soda  spring  ledge,  Canon  City 
( Brandegee ). 

2.  PTELEA  L.  Hop-tree,  Water  Ash. 

Samara  truncate  at  the  apex.  1.  P.  angustifolia. 

Samara  emarginate  at  the  apex.  2.  P.  crenulata. 

1.  Ptelea  angustifolia  Benth.  Along  streams  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  N. 

M.  ;  also  in  Mex. — Canon  City ;  Florence. 

2.  Ptelea  crenulata  Greene.  Along  streams  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. 
— Brantly  Canon,  Las  Animas  Co. 

Order  29.  POLYGALALES. 

Family  77.  POLYGALACEAE  Reichenb.  Milkwort  Family. 

1.  POLYGALA  L.  Milkwort. 

Stems  herbaceous,  unarmed ;  keel  with  a  fimbriate  crest. 

Perennial;  leaves  alternate.  1.  P.  alba. 

Annual ;  leaves  verticillate.  2.  P.  verticillata. 

More  or  less  spiny  undershrubs ;  keel  not  crested,  but  with  a  beak. 

Plant  5-15  cm.  high;  flowers  7-10  mm.  long.  3.  P.  subspinosa. 

Plant  6-10  dm.  high;  flowers  3-4  mm.  long.  4.  P.  acanthoclada. 

1.  Polygala  alba  Nutt.  On  plains  from  S.  D.  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Exact 
locality  not  given. 

2.  Polygala  verticillata  L.  On  grassy  places  from  Que.  and  Sask.  to  Fla. 
and  Colo. — Clear  Creek. 

3.  Polygala  subspinosa  S.  Wats.  On  dry  mesas  from  Colo  and  Nev.  to 

N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Grand  Junction;  Gunnison  Mesa. 

4.  Polygala  acanthoclada  A.  Gray.  In  dry  valleys  from  Colo,  and  Nev.  to 
Ariz.— San  Juan  Valley. 


Order  30.  EUPHORBI ALES . 

Styles  and  stigmas  distinct  or  mainly  so,  cleft  or  foliaceous ;  ovary  3-celled  (rarely 
2-celled)  ;  land-plants.  78.  Euphorbiaceae. 

Styles  united  by  pairs ;  ovary  4-celled ;  small  water-  or  mud-plants. 

79.  Caleitrichaceae 


222 


EUPHORBIACEAE. 


Family  78.  EUPHORBIACEAE  St.  Hill.  Spurge  Family. 


Flowers  not  in  an  involucre ;  calyx  of  several  sepals. 

Petals  present,  at  least  in  the  staminate  flowers. 

Stamens  6;  filaments  distinct.  1.  Croton. 

Stamens  10;  filaments  monadelphous.  2.  Ditaxis. 

Corolla  wanting;  stamens  1-3.  3-  Tragia. 

Flowers  in  involucres ;  calyx  represented  by  minute  scales  at  the  base  of  filament¬ 
like  pedicels. 

Glands  of  the  involucres  with  petal-like  appendages ;  these  however  sometimes 
much  reduced. 

Leaves  all  opposite. 

Glands  of  the  involucres  4 ;  leaves  inequilateral,  usually  oblique  at  the  base. 

4.  Chamaesyce. 

Glands  of  the  involucres  5  ;  leaves  equilateral,  not  oblique  at  the  base. 

5.  Zygophyllidium. 

Leaves  alternate  or  scattered,  at  least  below  the  inflorescence ;  bracts  petal¬ 
like.  6.  Dichrophyllum. 

Glands  of  the  inflorescence  without  petal-like  appendages ;  entirely  naked 
or  with  a  crescent-like  horn. 

Stem  topped  by  an  umbel ;  stipules  none ;  involucres  in  open  cymes,  each 
with  4  glands  and  entire  or  toothed  lobes.  7.  Tithymalus. 

Stem  not  topped  by  an  umbel ;  stipules  gland-like ;  involucres  in  cluster-like 
cymes ;  each  with  a  single  gland  or  rarely  with  4  glands  and  fimbriate  lobes. 

8.  Poinsettia. 

1.  CROTON  L. 


1.  Croton  texensis  (Klotzsch)  Muell.  Arg.  In  sandy  soil  from  Ill.  and 
Wyo.  to  Ala.  and  Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — New  Windsor; 
Crow  Creek;  Canon  City;  Longmont;  Boulder;  La  Salle. 


2.  DITAXIS  Vahl. 

1.  Ditaxis  humilis  (Engelm.  &  Gray)  Pax.  ( Argythamnia  humilis  Muell.) 
On  prairies  from  Kans.  and  Colo,  to  La.  and  Tex. — “  Southern  Colorado.” 


3.  TRAGIA. 

1.  Tragia  ramosa  Torr.  In  dry  soil  from  Mo.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz.; 
also  Mex.- — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Boulder;  Denver;  Castle  Rock;  Larimer  Co.; 
Arboles;  Walsenburg;  Trinidad;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Spring  Canon;  gulch 
west  of  Pennock’s;  Ute  Creek;  Pennock’s;  Spring  Canon. 


4.  CHAMAESYCE  S.  F.  Gray.  Spurge. 

Leaves  entire. 

Annuals  or  biennials. 

Plants  prostrate;  leaf-blades  nearly  orbicular.  1.  C.  serpens. 

Plants  more  or  less  ascending  or  erect ;  leaf-blades  linear  or  linear-lanceolate. 
Capsule  less  than  1.5  mm.  long.  2.  C.  revoluta. 

Capsule  about  2  mm.  long  or  more. 

Appendages  of  the  glands  conspicuous,  white.  3.  C.  petaloidea. 

Appendages  inconspicuous,  greenish-white,  or  obsolete. 

4.  C.  flagelliformis. 

Perennials. 

Leaves  glabrous. 

Glands  transversely  oval ;  appendages  fan-shaped,  white,  petalloid. 

5.  C.  albomarginata. 

Glands  oval ;  appendages  crescent-shaped,  much  narrower  than  the  gland, 
greenish.  6.  C.  Fendleri. 

Leaves  pubescent.  7.  C.  lata. 


EUPHORBIACEAE. 


223 


Leaves  toothed,  but  sometimes  only  at  the  apex. 

Capsule,  stem  and  leaves  glabrous. 

Seeds  strongly  transversely  wrinkled.  8.  C.  glyptosperma. 

Seeds  pitted  or  irregularly  and  faintly  wrinkled. 

Seeds  deeply  and  irregularly  pitted.  9.  C.  rugulosa. 

Seeds  faintly  pitted  or  wrinkled. 

Leaves  oblong ;  seeds  usually  with  a  white  bloom. 

10.  C.  serpyllifolia. 

Leaves  linear ;  seeds  brownish,  usually  without  bloom. 

11.  C.  albicaulis. 

Capsule,  stem  and  leaves  pubescent.  12.  C.  stictospora. 

1.  Chamaesyce  serpens  (H.  B.  K.)  Small.  ( Euphorbia  serpens  H.  B.  K.) 
On  prairies  from  Ont.  and  S.  D.  to  Fla.  and  Ariz. ;  also  Mex. — New  Windsor, 
Weld  Co. 

2.  Chamaesyce  revoluta  (Engelm.)  Small.  ( E .  revoluta  Engelm.)  On  hill¬ 
sides  from  Tex.  and  Colo,  to  N.  M. ;  also  northern  Mex. — Canon  City. 

3.  Chamaesyce  petaloidea  (Engelm.)  Small.  ( E .  petaloidea  Engelm.)  On 
prairies  and  hillsides,  especially  in  sandy  soils,  from  Iowa  and  Wyo.  to  Tex. 
and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Boulder;  La  Veta;  Crow  Creek;  Longmont; 
Boulder  Canon. 

4.  Chamaesyce  flagelliformis  (Engelm.)  Rydb.  ( E .  petaloidea  dagelliformis 
Engelm.;  E.  dagelliformis  Engelm.)  In  dry  soil  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  N. 
M. — “  Southwestern  Colorado.” 

5.  Chamaesyce  albomarginata  (T.  &  G.)  Small.  ( E .  albomarginata  T.  & 
G.)  In  dry  soil  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Tex.  and  Calif.;  also  Mex. — Upper 
Platte. 

6.  Chamaesyce  Fendleri  (T.  &  G.)  Small.  ( E .  Fendleri  T.  &  G.)  On 
dry  hills,  in  sandy  soil,  from  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-6000 
ft. — Foot-hills  near  Boulder;  Trinidad;  Canon  City;  Black’s  Lake;  Cedar 
Hills. 

7.  Chamaesyce  lata  (Engelm.)  Small.  ( E .  lata  Engelm.)  On  plains  and 
prairies  from  Kans.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  N.  M. — “  Southwestern  Colorado.” 

8.  Chamaesyce  glyptosperma  (Engelm.)  Small.  (£.  glyptosperma  Engelm.) 
In  sandy  soil  from  Ont.  and  B.  C.  to  Tex.  and  Mex. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — 
Colorado  Springs;  Denver;  Deer  Run;  Canon  City;  Pueblo;  Boulder;  Fort 
Collins;  Manitou;  New  Windsor;  gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon;  Miller’s 
ranch,  between  Fort  Collins  and  La  Porte;  Horsetooth  Gulch. 

9.  Chamaesyce  rugulosa  (Engelm.)  Rydb.  ( E .  serpyllifolia  rugulosa 
Engelm.)  In  sandy  soil  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Mountains  between 
Sunshine  and  Ward;  gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon;  between  Porter  and 
Durango. 

10.  Chamaesyce  serpyllifolia  (Pers.)  Small.  ( E .  serpyllifolia  Pers.)  In 
dry  soil  from  Mich,  and  Wash,  to  Tex.  and  Calif.;  also  Mex. — Alt.  4000-8000 
ft. — Antonito;  Lyons;  Arboles;  Gunnison;  Durango;  Manitou;  Parlin; 
Boulder  Co.;  Box  Canon  west  of  Ouray;  between  Fort  Collins  and  La  Porte; 
Rocky  Ford. 

11.  Chamaesyce  albicaulis  Rydb.  ( E .  albicaulis  Rydb.)  In  old  fields  and 
sandy  soil  from  Neb.  and  Mont,  to  N.  Mex. — Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — Foot-hills 
west  of  Fort  Collins. 


224 


EUPHORBIACEAE. 


12.  Chamaesyce  stictospora  (Engelm.)  Small.  ( E .  stictospora  Engelm.) 
On  prairies  and  plains  from  Kans.  and  Colo,  to  Mex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000- 
7000  ft. — Canon  City ;  Pueblo ;  south  of  Fort  Collins. 

5.  Z Y GOPH YLLIDIUM  Small. 

1.  Zygophyllidium  hexagonum  (Nutt.)  Small.  ( Euphorbia  hexagona  Nutt.) 
In  river  valleys  from  Iowa  and  Mont,  to  Tex.  and  Colo. — Plains  near  Denver. 

6.  DICHROPHYLLUM  Kl.  &  Garcke.  Snow-on-the-mountain. 

1.  Dichrophyllum  marginatum  (Pursh)  Kl.  &  Garcke.  ( Euphorbia  mar- 
ginata  Pursh)  In  pastures  from  Minn,  and  Mont,  to  Tex.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
4000-7000  ft. — Rocky  Mountains;  Boulder;  sources  of  the  Platte;  Fort  Col¬ 
lins;  New  Windsor;  Dry  Creek,  Larimer  Co.;  La  Veta;  Denver;  Nepesta. 

r 

7.  TITHYMALUS  Kl.  &  Garcke.  Spurge. 

Leaves  entire ;  glands  of  the  involucres  with  processes. 

Plants  perennial ;  processes  short  and  blunt. 

Stem-leaves  linear;  capsule  rough;  seeds  smooth.  1.  T.  Cyparissias. 

Stem-leaves  from  oblong  or  oblanceolate  to  orbicular ;  capsule  smooth ; 
seeds  pitted. 

Bracts  rhombic-ovate,  cuspidate ;  stem  rather  slender.  2.  T.  montanus. 
Bracts  rhombic-reniform,  mucronate ;  stem  stout.  3.  T.  robustus. 

Plants  annual ;  processes  of  the  glands  long  and  horn-like ;  seeds  pitted. 

4.  T.  crenulatus. 

Leaves  distinctly  serrulate  ;  plants  annual  or  biennial ;  glands  without  processes. 
Upper  stem-leaves  merely  sessile ;  bracts  manifestly  longer  than  broad. 

5.  T.  arkansanus. 

Upper  stem-leaves  with  small  basal  lobes ;  bracts  mostly  broader  than  long. 

6.  T.  missouriensis. 

1.  Tithymalus  Cyparissias  (L.)  Lam.  ( Euphorbia  Cyparissias  L.)  Escaped 
from  cultivation  from  Mass,  and  Colo,  to  Va. — Fort  Collins. 

2.  Tithymalus  montanus  (Engelm.)  Small.  ( Euphorbia  montana  Engelm.) 
On  dry  hills  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Tex  and  Ariz. — Alt.  6000-8000  ft. — 
Cimarron ;  Buena  Vista. 

3.  Tithymalus  robustus  (Engelm.)  Small.  ( E .  montana  robust  a  Engelm.) 
On  dry  hills  from  Mont,  and  S.  D.  to  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — 
Cimarron;  Cucharas  River,  La  Veta;  Colorado  Springs;  Alamosa;  Larimer 
Co. ;  Gunnison ;  Arboles ;  Fort  Collins ;  Longmont ;  Pike’s  Peak  trail ;  Poudre 
River;  Fort  Collins;  along  Purgatory  River;  Fossil  Creek;  Rist  Canon; 
Colorado  Springs. 

4.  Tithymalus  crenulatus  (Engelm.)  Heller.  ( E .  crenulata  Engelm.)  On 
hillsides  from  Colo,  to  Calif,  and  Ariz. — Mancos ;  Horsetooth  Gulch. 

5.  Tithymalus  arkansanus  (Engelm.  &  Gray)  Kl.  &  Garcke.  (£.  arkansana 
Engelm.  &  Gray)  In  dry  soil  from  Mo.  and  S.  D.  to  Ala.  and  Ariz. — Alt. 
4000-6000  ft. — Larimer  Co. ;  Boulder ;  Horsetooth  Gulch. 

Tithymalus  arkansanus  coloradensis  (Norton)  Rydb.  Floral  leaves  ellip¬ 
tical. — McElmo  Canon ;  Larimer  Co. 

6.  Tithymalus  missouriensis  (Norton)  Small.  ( Euphorbia  dictyosperma 
Coulter;  not  F.  &  M. ;  E.  arkansana  missouriensis  Norton)  In  sandy  soil 
from  Iowa  and  Wash,  to  Kans.  and  N.  M. — Denver. 


EUPHORBIACEAE. 


225 


8.  POINSETTIA  Graham.  Spurge. 

Seeds  not  prominently  tubercled  ;  glands  of  the  involucre  3-4  ;  leaf-blades  linear 
or  linear-lanceolate.  1.  P.  cuphosperma. 

Seeds  prominently  tubercled ;  gland  of  the  involucre  solitary ;  leaf-blades  ovate 
to  lanceolate  (linear-lanceolate  only  in  one  variety).  2.  P.  dentata. 

1.  Poinsettia  cuphosperma  (Boiss.)  Small.  ( Euphorbia  cuphosperma  Boiss.) 
In  canons  and  hillsides  from  S.  D.  and  Wyo.  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. ;  also  Mex. — 
Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — Colorado  Springs ;  Manitou ;  Canon  City. 

2.  Poinsettia  dentata  (Michx.)  Small.  ( Euphorbia  dentata  Michx.)  In 
moist  soil  from  Pa.  and  S.  D.  to  La.,  Mex.  and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — 
Boulder;  Fort  Collins;  New  Windsor.  A  rare  variety  with  nearly  linear 
leaves. — Fort  Collins. 

Family  79.  CALLITRICHACEAE  Lindl.  Water  Starwort  Family. 

1.  CALLITRICHE  L.  Water  Starwort. 

1.  Callitriche  palustris  L.  In  shallow  running  water  from  N.  S.  and  B.  C. 
to  Fla.  and  Calif.;  also  Europe,  Asia  and  S.  Am. — Leroux  Parks,  Delta  Co.; 
Ft.  Collins;  Boulder. 


Order  31.  SAPINDALES. 

Low  annual  herbs ;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  petals. 

80.  Limnanthaceae. 

Shrubs  or  trees  ;  stamens  usually  as  many  as  the  petals  or  sepals. 

Stamens  opposite  the  sepals. 

Plants  with  resiniferous  tissue  ;  fruit  drupaceous  ;  seeds  without  aril ;  leaves 
in  ours  compound.  81.  Spondiaceae. 

Plants  without  resiniferous  tissue ;  fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule ;  seed  with  a 
fleshy  aril ;  leaves  simple.  82.  Celastraceae. 

Stamens  alternate  with  the  sepals ;  fruit  a  double  samara ;  leaves  opposite. 

83.  Aceraceae. 

Family  80.  LIMNANTHACEAE  Lindl.  False  Mermaid  Family. 

1.  FLOERKIA  Willd.  False  Mermaid. 

1.  Floerkia  occidentalis  Rydb.  In  wet  soil  from  Wyo.  and  Wash,  to  Colo, 
and  Utah. — Steamboat  Springs ;  Gunnison  Co. 

Family  81.  SPONDIACEAE  Kunth.  Sumac  Family. 

Drupe  with  glabrous  outer  coat ;  stone  ribbed  ;  plants  poisonous  to  touch. 

1.  Rhus. 

Drupe  with  pubescent  outer  coat ;  stone  smooth  ;  plants  not  poisonous. 

2.  Schmaltz  1  a. 


1.  RHUS  L.  Poison  Oak,  Poison  Ivy. 

1.  Rhus  Rydbergii  Small.  On  plains,  hills  and  among  bushes  from  Mont, 
and  B.  C.  to  Nebr.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  foot-hills  near 
Boulder. 


15 


226 


LIMNANTHACEAE. 


2.  SCHMALTZIA  Desv.  Sumac. 

Leaflets  9-31  ;  flowers  appearing  after  the  leaves.  1.  glabra. 

Leaflets  1-3  ;  flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves.  2.  S.  trilobata. 

1.  Schmaltzia  glabra  (L.)  Small.  ( Rhus  glabra  L.)  Along  streams,  in 
thickets  and  on  hills  from  N.  S.  and  B.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-6000 
ft. — Cheyenne  Canon,  near  Pike’s  Peak ;  Lower  Boulder  Canon,  Boulder  Co. ; 
foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  vicinity  of  Arthur’s  Rock ;  gulch  west  of  Pennock’s. 

2.  Schmaltzia  trilobata  (Nutt.)  Small.  ( Rhus  trilobata  Nutt.)  On  dry 
hills  from  Ass.  and  Wash,  to  Mo.,  Tex.  and  Calif.;  also  Mex. — Alt.  4000-8000 
ft. — Boulder;  Colorado  Springs;  Buena  Vista;  Trinidad;  southeast  of  La 
Veta;  Manitou ;  Ft.  Collins;  Cedar  Hills;  along  Poudre;  Rist  Canon;  Horse- 
tooth  Gulch ;  gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon ;  Spring  Canon ;  Howe’s  Gulch. 

Family  82.  CELASTRACEAE  Lindl.  Staff-tree  Family. 

Petals,  sepals  and  stamens  4  ;  ovary  2-celled ;  each  cell  with  2  ovules  ;  depressed 
or  trailing  evergreen  shrubs,  not  spiny.  1.  Pachystima. 

Petals  and  sepals  5;  stamens  5-10;  ovary  i-celled  with  2  ovules;  small  erect 
shrubs  with  angled,  green,  often  spinescent  branches.  2.  Forsellesia. 

1.  PACHYSTIMA  Raf. 

1.  Pachystima  Myrsinites  (Pursh)  Raf.  In  woods  from  Mont,  and  B.  C. 
to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  near 
Empire;  Mt.  Ouray;  Crystal  Creek;  East  and  West  Indian  Creek;  near  La 
Plata  Post  Office ;  Steamboat  Springs ;  Glenwood  Springs ;  Four-Mile  Hill, 
Routt  Co.;  west  and  southeast  of  Ouray;  Rico;  Big  Creek  Gulch,  Routt  Co.; 
Trapper’s  Lake;  Black  Canon  of  Gunnison;  Ragged  Mountain,  Gunnison  Co.; 
mountains  near  Silverton;  bank  of  Fish  Creek;  Hematite. 

2.  FORSELLESIA.  Greene. 

Stamens  5-7.  1.  F.  meionandra. 

Stamens  10.  2.  F.  spinescens. 

1.  Forsellesia  meionandra  (Koehne)  Heller.  ( Glossopetalon  meionandrum 
Koehne)  In  arid  regions  of  southern  Colorado.  Exact  location  not  given. 

2.  Forsellesia  spinescens  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Glossopetalon  spinescens  A. 
Gray)  In  desert  regions  from  Ore.  to  Tex.  and  Calif. — Grand  Junction; 
Hovensweep  Castle  (Brandegee) . 


Family  83.  ACERACEAE  J.  St.  Hil.  Maple  Family. 

Leaves  with  simple  or  rarely  digitately  divided  blades  ;  flowers  polygamo-dioecious. 

1.  Acer. 

Leaves  with  pinnately  compound  blades  ;  flowers  dioecious.  2.  Rulac. 

1.  ACER  L.  Maple. 

Flowers  polygamous  in  racemes  or  corymbs ;  petals  and  sepals  both  present ; 

disk  well  developed;  lobes  of  the  leaves  toothed.  1.  A.  glabrum. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  umbels  ;  petals  lacking  ;  lobes  of  the  leaves  sinuate. 

2.  A.  grandidentaturn. 


ACERACEAE. 


227 


1.  Acer  glabrum  Torr.  In  canons,  on  hillsides  and  along  streams,  from 
W.  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Headwaters  of 
Clear  Creek;  Hinsdale  Co.;  Pike’s  Peak;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  near  La  Plata 
Post  Office;  Idaho  Springs;  foot-hills  west  of  Ft.  Collins;  South  Cheyenne 
Canon;  Colorado  Springs;  Wahatoya  Canon;  Ute  Pass;  southeast  of  Ouray; 
along  Uncompahgre  River  near  Ouray;  Rist  Canon;  Dillon  Canon;  gulch 
west  of  Pennock’s ;  hills  northwest  of  Soldier  Canon ;  Howe’s  Gulch ;  Baxter’s 
ranch;  Big  Narrows  on  Poudre;  Ft.  Collins;  Dolores;  North  Poudre  River; 
Campton’s  ranch ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  gulch  west  of  Dixon  Canon ;  Redstone ; 
mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

2.  Acer  grandidentatum  Nutt.  In  wooded  valleys  and  canons  from  Mont, 
to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Pike’s  Peak. 

2.  RULAC  Adans.  Box-elder,  Ash-leaved  Maple. 

Twigs  and  petioles  essentially  glabrous ;  leaflets  thin,  coarsely  toothed. 

1.  R.  Negundo. 

Twigs  and  petioles  copiously  pubescent;  leaflets  thick,  lobed.  2.  R.  texana. 

1.  Rulac  Negundo  (L.)  Hitchc.  ( Acer  Negundo  L. ;  Negundo  aceroides 
Moench.)  In  low  ground  and  along  streams  from  Vt.  and  Ida.  to  Fla.  and 
Tex. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — South  Cheyenne  Canon;  Colorado  Springs. 

2.  Rulac  texanum  (Pax.)  Small.  {Acer  texanum  Pax.)  Along  rivers  from 
Sask.  and  Mont,  to  Mo.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-8500  ft. — Southeast  of  Ouray ; 
Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Ft.  Collins;  Walsenburg;  Cache  la  Poudre; 
foot-hills  near  Boulder. 

Order  32.  RHAMNALES. 

Sepals  manifest ;  petals  involute ;  fruit  capsular  or  drupaceous ;  ours  shrubs  or 
trees.  84.  Frangulaceae. 

Sepals  minute  or  obsolete  ;  petals  valvate  ;  fruit  a  berry  ;  ours  vines  with  tendrils. 

85.  V ITACEAE. 

Family  84.  FRANGULACEAE  DC.  Buckthorn  Family. 

Fruit  pulpy;  petals  small,  clawless  or  wanting;  stigmas  usually  2. 

1.  Rhamnus. 

Fruit  dry;  petals  hooded  and  long-clawed;  stigmas  3.  2.  Ceanothus. 

1.  RHAMNUS  L.  Buckthorn. 

Leaves  broadly  elliptic  or  ovate  ;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  ;  carpels  3  or  4. 

1.  R.  cathartica. 

Leaves  lanceolate  ;  flowers  2  or  3  in  each  axil ;  carpels  2.  2.  R.  Smithii. 

1.  Rhamnus  cathartica  L.  Cultivated  for  hedges  and  escaped;  native  of 
Europe. — Ft.  Collins. 

2.  Rhamnus  Smithii  Greene.  Along  streams  in  Colo,  and  N.  Mex. — Alt. 
about  7000  ft. — Pagosa  Springs. 

2.  CEANOTHUS  L.  New  Jersey  Tea. 

Leaf-blades  rounded-oval,  often  cordate  at  the  base,  very  shining  above  ;  closely 
glandular-dentate.  1.  C.  velutinus. 

Leaf-blades  oblong  to  elliptic  or  ovate,  glandular-serrate  or  sub-entire. 


228 


FRANGULACEAE. 


Umbels  mostly  terminal ;  leaves  dull  beneath,  glabrate  or  villous. 

2.  C.  pubescens. 

Umbels  mostly  axillary ;  leaves  silky  beneath. 

Leaf-blades  distinctly  glandular-serrate ;  plant  not  spiny.  3.  C.  subsericeus. 
Leaf-blades  obsoletely  denticulate  or  entire  ;  branches  often  ending  in  spines. 

4.  C.  Fendleri. 

1.  Ceanothus  velutinus  Dotigl.  On  hillsides  from  Mont,  and  B.  C.  to  Colo, 
and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-7000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  near  Empire; 
Steamboat  Springs;  Walton  Creek;  Four-Mile  Hill,  Routt  Co.;  Sheephorn 
Divide ;  between  Pallas  and  Sydney ;  Poudre  Canon ;  mountains  between 
Sunshine  and  Ward;  Pinkham  Creek;  Beaver  Creek. 

2.  Ceanothus  pubescens  (T.  &  G.)  Rydb.  (C.  ovatus  pubescens  T.  &  G.) 
In  sandy  soil  from  Mich,  and  S.  D.  to  Mo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — 
Foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  Colorado  Springs ;  Pennock’s  mountain  ranch ; 
Horsetooth  Mountain ;  Monument ;  Boulder. 

3.  Ceanothus  subsericeus  Rydb.  Foot-hills  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  6000  ft. — 
Larimer  Co. 

4.  Ceanothus  Fendleri  A.  Gray.  In  woods  and  on  hillsides  from  S.  D.  and 
Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek ; 
Denver  to  Idaho  Springs ;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek ;  Mancos ;  Pagosa  Springs ; 
Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch;  Boulder;  west  of  Ouray;  Mt. 
Harvard;  southeast  of  Ouray;  Rist  Canon;  vicinity  of  Arthur’s  Rock,  Lari¬ 
mer  Co. ;  Leroux  Creek ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  Pennock’s  mountain  ranch ; 
Horsetooth  Mountain ;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 

Family  85.  VITACEAE  Lindl.  Grape  Family. 

Hypogynous  disk  present;  leaf-blades  simple.  1.  Vitis. 

Hypogynous  disk  wanting  or  obsolete  ;  leaf-blades  digitately  5-7-foliolate. 

2.  Parthenocissus. 

1.  VITIS  L.  Grapes. 

1.  Vitis  vulpina  L.  ( Vitis  riparia  Michx.)  Along  streams  from  N.  B. 
and  N.  D.  to  W.  Va.,  Tex.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Walsenburg;  Dixon 
Canon,  Larimer  Co.;  Ft.  Collins;  banks  of  Cache  la  Poudre;  Rist  Canon; 
gulch  west  of  Pennock’s ;  Boulder. 

2.  PARTHENOCISSUS  Planch.  Virginia  Creeper,  American  Ivy. 

Aerial  rootlets  present;  tendrils  with  disks.  1.  P.  quinque folia. 

Aerial  rootlets  lacking  ;  tendrils  without  disks.  2.  P.  laciniata. 

1.  Parthenocissus  quinquefolia  (L.)  Planch.  In  woods  and  on  banks  from 
Que.  and  Man.  to  Fla.  and  Tex. — Reported  from  Colorado  {Meehan) ,  but 
doubtful. 

2.  Parthenocissus  vitacea  Hitchc.  (P.  quinquefolia  laciniata  Planch.;  P. 
lacinata  Small)  On  river  banks  and  in  woods  from  Mich,  and  Wyo.  to  Ohio 
and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Cheyenne  Canon;  Ft. 
Collins;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Golden;  vicinity  of  Arthur’s  Rock;  near 
Boulder. 


MALVACEAE. 


229 


Order  33.  MALVALES. 

Family  86.  MALVACEAE  Neck.  Mallow  Family. 

Style-branches  filiform,  longitudinally  stigmatose  anteriorly ;  carpels  numerous, 
indehiscent,  containing  a  single  ovule  and  a  reniform  seed. 

Stamens  simply  monadelphous  ;  flowers  involucelled. 

Petals  notched  at  the  apex  ;  carpels  beakless  without  internal  processes. 

1.  Malva. 

Petals  erose  at  the  apex ;  carpels  beaked,  with  an  internal  process  above 
the  seed.  2.  Callikrhoe. 

Stamens  united  in  a  double  series  ;  flowers  without  involucels. 

3.  Sidalcea. 

Style-branches  terminated  by  a  capitate  stigma. 

Lower  seed  at  least  from  an  ascending  ovule  ;  calyx  more  or  less  bractioled. 
Ovule  and  seed  solitary,  conformed  to  the  rounded  cavity  of  the  carpel. 

4.  Malvastrum. 

Ovules  1-3  and  seeds  1-2 ;  the  cells  of  the  carpels  more  or  less  extended 
and  empty  above.  5.  Sphaeralcea. 

Lower  seed  at  least  resupinate-pendulous ;  no  involucels  under  the  calyx,  or 
these  represented  by  1-3  setaceous  bractlets. 

Carpels  i-ovuled,  the  cell  filled  with  the  seed.  6.  Sida. 

Carpels  3-9-ovuled,  dehiscent  apically  and  dorsally.  7.  Abutilon. 


1.  MALVA  L.  Mallow. 

Calyx  not  reflexed  in  fruit. 

Plant  erect;  leaves  crisp.  1.  M.  crisp  a. 

Plant  procumbent;  leaves  not  crisp.  2.  M.  rotundifolia. 

Calyx  large,  reflexed-spreading  in  fruit.  3.  M.  parvidora. 

1.  Malva  crispa  L.  In  waste  places,  escaped  from  gardens,  from  N.  S. 
and  S.  D.  to  N.  J.  and  Colo. — Ft.  Collins. 

2.  Malva  rotundifolia  L.  In  waste  places,  naturalized  from  Europe ;  from 
Mass,  and  Minn,  to  Ga.  and  Utah. — Alt.  up  to  7500  ft. — North  of  La  Veta; 
Hotchkiss  ;  near  Boulder ;  Denver. 

3.  Malva  parviflora  L.  In  waste  places,  naturalized  from  Europe;  from 
Mont,  and  B.  C.  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Calif. — Hotchkiss. 


2.  CALLIRRHOE  Nutt.  Poppy  Mallow. 

1.  Callirrhoe  involucrata  (T.  &  G.)  A.  Gray.  On  plains  and  in  sandy 
soil  from  Mo.  and  Wyo.  to  Tex.  and  Utah. — Ft.  Collins;  Cheyenne  Canon; 
Yuma;  Colorado  Springs. 


3.  SIDALCEA  A.  Gray. 

Inflorescence  and  calyx  densely  stellate ;  corolla  cream-colored. 

1.  S.  Candida. 

Inflorescence  and  calyx  sparingly  hirsute ;  corolla  purple  or  white. 

2.  6'.  neo-mexicana. 

1.  Sidalcea  Candida  A.  Gray.  Along  streams  and  in  wet  meadows  from 
Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Utah. — Alt.  7000-13,000  ft. — Lake  City;  La  Veta;  Steam¬ 
boat  Springs;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co.;  Grizzly  Creek;  Cameron  Pass;  above 
Dix  Post  Office;  Wahatoya  Creek;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Cucharas  Valley; 
Michigan  Hill. 


230 


MALVACEAE. 


2.  Sidalcea  neo-mexicana  A.  Gray.  (N.  malvaefolia  of  Coult.  Man.)  In 
mountain  valleys  from  Wyo.  and  Utah  to  N.  M.  and  southern  Calif. ;  also 
Sonora. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Pitkin;  La  Veta;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co.;  Grizzly 
Creek;  Marshall  Pass;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch;  Sangre 
de  Cristo  Creek;  Piedra;  valley  of  Arkansas;  Calhan;  Buena  Vista;  Bear 
River,  Routt  Co.;  North  Park;  Soda  Spring  near  north  fork  of  the  Platte; 
Bear  River  at  Steamboat  Springs;  Grizzly  Creek  16  miles  north  of  Walden; 
Elk  River. 


4.  MALVASTRUM  A.  Gray.  False  Mallow. 

Plant  canescent  with  stellate  hairs ;  leaves  3-5-divided  with  2-3-cleft  divisions. 
Plant  low,  1-2  dm.  high ;  middle  segment  of  the  leaves  slightly  longer  than 
the  others;  raceme  crowded.  1.  M.  coccineum. 

Plant  tall,  3-4  dm.  high ;  middle  segment  of  the  leaves  usually  half  longer 
than  the  others  ;  raceme  elongated.  2.  M.  elatum. 

Plant  lepidote  and  silvery  with  scale-like  peltate  hairs  ;  leaves  3-parted  with  nar¬ 
rowly  linear  divisions  or  the  upper  simple  and  filiform.  3.  M.  leptophyllum. 

1.  Malvastrum  coccineum  (Pursh)  A.  Gray.  On  plains  and  in  sandy  valleys 
from  Sask.  and  Ore.  to  Iowa,  Tex.  and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Ft.  Col¬ 
lins;  Cimarron;  Deer  River;  Manitou ;  Canon  City;  Arboles ;  Cucharas 
River  below  La  Veta;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  mesas  near  Pueblo;  Trinidad; 
along  Platte  River,  Denver;  Mancos ;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Rocky 
Ford ;  Montrose ;  Lamar ;  Quimby ;  Ouray ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  Grand 
Junction;  Colorado  City. 

2.  Malvastrum  elatum  (Baker)  A.  Nelson.  ( M .  coccineum  elatum  Baker) 
In  dry  valleys  from  southern  Colo,  and  Utah  to  N.  Mex. — Salida. 

3.  Malvastrum  leptophyllum  A.  Gray.  In  dry  places  from  western  Texas 
to  southern  Utah. — Valley  of  San  Juan  and  La  Plata  ( Brandegee )  ;  McElmo 
Creek  (Eastwood). 

5.  SPHAERALCEA  St.  Hil.  Globe-mallow. 

Carpels  glabrous  or  canescent,  not  hirsute,  lower  part  reticulated ;  leaves  small, 
not  maple-like. 

Leaves  lanceolate;  fruit  not  depressed;  carpels  with  cusp.  1.  S.  cuspidate. 
Leaves  round-ovate  to  reniform  in  outline ;  fruit  depressed  globose ;  carpels 
not  cuspidate-tipped.  2.  S.  marginata. 

Carpels  thin,  hirsute,  the  lower  portion  not  reticulate  ;  leaves  large,  maple-like. 
Sepals  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate ;  bractlets  subulate,  three-fourths  as  long 
as  the  sepals  or  more.  3.  A.  Crandallii. 

Sepals  broadly  triangular-ovate ;  bractlets  scarcely  more  than  half  as  long 
as  the  sepals. 

Calyx  and  pedicels  finely  stellate  ;  bractlets  subulate  ;  petals  2-2.5  cm.  long. 

4.  A.  rivularis. 

Calyx  and  pedicels  hirsute  with  branched  hairs ;  bractlets  lanceolate  ;  petals 
3  cm.  or  more  long.  5.  A.  grandidora. 

1.  Sphaeralcea  cuspidata  (A.  Gray)  Britton.  (N.  angustif olia  cuspidate 
A.  Gray;  S.  stellate  T.  &  G. ;  Sid  a  stellata  Torr. ;  not  Cav.)  In  dry  ground 
from  Kans  and  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. ;  also  Sonora. — Canon  City;  Pueblo; 
Rocky  Ford. 

2.  Sphaeralcea  marginata  York.  (Malvastrum  Munroanum  S.  Wats.,  in 
part;  not  Malva  Munroana  Dougl.)  In  dry  places  in  western  Colo,  and 
northern  N.  M. — Alt.  up  to  6000  ft. — McElmo  Canon;  Grand  Junction. 


MALVACEAE. 


231 


3.  Sphaeralcea  Crandallii  Rydb.  Mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. — 
Steamboat  Springs. 

4.  Sphaeralcea  rivularis  (Hook.)  Torr.  ( Malva  rivularis  Hook.;  Sphaeral¬ 
cea  acerifolia  Nutt.)  Along  streams  from  Alb.  and  B.  C.  to  S.  D.,  Colo,  and 
Nev. — Four-Mile  Hill,  Routt  Co. ;  Ragged  Mountain,  Gunnison  Co. ;  Buffalo 
Pass;  Park  Range;  Fish  Creek  Falls. 

5.  Sphaeralcea  grandiflora  Rydb.  Mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  7000-9000  ft. — 
Mesa  Verde;  west  of  Ouray. 

6.  SIDA  L. 

1.  Sida  sagittaefolia  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Sida  lepidota  sagittae folia  A. 
Gray)  Plains  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — “Southern 
Colorado.” 


7.  ABUTILON  Gaertn.  Velvet-leaf,  Indian  Mallow. 

1.  Abutilon  parvulum  A.  Gray.  In  dry  soil  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. 
— Canon  City. 

Order  34.  HYPERICALES. 

Styles  wanting ;  stigma  introrse  ;  ours  small  water-plants.  87.  Elatinaceae. 
Styles  present ;  stigmas  capitate  or  nearly  so. 

Styles  in  ours  distinct. 

Sepals  persistent,  united  into  a  tube  ;  leaves  not  pellucid-dotted. 

88.  Frankeniaceae. 

Sepals  distinct ;  leaves  pellucid-dotted.  89.  Hypericaceae. 

Styles  wholly  united. 

Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so ;  stamens  8.  90.  Cistaceae. 

Corolla  irregular;  one  petal  spurred;  stamens  5.  91.  Violaceae. 

Family  87.  ELATINACEAE  Lindl.  Water-wort  Family. 

1.  ELATINE  L.  Water-wort,  Mud  Purslane. 

Leaves  oblanceolate  ;  flowers  usually  3-merous.  1.  E.  triandra. 

Leaves  obovate ;  flowers  2-merous.  2.  E.  americana. 

1.  Elatine  triandra  Schkur.  In  shallow  water  from  Ills,  and  Wyo.  to  Colo. 
— Platte  River. 

2.  Elatine  americana  Arn.  In  mud  and  shallow  water  from  Que.  and  B.  C. 
to  Va.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Platte  River. 

Family  88.  FRANKENIACEAE. 

1.  FRANKENIA  L. 

1.  Frankenia  Jamesii  Torr.  On  saline  plains  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Son¬ 
ora. — Bluffs  about  Pueblo ;  Rocky  Ford,  Otero  Co. ;  Canon  City. 

Family  89.  HYPERICACEAE  Lindl.  St.  John’s  Wort  Family. 

1.  HYPERICUM  L.  St.  John’s  Wort. 

Petals  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals  ;  both  usually  margined  with  black 
glands.  1.  H.  formosum. 

Petals  slightly  exceeding  the  sepals ;  black  glands  none.  2.  H.  majus. 


232 


HYPERICACEAE. 


1.  Hypericum  formosum  H.  B.  K.  On  hillsides  and  mountain  valleys  from 
Colo,  and  Utah  to  Mex.  and  S.  Calif. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — South  Park; 
Pagosa  Springs ;  Colorado  Springs ;  Mancos ;  Elk  River,  Garfield  Co. ;  Mar¬ 
shall  Pass;  near  Manitou,  El  Paso  Co.;  Chambers’  Lake;  Wahatoya  Creek; 
Gypsum  Creek  Canon ;  Poudre  Canon. 

2.  Hypericum  majus  (A.  Gray)  Britton.  In  wet  meadows  from  Me.  and 
B.  C.  to  N.  J.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Foot-hills,  near  Boulder. 

Family  90.  CISTACEAE  Lindl.  Rock-rose  Family. 

1.  HELIANTHEMUM  Pers.  Frostweed. 

1.  Helianthemum  majus  (L.)  B.  S.  P.  ( H .  canadense  Walkerae  Evans) 
On  hillsides  from  N.  S.  and  S.  D.  to  N.  C.  and  Colo. — Douglas  County. 

Family  91.  VIOLACEAE  DC.  Violet  Family. 

Sepals  more  or  less  auricled  at  base.  1.  Viola. 

Sepals  not  auricled  at  base.  2.  Calceolaria. 


1.  VIOLA  L.  Violet. 


Acaulescent ;  flowers  scapose. 

Plant  stoloniferous,  at  least  so  after  the  flowering  period. 

Flowers  pale  blue  or  lilac.  1.  V.  palustris. 

Flowers  white. 

Upper  and  lateral  petals  twice  as  long  as  broad  ;  petioles  not  red-spotted. 
Leaves  ovate,  pointed,  green  ;  lateral  petals  veined  with  purple. 

2.  V.  blanda. 

Leaves  reniform,  not  pointed,  glaucous  ;  lateral  petals  not  veined. 

3.  V.  Macloskeyi. 

Upper  and  lateral  petals  three  times  as  long  as  broad  ;  petioles  and  scapes 
red-spotted.  4.  V.  LeConteana. 

Plant  not  stoloniferous  ;  flowers  blue. 

Leaf-blades  divided  into  linear  lobes.  5.  V.  pedatidda. 

Leaf-blades  entire. 

Blade  strongly  decurrent  upon  the  petiole  ;  cleistogenes  horizontal. 

6.  V.  retusa. 


Blade  not  decurrent ;  cleistogenes  erect  or  ascending. 

Sepals  lanceolate,  pointed ;  leaves  herbaceous.  7.  V.  cognata. 

Sepals  oblong,  obtuse,  3-nerved ;  leaves  subcoriaceous. 

8.  V.  nephrophylla. 


Caulescent,  leafy-stemmed. 

Flowers  yellow  or  tinged  with  brown. 

Stems  short  or  subacaulescent  at  flowering  time. 

Leaf-blades  pedately  divided  into  narrow  segments ;  petals  tinged  with 
brown  beneath.  9.  V.  Sheltonii. 

Leaf-blades  entire  or  merely  toothed. 

Blades  lanceolate,  tapering  to  a  margined  petiole,  pubescent. 

10.  V.  Nutt allii. 

Blades  ovate  to  oblong-ovate,  scarcely  or  not  at  all  tapering  to  the  petiole. 

11.  V.  linguaefolia. 

Stems  erect  or  ascending,  bearing  scattered  long-petioled  orbicular  leaves. 

12.  V.  biflora. 


Flowers  blue,  purple  or  white. 

Flowers  white  or  tinged  with  purple  beneath. 
Flowers  blue. 

Plant  rough-pubescent,  1-2  dm.  high. 

Plant  glabrous,  2-6  cm.  high. 


13.  V.  canadensis. 

14.  V.  retroscabra. 

15.  V.  bellidifolia. 


VIOLACEAE. 


233 


1.  Viola  plustris  L.  Wet  soil.  Lab.  and  Alaska  to  N.  Y.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
8500-10,000  ft. — Grayback  mining  camps;  Beaver  Creek;  banks  of  Michigan 
River;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

2.  Viola  blanda  Willd.  Swamps  and  wet  meadows,  Newf.  and  B.  C.  to  N. 
C.  and  Utah. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Caribou;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek; 
Columbine. 

3.  Viola  Macloskeyi  F.  E.  Lloyd.  Subalpine  situations,  Mont,  and  Ore.  to 
Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  about  9000  ft. — North  Park,  Larimer  Co. 

4.  Viola  LeConteana  G.  Don.  (V.  blanda  amoena  LeConte)  Moist  wood¬ 
lands,  N.  S.  and  Ida.  to  N.  C.  and  Colo. — Alt.  about  9000  ft. — Chicken  Creek. 

5.  Viola  pedatifida  G.  Don.  Prairies,  Ill.  to  B.  C.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  about 
8000  ft. — Wahatoya  Canon. 

6.  Viola  retusa  Greene.  Woodlands  and  meadows,  S.  D.  to  Kans.  and  Colo. 
— Alt.  about  5000  ft. — New  Windsor;  Ft.  Collins;  Timnath,  Larimer  Co. 

7.  Viola  cognata  Greene.  Wet  meadows,  Alb.  and  S.  D.  to  N.  M.,  Ariz., 
Utah  and  Calif. — Alt  5000-10,000  ft. — Bob  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains ; 
headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  mountain  near  Veta  Pass;  West 
Indian  Creek;  Cucharas  Valley  near  La  Veta;  Timnath,  Larimer  Co.;  Lake 
City;  Ft.  Collins;  plains  and  foot-hills  near  Boulder. 

8.  Viola  nephrophylla  Greene.  Meadows  and  thickets,  Ida.  and  Wyo.  to 
Colo.,  Ariz.  and  Nev. — Los  Pinos. 

9.  Viola  Sheltonii  Torr.  Western  Colo,  to  Calif. — Alt.  8000-9000  ft. — Grand 
Mesa ;  Cerro  Summit. 

10.  Viola  Nuttallii  Pursh.  Prairies,  plains  and  foot-hills,  Man.  and  Mont, 
to  Mo.,  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Walsenburg;  southeast  of  La 
Veta;  Cucaras  Valley  and  river  near  La  Veta;  Ft.  Collins;  southwest  of  La 
Veta;  Rist  Canon,  Larimer  Co.;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  plains  near  Den¬ 
ver  ;  Grand  Mesa ;  plains  and  foot-hills  near  Boulder. 

11.  Viola  linguaefolia  Nutt.  ( V .  vallicola  A.  Nels. ;  V.  physalodes  Greene) 
Foot-hills  and  mountains,  N.  D.  and  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  up  to 
7000  ft. — Between  Meeker  and  Craig ;  mountains  east  of  Steamboat  Springs ; 
Minturn,  Eagle  Co.;  Cimarron;  Dixon  Creek;  Trinidad. 

12.  Viola  biflora  L.  Mountains  of  Colo. ;  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. — Alt. 
8000-10,000  ft. — Jack  Brook;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek  and  alpine  ridges 
east  of  Middle  Park;  Argentine  Pass;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

13.  Viola  canadensis  L.  The  typical  V.  canadensis  of  the  east  is  repre¬ 
sented  in  Colorado  by  the  following  subspecies : 

Viola  canadensis  Rydbergii  (Greene)  House.  ( V .  Rydbergii  Greene) 
Radical  leaves  subreniform,  as  broad  as  long  or  broader,  on  elongated  petioles ; 
pubescent  at  least  on  the  veins  beneath.  Rocky  Mountains,  Alb.  and  Ida. 
to  S.  D.  and  Colo. — Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Ouray;  Van  Boxle’s  ranch  above  Ci¬ 
marron;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Mancos;  Steamboat  Springs ;  gulch  of  Bear 
River,  Routt  Co.;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Ft.  Collins;  Apex;  Villa 
Grove ;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  Rico ;  Boulder. 

Viola  canadensis  neo-mexicana  (Greene)  House.  (V.  neo-mexicana  Greene) 
Southern  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  7500-12,000  ft. — Idaho  Springs;  Wahatoya 
Canon;  Mt.  Abram;  about  Ouray;  Rico;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 


234 


VIOLACEAE. 


Viola  canadensis  scopulorum  A.  Gray.  (V.  scopulorum  Greene)  Colo,  and 
N.  M.  Low,  tufted  and  spreading,  more  or  less  pubescent;  the  stipules  very 
large,  scarious. — Horsetooth  Gulch. 

14.  Viola  retroscabra  Greene.  Mountains,  Colo,  and  N.  M.  to  southern 
Calif. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Grayback  mining  camps;  Cerro  Summit;  Cameron 
Pass;  Cimarron;  Mancos;  along  Uncompahgre  River  near  Ouray;  Brecken- 
ridge;  Bob  Creek;  West  Indian  Creek;  Pagosa  Springs;  Minturn,  Eagle  Co.; 
mountain  near  Veta  Pass;  Chambers’  Lake;  mountains  of  Estes  Park, 
Larimer  Co. 

15.  Viola  bellidifolia  Greene.  High  mountains,  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  8000- 
12,000  ft. — Marshall  Pass;  Slide  Rock  Canon,  West  La  Plata  Mountains; 
Alpine  Tunnel;  Bob  Creek  Divide;  Graymont;  Cameron  Pass;  Columbine; 
mountains  of  Estes  Park;  Chambers’  Lake;  Red  Mountain;  Gunnison;  source 
of  Leroux,  Delta  Co.;  Eldora  to  Baltimore;  summit  of  North  Park  Range, 
Larimer  Co. ;  Rabbit-Ear  Range,  Routt  Co. 

2.  CALCEOLARIA  Loefl.  Nodding  Violet. 

1.  Calceolaria  verticillaria  (Ortega)  Kuntze.  ( Ionidium  polygalae folium 
Vent.;  Ionidium  lineare  Torr.)  Plains,  Colo,  and  Kans.  to  Tex.,  Ariz.  and 
Mex. — Brantly  Canon,  Las  Animas  Co. ;  Canon  City. 

Order  35.  OPUNTIALES. 

Sepals  and  petals  4  or  5  very  unlike;*  leaves  ample;  plants  erect,  not  succulent, 
with  rigid  hairs.  92.  Loasaceae. 

Sepals  and  petals  nearly  alike,  at  least  the  latter  numerous  ;  leaves  typically  and 
in  all  ours  mere  scales  or  wanting ;  succulent  plants  armed  with  spines. 

93.  Cactaceae. 

Family  92.  LOASACEAE  Reichenb.  Loasa  Family. 

Placentae  with  horizontal  lamellae  between  the  seeds ;  these  in  two  rows, 
flat,  more  or  less  winged.  1.  Touterea. 

Placentae  without  lamellae  ;  seeds  usually  prismatic. 

Placentae  slender,  filiform;  ovules  in  one  row,  10-40;  seeds  minutely  muricate, 
not  striate ;  filaments  free  or  nearly  so.  2.  Acrolasia. 

Placentae  broad,  band-like ;  ovules  in  1-2  rows,  few ;  seeds  distinctly  striate, 
often  rugose  ;  filaments  at  the  base  united  with  the  petals  into  a  ring. 

3.  Mentzei.ia. 

1.  TOUTEREA  Eat.  &  Wright. 

Upper  leaves  entire.  1.  T.  multicaulis. 

All  leaves  pinnatifid,  lobed  or  toothed. 

Petals  obtuse,  spatulate,  1-2  cm.  long.  2.  T.  multiflora. 

Petals  acute. 

Petals  greenish-yellow ;  seeds  irregularly  angled  on  the  face. 

3.  T.  lutea. 

Petals  golden  yellow  to  straw  color ;  seeds  not  angular  on  the  face. 

Petals  golden  yellow,  about  2  cm.  long  or  less. 

Low,  less  than  3  dm.  high  ;  leaves  less  than  6  cm.  long. 

Seeds  merely  margined.  4.  T.  chrysantha. 

Seeds  winged. 

*  Many  species  of  Touterea  have  petaloid  staminodia  of  which  the  outer  5 
sometimes  are  as  broad  as  the  petals  and  resemble  them. 


LOASACEAE. 


235 


i 


Leaves  sinuately  dentate  or  crenate ;  the  lower  oblanceolate-spatu- 
late  ;  the  upper  ovate-lanceolate.  5.  T.  integra. 

Leaves  mostly  pinnately  lobed ;  lobes  of  the  leaves  narrow,  linear 
or  lanceolate.  6.  T.  densa. 

Tall,  usually  4  dm.  or  more  high;  leaves  often  1  dm.  long. 

Leaves  divided  to  near  the  base  into  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate 

narrow  lobes.  7.  T.  laciniata. 

Leaves  sinuate  or  lobed  half-way  to  the  midrib  or  less  ;  lobes  triangu¬ 
lar  or  ovate  or  broader. 

Plant  erect ;  leaves  tapering  at  the  base,  acutely  lobed. 

8.  T.  speciosa. 

Plant  ascending  or  decumbent ;  leaves  sinuately  round-lobed,  at 
least  the  upper  cuneate  or  rounded  at  the  base. 

9.  T.  sinuata. 


Petals  straw-color. 

Outer  filaments  dilated ;  petals  2-3  cm.  long. 

Petals  about  2  cm.  long ;  upper  leaves  with  broad  bases,  long-acuminate. 

10.  T.  Rusbyi. 

Petals  about  3  cm.  long ;  none  of  the  leaves  broad  at  the  base. 

Plant  branched  below ;  flowers  subtended  by  single  entire  bracts. 

11.  T.  nuda. 

Plants  simple  below  ;  flowers  subtended  by  several  toothed  bracts. 

12.  T.  strict  a. 

Filaments  all  filiform;  petals  4-5  cm.  long.  13.  T.  decapetala. 


1.  Touterea  multicaulis  Osterhout.  On  plains  of  Colo. — Wolcott,  Eagle  Co. 

2.  Touterea  multiflora  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  ( Mentzelia  multi-flora  A.  Gray)  O11 
dry  plains  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. ;  also  Mex. — Alt.  7000-9000  ft. — 
Salida;  Platte  Canon;  Pine  Grove;  Artist  Glen;  Palmer  Lake;  Grayback 
mining  camp  and  Placer  Gulch. 

3.  Touterea  lutea  (Greene)  Rydb.  ( Mentzelia  lutea  Greene)  In  dry  soil 
in  Colo. — Canon  City. 

4.  Touterea  chrysantha  (Engelm.)  Rydb.  (M.  chrysantha  Engelm.)  On 
hills,  mesas  and  canons  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Ariz. — Canon  City. 

5.  Touterea  integra  (Jones)  Rydb.  ( Mentzelia  multiflora  integra  Jones) 
In  arid  soil  of  southern  Utah  and  southwestern  Colo. — Mesa  across  Gunni¬ 
son  from  Grand  Junction. 

6.  Touterea  densa  (Greene)  Rydb.  ( M .  densa  Greene)  In  gulches  and 
canons  and  on  dry  table-land  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  7000-9000  ft. — Canon 
City;  Salida;  Gunnison;  gulch  west  of  Palmer  Lake;  Smith’s  Fork  Canon, 
Delta  Co. ;  Hotchkiss. 

7.  Touterea  laciniata  Rydb.  On  plains  and  in  canons  of  Colo. — Alt.  5000- 
7000  ft. — Durango  ;  Pagosa  Springs  ;  Canon  City ;  Antonito. 

8.  Touterea  speciosa  Osterh.  ( Mentzelia  speciosa  Osterh.)  On  hills  and 
in  dry  valleys  from  Wyo.  to  Colo. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Estes  Park,  Larimer 
Co.;  west  of  Loveland,  Larimer  Co.;  Veta  Pass;  Idaho  Springs;  near 
Boulder;  near  Badito,  between  La  Veta  and  Gardner;  Turkey  Creek  and 
tributaries;  Ute  Pass;  Dillon  Canon;  Livermore;  Arthur’s  Rock;  Dixon 
Canon;  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Ft.  Collins. 

9.  Touterea  sinuata  Rydb.  In  canons  of  Colorado. — Boulder. 

10.  Touterea  Rusbyi  (Wooton)  Rydb.  ( Mentzelia  Rusbyi  Wooton)  On 
plains  and  in  valleys  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — 
Wolcott;  Glenwood  Springs;  Durango;  Black  Canon;  between  Porter  and 
Durango;  Salida  Canon. 


236 


LOASACEAE. 


11.  Touterea  nuda  (Nutt.)  Eat.  &  Wr.  ( Mentzelia  nuda  Nutt.)  On  plains 
and  hillsides  from  western  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  Colo. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — 
Livermore,  Larimer  Co. ;  gulch  west  of  Pennock’s ;  Platte  Canon ;  valley  of 
upper  Arkansas  River;  Boulder. 

12.  Touterea  stricta  Osterh.  ( Hespcr  aster  strictus  Osterh.)  On  plains, 
hillsides  and  dry  valleys  from  western  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  Kans.  and  Tex. — 
Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Colorado  Springs;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Ft.  Collins; 
near  Manitou ;  Denver ;  Arboles ;  Pueblo ;  along  the  Poudre ;  Spring  Canon, 
Lyons ;  Boulder. 

13.  Touterea  decapetala  (Pursh)  Rydb.  ( Bartonia  decapetala  Pursh; 
Mentzelia  ornata  Pursh)  In  canons  from  S.  Dak.  and  Alb.  to  Tex.  and  Nev. 
— Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  west  of  Loveland;  Huerfano  Valley,  near 
Gardner;  near  Boulder. 


2.  ACROLASIA. 

Sepals  lanceolate-subulate,  half  as  long  as  the  petals  or  longer,  acute  ;  seed  rather 
strongly  muriculate. 

Leaves  ovate  in  outline,  entire  or  merely  coarsely  toothed.  1.  A.  latifolia. 
Leaves  lanceolate  in  outline ;  stem-leaves,  except  the  uppermost,  pinnately 
divided  or  lobed. 

Petals  5-7  mm.  long,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals. 

Leaves  divided  to  near  the  midrib  with  ascending  lobes  ;  plant  erect. 

2.  A.  gracilis. 

Leaves  divided  to  the  midrib,  with  divergent  lobes ;  plant  ascend¬ 
ing  or  diffuse.  3.  A.  ctenophora. 

Petals  2- 4  mm.  long.  4.  A.  albicaulis. 

Sepals  linear-oblong,  obtusish,  only  l/$  as  long  as  the  petals,  which  are  3-4 
mm.  long ;  seeds  minutely  muriculate  (tubercles  seen  only  by  very  strong 
magnifications)  ;  leaves  entire  or  dentate ;  the  upper  broadly  ovate. 

Tall,  3-5  dm.  high;  capsules  2-3  cm.  long;  lower  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  some  of  them  usually  toothed.  5.  A.  dispersa. 

Low,  less  than  2  dm.  high;  capsules  12-15  mm.  long;  leaves  all  ovate,  entire. 

6.  A.  compacta. 

1.  Acrolasia  latifolia  Rydb.  .  On  hillsides  in  Colo. — Alt.  6000-8000  ft. — 
Boulder;  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Larimer  County. 

2.  Acrolasia  gracilis  Rydb.  (7Y achy phy turn  gracilis  Nutt.)  In  sandy  soil 
from  Wyo.  and  Ore.  to  Colo. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ; 
mesas  near  Pueblo;  Salida;  Tobe  Miller’s  ranch. 

3.  Acrolasia  ctenophora  Rydb.  On  dry  hills  and  on  railroad  banks  in 
southern  Colo. — Alt.  6000-7000  ft. — Walsenburg;  Cucharas  River  below  La 
Veta. 

4.  Acrolasia  albicaulis  (Dough)  Rydb.  ( Mentzelia  albicaulis  Dough)  On 
sandy  soil  from  Neb.,  Mont,  and  B.  C.  to  N.  M.  and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. 
— Mesa,  Gunnison  River;  Hotchkiss;  Rist  Canon;  near  Boulder;  Los  Pinos; 
Mancos ;  Glenwood  Springs ;  Sunset  Canon. 

5.  Acrolasia  integrifolia  (S.  Wats.)  Rydb.  (M.  albicaulis  integrifolia  S. 
Wats.;  M.  dispersa  S.  Wats.)  In  sandy  soil  from  Mont,  and  B.  C.  to  Colo, 
and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-7000  ft. — Glenwood  Springs,  Garfield  Co. ;  Horsetooth 
Gulch. 

6.  Acrolasia  compacta  (A.  Nels.)  Rydb.  ( M .  compacta  A.  Nels.)  In 

sandy  soil  in  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Steamboat  Springs. 


LOASACEAE. 


237 


3.  MENTZELIA  L. 

1.  Mentzelia  oligosperma  Nutt.  On  dry  prairies,  plains  and  hills  from  S.  D. 
and  Colo,  to  La.  and  Tex.;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Foot-hills, 
Larimer  Co. ;  southwest  of  Soldier  Canon. 

Family  93.  CACTACEAE  H.  B.  K.  Cactus  Family. 

Stems  continuous  or  not  conspicuously  jointed;  leaves  obsolete;  spines  not 
barbed ;  spine-bearing  and  flower-bearing  areolas  distinct. 

Flowers  not  arising  from  the  tubercles,  but  from  their  axils  ;  ovary  naked. 

1.  Cactus. 

Flowers  arising  from  the  tubercles  or  ribs ;  ovary  scaly. 

Flowers  nearly  terminal,  i.  e.,  arising  near  the  areolas  which  later  develop 
spines;  stem  never  jointed.  2.  Echinocactus. 

Flowers  lateral,  i.  e.,  arising  near  the  fully  developed  spine-bearing  areolas. 

3.  Echinocereus. 

Stems  conspicuously  jointed;  leaves  evident,  but  deciduous;  spines  barbed; 
flowers  arising  from  spine-bearing  areolas.  4.  Opuntia. 

1.  CACTUS  L.  Ball  -CACTUS. 

Central  spine  usually  solitary ;  corolla  greenish. 

Plant  simple  or  nearly  so;  central  spine  robust,  porrect.  1.  C.  missouriensis. 
Plant  cespitose  ;  central  spine  often  lacking.  2.  C.  similis. 

Central  spines  3-12  ;  petals  purple. 

Plant  usually  cespitose,  depressed-globose ;  central  spines  3-4. 

3.  C.  viviparus. 

Plant  usually  simple,  ovate  to  cylindric  ;  central  spines  4-12  (rarely  3). 

4.  C.  radiosus. 

1.  Cactus  missouriensis  (Sweet)  Kuntze.  ( Mamillaria  missouriensis 
Sweet)  On  dry  plains  and  hills  from  S.  D.  and  Mont,  to  Kans.  and  Colo. — 
Como. 

2.  Cactus  similis  (Engelm.)  Rydb.  ( Mamillaria  similis  Engelm. ;  M. 
missouriensis  caespitosa  S.  Wats.)  On  dry  hills  from  Kans.  and  Colo,  to 
Tex. — “  Colorado  ”  (Greene). 

3.  Cactus  viviparus  Nutt.  (Mamillaria  vivipara  Haw.)  On  dry  hills  and 
plains  from  Neb.  and  Mont,  to  Colo. — Ft.  Collins. 

4.  Cactus  radiosus  (Engelm.)  Coulter.  On  plains  from  Colo,  and  Utah 
to  Tex.  and  Ariz.  In  Colorado  it  is  only  represented  by  the  var.  neo- 
mexicanus  (Engelm.)  Coulter,  lower  than  the  type  and  with  more  numerous 
central  spines. — “Colorado”;  Ft.  Collins;  Hermosa. 

2.  ECHINOCACTUS  Link  &  Otto.  Hedgehog-thistle,  Cactus. 

Stems  with  tubercles,  resembling  Cactus  in  habit. 

Radiating  spines  8-9;  central  ones  1-3.  1.  E.  glaucus. 

Radiating  spines  about  20;  central  ones  8-10.  2.  E.  Simpsoni. 

Stems  with  definite  ridges,  scarcely  tubercled.  3.  E.  Whxpplei. 

1.  Echinocactus  glaucus  K.  Sch.  In  dry  places  in  Colo. — Alt.  about  6000 
ft. — Mesa  Grande  on  Dry  Creek;  Gunnison. 

2.  Echinocactus  Simpsoni  Engelm.  (Mamillaria  Simpsoni  M.  E.  Jones; 
M.  Purpusi  K.  Sch.)  On  dry  table-lands  of  Utah  and  Colo. — Alt.  7500-11,000 
ft. — Clear  Creek,  Sangre  de  Cristo  Pass;  Veta  Pass;  Veta  Mountain;  Empire; 
Dolores. 


238 


CACTACEAE. 


3.  Echinocactus  Whipplei  Engelm.  &  Big.  On  dry  plains  from  Colo,  and 
Utah  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz.  In  Colorado  has  only  been  found  the  var.  spinosior 
Engelm.  with  more  numerous,  9-1 1,  radiating  spines. — La  Plata  Valley; 
Mesa  Verde. 


3.  ECHINOCEREUS  Engelm.  Cereus. 

Ribs  about  13;  corolla  greenish  or  yellowish.  1.  E.  viridiflorus. 

Ribs  5-12  ;  corolla  red  or  purple. 

Plant  light  green;  corolla  violet-purple;  central  spine  1,  terete,  nearly  black, 
curved  above.  2.  E.  Fendleri. 

Plant  dark  green;  corolla  scarlet  (except  perhaps  in  the  first). 

Ribs  5-7. 

Central  spine  o ;  radiating  ones  3-5,  almost  terete.  3.  E.  paucispinus. 
Central  spine  8  cm.  long,  angled  and  grooved  ;  radiating  ones  6-8,  strongly 
angled.  4.  E.  gonacanthus. 

Ribs  9— 11. 

Central  spines  all  terete ;  flowers  4-6  cm.  long,  usually  yellowish  inside. 

5.  E.  aggregatus. 

Lower  central  spines  quadrangular;  flowers  8-10  cm.  long. 

6.  E.  Roemeri. 

1.  Echinocereus  viridiflorus  Engelm.  ( Cereus  viridiflorus  Engelm.)  On 
high  plains  and  hills  from  Wyo.  to  Tex.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Tobe 
Miller’s  ranch;  Veta  Mountain;  Manitou ;  Colorado  Springs;  near  Boulder. 

2.  Echinocereus  Fendleri  (Engelm.)  Rumpl.  ( Cereus  Fendleri  Engelm.) 
On  dry  plains  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — “  So.  Colorado.” 

3.  Echinocereus  paucispinus  (Engelm.)  Rumpl.  ( Cereus  paucispinus 
Engelm.)  On  rocks  and  limestone  hills  from  Tex.  to  Colo. — Durango. 

4.  Echinocereus  gonacanthus  (Engelm.  &  Big.)  Lehm.  ( Cereus  gona¬ 
canthus  Engelm.  &  Big.)  On  sandy  bluffs  in  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Florence; 
Arboles. 

5.  Echinocereus  aggregatus  (Engelm.)  Rydb.  ( Mamillaria  aggregata  En¬ 
gelm. ;  Cereus  phoeniceus  Engelm.)  On  plains  and  hillsides  from  Colo,  to 
Tex.  and  Ariz.;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  5000-7500  ft. — La  Veta;  Badito. 

6.  Echinocereus  Roemeri  (Muhlenf.)  Rydb.  ( Cereus  Roemeri  Muhlenf. ; 
C.  conoideus  Big.)  On  plains  from  Colo.  (?)  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — “So. 
Colorado.” 

% 

4.  OPUNTIA  Mill.  Prickly  Pear. 

Internodes  of  stem  short,  more  or  less  flattened. 

Internodes  of  the  stem  oval  or  orbicular,  decidedly  flattened. 

Fruit  fleshy  and  juicy,  spineless  or  nearly  so. 

Spines  none,  or  a  solitary  strong  one  reflexed  and  1-2  small  ones  at  its 
base,  all  white  or  gray.  1.  O.  mesacantha. 

Spines  1-8,  not  very  unlike  in  length. 

Spines  not  twisted. 

Spines  1-3,  brownish;  internodes  orbicular  or  obovate,  11-15  cm.  wide. 

2.  O.  camanchica. 

Spines  5-7,  white  or  gray  ;  internodes  oblong,  5  cm.  long  and  3.5  cm. 
wide.  3.  O.  Schweriniana. 

Spines  twisted,  3-5,  white;  internodes  13-17  cm.  long  and  about  as  wide. 

4.  O.  tortispina. 

Fruit  dry  and  usually  with  spine-bearing  areolas. 

Corolla  yellow.  5.  O.  polyacantha. 

Corolla  red. 


CACTACEAE. 


239 


Filament  red  ;  fruit  very  prickly.  6.  O.  rhodantha. 

Filaments  yellow ;  fruit  scarcely  prickly.  7.  O.  xanthostemma. 

Internodes  oblong  or  nearly  cylindrical,  turgid  and  nearly  terete,  easily  break¬ 
ing  off,  2-4  cm.  long.  8.  O.  fragilis. 

Internodes  of  stem  elongated,  cylindric  or  prismatic. 

Tubercles  of  the  stem  sharp  and  comb-like  ;  erect  shrub.  9.  O.  cirborcscens. 

Tubercles  neither  prominent  nor  comb-like;  plant  decumbent. 

10.  O.  Davisii. 

1.  Opuntia  mesacantha  Raf.  (O.  Rafinesqui  Engelm.)  On  plains  and 
prairies  especially  in  sandy  soil  from  Wise,  and  Minn,  to  Ky.  and  Ariz. — Alt. 
4000-5500  ft. — Fort  Collins;  Denver;  Boulder. 

2.  Opuntia  camanchica  Engelm.  On  plains  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — 
Alt.  up  to  6000  ft. — Colorado  Springs. 

3.  Opuntia  Schweriniana  K.  Sch.  In  dry  places  in  Colo. — Sapinero. 

4.  Opuntia  tortispina  Engelm.  On  plains  from  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Ind.  Terr. 
— Exact  locality  not  given. 

5.  Opuntia  polyacantha  Haw.  (O.  niissouriensis  DC.)  On  plains  and 
hills  from  N.  D.  and  B.  C.  to  Ind.  Terr.,  N.  M.  and  Ore. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — 
Quimby;  Ft.  Collins;  Denver;  Walsenburg;  North  Cheyenne  Canon. 

6.  Opuntia  rhodantha  K.  Sch.  On  plains  of  Neb.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-8000 
ft. — “Colorado”;  Grand  Junction;  Boulder. 

7.  Opuntia  xanthostemma  K.  Sch.  On  plains  of  western  Colo. — Mesa 
Grande. 

8.  Opuntia  fragilis  Haw.  On  prairies  and  plains  from  Wise,  and  B.  C. 
to  Kans.  and  Colo. — Denver;  Boulder. 

9.  Opuntia  arborescens  Engelm..  On  plains  and  hills  from  Colo,  to  Tex. 
and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Pueblo ;  Piedra. 

10.  Opuntia  Davisii  Engelm.  In  dry  soil  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Calif. — 
La  Plata  Valley,  Mancos  and  McElmo  (Brandegee) . 

Order  36.  THYMELIALES. 

Family  94.  ELAEAGNACEAE  Lindl.  Oleaster  Family. 

1.  LEPARGYRAEA  Raf.  Buffalo-berry. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  green  above;  shrub  thornless.  i.  L.  canadensis. 

Leaves  oblong,  silvery  on  both  sides ;  shrub  thorny.  2.  L.  argentea. 

1.  Lepargyraea  canadensis  (L.)  Greene.  ( Shepherdia  canadensis  L.)  In 
woods  from  Newf.  and  Alaska  to  N.  Y.,  Colo,  and  Ore. — Alt.  6500-12,000  ft. 
— Villa  Grove,  Black  Canon;  Georgetown;  Bear  Creek  Divide,  West  La 
Plata  Mountains;  southeast  of  Ouray;  Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  Cham¬ 
bers’  Lake;  Graham’s  Park;  mountains  of  Larimer  Co.;  Stove  Prairie  Hill; 
Bosworth’s  ranch;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

2.  Lepargyraea  argentea  (Nutt.)  Greene.  ( Shepherdia  argentea  Nutt.) 
On  sandy  river  banks  and  islands  from  Man.,  Sask.  and  Alb.  to  Kans.,  N.  M. 
and  Nev. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Grand  Junction;  Cimarron;  Mancos;  La 
Porte,  Larimer  Co.;  Wolcott;  Hotchkiss;  Dolores;  Durango. 


'  240 


LYTHRACEAE. 


Order  37.  MYRTALES. 

Styles  present ;  mostly  land-plants. 

Hypanthium  merely  enclosing  the  ovary. 

Hypanthium  adnate  to  the  ovary. 

Styles  wanting ;  stigma  sessile  ;  aquatics. 

Family  95.  LYTHRACEAE  Lindl.  Loosestrife  Family. 

Hypanthium  cylindric.  i.  Lythrum. 

Hypanthium  campanulate  or  hemispheric.  2.  Ammania. 

1.  LYTHRUM  L.  Loosestrife. 

1.  Lythrum  alatum  Pursh.  In  swamps  from  Mass,  and  S.  D.  to  Ky.  and 
Colo. — Alt.  5000-6000  ft. — Near  Boulder. 

2.  AMMANIA  L. 

1.  Ammania  coccinea  Rottb.  In  swampy  places  from  Ind.  to  S.  D.,  Fla.  and 
Mex. ;  also  S.  Am. — Denver. 

Family  96.  EPILOBIACEAE  DC.  Evening  Primrose  Family. 

Flowers  4-merous. 

Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule,  opening  by  valves. 

Seeds  with  a  tuft  of  silky  hairs. 

Hypanthium  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary  ;  flowers  large. 

1.  Chamaenerion. 

Hypanthium  somewhat  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary  ;  flowers  small. 

2.  Epilobium. 

Seeds  without  a  tuft  of  silky  hairs,  naked  or  tuberculate. 

Hypanthium  not  produced  beyond  the  ovary  ;  flowers  minute. 

3.  Gayophytum. 

Hypanthium  produced  beyond  the  ovary  into  a  long  tube. 

Stigma  divided  into  4  linear  lobes. 

Stamens  equal  in  length  ;  capsule  terete  or  round-angled. 

Ovules  and  seeds  horizontal,  inserted  in  2  or  rarely  more  rows, 
prismatic-angled  ;  petals  yellow.  4.  Onagra. 

Ovules  and  seeds  ascending,  in  one  row,  not  angled  ;  buds  drooping ; 
petals  white  or  pink.  5.  Anogra. 

Stamens  unequal  in  length,  the  alternate  longer ;  capsule  crested  or 
winged ;  plant  acaulescent  or  low-stemmed. 

Capsules  with  more  or  less  distinct  double  crests  on  the  angles ; 

seed  furrowed  along  the  raphe.  6.  Pachylophus. 

Capsules  winged  or  at  least  sharply  angled  on  the  angles. 

Plants  acaulescent,  cespitose.  7.  Lavauxia. 

Plants  caulescent  with  wiry  diffuse  stems.  8.  Gaurella. 

Stigma  discoid  or  capitate. 

Stigma  discoid ;  hypanthium-tube  funnelform  above. 

Hypanthium-tube  longer  than  the  ovary ;  stigma  entire. 

9.  Galpinsia. 

Hypanthium-tube  shorter  than  the  ovary ;  stigma  4-toothed. 

10.  Meriolix. 

Stigma  capitate. 

Plant  acaulescent ;  capsules  4-winged ;  hypanthium-tube  tubular- 
cylindric.  11.  Taraxia. 

Plant  caulescent ;  capsules  not  winged ;  hypanthium-tube  obconic  or 
funnelform. 


•  1 

95.  LYTHRACEAE. 

96.  Epilobiaceae. 

97.  Gunneraceae. 


EPILOBIACEAE. 


241 


Capsule  linear,  sessile,  narrowed  above.  12.  Sphaerostigma. 

Capsule  more  or  less  clavate,  pedicelled  and  obtuse. 

13.  Chylisma. 


Fruit  indehiscent,  nut-like. 

Hypanthium-tube  filiform;  filaments  unappendaged ;  ovary  1 -celled  . 

14.  Stenosiphon. 

Hypanthium-tube  obconic  :  filaments  with  scales  at  the  base ;  ovary  4-celled. 

15.  Gaura. 

Flowers  2-merous  ;  fruit  indehiscent,  obovoid  and  bristly  with  hooked  hairs. 

16.  Circaea. 


1.  CHAMAENERION  Adans.  Fire-weed. 


Style  pubescent  at  the  base ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate  with  the 
lateral  veins  confluent  in  marginal  loops.  1.  C.  angustifolium. 

Style  glabrous ;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate ;  lateral  veins  obsolete,  not  looped. 

2.  C.  latifolium. 

1.  Chamaenerion  angustifolium  (L.)  Scop.  ( Epilobium  angustifolium  L.) 
On  hills,  in  open  woods  and  copses,  especially  on  burnt  areas  from  Greenl.  and 
Alaska  to  N.  C.,  Ariz.  and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-10,000. — Caribou ;  foot-hills, 
Larimer  Co.;  Oro  City;  Estes  Park,  Larimer  Co.;  Pagosa  Peak;  near  La 
Plata  Post  Office ;  La  Plata  Canon ;  Marshall  Pass ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Pike’s 
Peak;  Red  Mountain,  south  of  Ouray;  Jack’s  Cabin;  Artist’s  Glen;  Como; 
Larimie  River  at  Sherwood’s ;  Baxter’s  ranch ;  Bosworth’s  ranch,  Stove 
Prairie;  Boulder  Canon;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 

2.  Chamaenerion  latifolium  (L.)  Sweet.  ( E .  latifolium  L.)  In  wet  ground 
from  Greenl.  and  Alaska  to  Colo,  and  Wash. — Alt.  7500-10,000  ft. — Graymont ; 
Ruby;  Gunnison;  near  La  Plata  Post  Office;  La  Plata  Canon;  Clear  Creek; 
Empire. 

2.  EPILOBIUM  L.  Willow-herb. 


Perennials ;  stigma  entire  or  merely  notched. 

Leaves  oblong,  oval,  ovate,  or  lanceolate,  usually  dentate  or  denticulate. 

Plants  with  rosettes  or  turions  ;  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  usually  broadest 
below  the  middle  and  distinctly  denticulate  or  dentate. 

Stem  pubescent  throughout.  1.  E.  Palmeri. 

Stem  glabrous  except  sometimes  the  upper  portion  and  the  decurrent  lines. 
Flowers  7-8  mm.  long ;  petals  purple  or  dark  pink ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate. 

Leaves  sessile  or  nearly  so  ;  innovations  by  turions. 

Seeds  without  apiculations ;  coma  sessile.  2.  E.  ovatifolium. 

Seeds  with  a  pale  hyaline  beak  at  the  apex.  3.  E.  brevistylum. 
Leaves  short-petioled  ;  innovations  by  rosettes.  4.  E.  occidentale. 
Flowers  3-5  mm.  long. 

Leaves  all  except  the  uppermost  short-petioled. 

5.  E.  adenocaulon. 

Leaves  all  sessile  or  only  the  very  earliest  sometimes  short-petioled. 
Leaf-blades  rounded  at  the  base,  broadly  lanceolate  to  ovate. 

Petals  purple,  5-8  mm.  long ;  leaf-blades  usually  ovate. 

2.  E.  ovatifolium. 

Petals  white,  4  mm.  long ;  leaves  lanceolate. 

6.  E.  rubescens. 

Leaf-blades  acute  at  the  base. 

Leaf-blades  ample,  ovate  or  broadly  lanceolate. 

7.  E.  stramineum. 

Leaf-blades  narrow  lanceolate,  almost  erect ;  plant  slender,  1-3 
dm.  high.  8.  E.  Drummondii. 

Plants  with  stolons  or  soboles,  low,  1-2  (seldom  3)  dm.  high. 

16 


242 


EPILOBIACEAE. 


Petals  white  ;  plant  1-3  dm.  high,  stoloniferous.  9.  E.  alpinum. 

Petals  purple  or  pink. 

Plant  1-3  dm.  high,  soboliferous ;  flowers  5-7  mm.  long. 

10.  E.  Hornemannii. 

Plant  usually  less  than  1  dm.  high,  stoloniferous ;  flowers  less  than  5 
mm.  long. 

Flowers  nodding  in  bud ;  pod  cylindrical ;  seeds  smooth. 

11.  E.  anagcillifolium. 

Flowers  ascending  in  bud ;  pod  somewhat  clavate ;  seeds  papillose. 

12.  E.  clavatum. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  entire ;  innovations  of  long  subterranean  shoots, 
bearing  at  their  ends  ovoid  turions ;  petals  white  ;  capsule  cinereous. 
Leaves  and  lower  part  of  the  stem  glabrous.  13.  E.  wyomingense. 

Leaves  and  stem  crisp-pubescent.  14.  E.  linear e. 

Annuals  with  more  or  less  sheddy,  straw-colored  bark ;  stigma  4-cleft. 

Pedicels  and  pods  sparingly  glandular,  the  former  long.  15.  E.  paniculatum. 

Whole  inflorescence  densely  glandular ;  pedicels  very  short,  scarcely  exceeding 
the  bracts.  16.  E.  adenocladon. 

1.  Epilobium  Palmeri  Rydb.  In  wet  places  from  Mont,  and  Ida.  to  Utah 
and  Colo. — Tobe  Miller’s  ranch. 

2.  Epilobium  ovatifolium  Rydb.  In  wet  ground  in  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt. 
8000-13,000  ft. — Lake  City;  head  of  Bard  Creek;  mountains  above  Ouray;  Bob 
Creek,  west  of  Mt.  Hesperus ;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek ;  near 
Pagosa  Peak;  Red  Mountain,  south  of  Ouray;  Ironton  Park,  9  miles  south 
of  Ouray;  Columbine;  west  of  Ouray;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer 
Gulch. 

3.  Epilobium  brevistylum  Haussk.  Along  streams  from  Mont,  and  Wash, 
to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  8000-9000  ft. — Veta  Pass;  headwaters  of  Pass  Creek; 
near  Pagosa  Peak;  north  of  Steamboat  Springs. 

4.  Epilobium  occidentale  (Trelease)  Rydb.  ( E .  adenocaulon  occidental 
Trelease)  In  wet  ground  from  Mont,  and  Alb.  to  S.  D.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
5000-10,000  ft. — Caribou;  Boulder;  Van  Boxle’s  ranch  above  Cimarron. 

5.  Epilobium  adenocaulon  Haussk.  ( E .  coloratum  Torr. ;  not  Muhl.)  In 
swamps  and  wet  meadows  from  N.  B.  and  Wash,  to  Pa.,  Colo,  and  Nev. — 
Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Cheyenne  Mountain;  near  Empire;  Pagosa  Springs; 
Mountain  View;  Engelmann  Canon;  William’s  Canon;  Parlin,  Gunnison 
Co.;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Spring  Canon;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  South 
Park;  Ft.  Collins;  Grizzly  Creek;  Dark  Canon,  Pike’s  Peak;  Durango; 
South  Park;  Boulder. 

6.  Epilobium  rubescens  Rydb.  In  wet  places  of  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  9000  ft. — 
Pagosa  Springs;  Middle  Park;  Engelmann  Canon. 

7.  Epilobium  stramineum  Rydb.  In  wet  places  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Alt. 
8000-11,000  ft. — Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Chicken  Creek,  West  La  Plata 
Mountains ;  Bob  Creek,  west  of  Mt.  Hesperus ;  Idaho  Springs ;  near  Pagosa 
Peak;  Ruxton. 

8.  Epilobium  Drummondii  Haussk.  Along  brooks  from  Sask.  and  Wash, 
to  S.  D.  and  Colo. — Alt.  8000-9000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  South 
Park;  Van  Boxle’s  ranch,  above  Cimarron;  Sargent’s;  headwaters  of  Sangre 
de  Cristo  Creek;  Walton  Creek,  Routt  Co.;  summit  of  North  Park  Range, 
Larimer  Co. 

9.  Epilobium  alpinum  L.  On  mountain  sides  in  wet  places  from  Greenl. 
and  Alaska  to  N.  H.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  9000-11,000  ft. — Head  of  Bard 


EPILOBIACEAE. 


243 


Creek;  mountains  above  Ouray;  Cameron  Pass;  Front  Range,  Larimer  Co.; 
Gore  Pass ;  Chambers’  Lake ;  Graymont. 

10.  Epilobium  Hornemannii  Reichenb.  On  mountain  sides  in  wet  places, 
from  Greenl.  and  Alaska  to  N.  H.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — 
Near  Empire;  Mt.  Harvard;  head  of  Bard  Creek;  Marshall  Pass;  Cameron 
Pass ;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch ;  Estes  Park,  Larimer  Co. ; 
Silver  Plume;  Beaver  Creek;  Buffalo  Pass;  summit  of  North  Park  Range, 
Larimer  Co. 

11.  Epilobium  anagallifolium  Lam.  In  wet  soil  from  Lab.  and  Alaska  to 
Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  10,000-12,000  ft. — Caribou;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Silver 
Plume;  west  of  North  Park. 

12.  Epilobium  clavatum  Trelease.  On  alpine  peaks  from  Mont,  and  B.  C. 
to  Colo. — Summit  of  North  Park  Range,  Larimer  Co. 

13.  Epilobium  wyomingense  A.  Nels.  ( E .  palustris  albiUorum  Hook.)  In 
swamps  from  Sask.  and  Yukon  to  Colo. 

14.  Epilobium  lineare  Muhl.  In  swamps  from  N.  B.  and  B.  C.  to  Del., 
Ind.  Terr,  and  Colo. — New  Windsor. 

15.  Epilobium  paniculatum  Nutt.  In  sandy  soil  from  Alb.  and  B.  C.  to 
Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Gregory  Canon ;  headwaters  of  Clear 
Creek;  Ft.  Collins;  Doyle’s;  Marshall  Pass;  south  of  Ouray;  Cimarron; 
Ruxton  Park ;  Piedra ;  mountains,  Larimer  Co. ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  between 
Porter  and  Durango;  Gunnison  Co.;  gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon;  Steam¬ 
boat  Springs;  Boulder;  Elk  River,  Routt  Co.  * 

16.  Epilobium  adenocladon  (Haussk.)  Rydb.  ( E .  paniculatum  adenocladon 
Haussk.)  In  sandy  soil  from  S.  D.  and  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  5000- 
8500  ft. — Boulder;  southeast  of  Ouray;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Soldier  Canon; 
Cassel’s. 

3.  GAYOPHYTUM  Juss. 

Capsules  torulose,  less  than  3  times  as  long  as  the  stipes,  usually  more  or  less 
clavate. 

Petals  1. 5-2. s  mm.  long,  rose  with  yellow  base;  capsules  8-12  mm.  long, 
nearly  tiwce  as  long  as  the  stipes.  1.  G.  intermedium. 

Petals  about  1  mm.  long,  rose  or  white. 

Capsules  decidedly  clavate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  seldom  longer  than  the 
stipes,  spreading  or  reflexed.  2.  G.  ramosissimum. 

Capsules  only  slightly  if  at  all  clavate,  narrow,  usually  longer  than  the 
stipes  and  erect.  3.  G.  Nuttallii. 

Capsules  neither  torulose  not  clavate ;  stipes  very  short.  4.  G.  racemosum. 

1.  Gayophytum  intermedium  Rydb.  On  hillsides  in  sandy  soil  from  Mont, 
and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000^10,000  ft. — Caribou;  near  Empire; 
west  of  Ouray;  Chambers’  Lake;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch; 
Veta  Pass;  Ward,  Boulder  Co.;  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Boulder; 
North  Park;  Table  Rock. 

2.  Gayophytum  ramosissimum  T.  &  G.  On  hillsides,  especially  in  sandy 
soil,  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to  Colo.,  Ariz.  and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — 
Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Lake  City;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer 
Gulch;  Mt.  Harvard;  Veta  Pass;  Turkey  Creek  and  tributaries;  Pagosa 
Springs  ;  Calhan  ;  Rabbit-Ear  Pass ;  Los  Pinos ;  Black  Canon  ;  La  Veta  ;  Dillon ; 
Valley  Spur;  west  of  Ouray;  Baxter’s  ranch;  Chambers’  Lake;  Walton 
Creek;  Table  Rock;  Dolores;  gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon. 


244 


EPILOBIACEAE. 


3.  Gayophytum  Nuttallii  T.  &  G.  On  hillsides  from  S.  D.  and  Wash,  to 
Colo.,  Ariz.  and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-8000  ft. — Parlin,  Gunnison  Co. ;  foot-hills, 
Larimer  Co. 

4.  Gayophytum  racemosum  T.  &  G.  In  sandy  soil  from  Wyo.  and  Wash,  to 
Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-12,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Veta 
Pass ;  above  Mancos ;  along  the  Poudre. 

4.  ONAGRA  Adans.  Evening  Primrose. 

Hypanthium  slender,  2.5-5  cm.  long. 

Petals  1-2  cm.  long,  yellow ;  pubescence  rarely  hirsute. 

Plant  green;  capsule  3-4  cm.  long.  1.  O.  Oakesiana. 

Plant  grayish  strigose ;  capsule  2-3  cm.  long.  2.  O.  strigosa. 

Petals  2-3.5  cm.  long,  often  pinkish ;  plant  more  or  less  hirsute. 

3.  O.  Hookeri. 

Hypanthium  stout,  6-13  cm.  long.  4.  O.  Jamesii. 

1.  Onagra  Oakesiana  (A.  Gray)  Britton.  ( Oenothera  Oakesiana  A.  Gray) 
In  rich  valleys  from  Que.  and  S.  D.  to  N.  Y.  and  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  10,000  ft. — 
Salida;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Valley  Spur. 

2.  Onagra  strigosa  Rydb.  In  valleys  and  on  plains  from  Minn,  and  Wash, 
to  Kans.,  N.  M.  and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  Colorado  Springs; 
Gunnison ;  Elk  River,  Routt  Co. ;  Engelmann  Canon ;  Poudre  Canon ;  Gyp¬ 
sum;  soldier  Canon. 

3.  Onagra  Hookeri  (T.  &  G.)  Small.  ( Oenothera  Hookeri  T.  &  G. ;  0. 
biennis  hirsutissima  A.  Gray)  In  valleys  from  Ida.  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. ; 
also  Mex. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Black  Canon  of  Gunnison;  Canon  City, 
Fremont  Co.;  Pagosa  Springs;  Parrott  Post  Office;  west  of  Ouray;  Waha- 
toya  Creek;  Pike’s  Peak;  Durango;  along  Conejos  River  north  of  Antonito. 

4.  Onagra  Jamesii  (T.  &  G.)  Small.  ( Oenothera  Jamesii  T.  &  G.)  In 
dry  soil  from  Okl.  and  Utah  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — On  Platte  River  (?). 


5.  ANOGRA  Spach.  White  Evening  Primrose. 

Calyx  in  bud  merely  acutish  ;  tips  not  free. 

Capsule  divergent  or  reflexed.  1.  A.  violacea. 

Capsule  erect  or  ascending.  2.  A.  albicaulis. 

Calyx  in  bud  acuminate  or  acute  ;  tips  free. 

Capsule  linear-cylindric ;  throat  of  the  calyx  glabrous. 

Calyx  sparingly  long-hairy,  glandular-puberulent  or  glabrous,  not  strigose. 
Leaves  deeply  pinnatifid.  3.  A.  rhizomata. 

Leaves  subentire,  dentate  or  short-lobed. 

Capsules  strongly  ascending,  straight ;  leaves  linear,  entire  or  nearly  so, 
strigose  beneath.  4.  A.  Nuttallii. 

Capsules  divergent,  usually  curved  upwards ;  leaves  usually  denticulate 
or  sometimes  lobed. 

Leaves  glabrous,  except  the  margins.  5.  A.  Vreelandii. 

Leaves  pubescent  on  both  sides.  6.  A.  cinerea. 

Calyx  and  hypanthium  densely  grayish  strigose  ;  leaves  cinerous. 

7.  A.  latifolia. 

Capsules  oblong ;  throat  of  the  calyx  hairy ;  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid. 

8.  A.  coronopifolia. 

1.  Anogra  violacea  A.  Nels.  In  sandy  soil  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000- 
5500  ft. — Deer  River;  Palisades;  Hotchkiss. 


EPILOBIACEAE. 


245 


2.  Anogra  albicaulis  (Pursh)  Britton.  ( Oenothera  pinnatidda  Nutt.)  On 
hillsides  from  N.  D.  and  Mont,  to  Tex.  and  Sonora. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — 
Denver;  Ft.  Collins;  Rist  Canon;  river-bluffs  north  of  La  Veta;  Cucharas 
Valley  near  La  Veta;  Larimer  Co.;  McElmo  Canon;  Purgatory  River,  Trini¬ 
dad;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Palisades;  Grand  Junction,  mesa  across  Gunnison 
River;  Boulder;  Ft.  Collins. 

3.  Anogra  rhizomata  A.  Nels.  In  sandy  soil  in  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  about 
7500  ft. — Gunnison. 

4.  Anogra  Nuttallii  (Lindl.)  A.  Nels.  (O.  Nuttallii  Lindl.)  In  sandy  soil 
from  Minn,  and  Ida.  to  Colo. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Denver;  La  Porte;  Fossil 
Creek,  Larimer  Co.;  Grizzly  Creek;  Manitou;  Table  Rock;  Baxter’s  ranch; 
Colorado  Springs;  Boulder;  Buena  Vista;  Ivy  wild. 

5.  Anogra  Vreelandii  Rydb.  In  canons  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  6000  ft. — 
McElmo  Canon. 

6.  Anogra  cinerea  Rydb.  In  dry  soil  from  western  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  Colo. — 
Denver;  between  Bent’s  Fort  and  Pueblo. 

7.  Anogra  latifolia  Rydb.  ( Oenothera  pallida  latifolia  Rydb.)  On  sandy 
soil  from  Neb.  to  Colo,  and  Kans. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Gunnison;  Marshall 
Pass;  Sterling,  Logan  Co. 

8.  Anogra  coronopifolia  (T.  &  G.)  Britton.  On  prairies  and  plains  from  S. 
D.  and  Wyo.  to  Kans.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Cheyenne  Mountain ; 
Moon’s  ranch,  Larimer  Co.;  plains  west  of  Ft.  Collins;  Denver;  Clear  Creek 
Station ;  along  the  Platte ;  Pike’s  Peak ;  Idaho  Springs ;  Piedra ;  Mancos ; 
Cucharas  River  below  La  Veta;  Gunnison;  Manitou;  Buena  Vista;  Palmer 
Lake;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch;  North  Park;  Spring 
Canon;  Baxter’s  ranch;  road  to  Soldier  Canon;  vicinity  of  Pine  Grove; 
Estes  Park ;  Boulder ;  Como ;  Hayden. 

6.  PACHYLOPHUS  Spach. 

Plant  glabrous.  1.  P.  caespitosus. 

Plant  more  or  less  hairy. 

Hypanthium,  calyx  and  fruit  glabrous,  slightly  strigose  or  with  a  few  scat¬ 
tered  long  hairs. 

Tube  of  the  hypanthium  3-6  cm.  long ;  pubescence  (except  on  the  margins 
of  the  leaves)  short  and  usually  appressed.  2.  P.  montanus. 

Tube  of  hypanthium  6-12  mm.  long. 

Plant  acaulescent,  cespitose ;  pod  short  conic-ovoid,  with  very  thick  ridges. 

3.  P.  macroglottis. 

Plant  more  or  less  caulescent ;  pod  elongated  conic-ovoid,  with  low  ridges. 

4.  P.  caulescens. 

Hypanthium,  calyx  and  fruit  densely  hirsute. 

Pod  stipitate.  5.  P.  marginatus. 

Pod  sessile. 

Plant  acaulescent ;  ridges  of  the  fruit  slightly  tuberculate. 

6.  P.  hirsutus. 

Plant  more  or  less  caulescent ;  ridges  of  the  fruit  with  lobed,  more  or  less 
foliaceous  crests.  7.  P.  exiguus. 

1.  Pachylophus  caespitosus  (Nutt.)  Raim.  ( Oenothera  caespitosa  Nutt.) 
On  dry  hills  from  N.  D.  and  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — 
Grizzly  Creek;  foot  of  Horsetooth  Mountain. 


246 


EPILOBIACEAE. 


2.  Pachylophus  montanus  (Nutt.)  A.  Nels.  ( Oenothera  Montana  Nutt.) 
On  dry  hills  from  Ass.  and  Ida.  to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  up  to  7500  ft. — 
Mancos;  Palisade;  mesa  across  Gunnison  River  from  Grand  Junction;  Elk 
Canon;  Dillon  Canon,  Trinidad. 

3.  Pachylophus  macroglottis  Rydb.  On  hillsides  in  Colo. — Alt.  5000-10,000 
ft. — Red  Rock  Canon;  Turkey  Creek  and  tributaries;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.; 
Horsetooth  Gulch;  gulch  west  of  Pennock’s;  Narrows,  Poudre  Canon; 
Pennock’s  mountain  ranch ;  Dolores ;  Manitou ;  Hotchkiss ;  Pike’s  Peak ; 
butte,  5  miles  southwest  of  La  Veta;  Cerro  Summit;  Arboles;  Boulder. 

4.  Pachylophus  caulescens  Rydb.  On  hillsides  and  river  banks  in  Colo. — 
Alt.  4500-9000  ft. — Palisade,  bank  of  Grand  River;  Dolores. 

5.  Pachylophus  marginatus  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  ( Onothera  marginata  Nutt.; 
O.  idahoensis  Mulford)  On  hills  from  Ida.  and  Ore.  to  Utah  and  Colo. — 
Glenwood  Springs. 

6.  Pachylophus  hirsutus  Rydb.  On  hillsides  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Utah. 
— Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Empire;  above  Como,  South  Park;  Pennock’s  moun¬ 
tain  ranch;  Georgetown;  South  Park;  Ruxton;  near  Mancos;  Pike’s  Peak; 
mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 

7.  Pachylophus  exiguus  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Oenothera  exigua  A.  Gray) 
On  plains  from  Colo,  to  N.  Mex. — Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — Rocky  Ford,  bank  of 
Arkansas  River;  mesas  near  Pueblo;  Garden  of  the  Gods. 

7.  LAVAUXIA  Spach. 

Leaves  strigose-canescent.  1.  L.  brachycarpa. 

Leaves  green,  glabrous  or  puberulent  with  ciliate  margins.  2.  L.  Hava. 

1.  Lavauxia  brachycarpa  (A.  Gray)  Britton.  ( Oenothera  brachycarpa  A. 
Gray)  On  plains  from  Kans.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-6000 
ft. — Loveland;  Denver;  west  of  Ft.  Collins;  Ft.  Collins;  Fossil  Creek;  north 
of  La  Porte;  Tobe  Miller’s  ranch;  Boulder. 

2.  Lavauxia  flava  A.  Nels.  ( Oenothera  triloba  S.  Wats.,  in  part;  not  Nutt.) 
In  valleys  from  Ass.  and  Ore.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — 
Leadville;  North  Park;  Arboles;  Egeria  Park;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de 
Cristo  Creek;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch;  near  Parrott  Post 
Office;  Rabbit-Ear  Range;  Table  Rock;  Leroux  Creek;  Steamboat  Springs; 
north  of  La  Porte;  Alamosa. 


8.  GAURELLA  Small. 

1.  Gaurella  guttata  (Geyer)  Small.  ( Oenothera  canescens  Torr.)  On 
dry  plains  from  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Okl.  and  N.  Mex.— Purgatory  River. 

9.  GALPINSIA  Britton. 

1.  Galpinsia  lavandulaefolia  (T.  &  G.)  Small.  ( Onoethera  lav andulae folia 
T.  &  G.)  On  plains  and  prairies  from  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  Tex.  and  Mex.— 
Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — Mesas  near  Pueblo;  Grand  Junction. 


EPILOBIACEAE. 


247 


io.  MERIOLIX  Raf. 

Throat  of  the  hypanthium  dark-purple  within.  i.  M.  melano glottis. 

Throat  of  the  hypanthium  orange  within,  sometimes  with  a  darker  ring  at  the 
base  of  the  stamens.  2.  M.  serrulata. 

1.  Meriolix  melanoglottis  Rydb.  On  plains  from  Tex.  to  Colo. — “  Colo.,” 
exact  locality  not  given. 

2.  ^Meriolix  serrulata  (Nutt.)  Walp.  ( Oenothera  serrulata  Nutt.)  On 
plains  and  hills  from  Man.  and  Sask.  to  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — 
Boulder;  Denver;  first  range  of  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Ft.  Collins;  Palmer 
Lake;  Ouray;  Monument;  Manitou  Junction;  Pennock’s  mountain  ranch. 

11.  Taraxia  Nutt. 

Leaves  linear,  silky-hirsute.  1.  T.  gracilidora. 

Leaves  oblanceolate,  glabrous.  2.  T.  subacaulis. 

1.  Taraxia  graciliflora  (H.  &  A.)  Raim.  Hillsides  in  California.  One 
specimen  collected  by  Fremont  is  labeled  “  Arkansas  River,  above  Pueblo.” 
This  may  have  been  a  mistake  in  labeling,  as  the  species  is  not  known  east 
of  the  Great  Basin. 

2.  Taraxia  subacaulis  (Pursh)  Rydb.  ( Jussiaea  subacaulis  Pursh;  Oeno¬ 
thera  heterantha  Nutt.)  In  valleys  from  Mont,  and  Ida.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. 
— Steamboat  Springs. 


12.  SPHAEROSTIGMA  Nutt. 

Corolla  yellow,  turning  reddish  or  greenish ;  plant  hirsutulous  below ;  often 
glandular  above.  1.  S.  pubens. 

Corolla  white  or  rose-color ;  plant  stigulose  or  puberulent.  2.  S.  minutihorum. 

1.  Sphaerostigma  pubens  (S.  Wats.)  Rydb.  ( Oenothera  strigulosa  pubens 
S.  Wats.)  In  sandy  soil  from  Ida.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Arkansas 
River  above  Pueblo. 

2.  Sphaerostigma  minutiflora  (S.  Wats.)  Rydb.  ( Oenothera  allysoides 
minutiflora  S.  Wats.)  In  sandy  soil  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Grand 
Junction. 

13.  CHYLISMA  Nutt. 

1.  Chylisma  scapoidea  (Nutt.)  Small.  ( Oenothera  scapoidea  Nutt.)  In 
arid  soil  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  4500-7000  ft. — Palisade,  bank  of 
Grand  River;  Cimarron;  Grand  Junction;  Hotchkiss;  Canon  City. 

14.  STENOSIPHON  Spach. 

1.  Stenosiphon  linifolium  (Nutt.)  Britton.  (S.  virgatus  Spach.)  On  prai¬ 
ries  from  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Ark.,  Tex.  and  Mex. — Exact  locality  not  given. 

15.  GAURA  L. 

Anthers  oval,  attached  near  the  middle ;  fruit  fusiform,  sessile,  almost  equally 
8-ribbed.  1.  G.  parviflora. 

Anthers  linear  or  nearly  so,  attached  near  the  base ;  fruit  strongly  4-angled, 
at  least  above. 

Fruit  sessile,  broadly  fusiform ;  tall  biennials.  2.  G.  neo-mexicana. 

Fruit  prolonged  below  into  a  stipe-like  base. 


248 


EPILOBIACEAE. 


Stipe-like  base  slender;  fruit  fusiform;  tall  herbaceous  plants. 

3.  G.  coloradensis. 

Stipe-like  base  thick ;  body  of  the  fruit  pyramidal-ovoid ;  low  plants  with 
subligneous  base. 

Plants  more  or  less  pubescent. 

Stem  hirsute  as  well  as  strigose,  at  least  below.  4.  G.  coccinea. 

Stem  merely  strigose  or  glabrous  below. 

Leaves  canescent,  the  lower  usually  oblong  and  sinuately  toothed. 

5.  G.  marginata. 

Leaves  sparingly  strigose ;  all  linear  and  entire.  6  G.  parvifolia. 
Plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  except  the  strigose  hypanthium. 

7.  G.  glabra. 

1.  Gaura  parviflora  Dougl.  In  valleys  from  S.  D.  and  Wash,  to  La.  and 
Ariz. ;  also  Sonora. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Colorado  Springs ;  Cucharas  Valley, 
near  La  Veta;  Durango;  Ft.  Collins;  William’s  Canon;  Deer  River;  along 
the  Platte  River;  Boulder. 

2.  Gaura  neo-mexicana  Wooton.  In  valleys  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  about 
7000  ft. — Pagosa  Springs;  Piedra. 

3.  Gaura  coloradensis  Rydb.  On  hills  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Ft. 
Collins;  east  of  Poudre  and  east  of  College. 

4.  Gaura  coccinea  Nutt.  On  plains  and  prairies  from  Mont,  to  Tex.  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — Denver;  Pike’s  Peak;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.; 
mesas  near  Pueblo;  Ead’s;  Ft.  Collins;  Quimby;  Ouray;  Platte  River. 

5.  Gaura  marginata  Lehm.  On  plains  and  prairies  from  Man.,  Sask.  and 
Mont,  to  Kans.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  Walsenburg. 

6.  Gaura  parvifolia  Torr.  On  dry  plains  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000- 
7000  ft. — Durango;  Pueblo;  Colorado  Springs;  Ft.  Collins. 

7.  Gaura  glabra  Lehm.  On  plains  from  S.  D.  and  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Ariz. 
— Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Trail  Glen;  Gunnison;  Ft.  Collins;  Durango;  Boulder. 

16.  CIRCAEA  L.  Enchanter’s  Nightshade. 

Plant  1-2  dm.  high  ;  leaves  sharply  dentate,  usually  cordate  at  the  base 

1.  C.  alpina. 

Plant  3-6  dm.  high  ;  leaf-blades  sinuately  denticulate,  usually  truncate  or  rounded 
at  the  base.  2.  C.  pacifica. 

1.  Circaea  alpina  L.  (C.  pacifica  Coulter;  not  Aschers.  and  Magn.)  In 
moist  woods  from  Lab.  and  Alaska  to  Ga.  and  Colo. — Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — 
Green  Mountain  Falls ;  Estes  Park,  Larimer  Co. ;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ; 
gulch,  Soldier  Canon;  vicinity  of  Pine  Grove;  Stove  Prairie  Hill;  Rist 
Canon ;  Bosworth’s  ranch,  Stove  Prairie. 

2.  Circaea  pacifica  Ach.  &  Magn.  In  wet  woods  from  Mont,  and  Wash, 
to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Locality  not  given ;  probably  doubtful. 


Family  97.  GUNNERACEAE  Endl.  Water  Milfoil  Family. 

Stamen  1;  ovary  i-celled;  leaves  entire.  1.  Hippurus. 

Stamens  4-8 ;  ovary  4-celled,  splitting  into  4  nutlets ;  at  least  the  submerged 
leaves  pinnatifid.  2.  Myriophyllum. 


GUNNERACEAE. 


249 


i.  HIPPURUS  L.  Mare’s-tail,  Bottle-brush. 

i.  Hippurus  vulgaris  L.  In  water  from  Greenl.  and  Alaska  to  Mich.,  N.  M. 
and  Calif. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Ironton  Park,  9  miles  south  of  Ouray; 
Gunnison;  Laramie  River  near  Colorado  line;  Wahatoya  Creek;  Hamor’s 
Lake  above  Durango ;  Hotchkiss. 

2.  MYRIOPHYLLUM  L.  Water- milfoil. 

1.  Myriophyllum  spicatum  L.  In  water  from  Newf.,  Sask.  and  Ida.  to 
Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  up  to  8000  ft.- — Gunnison. 

Order  38.  UMBELLALES. 

Fruit  drupaceous  or  baccate ;  gynoecium  i-several-carpellary ;  if  2-carpellary, 
stigmas  introrse. 

Ovule  with  a  ventral  raphe ;  leaves  mostly  alternate ;  blades  lobed  or  compound. 

98.  Hederaceae. 

Ovule  with  a  dorsal  raphe ;  leaves  mostly  opposite ;  blades  entire  or  merely 
toothed.  99.  Cornaceae. 

Fruit  dry,  a  cremocarp ;  gynoecium  2-carpellary;  stigmas  terminal. 

100.  Ammiaceae. 

Family  98.  HEDERACEAE  L.  Ivy  Family. 

1.  ARALIA  L.  Wild  Sarsaparilla. 

1.  Aralia  nudicaulis  L.  In  woods  from  Newf.  and  Ida.  to  N.  C.,  Mo.  and 
Colo. — Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Mountains  of  Estes  Park,  Larimer  Co. ;  mountains, 
Larimer  Co. ;  north  of  Cheyenne  Canon ;  Engelmann’s  Canon ;  Colorado 
Springs;  Jack  Brook;  Boulder. 

Family  99.  CORNACEAE  Link.  Dogwood  Family. 

Flowers  in  open  cymes,  not  subtended  by  an  involucre;  shrubs.  i.  Svida. 
Flowers  in  a  head  or  umbel  subtended  by  a  large  white  involucre  ;  herbs. 

2.  CORNELLA. 

1.  SVIDA  Opis.  Dog-wood,  Cornel. 

Young  branches  and  inflorescence  villous.  i.  V.  interior. 

Young  branches  appressed  strigose  or  nearly  glabrous.  2.  S.  stolonifera  riparia. 

1.  Svida  interior  Rydb.  On  river  banks  in  Neb.,  S.  D.,  Wyo.  and  Colo. 
— Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Colorado  Springs;  Canon  City;  Meeker;  Walsenburg; 
gulch  west  of  Pennock’s. 

2.  Svida  stolonifera  riparia  Rydb.  On  river  banks  from  Man.,  Mackenzie 
and  Alaska  to  Neb.,  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Lake  City;  Ouray; 
6  miles  below  Hot  Sulphur  Springs;  Walsenburg;  Minnehaha;  Upper  La 
Plata  Canon;  Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  Pass  Creek;  Ft.  Collins;  Crystal 
Creek;  Redstone;  Gunnison;  Mancos ;  Turkey  Creek  and  tributaries;  Par- 
lin,  Gunnison  Co. ;  gulch  south  of  Rist  Canon ;  Bosworth’s  ranch ;  near 
Narrows  of  Cache  la  Poudre ;  gulch  west  of  Pennock’s ;  Stove  Prairie. 

2.  CORNELLA  Rydb.  Bunch-berry,  Dwarf  Cornel. 

1.  Cornelia  canadensis  (L.)  Rydb.  ( Cornus  canadensis  L.)  In  woods 
from  Lab.  and  Alaska  to  N.  J.,  Minn.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — North  Park. 


250 


AMMIACEAE. 


Family  ioo.  AMMIACEAE  Presl.  Carrot  Family. 


Fruit  bristly  or  spiny. 

Fruit  subglobose,  covered  with  hooked  spines;  leaves  palmately  divided. 

i.  Sanicula. 

Fruit  linear  or  linear-oblanceolate,  attenuate  at  the  base,  bristly  on  the  angles; 
leaves  twice  to  thrice  ternate.  2.  Washingtonia. 

Fruit  neither  spiny  nor  bristly. 

Fruit  not  strongly  flattened  dorsally,  usually  more  or  less  laterally  flattened. 
Oil-tubes  obsolete  in  the  mature  fruit,  which  is  linear ;  leaves  twice  or  thrice 
ternate.  3.  Glycosma. 

Oil-tubes  present. 

Oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals ;  petals  white. 

Stylopodium  conical. 

Divisions  of  the  leaves  linear  to  filiform ;  ribs  of  the  fruit  filiform. 

4.  Carum. 

Divisions  of  the  leaves  lanceolate ;  ribs  of  the  fruit  thick  obtuse  wings. 

5.  Cicuta. 


Stylopodium  flat  or  wanting ;  petals  yellow. 

Ribs  broad  and  corky. 

Dwarf  cespitose  alpine  subacaulescent  plants ;  fruit  not  tuberculate. 

6.  Oreoxis. 

Tall  plants,  3  dm.  high  or  more;  fruit  tuberculate-roughened. 

7.  Harbouria. 

Ribs  not  corky. 

Tall  and  branching,  leafy-stemmed  plants  with  broad  leaf-divisions; 

ribs  inconspicuous.  8.  Zizia. 

Acaulescent  and  cespitose  plants ;  ribs  of  the  fruit  prominent. 

9.  Aletes. 


Oil-tubes  more  than  one  in  the  intervals. 

Stylopodium  conical. 

Fruit  round,  with  globose  carpels  and  very  slender  inconspicuous  ribs. 

10.  Berula. 


Fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  with  prominent  equal  ribs. 

11.  Ligusticum. 


Stylopodium  flat  or  wanting. 

Seed-face  sulcate  or  decidedly  concave. 

Ribs  filiform.  ‘  12.  Musenion. 

Ribs  with  broad  thin  wings.  13.  Aulospermum. 

Seed-face  plane  or  but  slightly  concave. 

Ribs  all  conspicuously  winged. 

Leaves  pinnate  with  short  crowded  and  more  or  less  confluent 
segments ;  flowers  usually  purple  or  white. 

14.  Phellopterus. 

Leaves  ternate-pinnate  with  short  linear  and  pungent  segments ; 
flowers  usually  yellow.  15.  Pteryxia. 

Ribs  not  winged. 

Lateral  ribs  thick  and  corky ;  the  dorsal  ones  filiform. 

16.  Orogenia. 


Ribs  all  corky  and  equally  prominent. 

Plant  tall  and  leafy ;  oil-tubes  never  present  in  the  dorsal  ribs. 

17.  SlUM. 

Plant  low,  acaulescent ;  oil-tubes  present  in  the  dorsal  ribs. 

6.  Oreoxis. 

Fruit  strongly  flattened  dorsally,  with  the  lateral  ribs  more  or  less  promi¬ 
nently  winged. 

.  Stylopodium  present. 

Stylopodium  conical. 

Plant  glabrous  with  linear  to  lanceolate  leaf-segments. 

Sepals  evident ;  leaves  in  our  species  simply  pinnate ;  oil-tubes  solitary 
in  the  intervals.  18.  Oxypolis. 


AMMIACEAE. 


251 


Sepals  obsolete ;  leaves  in  ours  three  to  four  times  compound ;  oil- 
tubes  2  or  more  in  the  lateral  intervals.  19.  Conioselinum. 

Plant  villous ;  leaves  ternate  with  rounded-cordate,  lobed  leaflets  ;  sepals 
obsolete.  20.  Heracleum. 

Stylopodium  depressed. 

Dorsal  ribs  prominent  or  winged. 

Plant  caulescent,  branched ;  sepals  mostly  obsolete ;  petals  white. 

21.  Angelica. 

Plant  acaulescent  or  nearly  so  ;  sepals  evident ;  petals  in  most  yellow. 

22.  Cynomarathrum. 

Dorsal  wings  filiform ;  petals  yellow ;  sepals  obsolete ;  plant  caulescent. 

23.  Pastinaca. 

Stylopodium  wanting ;  plant  acaulescent  or  nearly  so. 

Lateral  wings  of  the  fruit  thin.  24.  Lomatium. 

Lateral  wings  of  the  fruit  thick. 

Dorsal  ribs  very  prominent  or  winged.  25.  Pseudocymopterus. 

Dorsal  ribs  filiform. 

Dwarf  plants  with  pinnate  or  bipinnate  leaves  and  conspicuous  in- 
volucels.  26.  Cymopterus. 

Tall  and  stout  plants  with  three  or  four  times  compound  leaves  and 
involucels  of  small  bractlets.  27.  Leptotaenia. 

1.  SANICULA  L.  Snake-root. 

1.  Sanicula  marilandica  L.  In  rich  woods  from  Newf.  and  Wash,  to  Ga. 
and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-6500  ft. — Pike’s  Peak ;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  mouth 
of  Cheyenne  Canon;  Spring  Canon;  Pennock’s  mountain  ranch;  Dixon  Canon. 

2.  WASHINGTONIA  Raf.  Sweet  Cicely. 

Involucels  of  several  bractlets.  1.  W.  longistylis. 

Involucels  lacking  or  of  a  single  small  bractlet.  2.  W.  obtusa. 

1.  Washingtonia  longistylis  (Torr.)  Britton.  {Osmorrhiza  longistylis  Torr.) 
In  woods  and  copses  from  N.  Sc.  and  Ass.  to  Ga.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-6000 
ft. — Foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  Buckthorn  Creek,  Larimer  Co. 

2.  Washingtonia  obtusa  C.  &  R.  ( Osmorrhiza  nuda  Porter;  not  Torr.) 

In  woods  from  Alb.  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-12,000  ft. — South  Chey¬ 
enne  Canon;  Rifle,  Garfield  Co.;  headwaters  of  Pass  Creek;  four  miles  west 

of  Cameron  Pass;  Cedar  Edge;  Jack  Brook;  Upper  West  Mancos  Canon; 

near  La  Plata  Post  Office;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  near 
Pagosa  Peak;  Wahatoya  Canon;  Pennock’s  mountain  ranch;  gulch  east 
of  Stove  Prairie;  above  Beaver  Creek;  Rabbit-Ear  Range. 

3.  GLYCOSMA  Nutt. 

1.  Glycosma  occidentalis  Nutt.  ( Osmorrhiza  occidental is  Torr.)  On  hill¬ 
sides  and  valleys  from  Alb.  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  up  to  10,000 
ft. — Mountains  north  of  Bear  River  below  Steamboat  Springs,  Routt  Co. ; 
Bob  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains ;  Rabbit-Ears,  Larimer  Co. 

4.  CARUM  L.  Caraway. 

Leaves  twice  pinnately  divided.  1.  C.  Carui. 

Leaves  once  pinnately  divided.  2.  C.  Gairdneri. 

1.  Carum  Carui  L.  Escaped  from  cultivation,  in  waste  places  from  Newf. 
and  Mont,  to  Pa.  and  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  9500  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  mountains 
between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 


252 


AMMIACEAE. 


2.  Carum  Gairdneri  (H.  &  A.)  A.  Gray.  In  valleys  from  Alb.  and  Wash,  to 
Colo.,  Ariz.  and  Calif. — Steamboat  Springs ;  near  Bear  River,  above  Hayden, 
Routt  Co. 

5.  CICUTA  L.  Water  Hemlock,  Musquash  Root. 

1.  Cicuta  occidentals  Greene.  ( C .  maculata  Coulter;  not  L.)  In  water 
and  wet  meadows  from  N.  D.  and  Ida.  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. 
— Trinidad;  Iola;  Pagosa  Springs;  Ft.  Collins;  Wahatoya  Creek. 

6.  OREOXIS  Raf. 

Involucels  linear,  entire. 

Oil-tubes  more  than  one  in  the  intervals;  plant  glabrous.  1.  O.  humilis. 

Oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals ;  plant  usually  puberulent.  2.  O.  alpina. 
Involucels  ovate  or  lanceolate,  toothed.  3.  O.  Bakeri. 

1.  Oreoxis  humilis  Raf.  On  the  higher  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt.  11,000-13,000 
ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  Bear  Creek  Divide;  West  La  Plata  Mountains;  Mount 
Garfield. 

2.  Oreoxis  alpina  (A.  Gray)  C.  &  R.  ( Cymopterus  alpinus  A.  Gray)  On 
the  higher  peaks  of  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  10,000-12,000  ft. — Georgetown; 
headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Gray’s  Peak;  mountains  above  Boreas;  mountain 
near  Veta  Pass;  Mount  Ouray;  Bob  Creek  Divide,  West  La  Plata  Mountains; 
above  Beaver  Creek;  Cameron  Pass;  Berthoud  Pass. 

3.  Oreoxis  Bakeri  C.  &  R.  On  the  higher  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt.  10,000-13,000 
ft. — Alpine  Tunnel;  Mt.  Hayden;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  West  Spanish  Peak; 
Mount  Ouray. 

7.  HARBOURIA  C.  &  R. 

1.  Harbouria  trachy pleura  (A.  Gray)  C.  &  R.  ( Cicuta  trachypleura  S. 
Wats.)  In  mountains  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Foot-hills 
near  Golden;  Bosworth’s  ranch,  Stove  Prairie;  foot-hills  west  of  Ft.  Collins; 
foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  Rist  Canon ;  Howe’s  Gulch ;  gulch 
west  of  Pennock’s;  west  of  Soldier  Canon;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and 
Ward;  Boulder;  Empire. 

8.  ZIZIA  Koch.  Meadow  Parsnip,  Alexanders. 

1.  Zizia  cordata  (Walt.)  Koch.  In  wet  meadows  and  woods  from  Conn., 
Sask.  and  Wash,  to  Ga.,  Ala.  and  Utah. — South  Park;  Pinkham  Creek, 
Larimer  Co. 

9.  ALETES  C.  &  R. 

Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves ;  branches  of  the  umbels  short. 

Leaflets  rounded-obovate  in  outline;  their  teeth  ovate.  1.  A.  obovata. 

Leaflets  rhombic-cuneate  in  outline,  incised-toothed  with  lanceolate  acuminate 
teeth.  2.  A.  acaulis. 

Peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  branches  of  the  umbels  nearly  as  long  as 
the  peduncles.  3.  A.  humilis. 

1.  Aletes  obovata  Rydb.  On  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. — 
Golden ;  Lower  Boulder  Canon,  Boulder  Co. ;  near  Morrison. 

2.  Aletes  acaulis  (Torr.)  C.  &  R.  ( Dezveya  acaulis  Torr. ;  Carum  Hallii 
S.  Wats.)  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  up  to  10,000  ft. — Near 
Morrison;  South  Table  Mountain;  Golden;  gulch  south  of  Boulder;  moun¬ 
tains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 


AMMIACEAE. 


253 


3.  Aletes  humilis  C.  &  R.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Dale  Creek,  Larimer 
Co. 

10.  BERULA  Hoffm.  Cut-leaved  Water  Parsnip. 

1.  Berula  erecta  (Huds.)  Coville.  ( B .  angustifolia  Koch)  In  water  from 
Ills.,  Minn,  and  B.  C.  to  Tex.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Ft.  Collins; 
Poudre  flats ;  Boulder. 


11.  LIGUSTICUM  L.  Lovage,  Angelica. 

Leaves  twice  or  thrice  compound ;  first  divisions  ternate. 

Stem  leafy ;  divisions  of  the  leaves  not  filiform. 

Leaves  thin,  dark  green.  1.  L.  Porteri. 

Leaves  thicker,  pale  green.  2.  L.  affine. 

Plant  subscapose  or  with  a  single  leaf ;  ultimate  divisions  of  the  leaves  linear- 
filiform.  3.  L.  tenuifolium. 

Leaves  once  pinnate ;  plant  scapose.  4.  L.  Eastwoodii. 

1.  Ligusticum  Porteri  C.  &  R.  In  mountain  woods  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M. 
and  Ariz. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Lake  City ;  near  La  Plata  Post  Office ;  Engel- 
mann  Canon ;  Georgetown ;  headwaters  of  Pass  Creek ;  headwaters  of  Sangre 
de  Cristo  Creek;  Turkey  Creek  and  tributaries;  Veta  Mountain;  Mirror  Lake; 
near  Pagosa  Peak;  Columbine;  Cerro  Summit;  Crested  Butte;  mountains 
west  of  Steamboat  Springs ;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 

2.  Ligusticum  affine  A.  Nels.  Open,  moist  hillsides  in  Wyo.  and  Colo. — 
Summit  of  North  Park  Range,  Larimer  Co. 

3.  Ligusticum  tenuifolium  S.  Wats.  In  mountain  woods  from  Ida.  and  Ore. 
to  Colo. — Middle  Park;  South  Park. 

4.  Ligusticum  Eastwoodii  C.  &  R.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  S. 
Wyo. — Alt.  10,000-11,000  ft. — Mountains  above  Ouray;  Bear  Creek  Divide; 
Pagosa  Peak;  Keblar  Pass;  La  Plata  Mountains. 

12.  MUSENION  Raf. 

Fruit  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulent.  1.  M.  divaricatum. 

Fruit  strongly  scabrous  puberulent.  2.  M.  angustifolium. 

1.  Musenion  divaricatum  (Pursh)  C.  &  R.  In  dry  ground  from  Ass.  and 
Alb.  to  S.  D.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — North  Denver;  outside  of  Dixon 
Canon;  north  of  La  Porte;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Spring  Canon;  west 
of  Loveland;  Boulder. 

2.  Musenion  angustifolium  Nutt.  In  arid  valleys  in  hard  ground  of  Ass. 
and  Alb.  to  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Plains  near  Denver. 

13.  AULOSPERMUM  C.  &  R. 

Clusters  of  leaves  and  peduncles  borne  at  the  summit  of  a  more  or  less  elongated 
stem. 

Corolla  yellow. 

Rachis  of  the  primary  leaf-segments  dilated ;  secondary  segments  confluent, 
broad,  toothed  or  merely  cleft.  1.  A.  longipes. 

Rachis  of  the  primary  leaf-segments  not  dilated ;  secondary  segments  distinct, 
finely  dissected  into  small  oblong  lobes.  2.  A.  angustum. 

Corolla  purple.  3.  A.  planosum. 

Leaves  clustered  at  the  base  ;  plant  acaulescent.  4.  A.  purpureum. 


254 


AMMIACEAE. 


1.  Aulospermum  longipes  (S.  Wats.)  C.  &  R.  ( Cymopterus  longipes  S. 
Wats.)  In  dry  soil  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Yampa  River. 

2.  Aulospermum  angustum  Osterhout.  In  dry  places  of  Colo.— Steamboat 
Springs;  Hayden. 

3.  Aulospermum  planosum  Osterhout.  In  dry  places  of  Colo. — Minturn ; 
Steamboat  Springs. 

4.  Aulospermum  purpureum  (S.  Wats.)  C.  &  R.  ( Cymopterus  purpureus 

S.  Wats.)  In  dry  places  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt. 
6000-7000  ft. — Mancos ;  Cimarron ;  Durango ;  Ridgway. 

14.  PHELLOPTERUS  Nutt. 

Peduncles,  even  in  fruit,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  fruit  6-8  mm.  long. 

1.  P.  montanus. 

Peduncles,  at  least  in  fruit,  equalling  or  exceeding  the  leaves ;  fruit  over  8  mm. 
long. 

Involucels  1-3-nerved.  2.  P.  purpurascens. 

Involucels  5-9-nerved.  3.  P.  camporum. 

1.  Phellopterus  montanus  Nutt.  ( Cymopterus  montanus  T.  &  G.)  In  dry 
places  from  S.  D.  and  Wyo.  to  Ark.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Colorado 
Springs;  Ft.  Collins;  Pueblo;  New  Windsor;  Denver. 

2.  Phellopterus  purpurascens  (A.  Gray)  C.  &  R.  ( Cymopterus  montanus 
purpurascens  A.  Gray)  In  dry  places  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. 
— In  Colorado  it  is  represented  only  by  the  var.  Eastwoodiae  (Jones)  C.  &  R. 
which  is  more  robust,  with  more  open  inflorescence  and  narrower  wings  to 
the  fruit. — Alt.  6000-8000  ft. — Hermosa ;  Mancos  ;  Cerro  Summit. 

3.  Phelopterus  camporum  Rydb.  Dry  mesas  of  S.  Colo. — Alt.  about  5000 
ft. — Mesas  near  Pueblo. 

15.  PTERYXIA  Nutt. 

1.  Pteryxia  foeniculacea  Nutt.  ( Cymopterus  foeniculaceus  T.  &  G.)  In 
dry  places  from  Ida.  and  Wash,  to  Colo.,  Utah  and  Ore. — Alt.  about  8500  ft. — 
Columbine ;  Steamboat  Springs. 

16.  OROGENIA  S.  Wats.  Turkey  Pea. 

1.  Orogenia  linearifolia  S.  Wats.  On  mountain  ridges  from  Ida.  and  Wash, 
to  Colo,  and  Ore. — Mancos ;  Rabbit-Ears,  Routt  Co. ;  Steamboat  Springs. 

17.  SIUM  L.  Water  Parsnip. 

1.  Sium  cicutaefolium  Gmelin.  In  water  from  Newf.  and  Mackenzie  to 
Va.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Parlin,  Gunnison  Co. ;  Gunnison ;  San 
Luis  Valley. 

18.  OXYPOLIS  Raf. 

1.  Oxypolis  Fendleri  (A.  Gray)  Heller.  ( Archemora  Fendleri  A.  Gray) 
Along  brooks  and  in  springy  places  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M. — Alt.  8000-11,000  ft. 
— Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Upper  Corral  Creek;  Idaho  Springs;  Marshall 
Pass;  Ruby;  Robinson;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  East  Indian  Creek;  mountain 
near  Veta  Pass;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Grayback  mining 


AMMIACEAE. 


255 


camps  and  Placer  Gulch ;  Cameron  Pass ;  headwaters  of  Pass  Creek ;  Bob 
Creek ;  Gypsum  Creek  Canon,  Eagle  Co. ;  Beaver  Creek ;  Berthoud  Pass ; 
between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 


19.  CONIOSELINUM  Hoof.  Hemlock  Parsnip. 

1.  Conioselinum  scopulorum  (A.  Gray)  C.  &  R.  ( Ligusticum  scopulorum  A. 
Gray)  In  mountain  wood  from  Colp.  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  7000-11,000 
ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  near  Empire;  Ironton  Park,  9  miles  south 
of  Ouray;  Robinson;  Red  Mountain  road  south  of  Ouray;  Alpine  Tunnel; 
Marshall  Pass ;  mountains,  Larimer  Co. ;  Crested  Butte ;  Cumbres ;  Rabbit- 
Ear  Pass;  Palmer  Lake;  Breckenridge ;  canon  west  of  Palmer  Lake;  Elk 
Canon;  Ouray;  Empire. 


20.  HERACLEUM  L. 

1.  Heracleum  lanatum  Michx.  In  wet  ground  from  Vt.  and  Alaska  to 
N.  C.  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Ruxton  Brook;  west  of  Ouray;  Gun¬ 
nison  ;  Pagosa  Springs ;  north  Cheyenne  Canon ;  Ft.  Collins ;  Mancos ;  Baxter’s 
ranch;  along  the  Poudre;  between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 

21.  ANGELICA  L.  Angelica. 

Oil-tubes  mostly  solitary  in  the  intervals,  not  continuous  around  the  seed ; 
rays  of  the  umbels  ascending. 

Involucels  of  many-lanceolate,  long-acuminate  bractlets.  1.  A.  Grayi. 

Involucels  none,  or  a  few  linear-subulate  or  filiform  bractlets.  2.  A.  pinnata. 
Oil-tubes  continuous  around  the  seeds  ;  rays  of  the  umbels  widely  spreading. 

3.  A.  ampla. 

1.  Angelica  Grayi  C.  &  R.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  S.  Wyo. — Alt. 
9000-13,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Pike’s  Peak;  Silver  Plume; 
near  Pagosa  Peak ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Little  Kate  Basin,  La  Plata  Mountains ; 
Graymont;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Keblar  Pass;  Boreas;  Beaver  Creek. 

2.  Angelica  pinnata  S.  Wats.  In  wet  meadows  from  Alb.  to  N.  M.  and 
Utah. — Alt.  7000-8500  ft. — Gunnison  Co. ;  Squaw  Hill  above  Cimarron ; 
Empire. 

3.  Angelica  ampla  A.  Nels.  In  wet  meadows  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
about  7000  ft. — Cheyenne  Mountain ;  north  of  Cheyenne  Canon ;  southeast  of 
Jefferson,  South  Park. 


22.  CYNOMARATHRUM  Nutt. 

1.  Cynomarathrum  Eastwoodii  C.  &  R.  Low  plains  of  western  Colo. — 
Grand  Junction;  Mesa  County. 

23.  PASTINACA  L.  Parsnip. 

1.  Pastinaca  sativa  L.  Cultivated  and  escaped  around  dwellings  from  Vt. 
and  Wash,  to  Fla.  and  Calif. — Boulder. 


256 


AMMIACEAE. 


24.  LOMATIUM  C.  &  R. 

Plants  slender  with  thick  rounded  corms ;  corolla  yellow.  1.  L.  leptocarpum. 
Plant  generally  stouter  from  a  thickened  root  or  rootstock,  rarely  corm-like. 
Bractlets  lanceolate,  oblong  or  linear ;  corolla  white. 

Bractlets  scarious-margined,  as  well  as  the  whole  plant  puberulent  or  rarely 
glabrate.  2.  L.  orientale. 

Bractlets  not  scarious-margined,  villous.  3.  L.  macrocarpum. 

Bractlets  of  the  involucels  none  or  very  few,  linear  or  subulate ;  corolla  yellow. 
Leaves  finely  dissected  with  numerous  small  divisions.  4.  L.  Grayi. 

Leaves  once  to  thrice  ternate  with  comparatively  large  divisions. 

5.  L.  platycarpum. 

1.  Lomatium  leptocarpum  (Nutt.)  C.  &  R.  ( Peucedanum  leptocarpum 
Nutt.)  On  plains  and  hillsides  from  Ida.  and  Ore.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — 
Steamboat  Springs. 

2.  Lomatium  orientale  C.  &  R.  ( Peucedanum  nudicaule  Nutt.,  mainly)  On 
dry  plains  from  S.  D.,  Mont,  and  Ida.  to  Kans.,  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000- 
8000  ft. — Plains  near  Denver;  foot-hills  west  of  Ft.  Collins;  mountains, 
Larimer  Co. ;  Calhan ;  vicinity  of  Horsetooth ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  Dixon 
Canon ;  Empire. 

3.  Lomatium  macrocarpum  (Nutt.)  C.  &  R.  ( Peucedanum  macrocarpum 
Nutt.)  Dry  hills  and  plains  from  Sask.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — 
Egeria  Park,  Routt  County. 

4.  Lomatium  Grayi  C.  &  R.  On  dry  plains  and  hills  from  Wyo.  and 
Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Ore. — Alt.  up  to  7000  ft. — Mancos;  Durango;  Los  Pinos; 
Glenwood  Springs. 

5.  Lomatium  platycarpum  (Torr.)  C.  &  R.  ( Peucedanum  simplex  Nutt.) 
On  hillsides  from  Alb.  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Ore. — Alt.  6000-8000  ft. — 
Above  Mancos;  Mancos;  Cerro  Summit;  Glenwood  Springs;  Fort  Lewis. 

25.  PSEUDOCYMOPTERUS  C.  &  R. 

Plant  more  or  less  caulescent ;  leaves  thin. 

Petals  yellow. 

Ultimate  divisions  or  teeth  of  the  leaves  short,  ovate  to  lanceolate ;  leaves 
ovate  in  outline.  1.  P.  montanus. 

Ultimate  divisions  of  the  leaves  linear,  elongated. 

Leaves  ovate  in  outline,  at  least  the  basal  ones.  2.  P.  sylvaticus. 

Leaves,  at  least  the  basal  ones,  broadly  rhombic  in  outline. 

Plant  slender ;  leaves  mostly  twice  compound  with  very  long  and  few 
divisions.  3.  P.  tenuifolius. 

Plant  low ;  leaves  thrice  pinnate  with  shorter,  crowded  numerous 
divisions.  4.  P.  multiddus. 

Petals  purple.  5.  P.  purpureus. 

Plants  acaulescent  with  thick  or  firm  leaves. 

Primary  divisions  of  the  leaves  once  or  twice  dissected  with  narrowly  linear 
divisions.  6.  P.  anisatus. 

Primary  divisions  broad,  cuneate-flabellate,  cleft  and  toothed  with  short  ovate 
or  lanceolate  teeth.  7.  P.  aletifolius. 

1.  Pseudocymopterus  montanus  (A.  Gray)  C.  &  R.  ( Ligusticum  mon- 
tanum  B.  &  H.)  In  mountain  woods  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt. 
8000-12,500  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek ;  Clear  Creek  Canon ;  Cumbres ; 
Cumberland  Basin,  La  Plata  Mountains ;  Los  Pinos ;  hills  above  Mancos ; 
West  Indian  Creek;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Canon;  Cameron  Pass;  Alpine  Tunnel; 


AMMIACEAE. 


257 


Idaho  Springs;  Larimer  Co.;  Ironton  Park,  9  miles  south  of  Ouray;  moun¬ 
tain  near  Veta  Pass;  Pass  Creek;  Piedra;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Gore  Pass; 
Rico;  Leroux  Creek,  Delta  Co. 

2.  Pseudocymopterus  sylvaticus  A.  Nels.  In  woods  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — 
Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Gulch,  Mt.  Harvard ;  Clear  Creek  Canon  near  George¬ 
town ;  Keblar  Pass;  Pike’s  Peak;  Veta  Pass;  Hahn’s  Peak;  mountains,  Lari¬ 
mer  Co.;  West  Indian  Creek;  Turkey  Creek  and  tributaries;  Veta  Mountain; 
Seven  Lakes ;  Bosworth’s ;  William’s  Canon  above  Manitou ;  above  Beaver 
Creek;  Dillon  Canon;  Empire;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 

3.  Pseudocymopterus  tenuifolius  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Thaspium  montanum 
tenuifolium  A.  Gray)  In  mountain  woods  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — 
Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Engelmann  Canon;  William’s  Canon;  Minnehaha;  East 
Indian  Creek;  Lake  City;  vicinity  of  Como. 

4.  Pseudocymopterus  multifidus  Rydb.  (P.  montanus  multiddus  Rydb.) 
In  mountain  woods  of  Colo. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Lake  City;  Ironton,  San 
Juan  Co.;  Wahatoya  Canon;  Ironton  Park,  9  miles  south  of  Ouray;  Seven 
Lakes. 

5.  Pseudocymopterus  purpureus  (C.  &  R.)  Rydb.  (P.  montanus  purpureus 
C.  &  R.)  In  the  mountains  of  Colo.,  Utah,  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  about  11,500 
ft. — Mt.  Ouray;  Garfield. 

6.  Pseudocymopterus  anisatus  (A.  Gray)  C.  &  R.  ( Cymopterus  anisatus  A. 
Gray)  On  mountains  among  rocks  from  Wyo.  and  Nev.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — ■ 
Alt.  9000-11,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Ute  Pass,  Colorado  Springs; 
Silver  Plume;  Little  Veta  Mountain;  West  Spanish  Peak. 

7.  Pseudocymopterus  aletifolius  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  among 
rocks. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Minnehaha ;  Cheyenne  Mountain. ;  Pike’s  Peak ; 
Ruxton;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Manitou;  South  Cheyenne  Canon. 

26.  CYMOPTERUS  Raf. 

Umbels  dense,  globular ;  petals  white ;  involucre  wanting. 

Ultimate  divisions  of  the  leaves  linear  or  linear-oblong,  acutish. 

1.  C.  acaulis. 

Ultimate  divisions  of  the  leaves  short,  broadly  oblong,  obtuse. 

2.  C.  Parryi , 

Umbels  open;  petals  yellow;  involucre  present,  although  often  a  mere  vestige. 
Divisions  of  the  leaves  narrow.  3.  C.  Fendleri. 

Divisions  of  the  leaves  broad.  4.  C.  N ewberryi. 

1.  Cymopterus  acaulis  (Pursh)  Rydb.  (C.  glomeratus  DC.;  C.  campestris 
T.  &  G.)  In  dry  arid  places  from  N.  D.  and  Ass.  to  Ark.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
4000-8000  ft. — Larimer  Co.;  Walsenburg;  plains  near  Denver;  mesas  near 
Pueblo;  Cucharas  Valley  near  La  Veta;  butte  5  miles  southwest  of  La  Veta; 
Ft.  Collins ;  Poudre  River. 

2.  Cymopterus  Parryi  (C.  &  R.)  Jones.  ( Coloptera  Parryi  C.  &  R.)  In 
dry  places  from  Mont,  to  Neb.  and  Colo. — McCoy’s,  Eagle  Co. 

3.  Cymopteris  Fendleri  A.  Gray.  In  dry  places  of  Colo.,  Utah  and  N. 
M. — West  water;  Mancos;  Grand  Junction. 

4.  Cymopterus  Newberryi  (S.  Wats.)  Jones.  In  dry  places  of  Colo.,  Utah 
and  N.  M. — Westwater. 

17 


258 


AMMIACEAE. 


27.  LEPTOTAENIA  Nutt. 

Fruit  8-12  mm.  long,  usually  without  oil-tubes;  leaves  finely  dissected  into  linear 
divisions.  1.  L.  multifid  a. 

Fruit  15-18  mm.  long,  with  oil-tubes;  leaves  less  dissected  into  oblong  divisions. 

2.  L.  Eatoni. 

1.  Leptotaenia  multifida  Nutt.  In  rich  soil  from  Alb.  and  Wash,  to  Colo, 
and  Calif. — Near  Dix  Post  Office;  Durango;  Glenwood  Springs;  Baldwin; 
Spicer. 

2.  Leptotaenia  Eatoni  C.  &  R.  In  rich  soil  from  Wyo.  and  Ida.  to  Utah 
and  Colo. — Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — Los  Pinos;  Cerro  Summit;  Minturn. 


Order  39.  ERICALES. 


Gynoecium  superior  ;  fruit  usually  capsular. 

Herbaceous  saprophytes  without  green  leaves.  101. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  green  leaves. 

Corolla  of  essentially  distinct  petals ;  herbs  with  rootstocks. 

102. 

Corolla  of  more  or  less  united  petals;  shrubs.  103. 

Gynoecium  inferior;  fruit  baccate  or  drupaceous.  104. 


Monotropaceae. 


Pyrolaceae. 

Ericaceae. 

Vacciniaceae. 


Family  101.  MONOTROPACEAE  Lindl.  Indian-pipe  Family. 

1.  PTEROSPORA  Nutt.  Pine  Drop,  Giant  Bird’s-nest. 

1.  Pterospora  andromedea  Nutt.  In  rich  woods  from  Que.  and  B.  C.  to 
Pa.,  Ariz.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Bosworth’s  ranch,  Stove  Prairie; 
mountains,  Larimer  Co. 


Family  102.  PYROLACEAE  Agardh.  Wintergreen  Family. 

Plants  leafy-stemmed ;  flowers  corymbose ;  style  very  short  and  covered  by  the 
peltate  stigma;  filament  dilated  and  hairy  at  the  middle.  1.  Chimaphila. 
Plants  scapiferous  with  a  basal  rosette  of  leaves ;  flowers  racemose  or  solitary ; 
style  evident ;  filaments  subulate,  naked. 

Flowers  solitary ;  petals  spreading ;  valves  of  the  capsule  not  cob-webby  on  the 
edges.  2.  Moneses. 

Flowers  racemose ;  petals  more  or  less  converging,  concave ;  valves  of  the 
capsule  cob-webby  on  the  edges  when  opening.  3.  Pyrola. 

1.  CHIMAPHILA  Pursh.  Pipsissewa. 

1.  Chimaphila  umbellata  (L.)  Nutt.  In  woods  from  N.  S.  and  Alaska 
to  Ga.  and  Calif. — Alt.  8000-11,000  ft. — Estes  Peak,  Larimer  Co.;  North  and 
South  Boulder  Peak;  Bierstadt  Lake;  Beaver  Creek. 


2.  MONESES  Salisb.  One-flowered  Wintergreen. 

1.  Moneses  uniflora  (L.)  S.  F.  Gray.  In  wet  woods  from  Lab.  and  Alaska 
to  Pa.,  Colo,  and  Ore. — Alt.  9000-12,000  ft. — Silverton;  Marshall  Pass;  Front 
Range,  Larimer  Co. ;  Ruby ;  Caribou ;  Steamboat  Springs ;  camp  on  Little 
Beaver  Creek;  Berthoud  Pass. 


PYROLACEAE. 


259 


3.  PYROLA  L.  WlNTERGREEN. 

Flowers  with  a  io-lobed  hypogynous  disk;  stigma  peltate,  5-lobed  ;  petals  with  a 
pair  of  tubercles  at  the  base.  1.  P.  secunda. 

Flowers  without  hypogynous  disk  and  petals  without  tubercles. 

Style  straight  and  short ;  stigma  peltate ;  stamens  equally  connivent  around 
the  pistil.  2.  P.  minor. 

Style  and  stamens  declined ;  stigma  much  narrower  than  the  concave  apex  of 
the  style,  which  forms  a  collar  or  ring. 

Leaves  not  mottled. 

Petals  pink  or  purplish. 

Leaf-blades  round-reniform.  3.  P.  asarifolia. 

Leaf-blades  orbicular  or  round-ovate.  4.  P.  uliginosa. 

Petals  white  or  greenish.  5.  P.  chlorantha. 

Leaves  mottled.  6.  P.  picta. 

1.  Pyrola  secunda  L.  In  damp  woods  from  Lab.  and  Alaska  to  D.  C.  and 

Calif. — Alt.  6000-12,000  ft. — Grand  Lake;  Mt.  Abram,  Ouray;  Echo  Canon; 
Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  Pagosa  Peak;  Steamboat  Springs,  Routt  Co.; 
Mt.  Harvard;  Cheyenne  Mountain;  Beaver  Creek;  mountains  between  Sun¬ 
shine  and  Ward;  Fish  Creek  Falls. 

2.  Pyrola  minor  L.  In  woods  from  Greenl.  and  Alaska  to  Conn,  and 
Calif. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Grand  Lake;  Mar¬ 
shall  Pass;  chaparral-covered  hills  southeast  of  Ouray;  Artist’s  Glen,  near 
Pike’s  Peak;  Silver  Plume;  La  Plata  Canon;  Cameron  Pass;  Graymont; 
Beaver  Creek. 

3.  Pyrola  asarifolia  Michx.  In  damp  woods  from  N.  B.  and  Alb.  to  N.  Y. 
and  Colo. — Alt.  9000-12,000  ft. — West  Spanish  Peak;  Graymont. 

4.  Pyrola  uliginosa  Torr.  (P.  rotundifolia  uliginosa  A.  Gray)  In  wet 
rich  woods  and  swampy  places  from  N.  S.  and  B.  C.  to  N.  Y.,  Colo,  and 
Calif. — Alt.  7000-12,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  South  Boulder  Peak; 
Grand  Lake;  Marshall  Pass;  Ouray;  Berthoud  Pass,  near  Cozzens ;  Keblar 
Pass ;  Steamboat  Springs ;  Beaver  Creek. 

5.  Pyrola  chlorantha  Swartz.  In  woods  from  Lab.  and  B.  C.  to  D.  C.,  Colo, 
and  Calif. ;  also  in  Europe. — Alt.  9000-12,000  ft. — Marshall  Pass ;  Hamor’s 
Lake,  north  of  Durango ;  4  miles  west  of  Cameron  Pass ;  Cheyenne  Moun¬ 
tains;  Front  Range,  Larimer  Co.;  Gore  Pass;  swamp  above  Beaver  Creek. 

6.  Pyrola  picta  Smith.  In  woods  from  Ida.  and  Wash,  to  Colo.,  Ariz.  and 
Calif. — Alt.  8000-9000  ft. — Canons  and  adjoining  meadows  west  of  Ouray. 

Family  103.  ERICACEAE  DC.  Heath  Family. 

Fruit  more  or  less  fleshy  or  surrounded  by  a  fleshy  calyx  or  hypanthium  ;  plants 
prostrate,  evergreen ;  corolla  without  sacs. 

Fruit  a  berry  or  drupe,  not  enclosed  in  the  calyx.  1.  Arctostaphylos. 

Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule,  enclosed  in  the  accrescent  fleshy  calyx  and 
hypanthium.  2.  Gaultheria. 

Fruit  dry,  a  septicidal  capsule;  erect  bog-shrubs. 

Corolla  saucer-shaped  with  10  sacs  for  the  anthers.  3.  Kalmia. 

Corolla  campanulate  without  sacs.  4.  Phyllodoce. 

1.  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS  Adans.  Bear-berry,  Kinnikinic. 

1.  Arcostaphylos  uva-ursi  (L.)  Spreng.  In  woods,  on  hillsides  and  sandy 
soil  from  Lab.  and  Alaska  to  N.  J.,  Colo,  and  Ore. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — 


260 


ERICACEAE. 


Arkansas  Junction  near  Leadville;  Dillon;  Idaho  Springs;  South  Cheyenne 
Canon;  mountains  north  of  Cascade;  West  Mancos  Canon;  mountains,  Lari¬ 
mer  Co. ;  Golden ;  west  of  Ft.  Collins ;  Stove  Prairie,  Larimer  Co. ;  Pike’s 
Peak;  Manitou;  Eldora;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Bear 
Creek  Canon. 

2.  GAULTHERIA  L.  Creeping  Wintergreen. 

i.  Gaultheria  humifusa  (Graham)  Rydb.  ( V actinium  humifusum  Graham; 
Gaultheria  Myrsinitis  Hook.)  On  wooded  hillsides  from  Mont,  and  B.  C. 
to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  about  11,000  ft. — Buffalo  Pass,  Park  Range;  head¬ 
waters  of  Clear  Creek;  summit  of  North  Park  Range,  Larimer  Co. 

3.  KALMIA.  American  01  Swamp  Laurel. 

1.  Kalmia  microphylla  (Hook.)  Heller.  (K.  glauca  microphylla  Hook.) 
In  mountain  swamps  from  Alb.  and  Alaska  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  10,000- 
11,000  ft. — Caribou;  Long’s  Peak;  Buffalo  Pass;  summit  of  North  Park 
Range,  Larimer  Co. 

4.  PHYLLODOCE  Salisb. 

1.  Phyllodoce  empetriformis  (Smith)  Don.  Swamps  and  mountain  sides 
from  Alaska  to  northern  Calif.,  Colo,  and  Alb. — Alt.  up  to  11,000  ft. — Grizzly 
Gulch,  near  Gray’s  Peak. 


Family  104.  VACCINIACEAE  Lindl.  Huckleberry  Family. 

1.  VACCINIUM  L.  Blue-berry,  Huckleberry,  Bilberry. 

Branches  not  angled.  1.  V.  caespitosum. 

Branches  angled. 

Fruit  purplish-black  ;  leaves  over  1  cm.  long.  2.  V.  oreophilum. 

Fruit  bright  red;  leaves  usually  less  than  1  cm.  long.  3.  V.  erythrococcum. 

1.  Vaccinium  caespitosum  Michx.  In  arctic  and  alpine  regions  from  Lab. 
and  Alaska  to  N.  H.,  Colo,  and  Wash. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Headwaters  of 
Clear  Creek,  near  Empire;  Middle  Park;  Mirror  Lake;  Tennessee  Pass,  7 
miles  west  of  Leadville;  Damfino  Creek;  Cameron  Pass;  Leroux  Creek;  El¬ 
dora  to  Baltimore;  Buffalo  Pass;  summit  of  North  Park  Range,  Larimer  Co. 

2.  Vaccinium  oreophilum  Rydb.  (V .  Myrtillus  A.  Gray;  not  L.)  In  woods 
from  Alb.  and  B.  C.  tc  N.  M. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Front  Range,  Larimer 
Co.;  Bob  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Keblar  Pass; 
East  Indian  Creek;  mountain  near  Veta  Pass;  Valley  Spur;  Red  Mountain, 
south  of  Ouray;  head  of  Bear  Creek;  Beaver  Creek. 

3.  Vaccinium  erythrococcum  Rydb.  ( V .  Myrtillus  micro phy limn  Hook.) 
On  hillsides  from  Alb.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  8500-12,000  ft. — 
Pleadwaters  of  Clear  Creek,  near  Empire;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Little  Veta  Moun¬ 
tain,  Beaver  Creek;  above  Cameron  Pass;  Baltimore;  Buffalo  Pass;  summit 
of  North  Park  Range,  Larimer  Co. 


PRIMULACEAE. 


261 


Order  40.  PRIMULALES. 

Family  105.  PRIMULACEAE  Vent.  Primrose  Family 

Corolla  present. 

Corolla-lobes  erect  or  spreading ;  stamens  distinct. 

Corolla  salverform  or  funnelform,  its  lobes  imbricated ;  stamens  included ; 
plants  scapiferous ;  leaves  basal. 

Corolla-tube  equalling  or  exceeding  the  calyx ;  style  filiform ;  flowers 
conspicuous.  i.  Primula. 

Corolla-tube  shorter  than  the  calyx ;  throat  constricted  ;  style  very  short ; 
flowers  minute.  2.  Androsace. 

Corolla  rotate,  its  lobes  convolute  or  involute  in  the  bud ;  stamens  exserted  ; 
plants  leafy-stemmed. 

Flowers  axillary,  solitary ;  corolla-lobes  broad,  curved  around  the  stamens  ; 

staminodia  conspicuous.  3.  Steironema. 

Flowers  in  axillary  short  spikes ;  corolla-lobes  long  and  linear ;  tube  very 
short ;  staminodia  tooth-like.  4.  Naumburgia. 

Corolla-lobes  reflexed  ;  stamens  more  or  less  inonadelphous ;  plants  scapiferous. 

5.  Dodecatheon. 

Corolla  wanting ;  calyx  with  5  petaloid  lobes  ;  flowers  solitary,  sessile  in  the  axils 
of  the  opposite  stem-leaves.  6.  Glaux. 

1.  PRIMULA  L.  Primrose. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  more  or  less  gibbous  at  the  base ;  lobes  of  the  corolla 
deeply  2-cleft,  i.  e.,  at  least  one-fourth  their  length ;  leaves  densely  mealy 
beneath.  1.  P.  americana. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  not  gibbous  below ;  lobes  of  the  corolla  merely  emarginate 
or  notched,  rarely  entire ;  leaves  not  mealy. 

Plant  less  than  1  dm.  high,  i-few-flowered ;  flowers  less  than  2  cm.  long. 

2.  P.  angustifolia. 

Scape  1.5-5  dm.  high,  many-flowered;  flowers  over  2  cm.  long. 

3.  P.  Parry i. 

1.  Primula  americana  Rydb.  (P.  farinosa  Hook.;  not  L.)  In  swamps  and 
wet  meadows  from  Ass.  and  Alb.  to  Colo. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Near  Lake 
John,  North  Park;  Gunnison. 

2.  Primula  angustifolia  Torr.  On  alpine  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt.  9000-14,400  ft. 
—Saddle,  Pike’s  Peak ;  Marshall  Pass ;  Gray’s  Peak ;  Pike’s  Peak ;  Berthoud 
Pass  near  Georgetown;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Sierra  Blanca;  headwaters  of 
Clear  Creek. 

3.  Primula  Parryi  A.  Gray.  Along  cool  mountain  streams  from  Mont,  to 
Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  9000-13,000  ft. — Bottomless  Pit,  Pike’s  Peak;  Berthoud 
Pass,  near  Georgetown;  Cameron  Pass;  Tennessee  Pass,  7  miles  west  of 
Leadville ;  tributaries  of  South  Fork  of  Cache  La  Poudre  River,  Larimer 
Co. ;  Elk  Mountains ;  Gray’s  Peak ;  Slide  Rock  Canon ;  timber  line  above 
Cameron  Pass;  mountains  south  of  Ward,  Boulder  Co.;  Carson;  summit  of 
Mt.  Garfield ;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek ;  Lake  City ;  Caribou ;  Graymont ; 
Beaver  Creek;  Berthoud  Pass. 


2.  ANDROSACE  L. 

Perennials,  cespitose  and  proliferous ;  corolla  5-8  mm.  in  diameter. 

1.  A.  carinata. 

Annuals,  not  cespitose-proliferous,  or  the  last  one  may  be  perennial  by  rosettes ; 
corolla  3-4  mm.  wide. 


262 


PRIMULACEAE. 


Calyx-tube  in  fruit  obpyramidal,  its  green  teeth  surpassing  the  capsule. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate  or  oblong.  2.  A.  occidentalis. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  lanceolate  or  subulate. 

Calyx-teeth  erect,  lanceolate,  usually  shorter  than  the  tube. 

Peduncles,  pedicels  and  calyx-lobes  densely  puberulent,  the  latter  ex¬ 
ceeding  the  fruit.  3-  A.  puberulenta. 

Peduncles  and  pedicels  sparingly  puberulent  or  glabrous ;  calyx-lobes 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  not  exceeding  the  fruit. 

Corolla  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Peduncles  1-2  dm.  high,  many  times  longer  than  the  strongly 
ascending  or  suberect  pedicels.  4.  A.  pinetorum. 

Peduncles  less  than  3  cm.  high,  often  equalled  or  exceeded  in 
length  by  the  spreading  pedicels.  5.  A.  subumbellata. 

Corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx.  6.  A.  diffusa. 

Calyx-teeth  more  or  less  spreading,  ovate-triangular,  foliaceous,  equalling 
or  exceeding  the  whitish  tube  ;  corolla  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

7.  A.  sublifera. 

Calyx-tube  in  fruit  hemispherical ;  teeth  broadly  triangular. 

8.  A.  filiformis. 

1.  Androsace  carinata  Torr.  (A.  Chamaejasne  A.  Gray;  not  Host.)  On 
alpine  peaks  from  Alb.  to  Colo. — Alt.  9000-13,000  ft. — Mt.  Evans;  Pike’s  Peak; 
near  the  summit  of  the  Rocky  Mountains;  Bottomless  Pit;  West  Spanish 
Peak;  Iron  Mountain. 

2.  Androsace  occidentalis  Nutt.  In  dry  soil  from  Ills.,  Man.  and  Mont,  to 
Mo.,  Tex.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-8500  ft. — Mancos;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.; 
Los  Pinos  (Bayfield)  ;  Empire. 

3.  Androsace  puberulenta  Rydb.  On  plains  and  hills  from  Man.,  Mackenzie 
River  and  Alb.  to  N.  Mex. — Alt.  5000-12,000  ft. — Plains  near  Boulder; 
Pike’s  Peak;  Seven  Lakes;  Wahatoya  Canon;  mountain  near  Veta  Pass; 
headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Gentian  Ridge;  Veta  Mountain; 
Ribbon  Lake;  Marshall  Pass;  Cucharas  River,  above  La  Veta;  Little  Veta 
Mountain;  near  Ironton,  San  Juan  Co.;  Mt.  Hesperus;  Bear  Creek  Divide, 
west  of  Mt.  Hesperus;  Iron  Mountain;  Carson. 

4.  Androsace  pinetorum  Greene.  In  the  mountains  from  Mackenzie  and 
Yukon  to  Colo,  and  Ariz.  Scarcely  distinct  from  A.  septentrionalis  L. — 
Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Los  Pinos  (Bayfield)  ;  Graham’s  Park;  hills  southeast 
of  La  Veta;  Georgetown;  Boulder;  Soldier’s  Canon;  Dolores. 

5.  Androsace  subumbellata  (A.  Nelson)  Small.  Along  mountain  streams 
from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  9000-12,000  ft. — Berthoud  Pass,  near 
Georgetown;  Ironton  Park,  9  miles  south  of  Ouray;  Pike’s  Peak;  Gore  Pass; 
source  of  Leroux,  above  Graymont ;  Beaver  Creek ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Grizzly 
Creek;  Deep  Creek. 

6.  Androsace  diffusa  Small.  In  the  mountains  mostly  along  rivers  from 
Mackenzie  and  B.  C.  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  6000-11,000  ft. — Massif  de 
l’Arapahoe;  Pike’s  Peak;  Upper  La  Plata  River;  Veta  Pass;  North  Park 
near  Teller;  along  the  Michigan;  Van  Boxle’s  ranch,  above  Cimarron;  Silver 
Plume ;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  Mancos ;  Georgetown ;  Mt.  Harvard ;  on 
Turkey  Creek  and  tributaries;  Glenwood  Springs,  Garfield  Co.;  hills  above 
Mancos ;  Pennock’s  mountain  ranch ;  vicinity  of  Como ;  Bosworth’s  ranch, 
Stove  Prairie;  along  Purgatory  River,  Trinidad;  Rist  Canon;  above  Manitou; 
gulch  west  of  Pennock’s ;  Dolores. 


PRIMULACEAE. 


263 


7.  Androsace  subulifera  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( A .  septentrionalis  subulifera  A. 
Gray)  In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Cascade; 
Minnehaha;  Cameron  Pass;  Steamboat  Springs;  Cimarron;  Beaver  Creek; 
Mancos;  Durango;  Pennock’s;  Dillon  Canon,  Trinidad. 

8.  Androsace  filiformis  Retz.  (A.  capillaris  Greene)  Along  mountain 
streams  from  Wash,  and  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  10,000  ft. — Gore  Pass; 
Middle  Park;  Grand  River,  12  miles  below  the  lake;  Steamboat  Springs. 

3.  STEIRONEMA  Raf.  Fringed  Loosestrife. 

1.  Steironema  ciliatum  (L.)  Raf.  In  swamps  and  wet  meadows  from  N. 
S.  and  Wash,  to  Ga.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — New  Windsor,  Weld  Co. ; 
Alamosa;  Wahatoya  Creek;  Ft.  Collins;  Mason’s  river-front  farm;  Rist 
Canon;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  La  Porte;  Boulder. 

4.  NAUMBURGIA  Moench.  Tufted  Loosestrife. 

1.  Naumburgia  thyrsiflora  (L.)  Duby.  In  shallow  water  and  swamps 
from  N.  S.  and  Alaska  to  Pa.,  Colo,  and  Ore. ;  also  in  Europe. — Alt.  about 
5000  ft. — Ft.  Collins. 

5.  DODECATHEON  L.  American  Cowslip,  Shooting  Star. 

Anthers  subsessile  or  nearly  so  ;  tube  of  the  filaments,  if  any,  less  than  0.5  mm.  long. 

1.  D.  multiflorum. 

Anthers  not  subsessile ;  filaments  united  into  a  distinct  tube,  1-3  mm.  long. 
Anthers  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  short  filaments. 

Leaves  entire. 

Leaf-blades  oval  or  oblong ;  bracts  oblong,  mostly  obtuse ;  plant  slender ; 

flowers  1-3  (rarely  4-5).  2.  D.  philoscia. 

Leaf-blades  oblanceolate ;  bracts  lanceolate,  acute ;  plant  usually  stout 
and  many-flowered.  3.  D.  radicatum. 

Leaves  sinuately  dentate.  4.  D.  sinuatum. 

Anthers  less  than  twice  as  long  as  the  filaments.  5.  D.  paucidorum. 

1.  Dodecatheon  multiflorum  Rydb.  In  wet  meadows  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — 
Alt.  8000-9000  ft. — Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek. 

2.  Dodecatheon  philoscia  A.  Nels.  In  wet  meadows  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — 
Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — William’s  Canon,  near  Pike’s  Peak;  Walton  Creek; 
Sargent’s;  Pike’s  Peak;  Ft.  Collins. 

3.  Dodecatheon  radicatum  Greene.  In  wet  meadows  from  S.  D.  and  Wyo. 
to  Kans.  and  N.  Mex. — Alt.  7000-11,000  ft. — Eldora  to  Baltimore;  Berthoud 
Pass ;  Dark  Canon ;  Bear  Creek  Canon ;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer 
Gulch;  Walden;  below  Colorado  Springs;  Idaho  Springs;  West  Indian 
Creek;  Veta  Mountain;  South  Park;  East  Indian  Creek;  Lake  City;  Horse- 
tooth  Gulch;  forks  of  Poudre  and  Big  South;  gulch  west  of  Dixon  Canon; 
Pennock’s  mountain  ranch;  Hematite;  Pike’s  Peak. 

4.  Dodecatheon  sinuatum  Rydb.  ( D .  radicatum  sinuatum  Rydb.)  Shady 
wet  banks  and  wet  meadows  in  Colo. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Foot-hills,  Larimer 
Co. ;  Buena  Vista ;  foothills  west  of  Ft.  Collins. 

5.  Dodecatheon  pauciflorum  (Durand)  Greene.  In  wet  meadows  and  along 
streams  from  Mackenzie  and  Sask.  to  Colo. — Alt.  about  8500  ft. — Columbine. 


264 


PRIMULACEAE. 


6.  GLAUX  L.  Sea  Milkwort,  Black  Saltwort, 
i.  Glaux  maritima  L.  On  beaches  and  in  salt  marshes  from  Newf.  and 
Alaska  to  N.  J.,  Colo,  and  Ore. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — New  Windsor,  Weld 
Co. ;  Ft.  Collins ;  Cache  la  Poudre. 


Order  41.  OLE  ALES. 

Family  106.  OLEACEAE  Lindl.  Olive 

Fruit  a  samara. 

Fruit  a  drupe. 

1.  FRAXINUS  L.  Ash. 

1.  Fraxinus  anomala  Torr.  In  canons  from  western 
Ariz. — Alt.  4500-5000  ft. — Grand  Junction;  Deer  River; 
and  Smith’s  Fork. 

2.  ADELIA  P.  Br. 

1.  Adelia  neo-mexicana  (A.  Gray)  Kuntze.  ( Forestiera  neo-mexicana  A. 
Gray;  F.  acuminata  parvifolia  A.  Gray)  On  hills  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  N. 
M. — San  Juan  (Brandegee) . 


Family. 

1.  Fraxinus. 

2.  Adelia. 

Colo,  and  Utah  to 
between  Hotchkiss 


Order  42.  GENTIANALES. 

Corolla-lobes  convolute  or  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  leaves  typically  opposite  and 
simple.  107.  Gentianaceae. 

Corolla-lobes  induplicate-valvate  in  the  bud ;  leaves  alternate,  in  ours  mostly 

basal  and  trifoliolate.  108.  Menyanthaceae. 

Family  107.  GENTIANACEAE  Dumont.  Gentian  Family. 

Style  filiform,  mostly  deciduous  ;  anthers  recurving  or  twisted  at  maturity. 

Corolla  small,  red,  rose  or  yellowish ;  tube  surpassing  the  calyx ;  filaments 
spirally  twisted.  •  1.  Erythraea. 

Corolla  large,  blue,  purple  or  white ;  tube  much  shorter  than  the  calyx ; 
stamens  recurved.  2.  Eustoma. 

Style  stout  and  short  or  none,  persistent. 

Corolla  without  nectariferous  pits,  glands  or  scales. 

Corolla  campanulate,  funnelform  or  salvershaped ;  calyx  4-5-lobed  ;  stamens 

inserted  in  the  corolla-tube. 

Corolla  without  plaits  or  lobes  at  the  sinuses  ;  calyx  without  an  intercalycine 
membrane  ;  sepals  imbricated. 

Flowers  4-merous,  rather  large,  usually  over  3  cm.  long ;  corolla-lobes 
more  or  less  fringed  or  toothed  ;  inner  sepals  broader,  membraneous- 
margined.  3.  Anthopogon. 

Flowers  small,  5-merous  (seldom  4-merous),  less  than  2  cm.  long; 
outer  sepals  the  broader ;  corolla-lobes  never  fringed,  rarely  toothed. 

4.  Amarella. 

Corolla  plicate  in  the  sinuses  ;  the  plaits  more  or  less  extended  into  mem¬ 
braneous  lobes  or  teeth ;  calyx  with  an  intercalycine  membrane ;  its 
lobes  valvate. 

Dwarf  annuals  or  biennials  ;  flowers  solitary,  terminal ;  anthers  cordate- 
versatile.  5.  Chondrophylla. 

Perennials ;  flowers  short-peduncled,  at  least  some  of  them  axillary ; 
anthers  linear  or  oblong,  extrorse.  6.  Dasystephana. 

Corolla  rotate ;  calyx  4-5-parted  to  near  the  base ;  stamens  inserted  on  the 
base  of  the  corolla.  7.  Pleurogyne. 


GENTIANACEAE. 


265 


Corolla  with  nectariferous  glands,  pits  or  scales. 

Style  none ;  leaves  opposite,  rarely  alternate ;  corolla  without  a  crown  at 
the  base.  8.  Swertia. 

Style  manifest ;  leaves  in  ours  verticillate ;  corolla  with  a  crown  at  the  base. 

9.  Frasera. 

1.  ERYTHRAEA  Neck.  Centaury,  Canchalagua. 

1.  Erythraea  arizonica  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( E .  calycosa  arizonica  A.  Gray) 
In  sandy  soil  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Ariz. — Hotchkiss,  Delta  Co. 

2.  EUSTOMA  Salisb. 

1.  Eustoma  Russellianum  (L.)  Griseb.  In  wet  meadows  from  Neb.  and 
Colo,  to  La.  and  N.  M. ;  also  Mex. — Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — Tobe  Miller’s  ranch; 
La  Porte,  Larimer  Co. ;  Ft.  Collins ;  Denver. 

3.  ANTHOPOGON  Neck.  Fringed  Gentian. 

Annuals  or  biennials ;  flowers  on  naked  long  peduncles  terminating  the  branches, 
not  bracteate.  1.  A.  elegans. 

Perennials  ;  flowers  short-peduncled  in  the  axils  of  two  bract-like  leaves. 

2.  A.  barbellatus. 

1.  Anthopogon  elegans  (A.  Nels.)  Rydb.  ( Gentiana  elegans  A.  Nels.)  In 
wet  places  from  Mackenzie  to  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  8000-13,000  ft. — Goose 
Creek;  Westcliffe;  4  miles  west  of  Cameron  Pass;  White  River  Plateau;  Twin 
Lakes;  McCoy;  Columbine;  Keblar  Pass;  North  Park;  near  Pagosa  Peak; 
Grand  Lake;  Mt.  Bartlett;  Robinson;  Mt.  Harvard;  North  Park  near  Teller; 
Long’s  Peak;  Medicine  Bow  Mountains;  Chambers’  Lake;  South  Park  at 
Jefferson;  Breckenridge. 

2.  Anthopogon  barbellatus  (Engelm.)  Rydb.  ( Gentiana  barbellata  Engelm. ; 
G.  Moseleyi  A.  Nels.)  In  mountain  meadows  and  in  wet  places  on  the  peaks 
of  Colo. — Alt.  9000-12,000  ft. — Mt.  Harvard ;  Pike’s  Peak ;  Gentian  Dell ; 
near  Breckenridge;  Gray’s  Peak;  Vance  Junction;  Cameron  Pass. 

4.  AMARELLA  Gileb.  Gentian. 

Flowers  solitary  on  long  peduncles ;  stems  depressed,  cespitose. 

1.  A.  monant  ha. 

Flowers  numerous,  short-peduncled ;  stems  erect,  leafy,  more  simple. 

Calyx-lobes  very  unequal ;  two  of  them  large,  foliaceous,  ovate  or  oval,  much 
broader  than  the  rest  and  covering  them.  2.  A.  heterosepala. 

Calyx-lobes  somewhat  unequal,  but  all  oblong,  lanceolate  or  linear. 

Flowers  numerous,  crowded,  very  short-peduncled ;  the  whole  inflorescence 
dense  and  spike-like ;  leaves  usually  equalling  or  exceeding  the  internodes. 

3.  A.  strictiflora. 

Flowers  rather  few,  distinctly  peduncled ;  middle  internodes  elongated  and 
usually  longer  than  the  leaves. 

Larger  sepals  usually  half  as  long  as  the  corolla  or  longer ;  plant  stout, 
2-4  dm.  high ;  stem-leaves  lanceolate.  4.  A.  scopulorum. 

Sepals  less  than  half  as  long  as  the  corolla ;  plant  slender,  1-2,  seldom  3 
dm.  high ;  stem-leaves  usually  ovate-lanceolate.  5.  A.  plebeja. 

1.  Amarella  monantha  (A.  Nels.)  Rydb.  ( Gentiana  tenella  A.  Gray,  in 
part;  not  Rottb. ;  G.  monantha  A.  Nels.)  In  wet  places  of  Colo. — Alt.  8000- 
12,000  ft. — Mirror  Lake;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek,  near  Empire. 


266 


GENTIANACEAE. 


2.  Amarella  heterosepala  (Engelm.)  Greene.  ( Gentiana  heterosepala 
Engelm.)  In  damp  ground  in  Utah  and  Colo. — Alt.  about  9000  ft. — Near 
Pagosa  Peak ;  divide  road  to  Steamboat  Springs ;  western  Gunnison  Co. 

3.  Amarella  strictiflora  (Rydb.)  Greene.  ( Gentiana  amarella  strict  a  S. 
Wats.;  G.  strictiflora  Rydb.)  On  hillsides  and  damp  places  from  Sask.  and 
Alaska  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  7500-12,000  ft. — Empire;  mountains  between 
Sunshine  and  Ward;  Gunnison;  Lake  John;  North  Park;  Mt.  Harvard; 
Ribbon  Lake ;  Estes  Park,  Larimer  Co. ;  Seven  Lakes ;  Chambers’  Lake ; 
Bottomless  Pit,  Pike’s  Peak;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek  near  Empire;  Bergen 
Park;  South  Park,  southeast  of  Jefferson;  Baxter’s  ranch. 

4.  Amarella  scopulorum  Greene.  ( Gentianella  Clementis  Rydb.)  In  damp 
places  from  Mont,  and  S.  D.  to  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  9000-12,000  ft. — 
Clear  Lake;  Idaho  Springs;  Palsgrove  Canon;  Ruxton  Dell;  Minnehaha; 
Middle  Park;  below  Half-way  House,  Pike’s  Peak;  Graymont;  Hamor’s 
Lake  above  Durango;  Artist’s  Glen  near  Pike’s  Peak;  Pike’s  Peak;  Silver 
Plume;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Bosworth’s  ranch. 

5.  Amarella  plebeja  (Cham.)  Greene.  ( Gentiana  plebeja  Cham.;  G. 
Amarella  acuta  A.  Gray;  not  Hook.)  In  wet  places  from  Mackenzie  and 
Alaska  to  Colo,  and  Calif.  (?). — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Georgetown;  Middle 
Park,  near  Cozzens ;  Marshall  Pass ;  Grand  Lake ;  Deep  Creek  Lake ;  north 
of  Steamboat  Springs ;  vicinity  of  Pine  Grove. 

Amarella  plebeja  Holmii  (Wettst.)  Rydb.  ( Gentiana  plebeja  Holmii 
Wettst. ;  G.  Amarella  nana  Engelm.)  A  low  alpine  variety. — Alt.  10,000- 
12,000  ft. — Caribou ;  Buffalo  Pass ;  Breckenridge. 

5.  CHONDROPHYLLA  (Bunge)  A.  Nels. 

Leaves  and  calyx-lobes  with  broad  scarious  margins ;  the  capsule  long-stipitate 
and  at  last  exserted  from  the  corolla.  1.  C.  Fremontii. 

Leaves  and  calyx-lobes  slightly  scarious-margined ;  capsule  short-stipitate,  not 
exserted.  2.  C.  americana. 

1.  Chondrophylla  Fremontii  (Torr.)  A.  Nels.  ( Gentiana  humilis  Engelm.; 
not  Stev. ;  G.  Fremontii  Torr.)  On  alpine  wet  brook-banks  in  Wyo.  and 
Colo. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Gunnison;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek; 
headwaters  of  Clear  Creek ;  Georgetown ;  Como. 

2.  Chondrophylla  americana  (Engelm.)  A.  Nels.  ( Gentiana  prostrata 
Hook.;  not  Henke.;  var.  Americana  Engelm.)  In  wet  places  along  streams 
from  Alb.  and  Alaska  to  Colo. — Alt.  10,000-12,000  ft. — Wilson,  San  Miguel 
Co.;  “Colorado”;  northeast  of  Boreas. 

6.  DASYSTEPHANA  Adans.  Closed  Gentian. 

Testa  of  the  seeds  lamellose-rugose ;  the  lamellae  white,  forming  hexagonal 
areolas ;  basal  leaf-rosette  remaining  at  flowering  time.  1.  D.  Romanzovii. 
Testa  of  the  seeds  smooth,  but  often  produced  into  wings;  basal  rosette  none. 
Floral  leaves  more  or  less  broadened  and  more  or  less  scarious ;  seeds  usually 
wingless.  2.  D.  Parryi. 

Floral  leaves  narrow,  not  scarious ;  seeds  winged. 

Leaves  all  except  the  floral  ones  ovate,  oblong  or  lanceolate. 

Calyx-lobes  well  developed ;  calyx-tube  truncate  at  the  apex. 

3.  D.  affinis. 

Calyx-lobes  none  or  minute ;  calyx-tube  irregular,  more  or  less  lobed  or 
cleft.  4.  D.  Forwoodii. 


GENTIAN  ACEAE. 


267 


Upper  stem-leaves  linear  or  lance-linear. 

Flower-cluster  dense ;  its  branches  and  internodes  very  short. 

5.  D.  Bigelovii. 

Flower  cluster  lax,  its  branches  and  internodes  elongated. 

6.  D.  interrupta. 

1.  Dasystephana  Romanzovii  (Ledb.)  Rydb.  ( Gentiana  Romanzovii 
Ledeb. ;  G.  frigida  A.  Gray;  not  Haenke)  On  alpine  peaks  and  in  arctic 
regions  from  Mont,  and  Alaska  to  Colo,  and  Utah;  also  Asia. — Alt.  11, coo- 
14,  000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Gray’s  Peak;  Gentian  Ridge;  Saddle 
Cliffs;  Mt.  Harvard;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Mt.  Ouray;  Seven  Lakes,  near  Pike’s 
Peak;  Georgetown;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Dead  Lake,  near  Pike’s  Peak;  Devil’s 
Causeway,  White  River  Plateau ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Berthoud  Pass ;  Ethel  Peak. 

2.  Dasystephana  Parryi  (Engelm.)  Rydb.  ( Gentiana  Parryi  Engelm.)  In 
the  mountains  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Trapper’s 
Lake;  Pike’s  Peak  between  Half-way  House  and  Lake  Mer;  near  Pagosa 
Peak;  Westcliffe;  Mt.  Harvard;  Artist’s  Glen  near  Pike’s  Peak;  Georgetown; 
Seven  Lakes ;  Marshall  Pass ;  Ruxton  Park ;  Grand  Lake ;  Ironton  Park, 
9  miles  south  of  Ouray;  Red  Mountain  road,  south  of  Ouray;  Crested 
Butte;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Red  Mountain;  Breckenridge;  Sprague’s, 
Estes  Park;  Leroux  Parks,  Delta  Co.;  Buffalo  Pass;  Empire;  mountains 
between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 

3.  Dasystephana  affinis  (Griseb.)  Rydb.  ( Gentiana  affinis  Griseb.)  In 
the  mountain  meadows  from  Sask.  and  Alb.  to  Colo. — Alt.  7000-12,000  ft. 
— Mountain  meadows.  Twin  Lakes;  Sand  Creek  Pass;  Pike’s  Peak;  Trail 
Glen;  Crystal  Park;  Lake  John,  North  Park;  Colorado  Springs;  headwaters 
of  Clear  Creek,  near  Empire;  between  Porter  and  Durango;  Sprague’s,  Estes 
Park;  Medicine  Bow  Mountains. 

4.  Dasystephana  Forwoodii  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Gentiana  Forwoodii  A. 
Gray)  On  hills  from  Alb.  to  Colo. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Gray’s  Peak;  Sar¬ 
gent;  Westcliffe;  Twin  Lakes;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek  near  Empire; 
Pearl;  Wolcott;  Gunnison;  Mt.  Harvard;  Lake  City;  Buena  Vista;  Gypsum 
Creek  Canon. 

5.  Dasytephana  Bigelovii  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Gentiana  Bigelovii  A.  Gray) 
In  the  mountains  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  about  6000  ft. — Col¬ 
orado  Springs;  Pike’s  Peak;  Sprague’s;  Estes  Park;  west  of  Soldier  Canon. 

6.  Dasystephana  interupta  (Greene)  Rydb.  ( Gentiana  interupta  Greene) 
In  the  mountains  from  Colo,  to  Nev. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Kremmling;  Pa¬ 
gosa  Springs ;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co. 

7.  PLEUROGYNE  Eschsch. 

1.  Pleurogyne  fontana  A.  Nels.  (P.  rotata  Hook.,  in  part;  not  Griseb.; 
P.  rotata  tenuifolia  Griseb.)  In  damp  places  from  Hudson  Bay  and  Alaska 
to  Colo. — Alt.  8000-11,000  ft. — Twin  Lakes;  near  Lake  John,  North  Park; 
Jefferson,  South  Park;  Caribou;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek,  near  Empire; 
Beaver  Creek. 

8.  SWERTIA  L. 

Flowers  4-merous. 

Flowers  5-merous. 

Inflorescence  elongated  ;  corolla-lobes  linear  or  oblong. 

Inflorescence  congested ;  corolla-lobes  oval-elliptic. 


1.  S.  scopulina 

2.  S.  palustris. 

3.  Y.  congesta. 


268 


GENTIAN  ACEAE. 


1.  Swertia  scopulina  Greene.  In  mountain  meadows  of  Colo. — Alt.  about 
10,000  ft. — Keblar  Pass. 

2.  Swertia  palustris  A.  Nels.  (S.  perennis  Am.  auth. ;  not  L.)  In  wet 
places  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  8000-13,000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  near 
Pagosa  Peak;  Stephen’s  Mine;  4  miles  west  of  Cameron  Pass;  Crested  Butte; 
Marshall  Pass;  near  Ironton,  San  Juan  Co.;  Clear  Lake;  Gray’s  Peak;  Artist’s 
Glen  near  Pike’s  Peak;  Georgetown;  Hamor’s  Lake  above  Durango;  Alpine 
Tunnel;  Mt.  Harvard;  Ruxton  Dell;  above  timber  line,  Silver  Plume;  Breck- 
enridge;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Ragged  Mountain,  Gunnison  Co.; 
Georgetown ;  Berthoud  Pass ;  Buffalo  Pass. 

3.  Swertia  congesta  A.  Nels.  In  wet  places  in  the  alpine  regions  from 
Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  about  12,000  ft. — Seven  Lakes. 


9.  FRASERA  Walt. 

Petals  about  2  cm.  long,  usually  exceeded  by  the  long  sepals. 

Plant  glabrous ;  inflorescence  simple  with  verticillate  pedicels ;  basal  leaves 
over  1  dm.  wide.  1.  F.  macrophylla. 

Plant  puberulent ;  inflorescence  compound ;  some  branches  simple,  others  again 
branched  ;  basal  leaves  about  5  cm.  wide.  2.  F.  scabra. 

Petals  about  15  mm.  long  or  less;  inflorescence  compound. 

Sepals  narrowly  linear,  usually  much  exceeding  the  petals ;  floral  leaves  nar¬ 
rowly  linear-lanceolate,  very  long.  3.  F.  stenosepala. 

Sepals  linear-lanceolate,  scarcely  equalling  the  petals ;  floral  leaves  similar  to 
the  upper  stem-leaves,  but  smaller  and  narrower. 

Stem-leaves  oblanceolate.  4.  F.  speciosa. 

Stem-leaves  linear-lanceolate.  5.  F.  angustifolia. 

1.  Frasera  macrophylla  Greene.  On  hills  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — 
Alt.  9000-10,000  ft. — Pagosa  Springs;  Keblar  Pass;  Ironton  Park,  9  miles 
south  of  Ouray. 

2.  Frasera  scabra  (Jones)  Rydb.  ( F .  speciosa  scabra  Jones)  On  hills 
from  Colo,  to  Ariz. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Bob  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Moun¬ 
tains  ;  Abiqua  Peak. 

3.  Frasera  stenosepala  Rydb.  On  the  hills  from  Wyo.  to  N.  Mex. — Alt. 
6000-9500  ft. — Foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  Ward,  Boulder  Co. ;  The  Crags, 
Pike’s  Peak;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek,  near  Empire;  Pike’s  Peak  trail. 

4.  Frasera  speciosa  Dough  On  hills  from  S.  D.,  Mont,  and  Ore.  to  Colo, 
and  Calif. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Sand  Creek  Pass;  Manitou;  Mt.  Abram, 
Ouray;  Cheyenne  Mountain;  Howe’s  Gulch;  Bosworth’s  ranch,  Stove  Prairie; 
gulch  west  of  Pennock’s;  Rist  Canon;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Ute  Pass. 

5.  Frasera  angustifolia  Rydb.  On  dry  hills  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Moun¬ 
tains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 


Family  108.  MENYANTHACEAE  G.  Don.  Buckbean  Family. 

1.  MENYANTHES  L.  Buckbean,  Marsh  Trifoil. 

1.  Menyanthes  trifoliata  L.  In  water  from  Greenl.  and  Alaska  to  Pa.  and 
Calif. ;  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. — Estes  Park,  Larimer  Co. 


APOCYNACEAE. 


269 


Order  43.  ASCLEPIADALES. 

Styles  united ;  stamens  distinct  or  gynandrous ;  pollen  loosely  granular. 

109.  Apocynaceae. 

Styles  distinct ;  stamens  monadelphous ;  pollen  united  into  waxy  masses  or  the 
grains  in  groups  of  4.  no.  Asclepiadaceae. 

Family  109.  APOCYNACEAE  Lindl.  Dogbane  Family. 

Anthers  unappendaged  at  the  base,  not  connected  with  the  stigma ;  flowers  without 
a  disk;  leaves  alternate.  1.  Amsonia. 

Anthers  appendaged  at  the  base,  converging  around  the  stigma  and  slightly 
adhering  to  it ;  calyx-tube  partly  attached  to  the  gynoecium  by  the  thick  disk  ; 
leaves  opposite.  2.  Apocynum. 

1.  AMSONIA  Walt. 

1.  Amsonia  texana  (A.  Gray)  Heller.  (A.  angustifolia  texana  A.  Gray) 
In  rocky  places  from  Texas  to  Colo. — Grand  Junction. 

2.  APOCYNUM  L.  Dogbone,  Indian  Hemp. 

Corolla  fully  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  its  lobes  spreading  in  anthesis. 

Leaves  more  'or  less  pubescent  beneath. 

Sepals  broadly  lanceolate ;  corolla  open  campanulate ;  leaves  thick,  dark 
green,  decidedly  pubescent  beneath. 

Leaves  oval,  acute  at  both  ends ;  plant  usually  tall. 

1.  A.  androsemae folium. 

Leaves  more  or  less  ovate,  rounded,  truncate,  or  cordate  at  the  base ; 
plant  low,  diffuse.  2.  A.  scopulorum. 

Sepals  narrowly  lanceolate ;  corolla  narrower,  almost  cylindro-campanulate ; 
leaves  pale  green,  pubescent  merely  on  the  petioles  and  the  veins  beneath, 
the  lower  truncate,  the  upper  acute  at  the  base.  3.  A.  lividum. 

Leaves  perfectly  glabrous.  4.  A.  ambigens. 

Corolla  less  than  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  its  lobes  erect  or  nearly  so. 

Leaves  acute  at  the  base,  petioled.  5.  A.  cannabinum. 

Leaves,  at  least  those  of  the  main  stem,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  the  base  and 
subsessile.  6.  A.  hypericifolium. 

1.  Apocynum  androsemaefolium  L.  In  copses  and  borders  of  woods  from 
Anticosti  and  Ida.  to  Ga.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  7000-9500  ft. — Artist’s  Glen ;  Engel- 
mann  Canon;  Wahatoya  Creek;  mountains,  Larimer  Co.;  Stove  Prairie 
Hill ;  Horsetooth. 

2.  Apocynum  scopulorum  Greene.  In  the  mountains  from  Sask.  and  Yukon 
to  Colo. — Alt.  5)000-9000  ft. — Pagosa  Springs ;  Mancos ;  Roger’s,  Gunnison 
watershed. 

3.  Apocynum  lividum  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  5000-8000 
ft. — Black  Canon ;  mouth  of  Cheyenne  Canon ;  Mancos  ;  Piedra  ;  Palisade ; 
Clear  Creek  Canon ;  Ft.  Collins. 

4.  Apocynum  ambigens  Greene.  In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  and  Wash, 
to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-9000  ft. — West  of  Ouray;  Black  Canon; 
Boulder  Canon;  Rist  Canon;  Horsetooth  Mountain;  Montrose;  Steamboat 
Springs. 

5.  Apocynum  cannabinum  L.  On  banks  of  streams  from  Anticosti  and 
Wash,  to  Fla.  and  L.  Calif. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Deer  River;  New  Windsor, 
Weld  Co.;  Boulder;  along  the  Poudre;  Ft.  Collins. 

6.  Apocynum  hypericifolium  Ait.  In  sandy  soil  from  Ont.  and  B.  C. 
to  Ohio  and  N.  M. — Alt.  5000-6000  ft. — Plains  and  foot-hills  near  Boulder. 


270 


ASCLEPIADACEAE. 


Family  no.  ASCLEPIADACEAE  Lindl.  Milkweed  Family. 

Corolla-lobes  reflexed  during  anthesis. 

Hoods  of  the  crown  crestless  within  or  with  an  obscure  crest-like  midrib. 

i.  Acerates. 

Hoods  of  the  crown  each  with  a  horn-like  process  within.  2.  Asclepias. 
Corolla-lobes  erect-spreading  during  anthesis  ;  hoods  with  a  crest  at  least  above. 

3.  Asclepiodora. 

1.  ACERATES  Ell.  Green  Milkweed. 

Auricles  of  the  hood,  when  present,  concealed  within ;  leaves  oval  to  linear- 
lanceolate.  1.  A.  virididora. 

Auricles  of  the  hoods  conspicuously  spreading ;  umbels  lateral ;  leaves  narrowly 
linear. 

Hoods  emarginate  or  truncate  at  the  summit,  crestless  within ;  umbels  dis¬ 
tinctly  peduncled.  2.  A.  auriculata. 

Hoods  trilobed  at  the  summit  with  an  internal  crest-like  midrib  terminating  in 
the  middle  lobe ;  umbels  subsessile  or  on  very  short  peduncles. 

3.  A.  angustifolia. 

1.  Acerates  viridiflora  (Raf.)  Eat.  In  dry  or  sandy  soil  from  Mass,  and 
Mont,  to  Fla.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Fossil  Creek,  Larimer  Co. ; 
Horsetooth  Mountain;  Boulder;  Berkeley;  Valverde. 

2.  Acerates  auriculata  Engelm.  On  dry  plains  from  Neb.  and  Colo,  to 
Tex.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Canon  City;  Ft.  Collins;  Horsetooth 
Gulch;  Denver;  Valverde;  Montclair. 

3.  Acerates  angustifolia  (Nutt.)  Decaisne.  ( Asclepias  stenophylla  A. 
Gray)  In  sandy  soil  from  S.  D.  and  Colo,  to  Mo.,  Tex.  and  N.  M. — Exact 
locality  not  given. 


2.  ASCLEPIAS  L.  Milkweed,  Silkweed. 

Leaves  orbicular  to  linear-lanceolate,  opposite. 

Follicles  with  soft  spinulose  processes,  tomentose ;  leaves  large  and  broad, 
tomentose,  transversely  veined,  oval  or  ovate.  1.  A.  speciosa. 

Follicles  without  processes. 

Flowers  very  large  ;  petals  over  1  cm.  long  ;  column  none  ;  horns  included  in 
the  hoods ;  leaves  almost  orbicular,  subcordate  at  the  base. 

2.  A.  cry  p  toe  eras. 

Flowers  middle-sized  or  small ;  petals  much  less  than  1  cm.  long ;  column 
usually  present  and  horns  exserted. 

Leaves  broadly  oval  or  rectangular  oval  or  nearly  orbicular,  obtuse  or 
retuse  at  both  ends  ;  umbels  sessile. 

Plant  puberulent  when  young,  glabrate  in  age  ;  column  very  short. 

3.  A.  latifolia. 

Plant  tomentulose  ;  column  half  as  long  as  the  anthers. 

4.  A.  arenaria. 

Leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  or  rarely  oval,  acute. 

Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  more  or  less  tomentose  at  least  when 
young ;  hoods  ovate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  much  exceeding  the  stamens. 

5.  A.  Hallii. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate ;  hoods  truncate,  little  if  any  longer  than  the 
anthers. 

Column  short ;  leaves  pale,  tomentose  or  puberulent  when  young. 
Hoods  about  half  as  long  as  the  anthers ;  umbels  peduncled. 

6.  A.  brachystephana 

Hoods  only  slightly  shorter  than  the  anthers  ;  umbels  subsessile. 

7.  A.  uncinalis. 

Column  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  anthers  ;  corolla  purple ;  leaves 
glabrous.  8.  A.  incarnata. 


ASCLEPIADACEAE. 


271 


Leaves  narrowly  linear,  verticillate  or  scattered. 

Plant  tall,  4-6  dm.  high  from  a  rootstock ;  leaves  verticillate. 

Hoods  entire.  9.  A.  verticillata. 

Hoods  dorsally  hastate-sagittate.  10.  A.  galioides. 

Plant  low,  1-2  dm.  high,  bushy  from  a  ligneous  base  ;  leaves  scattered. 

ix.  A.  pumila. 

1.  Asclepias  speciosa  Torr.  On  river  bottoms  and  in  fields  from  Man.  and 
B.  C.  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  Mancos ;  Denver; 
Wahatoya  Canon;  Piedra;  Colorado  Springs;  Grand  Junction;  Boulder. 

2.  Asclepias  cryptoceras  S.  Wats.  In  dry  soil  from  Ida.  and  Ore.  to  Colo. 
— Grand  Junction. 

3.  Asclepias  latifolia  (Torr.)  Raf.  (A.  obtusifolia  latifolia  Torr.;  A. 
Jamesii  Torr.)  On  plains  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Hotchkiss;  Canon 
City. 

4.  Asclepias  arenaria  Torr.  In  sandy  soil  from  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Okl. 
and  N.  M. — Locality  not  given. 

5.  Asclepias  Hallii  A.  Gray.  In  gravelly  soil  in  Colo. — Alt.  7000-9000  ft. — 
Calhan ;  Veta  Pass;  Gunnison;  La  Veta;  Buena  Vista;  Arkansas  River. 

6.  Asclepias  brachystephana  Engelm.  In  sandy  soil  from  Wyo.  to  Tex. 
and  Ariz. — “  On  the  plains.” 

7.  Asclepias  uncialis  Greene.  In  sandy  soil  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and 
Ariz. — “Colorado”  ( Hall  &  Harbour). 

8.  Asclepias  incarnata  L.  In  swamps  and  wet  meadows  from  N.  B.  and 
Man.  to  Fla.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  Timnath,  Larimer 
Co.;  Denver;  Cache  la  Poudre;  Boulder. 

9.  Asclepias  verticillata  L.  In  dry  fields  and  on  hills  from  Me.  and  N.  D. 
to  Fla.  and  Ariz. — Rocky  Ford;  Paonia ;  Colorado  Springs. 

10.  Asclepias  galioides  H.  B.  K.  In  dry  soil  from  Kans.  and  Colo,  to 
Ark.  and  Ariz. ;  also  Mex. — Exact  locality  not  given. 

11.  Asclepias  pumila  (A.  Gray)  Vail.  (A.  verticillata  pumila  A.  Gray) 
Dry  plains  and  in  sandy  soil  from  S.  D.  and  Mont,  to  Ark.  and  N.  M. — 
Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Near  Ft.  Collins;  East  Park,  Denver;  headwaters  of 
Clear  Creek;  Boulder;  Colorado  Springs;  along  Platte  River,  Denver; 
Ft.  Collins ;  Manitou ;  gulch,  Soldier  Canon ;  Boulder. 

3.  ASCLEPIODORA  A.  Gray. 

1.  Asclepiodora  decumbens  (Nutt.)  A.  Gray.  In  dry  sandy  soil  from  Kans. 
and  Nev.  to  Ark.,  Tex.  and  Ariz.;  also  Mex. — Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — Near 
Badito,  between  La  Veta  and  Gardner;  Arboles ;  Hortense  Springs;  Durango; 
Walsenburg;  Dolores. 


Order  44.  POLEMONIALES. 

Stamens  5,  if  only  4,  not  didynamous. 

Fruit  a  capsule  or  berry;  ovary  not  4-lobed. 

Styles  or  stigmas  usually  distinct. 

Parasitic  twining  plants  with  scale-like  leaves.  in.  Cuscutaceae. 

Plants  not  parasitic ;  leaves  normal. 

Inflorescence  not  scorpoid ;  flowers  cymose  or  solitary  ;  ovary  2-3-celled ; 
micropyle  of  the  seed  turned  downward. 


ASCLEPIADACEAE. 


979 


Corolla  plaited  and  the  plaits  convolute  in  the  bud ;  flowers  axillary, 
solitary  or  cymose-conglomerate ;  plants  usually  twining. 

II 2.  CONVOLVULACEAE. 

Corolla  merely  convolute  in  the  bud,  not  plaited ;  flowers  cymose ; 
plants  never  twining.  113.  Polemoniaceae. 

Inflorescence  more  or  less  distinctly  scorpoid  ;  ovary  in  ours  i-celled  or 
imperfectly  2-celled  ;  micropyle  of  the  seed  turned  upwards. 

1 14.  Hydroleaceae. 


Styles  and  stigmas  wholly  united. 

Ovules  few. 

Ovules  numerous. 

Median  axis  of  the  gynoecium 
stem  ;  seeds  mostly  pitted. 

Median  axis  of  the  gynoecium  not  in  the 
stem;  seed  tuberculated  (Verb  as  cum) . 


I  12.  CONVOLVULACEAE. 

in  the  same  plane  as  the  axis  of  the 

1 1 9.  Solan aceae. 
same  plane  as  the  axis  of  the 

120.  Rhinanthaceae. 


Fruit  of  1-4  nutlets  (in  all  our  genera)  ;  ovary  more  or  less  distinctly  4-lobed. 


115. 

1 16. 


11 7. 

118. 


120. 

121. 


Heliotropaceae. 

Boraginaceae. 


Style  or  stigma  furnished  with  a  glandular  ring. 

Style  or  stigma  not  furnished  with  a  glandular  ring, 

Stamens  4  and  didynamous,  or  2  or  1. 

Carpels  ripening  into  4  nutlets,  an  achene  or  a  drupe. 

Style  apical  on  the  lobeless  ovary. 

Style  arising  between  the  4  lobes  of  the  ovary. 

Carpels  ripening  into  a  capsule. 

Placentae  of  the  ovary  axile. 

Ovary  2-celled,  rarely  3-5-celled  ;  land-plants. 

Ovary  1 -celled;  ours  submerged  water-plants. 

Placentae  of  the  ovary  parietal. 

Heidis  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  other  plants ;  leaves  scale-like,  not  green. 

122.  Orobanchaceae. 

Herbs  with  green  leaves;  not  parasitic.  123.  Martyniaceae. 


Verbenaceae. 

Laminaceae. 


Rhinanthaceae. 
Pin  guiculaceae. 


Family  iii.  CUSCUTACEAE  Dumont.  Dodder  Family. 

1.  CUSCUTA  L.  Dodder. 

Styles  equal  with  elongated  stigmas.  1.  C.  epithymum. 

Styles  unequal ;  stigma  capitate. 

Capsules  circumscissile ;  calyx-  and  corolla-lobes  acuminate ;  inflorescence  um¬ 
bel-like.  2.  C.  umbellata. 

Capsule  indehiscent  or  bursting  irregularly. 

Calyx  gamosepalous,  usually  not  bracted. 

Corolla-lobes  not  incurved. 

Scales  of  the  corolla  incurved  upon  the  ovary  ;  styles  about  half  as  long 
as  the  ovary  or  longer.  3.  C.  Gronovii. 

Scales  of  the  corolla  appressed  to  the  corolla-tube  ;  styles  Va-Vz  as  long 
as  the  ovary.  4.  C.  curta. 

Corolla-lobes  incurved  at  the  apex. 

Capsule  4  mm.  or  less  broad  ;  inflorescence  rather  open. 

5.  C.  indecora. 

Capsule  5-6  mm.  broad  ;  inflorescence  globular  clusters. 

6.  C.  megalocarpa. 

Calyx  of  5  almost  distinct  and  overlapping  sepals,  subtended  by  2  or  more 
similar  bracts.  7.  C.  cuspidate. 

1.  Cuscuta  epithymum  L.  On  clover,  alfalfa,  etc. ;  introduced  from  Eu¬ 
rope. — Ft.  Collins. 

2.  Cuscuta  umbellata  H.  B.  K.  On  low  herbs,  especially  on  Portulaca, 
from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — Hovenweep  Canon  ( Brandegee ). 

3.  Cuscuta  Gronovii  Willd.  On  low  shrubs  and  coarse  herbs  from  N.  S. 
and  Man.  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Colo. — Manitou. 


CUSCUTACEAE. 


273 


4.  Cuscuta  curta  Engelm.  ( C .  Gronovii  curta  Engelm.)  On  coarse  herbs 
in  sandy  soil  in  Utah  and  Colo. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. — Dome  Rock  in  Platte 
Canon. 

5.  Cuscuta  indecora  Choisy.  On  herbs,  mostly  composites  and  leguminous 
plants,  commonest  on  Ambrosia  artemisiaefolia  and  Glycyrrhiza  lepiota ; 
from  Ills,  and  Neb.  to  Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Ft.  Collins. 

6.  Cuscuta  megalocarpa  Rydb.  On  willows;  in  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Alt. 
about  7000  ft. — Cucharas  Creek  near  La  Veta. 

7.  Cuscuta  cuspidata  Engelm.  On  Ambrosia,  Iva  and  some  leguminous 
plants  from  Mo.  and  Neb.  to  Tex.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Ft.  Collins. 


Family  1 1 2 .  CON  VOLVULACE  AE 

Styles  distinct,  each  2-cleft. 

Styles  united  up  to  the  stigmas. 

Stigmas  ovoid  or  subglobose. 

Stigmas  filiform  to  oblong-cylindric. 


Vent.  Morning-glory  Family. 

1.  Evolvulus. 

2.  Ipomoea. 

3.  Convolvulus. 


1.  EVOLVULUS  L. 

1.  Evolvulus  Nuttallianus  R.  &  S.  ( E .  argenteus  Pursh;  not  R.  Br. ;  E. 
pilosus  Nutt.;  not  Lam.)  In  sandy  soils  and  on  sterile  plains  from  S.  D.  and 
Colo,  to  Tex.  .and  Ariz. ;  also  Mex. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Canon  City;  along 
Platte  River,  Denver;  Fossil  Creek,  Larimer  Co.;  Trinidad;  Ft.  Collins;  near 
Boulder;  Ouray;  Dixon  Canon. 

2.  IPOMOEA  L.  Morning-glory. 

t.  Ipomoea  leptophylla  Torr.  On  plains  and  hillsides  from  S.  D.  and 
Wyo.  to  Tex.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Denver;  Rocky  Ford;  bank  of 
Arkansas  River. 

3.  CONVOLVULUS  L.  Wild  Morning-glory,  Bindweed. 

Bracts  small,  remote  from  the  calyx. 

Plant  not  canescent ;  leaf-blades  hastate,  but  otherwise  entire. 

Whole  plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  1.  C.  arvensis. 

Stem  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  with  scattered  long  hairs. 

2.  C.  ambigens. 

Plant  more  or  less  canescent ;  leaves  usually  lobed  or  dissected. 

Main  divisions  of  the  leaf-blades  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse,  lobed. 

3.  C.  hermannioides. 

Main  divisions  of  the  leaf-blades  linear,  entire  ;  the  basal  lobes  usually  cleft 
deeply.  4.  C.  incanus. 

Bracts  large,  close  under  the  calyx  and  enclosing  it. 

Leaf-blades  hastate ;  the  basal  lobes  often  sinuate-dentate,  acute ;  stem  and 
leaves  glabrous  or  slightly  hairy.  5.  C.  americanus. 

Leaf-blades  more  sagittate ;  basal  lobes  rounded,  entire ;  stem  and  leaves 
densely  pubescent.  6.  C.  interior. 

1.  Convolvulus  arvensis  L.  Naturalized  from  Europe,  growing  in  fields 
and  waste  places  from  N.  S.  and  Mont,  to  N.  J.  and  Colo. — Durango. 

2.  Convolvulus  ambigens  House.  In  loose  or  sandy  soil  from  Colo,  to  N.  M. 

and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-6000  ft. — Plains  near  Boulder;  Ft.  Collins. 

18 


274 


CONVOLVULACEAE. 


3.  Convolvulus  hermannioides  A.  Gray.  Dry  plains  and  in  sandy  soil  from 
Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Tex. — Trinidad. 

4.  Convolvulus  incanus  Vahl.  On  dry  plains  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. ; 
also  Mex. — Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — Canon  City;  Brantly  Canon,  Las  Animas  Co.; 
Trinidad. 

5.  Convolvulus  americanus  (Sims)  Greene.  (C.  sepium  americanus  Sims) 
Among  bushes  from  N.  S.  and  Wash,  to  N.  C.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-7000 
ft. — Walsenburg;  Cucharas  Valley  near  La  Veta;  Colorado  Springs;  Denver; 
Ouray;  Ft.  Collins. 

6.  Convolvulus  interior  House.  In  sandy  soil  from  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Ind. 
Terr,  and  Ariz. — Ft.  Collins. 

Family  113.  POLEMONIACEAE  Vent.  Phlox  Family. 

Calyx  at  length  ruptured  by  the  maturing  capsule. 

Calyx-tube  more  or  less  scarious  between  the  lobes  distended  and  then  ruptured 
by  the  capsule. 

Corolla  strictly  salver-shaped  with  a  narrow  throat ;  leaves  proper  opposite ; 
seeds  without  spiracles. 

Seeds  not  altered  when  wetted ;  our  species  all  perennials  with  all  the 
leaves  opposite.  1.  Phlox. 

Seeds  mucilaginous  when  wetted  ;  annuals  with  floral  leaves  alternate. 

2.  Microsteris. 

Corolla  funnelform  or  tubular  with  an  open  funnelform  throat ;  seeds  muci¬ 
laginous  when  wetted. 

Stem  leafy ;  bracts  not  connate. 

Leaves  opposite ;  inflorescence  cymose  and  dichotomously  branched ; 

seeds  without  spiracles.  3.  Linanthus. 

Leaves  alternate ;  inflorescence  paniculate  or  capitate ;  seeds  usually 
producing  spiracles  (spirally  twisted  threads)  when  wetted. 

4.  Gilia. 

Stem  without  proper  leaves,  but  with  persistent  connate  cotyledons ; 
bracts  of  the  capitate  inflorescence  leaf-like  and  connate  at  the  base. 

5.  Gymnosteris. 

Calyx-tube  not  at  all  scarious,  early  splitting  without  being  distended ;  lobes 
and  leaves  more  or  less  spinulose-pointed  ;  seeds  without  both  spiracles  and 
mucilage.  6.  Leptodactylon. 

Calyx  not  ruptured  by  the  capsule ;  leaves  alternate ;  seeds  with  mucilage  and 
spiracles  when  wetted. 

Calyx-teeth  spinulose-tipped ;  leaves  pinnatifid ;  flowers  capitate. 

7.  Navarretia. 

Calyx-teeth  herbaceous,  not  spinulose-tipped. 

Stamens  straight ;  leaves  simple,  in  ours  entire.  8.  Collomia. 

Stamens  declined  ;  leaves  pinnate.  9.  Polemonium. 

1.  PHLOX  L.  Phlox. 

Intercostal  portion  of  the  calyx  not  replicate. 

Leaves  beset  with  cob-webby  hairs  ;  plants  densely  pulvinate-cespitose. 

Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  densely  arachnoid-lanate,  mucronate-tipped,  but 
scarcely  acerose.  1.  P.  bryoides. 

Leaves  subulate,  acerose,  sparsely  arachnoid.  2.  P.  canescens. 

Leaves  not  cob-webby,  except  sometimes  slightly  so  at  the  base. 

Leaves  glabrous,  or  merely  cob-webby  at  the  base,  not  glandulose. 

Calyx  over  8  mm.  long ;  its  teeth  longer  than  the  tube. 

Calyx  and  the  bases  of  the  leaves  arachnoid-hairy. 

3.  P.  andicola. 

Calyx  and  stem  finely  villous  or  glabrous  ;  leaves  not  arachnoid. 


POLEMONIACEAE. 


275 


Calyx  over  i  cm.  long;  leaves  flat;  margins  not  revolute;  stem  5-10 
cm.  high.  4.  P.  multiflora. 

Calyx  less  than  1  cm.  long ;  leaves  very  narrow  with  revolute  margins. 

5.  P.  depressa. 

Calyx  less  than  8  mm.  long ;  its  lobes  much  shorter  than  the  tube. 

6.  P.  scleranthifolia. 

Leaves  hispid-ciliate  on  the  margin,  usually  with  more  or  less  glandular  hairs. 
Leaves  linear  to  subulate,  not  with  thickened  margins. 

Leaves  less  than  1  cm.  long ;  plant  densely  pulvinate-cespitose ;  limb  of 
corolla  seldom  over  1  cm.  broad. 

Leaves  almost  erect,  appressed ;  corolla-limb  6-8  mm.  wide. 

7.  P.  condensata. 

Leaves  ascending-spreading;  corolla-limb  about  10  mm.  wide. 

8.  P.  caespitosa. 

Leaves  over  1  cm.  long ;  plant  cespitose,  but  not  pulvinate  ;  corolla-limb 
12-20  mm.  wide.  9.  P.  Kelseyi. 

Leaves  oblong  or  broadly  linear  with  a  more  or  less  thickened  and  car¬ 
tilaginous  margin. 

Leaves  linear,  1-2  cm.  long ;  margins  not  very  thick ;  corolla-tube  twice 
as  long  as  the  calyx ;  young  stems  white-angled.  9.  P.  Kelseyi. 

Leaves  oblong  with  very  thick  margins,  7-12  mm.  long;  corolla-tube 
not  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx ;  young  stems  not  white-angled. 

10.  P.  alyssifolia. 


Intercostal  portion  of  the  calyx  replicate. 

Leaves  long-attenuate,  not  thick ;  only  upper  portion  of  the  plant  glandular ; 

corolla  scarcely  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  11.  P.  longifolia. 

Leaves  obtusish  or  abruptly  acute,  thick  and  firm  ;  corolla-tube  fully  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx;  plant  conspicuously  glandular.  12.  P.  Stansburyi. 


1.  Phlox  bryoides  Nutt.  On  dry  hills  from  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and 
Utah. — Livermore,  Larimer  Co. 

2.  Phlox  canescens  T.  &  G.  On  dry  hills  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — 
Colorado,  according  to  Gray,  but  doubtful. 

3.  Phlox  andicola  Nutt.  In  sandy  soil  and  on  hills  from  S.  D.  and  Ida. 
to  Colo. — Pike’s  Peak;  Ouray. 

4.  Phlox  multiflora  A.  Nelson.  In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — 
Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — North  Boulder  Peak;  mountain  near  Veta  Pass;  Jack’s 
Cabin,  Gunnison  watershed ;  Columbine ;  west  of  Ft.  Collins ;  Rist  Canon ; 
North  Park;  Minturn;  Beaver  Creek. 

5.  Phlox  depressa  (E.  Nels.)  Rydb.  ( Phlox  multiflora  depressa  E.  Nels.) 
In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  and  Ida.  to  Colo. — “  Colorado.” 

6.  Phlox  scleranthifolia  Rydb.  On  mountain  sides  from  S.  D.  and  Mont, 
to  Colo. — Alt.  10,000-13,000  ft. — West  Spanish  Peak. 

7.  Phlox  condensata  (A.  Gray)  E.  Nelson.  ( P .  caespitosa  condensata  A. 
Gray)  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  12,000-13,000  ft. — Uncompahgre 
Peak;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Sierra  Blanca;  mountains  above  Como; 
Alpine  Tunnel;  northwest  of  Como;  Boreas. 

8.  Phlox  caespitosa  Nutt.  On  rocky  hills  and  mountains  from  Mont,  and 
B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Ore. — Alt.  10,000-13,000  ft. — West  Spanish  Peak; 
Mt.  Hesperus ;  northwest  of  Como. 

9.  Phlox  Kelseyi  Britton.  In  valleys  from  N.  D.  and  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt. 
up  to  12,000  ft. — Little  Kate  Basin,  La  Plata  Mountains. 

10.  Phlox  alyssifolia  Greene.  On  hills  from  S.  D.  and  Ass.  to  Colo. — 
Exact  locality  not  given  ( Hall  &  Harbour) . 


276 


POLEMONIACEAE. 


11.  Phlox  longifolia  Nutt.  In  valleys  and  on  hills  from  Mont,  and  Wash, 
to  Colo,  and  Ore. — Mancos ;  Leroux  Creek,  Delta  Co. ;  Palisade,  Mesa  Co. ; 
Minturn. 

12.  Phlox  Stansburyi  (Torr.)  Heller.  (P.  speciosa  Stansburyi  Torr.)  In 
dry  regions  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — Los  Pinos 
(Bayfield);  Middle  Park;  Cerro  Summit;  Mancos;  Hotchkiss;  Cimarron; 
Palisades;  Dolores. 


2.  MICROSTERIS  Greene. 

1.  Microsteris  micrantha  (Kellogg)  Greene.  ( Collomia  micrantha  Kellogg; 
C.  gracilis  A.  Gray,  in  part)  In  sandy  soil  from  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and 
Calif. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Los  Pinos  (Bayfield);  Veta  Pass;  headwaters  of 
Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  west  of  Ft.  Collins;  southeast  of  La  Veta;  Mancos 
Canon ;  Cedar  Edge,  Gunnison  watershed ;  near  Denver ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ; 
gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon;  Trinidad;  Boulder;  Buena  Vista. 

3.  LINANTHUS  Benth. 

1.  Linanthus  Harknessii  (Curran)  Greene.  ( Gilia  Harknessii  Curran; 
G.  pharnaceoidcs  A.  Gray,  in  part)  In  sandy  or  loose  soil  from  Mont,  and 
B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Middle  Park;  Steamboat  Springs. 


4.  GILIA  R.  &  P. 


Flowers  capitately  or  spicately  glomerate. 

Perennials ;  flowers  in  dense  heads  or  spikes. 

Leaves  entire.  1.  G.  sperguli folia. 

Leaves  at  least  some  of  them  pinnatifid. 

Plant  branched  only  at  the  base  or  simple ;  stem  or  branches  strict,  with 
a  single  head-like  or  spike-like  inflorescence. 

Inflorescence  spike-like,  more  or  less  interrupted ;  corolla  greenish- 
white,  its  lobes  acute.  2.  G.  spicata. 

Inflorescence  head-like  ;  corolla  white,  its  lobes  obtuse. 

3.  G.  cephaloidea. 

Plants  branched  above  as  well  as  the  base  ;  inflorescence  of  several  heads, 
more  or  less  corymbosely  arranged. 

Corolla-lobes  about  2  mm.  long ;  calyx-teeth  and  bracts  green  with  very 
short  spine-tips  ;  branches  straw-color.  4.  G.  iberidifolia. 

Corolla-lobes  4-5  mm.  long ;  calyx-lobes  and  bracts  rose-tinged  with  long 
spine-tips  ;  stems  tinged  with  purple.  5.  G.  roseata. 

Annuals,  repeatedly  branched,  with  small  clusters  of  flowers  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves,  more  capitate  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 

Divisions  of  the  leaves  linear-filiform ;  floral  leaves  similar ;  corolla  twice 
as  long  as  the  calyx.  6.  G.  pumila. 

Divisions  of  the  leaves  very  short,  oblong  ;  floral  leaves  broader  and  shorter, 
more  entire  ;  tube  of  the  corolla  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx. 

7.  G.  polycladon. 


Flowers  openly  paniculate  or  thyrsoid-paniculate. 

Leaves  pinnately  divided. 

Corolla-tube  over  1  cm.  long ;  corolla  salver-form ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate, 
attenuate  and  spine-tipped. 

Inflorescence  thyrsoid,  narrow. 

Corolla-lobes  acute  or  acuminate ;  corolla  usually  scarlet  or  pink. 

Calyx  only  slightly  scarious  at  the  angles  ;  its  lobes  lanceolate-attenu¬ 
ate,  longer  than  the  tube. 


POLEMONIACEAE. 


277 


Calyx  and  inflorescence  glandular-puberulent,  not  long-hairy. 

8.  G.  aggregata. 

Calyx  and  usually  also  the  inflorescence  with  long  white  flat  hairs 
as  well  as  glandular-puberulent.  9.  G.  pulchella. 

Calyx  very  scarious  at  the  angles ;  its  teeth  shorter  than  the  tube ; 
corolla-lobes  acute.  10.  G.  scariosa. 

Corolla-lobes  rounded  or  obtuse  at  the  apex ;  corolla  white. 

11.  G.  Candida. 

Inflorescence  open  and  inclined  to  be  flat-topped. 

Corolla-tube  3-4  cin.  long;  its  lobes  obtuse.  12.  G.  longidora. 

Corolla-tube  1.5-2. 5  cm.  long;  its  lobes  acute.  13.  G.  laxidora. 

Corolla-tube  less  than  1  cm.  long. 

Stamens  exserted  ;  corolla  salverform. 

Divisions  of  the  leaves  all  linear-filiform,  not  wider  than  the  rachis ; 

corolla  about  1  cm.  long.  14.  G.  polyantha. 

Divisions  at  least  of  the  lower  leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  much  broader 
than  the  rachis;  corolla  5 -7  mm.  long.  15.  G.  pinnatidda. 

Stamens  not  exserted  ;  corolla  more  or  less  funnelform. 

Corolla  7-12  mm.  long;  plant  leafy  throughout. 

Corolla-tube  distinctly  exserted  from  the  calyx  ;  leaves  mostly  basal  or 
the  stem-leaves  reduced.  16.  G.  sinuata. 

Corolla-tube  scarcely  exserted  from  the  calyx ;  plant  more  leafy. 

17.  G.  inconspicua. 

Corolla  4-5  mm.  long. 

Plant  leafy  only  at  the  base  ;  divisions  short  and  broad  ;  corolla  about 
twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  18.  G.  subacaulis. 

Plant  leafy  throughout ;  divisions  of  the  leaves  narrow,  filiform ; 
corolla  only  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx.  19.  G.  minutidora. 
Leaves  entire  or  the  lower  ones  toothed  or  lobed. 

Basal  leaves  toothed  or  lobed. 

Flowers  1  cm.  long  or  more. 

Stem-leaves  oblanceolate,  often  toothed ;  stem  rather  stout ;  capsule  5 
mm.  long,  acute.  20.  G.  Crandallii. 

Stem-leaves  lanceolate-subulate,  entire ;  stem  very  slender ;  capsule  3.5 
mm.  long,  obtuse.  21.  G.  Hay  deni. 

Flowers  less  than  1  cm.  long.  22.  G.  leptomeria. 

Basal  leaves  entire. 

Basal  leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate. 

Leaves  petioled  ;  corolla  much  exserted.  23.  G.  pentstemonoides. 

Leaves  sessile,  fleshy  ;  corolla  scarcely  exserted.  24.  G.  sedifolia. 

All  leaves  filiform  or  the  lower  3-parted  with  filiform  lobes. 

19.  G.  minutidora. 

1.  Gilia  spergulifolia  Rydb.  On  dry  hills  in  Wyo.  and  Colo,  to  Utah. — 
Arboles. 

2.  Gilia  spicata  Nutt.  On  dry  hills  from  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and 
Utah. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Livermore,  Larimer 
Co.;  Turkey  Creek  and  tributaries;  mesas  near  Pueblo;  Ft.  Collins;  plains, 
Larimer  Co.;  Morrison;  Tobe  Miller’s  ranch;  mountains  between  Sunshine 
and  Ward. 

3.  Gilia  cephaloidea  Rydb.  On  dry  hills  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  11,000- 
12,000  ft. — Mountains  above  Como;  above  Boreas. 

4.  Gilia  iberidifolia  Benth.  In  “  bad  lands  ”  and  on  dry  hills  from  S.  D.  and 
Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  5000-7500  ft. — Grand  Junction;  Dolores. 

5.  Gilia  roseata  Rydb.  In  arid  soil,  western  Colo. — Grand  Junction. 

6.  Gilia  pumila  Nutt.  In  dry  soil  from  Wyo.  to  western  Texas  and 

Ariz. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — Mancos ;  Grand  Junction;  Apishipa  Creek,  Otero  Co. 


278 


POLEMONIACEAE. 


7.  Gilia  polycladon  Torr.  In  canons  from  Colo,  and  Nev.  to  W.  Tex. — Alt. 
4000-5000  ft. — Canon  of  Grand  River;  Grand  Junction. 

8.  Gilia  aggregata  (Pursh)  Spreng.  In  open  glades  and  on  hills  from  B. 
C.  and  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  7000-9000  ft. — Black  Canon,  Gunnison 
watershed;  Larimer  Co.;  West  Mancos  Canon;  Rabbit-Ear  Pass;  Dolores; 
Medicine  Bow  Mountains;  Dillon  Canon,  Trinidad;  Hotchkiss;  Sherwood; 
Steamboat  Springs ;  Brant’s  Soda  Springs. 

9.  Gilia  pulchella  Dough  ( G .  aggregata  attenuata  A.  Gray)  On  open 
hills  and  plains  from  Ida.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  8000-9000  ft. — Middle  Park; 
Arboles;  West  Indian  Creek;  Grizzly  Creek;  Pinkham  Creek;  Rabbit-Ear 
Range,  Routt  Co. 

10.  Gilia  scariosa  Rydb.  On  open  hills  in  Colo. — Alt.  7000-9000  ft. — Head¬ 
waters  of  Clear  Creek  near  Empire;  Pike’s  Peak;  Grizzly  Creek;  Garden  of 
the  Gods ;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch ;  Minnehaha,  Pike’s 
Peak;  Veta  Pass;  Mancos  Canon;  divide  between  Colorado  Springs  and 
Denver;  Empire;  Table  Rock;  Denver;  Palmer  Lake. 

11.  Gilia  Candida  Rydb.  In  open  valleys  of  Colo. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — 
South  Boulder  Peak;  Calhan;  Veta  Pass;  Colorado  Springs;  mountains 
between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 

12.  Gilia  longiflora  Don.  In  sandy  soil  and  on  plains  from  Neb.  and  Colo, 
to  Tex.  and  Ariz. ;  also  Mex. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Sterling,  Logan  Co.; 
Alamosa ;  Ft.  Collins ;  Pike’s  Peak ;  Salida. 

13.  Gilia  laxiflora  (Coult.)  Osterh.  ( G .  longiflora  laxiilora  Coult.)  On 
plains  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  N.  M. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — New  Windsor; 
Denver;  Walsenburg;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Trinidad;  Ft.  Collins. 

14.  Gilia  polyantha  Rydb.  ( G .  exserta  A.  Nels.)  In  dry  places,  in  Colo. — 
Pagosa  Springs ;  Hotchkiss,  Delta  Co. 

15.  Gilia  pinnatifida  Nutt.  In  sandy  soil  from  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  N.  M. 
— Alt.  4000-14,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Cheyenne  Canon,  near 
Pike’s  Peak;  Colorado  Springs;  Georgetown;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  In¬ 
dian  Creek  Pass;  Middle  Park;  Calhan;  Manitou;  Boulder;  canon  of  the 
Cache  la  Poudre;  west  of  Ouray;  Mt.  Harvard;  Uncompahgre  River  near 
Ouray;  Pike’s  Peak;  Ouray;  Colorado  Springs;  Marshall  Pass;  Gunnison; 
below  Carson;  Boreas;  Palmer  Lake;  Manitou  Junction;  Table  Rock; 
forks  of  Poudre  and  Big  South;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward; 
Boulder. 

16.  Gilia  sinuata  Benth.  In  sandy  soil  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — 
Alt.  5000-6000  ft. — Walsenburg;  Arboles;  foot-hills  near  Golden. 

17.  Gilia  inconspicua  Dough  On  hillsides  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Ariz.; 
also  Mex. — Alt.  6000-8000  ft. — Butte  5  miles  southwest  of  La  Veta ;  Waha- 
toya  Canon;  Crystal  Creek;  Larimer  Co.;  Rist  Canon;  Horsetooth  Gulch; 
Spring  Canon;  Boulder;  Palmer  Lake;  Hotchkiss. 

18.  Gilia  subacaulis  Rydb.  In  sandy  soil  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — 
Gunnison  River;  Grand  Canon. 

19.  Gilia  minutiflora  Benth.  On  plains  and  in  sandy  soil,  from  Mont,  and 
Ore.  to  Colo. — Steamboat  Springs. 

20.  Gilia  Crandallii  Rydb.  Sage  plains  from  Colo,  and  Nev.  to  N.  M. — 
Alt.  about  7000  ft. — Durango ;  Mancos. 


POLEMONIACEAE. 


279 


21.  Gilia  Haydeni  A.  Gray.  Dry  plains  of  Colo. — Plains  of  the  Mancos ; 
San  Juan;  Mesa  Verde  and  El  Late  (Brandegee) . 

22.  Gilia  leptomeria  A.  Gray.  In  dry  soil  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  N. 
M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Deer  Run,  Gunnison  watershed ;  Grand 
Junction. 

23.  Gilia  pentstemonoides  M.  E.  Jones.  On  rocks  in  Colorado. — Cimarron. 

24.  Gilia  sedifolia  Brand.  On  mountains  in  Colo. — Sheep  Mountain,  Un- 
compahgre  Range. 

5.  GYMNOSTERIS  Greene. 

1.  Gymnosteris  nudicaulis  (H.  &  A.)  Greene.  In  sandy  soil  from  Ore.  to 
Nev.  and  Colo.  {Gray). 

6.  LEPTODACTYLON  Nutt. 

Leaves  alternate;  stem  woody  throughout.  1.  L.  pungens. 

Leaves  opposite ;  stem  woody  only  at  the  base. 

Leaves  decidedly  pungent ;  ovules  numerous.  2.  L.  Watsonii. 

Leaves  scarcely  pungent ;  ovules  2-3  in  each  cell.  3.  L.  Nuttallii. 

1.  Leptodactylon  pungens  (Torr.)  Nutt.  ( Cantua  pungens  Torr. ;  Gilia 
pungens  Benth.)  In  sandy  valleys  and  on  hillsides,  Mont,  and  Wash,  to 
Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-9000  ft. — Black  Canon;  Gunnison;  New  Windsor, 
Weld  Co.;  mountains,  Larimer  Co.;  Walsenburg;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de 
Cristo  Creek;  Denver. 

2.  Leptodactylon  Watsonii  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  {Gilia  Watsonii  A.  Gray) 
Rocky  hills  in  Utah  and  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  5000  ft. — Grand  Junction;  Glen- 
wood  Springs. 

3.  Leptodactylon  Nuttallii  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  {Gilia  Nuttallii  A.  Gray) 
In  the  mountains  from  Wyo.  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt  9000-11,000 
ft. — Arkansas  Junction,  near  Leadville;  Robinson;  Tennessee  Pass,  Lake  Co.; 
near  Pagosa  Peak;  Oro  City;  Continental  Divide,  Routt  Co.;  Rabbit-Ear 
Pass ;  La  Plata  Canon ;  Ragged  Mountain  ;  Florence ;  Rabbit-Ears,  Larimer  Co. 

7.  NAVARRETIA  R.  &  P. 

1.  Navarretia  minima  Nutt.  In  dry  soil  from  Sask.  and  Wash,  to  Neb., 
Ariz.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Steamboat  Springs ;  Bear  River ;  Delta 
Co. ;  Hebron. 

8.  COLLOMIA  Nutt. 

1.  Collomia  linearis  Nutt.  In  dry  and  sandy  soil  from  N.  D.  and  B.  C. 
to  Neb.  and  Calif ;  also  introduced  in  N.  B.  and  N.  Y. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — 
Larimer  Co.;  Chicken  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains;  Mancos;  North 
Park,  near  Teller;  Steamboat  Springs;  Poverty  Ridge,  near  Cimarron; 
Ward,  Boulder  Co. ;  Jack’s  Canon,  Gunnison  watershed ;  divide  road  to 
Steamboat  Springs;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co.;  La  Veta;  Idaho  Springs;  Du¬ 
rango;  headwaters  of  Pass  Creek;  Pagosa  Springs;  Grayback  mining  camps 
and  Placer  Gulch;  Mt.  Richtofen  on  the  Michigan;  Platte  Canon;  Table 
Rock;  the  Narrows;  Dolores;  Rist  Canon;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Monument; 
Poudre  River;  Boulder. 


280 


POLEMONIACEAE. 


9.  POLEMONIUM  L.  Jacob’s  Ladder. 


Corolla  campanulate ;  filaments  with  pilose  appendages  at  the  base ;  inflorescence 
usually  open ;  leaflets  never  verticillate. 

Low,  1-3  dm.  high,  cespitose ;  basal  leaves  numerous  and  stem-leaves  few. 
Stem  and  leaves  viscid-pubescent  with  long  flat  hairs. 

Calyx-lobes  broadly  lanceolate  ;  pedicels  in  anthesis  shorter  than  the  flowers. 

.  1.  P.  scopulinum. 

Calyx-lobes  narrowly  lanceolate ;  pedicels  in  anthesis  usually  equalling  or 
exceeding  the  flowers.  2.  P.  delicatum. 

Stem  and  leaves  viscid-puberulent ;  the  latter  often  glabrate. 

3.  P.  parvidorum. 

Stem  tall,  leafy,  usually  solitary  from  the  rootstock,  4-10  dm.  high. 
Inflorescence  narrow,  dense,  thyrsoid. 

Plants  with  a  slender  rootstock,  not  long-villous.  4.  P.  occidentale. 

Plants  with  a  woody  base  ;  stem  and  leaves  long-villous. 

9.  P.  foliosissimum. 


Inflorescence  open  and  broad. 

Corolla  2  cm.  high  or  nearly  so  ;  leaves  glabrous.  5.  P.  grande. 
Corolla  8-15  mm.  high;  leaves  pubescent. 

Stem  and  inflorescence  long-villous,  scarcely  at  all  viscid. 

6.  P.  molle. 

Stem  and  inflorescence  short-hairy ;  the  latter  at  least  distinctly  viscid. 
Corolla  over  1  cm.  long ;  inflorescence  conical  or  obovoid  in  outline ; 
main  peduncle  usually  exceeding  the  branches. 

Sepals  oblong-lanceolate  ;  flowers  few.  7.  P.  Archebaldiae. 

Sepals  lanceolate  ;  flowers  numerous.  8.  P.  robustum. 

Corolla  less  than  1  cm.  long ;  inflorescence  flat-topped  ;  main  peduncle 
exceeded  in  length  by  the  branches.  9.  P.  foliosissimum. 

Corolla  funnelform ;  filaments  without  appendages  at  the  base ;  inflorescence 
dense,  spiciform  ;  leaflets  (except  in  the  first  species)  verticillate. 

Corolla  purple. 

Leaflets  not  verticillate.  10.  P.  speciosum. 

Leaflets  more  or  less  verticillate. 

Corolla  less  than  2  cm.  long,  campanulate-funnelform  with  a  rather  broad 
tube.  11.  P.  Grayianum. 

Corolla  2-3  cm.  long,  funnelform  with  a  narrow  tube. 


12.  P.  confertum. 

Corolla  yellow,  ochroleucous  or  greenish. 

Corolla  funnelform  ;  stamens  adnate  to  the  middle  of  the  corolla-tube. 

13.  P.  mellitum. 

Corolla  almost  tubular ;  stamens  almost  wholly  adnate  to  the  corolla-tube. 

14.  P.  Brandegei. 


1.  Polemonium  scopulinum  Greene.  (P.  humile  pule  helium  A.  Gray,  in 
part)  On  mountain  sides  of  Colo. — Alt.  8000-14,000  ft. — Lake  City;  head¬ 
waters  of  Clear  Creek;  Mt.  Hesperus;  Iron  Mountain;  Tennessee  Pass,  Lake 
Co. ;  Seven  Lakes ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Georgetown ;  Gray’s  Peak ;  Silverton ; 
Mt.  Abram,  Ouray;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Pike’s  Peak;  Bob  Creek;  Mt.  Baldy; 
Bottomless  Pit;  Cottonwood  Lake;  Red  Mountain  road,  south  of  Ouray; 
Carson;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  near  Ironton,  San  Juan  Co.;  Silver  Plume; 
Grand  Mesa,  Gunnison  watershed;  above  Graymont ;  Beaver  Creek;  Empire; 
Buffalo  Pass;  Eldora  to  Baltimore;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 

2.  Polemonium  delicatum  Rydb.  On  high  mountains  in  Colo,  and  N.  M. 
— Alt.  10,000-12,000  ft. — Marshall  Pass  (?);  West  Spanish  Peak;  Silver 
Plume ;  Bob  Creek ;  Berthoud  Pass. 

3.  Polemonium  parviflorum  Nutt.  (P.  viscosum  A.  Gray,  in  part;  not 
Nutt.)  On  hills  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — “  Colorado.” 


POLEMONIACEAE. 


281 


4.  Polemonium  occidentale  Greene.  (P.  coeruleum  A.  Gray,  in  part;  not 

L. )  In  valleys  and  open  woods  from  Ass.  and  Alaska  to  Colo,  and  Utah. 
— Alt.  6000-9000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Chambers’ 
Lake;  Indian  Creek  Pass;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co.;  Breckenridge ;  Gunnison; 
Ironton  Park,  9  miles  south  of  Ouray;  Durango;  Empire;  Walden. 

5.  Polemonium  grande  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about 
9000  ft. — Near  Pagosa  Peak. 

6.  Polemonium  molle  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  8000-9500 
ft. — Piedra;  near  La  Porte;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

7.  Polemonium  Archebaldiae  A.  Nels.  Mountains  of  Colo. — Berwind. 

8.  Polemonium  robustum  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo.,  especially  along 
streams. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Bob  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains;  Keb- 
lar  Pass;  Veta  Pass;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek 
at  Dumont;  Leroux  Creek. 

9.  Polemonium  foliosissimum  A.  Gray.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  N. 

M.  — Alt.  6000-11,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Estes  Park,  Larimer 
Co.;  La  Veta;  Veta  Pass;  Oak  Mesa,  Delta  Co.;  Durango;  Berthoud  Pass; 
Empire;  Willow  Creek;  Graymont;  Sargent. 

10.  Polemonium  speciosum  Rydb.  On  the  highest  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt. 
about  13,000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  Mt.  Garfield;  Gray’s  Peak. 

11.  Polemonium  Grayianum  Rydb.  On  the  higher  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt. 
9000-13,000  ft. — Gray’s  Peak;  Graymont;  Central  City. 

12.  Polemonium  confertum  A.  Gray.  On  the  higher  mountains  among 
rocks  in  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  9000-13,000  ft. — Mt.  McClellan;  Pike’s  Peak; 
Cameron  Pass;  Lake  City;  Gray’s  Peak;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Sangre 
de  Cristo  Range;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Seven  Lakes;  near  Pike’s  Peak;  near 
Ironton,  San  Juan  Co.;  mountains  above  Boreas;  Little  Kate  Basin,  La  Plata 
Mountains ;  Ragged  Mountain ;  Gunnison  Co. ;  Argentine  Pass ;  tributaries 
of  South  Fork  of  Cache  la  Poudre  River,  Larimer  Co. ;  Beaver  Creek ;  Mt. 
Abram,  Ouray;  mountains  near  Mt.  Harvard;  Mt.  Hesperus;  Devil’s  Cause¬ 
way;  Graymont;  Berthoud  Pass;  Spicer,  Larimer  Co. 

13.  Polemonium  mellitum  (A.  Gray)  A.  Nels.  ( P .  confertum  mellitum  A. 
Gray)  On  the  higher  mountains  from  Wyo.  and  Nev.  to  Colo. — Alt.  8000- 
9500  ft. — Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

14.  Polemonium  Brandegei  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Gilia  Brandegei  A.  Gray) 
On  the  higher  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt.  6000—12,000  ft. — Sierra  Blanca;  West 
Spanish  Peak;  Big  Creek  Gulch,  Routt  Co.;  mountains  between  Sunshine 
and  Ward ;  Wagon-wheel  Gap. 

Family  114.  HYDROLEACEAE  H.  B.  K.  Water-leaf  Family. 

Ovary  1 -celled;  style  2-cleft;  leaf-blades  usually  toothed,  lobed  or  dissected. 
Corolla-lobes  convolute  in  the  bud ;  placentae  dilated. 

Stamens  exserted ;  calyx  not  enlarged  in  fruit ;  leaves  alternate. 

1.  Hydrophyllum. 

Stamens  included. 

Calyx  enlarged  in  fruit,  not  appendaged  ;  leaves  opposite. 

2.  Macrocalyx. 


282 


HYDROLEACEAE. 


Calyx  not  much  enlarged  in  fruit  with  appendages  in  the  sinuses. 

3.  Nemophila. 

Corolla-lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud ;  placentae  narrow.  4.  Phacelia. 

Ovary  imperfectly  2-celled ;  styles  2,  distinct ;  leaf-blades  entire. 

5.  Marilaunidium. 


1.  HYDROPHYLLUM  L.  Waterleaf. 

Peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles  and  mostly  shorter  than  the  flower-clusters ; 

anthers  oblong.  1.  H.  capitatum. 

Peduncles  longer  than  the  petioles ;  anthers  oblong-linear.  2.  H.  Fendleri. 

1.  Hydrophyllum  capitatum  Dougl.  In  wet  places  on  hillsides  from  Mont, 
and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  about  9000  ft. — Grand  Mesa,  Gunnison 
watershed ;  Rabbit-Ear  Range,  Routt  Co. ;  Steamboat  Springs. 

2.  Hydrophyllum  Fendleri  (A.  Gray)  Heller.  ( H .  occidentale  Fendleri 
A.  Gray)  Along  streams  and  among  bushes  from  Wyo.  and  Ida.  to  Colo, 
and  N.  M. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — West  of  Ft.  Collins;  near  Pagosa  Peak; 
Apex;  Van  Boxle’s  ranch,  above  Cimarron;  Villa  Grove;  Idaho  Springs; 
Ojo;  East  Indian  Creek;  Pass  Creek;  Chicken  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Moun¬ 
tains  ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  Rist  Canon ;  Dixon  Canon ;  mountains  between 
Sunshine  and  Ward ;  Empire. 

2.  MACROCALYX  T  rew. 

1.  Macrocalyx  Nyctelea  (L.)  Kuntze.  ( Ellisia  Nyctelea  L.)  In  damp 
places  from  Sask.  and  Mont,  to  Va.  and  Colo. — Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Ft.  Col¬ 
lins;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Cerro  Summit,  Gunnison  watershed;  Sangre 
de  Cristo  Creek;  Cucharas  River  below  La  Veta;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Spring 
Canon. 

3.  NEMOPHILA  Nutt. 

1.  Nemophila  breviflora  A.  Gray.  In  rich  soil  from  Mont,  and  Ida.  to 
Colo,  and  Ore. — Steamboat  Springs. 

4.  PHACELIA  Juss. 

Leaves  all  simple  and  entire  or  some  of  the  lower  pinnately  3-5-divided  with 
entire  divisions ;  capsule  acute ;  ovules  4. 

Plant  densely  whitish  canescent.  1.  P.  leucophylla. 

Plant  pubescent  but  not  canescent. 

Plant  decumbent  or  ascending,  slender,  1-3  dm.  high ;  inflorescence  open 
with  a  few  branches.  2.  P.  alpina. 

Plant  erect  or  sometimes  ascending,  3-5  dm.  high,  stout  and  more  leafy; 
inflorescence  dense  with  numerous  short  branches.  3.  P.  heterophylla. 
Leaves  from  sinuate-crenate  to  twice-pannatifid. 

Plant  annual,  not  cespitose. 

Corolla-lobes  entire  or  merely  sinuate-crenate. 

Leaves  sinuate-crenate  to  lobed  half-way  to  the  midrib. 

Stem-leaves  ovate,  oval  or  elliptic  in  outline ;  edges  and  ridge  of  the 
seeds  not  with  cross  ridges.  4.  P.  integrifolia. 

Stem-leaves  oblong  in  outline ;  edges  and  salient  ventral  ridge  of  the 
seeds  with  rounded  cross-ridges.  5.  P.  corrugata. 

Leaves  pinnately  divided  to  the  midrib. 

Terminal  divisions  of  the  leaves  large  and  obovate  in  outline. 

6.  P.  splendens. 

Terminal  divisions  of  the  leaves  not  much  enlarged,  ovate,  lanceolate 
or  oblong  in  outline.  7.  P.  glandulosa. 


HYDROLEACEAE. 


283 


Corolla-lobes  distinctly  dentate  or  erose. 

Corolla  white ;  stamens  about  twice  as  long  as  the  corolla. 

8.  P.  alba. 

Corolla  purplish  or  pink  ;  stamens  slightly  exceeding  the  corolla. 

9.  P.  neo-inexicana. 

Plant  perennial,  cespitose ;  inflorescence  spicate-thyrsiform. 

Plant  equally  sericeous  throughout ;  segments  of  the  leaves  narrowly  linear. 

10.  P.  sericea. 

Plant  finely  pubescent,  hirsute-ciliate  on  the  petioles ;  segments  of  the 
leaves  oblong.  n.  P.  ciliosa. 

1.  Phacelia  leucophylla  Torr.  On  dry  hills  from  S.  D.  and  Wash,  to  Colo, 
and  Utah. — Alt.  up  to  8000  ft. — Horsetooth  Gulch ;  mountains  between  Sun¬ 
shine  and  Ward. 

2.  Phacelia  alpina  Rydb.  On  mountains  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Nev. — 
Alt.  7000-12,500  ft. — Steamboat  Springs;  Silver  Plume;  Mt.  Harvard;  near 
Ironton,  San  Juan  Co. 

3.  Phacelia  heterophylla  Pursh.  On  hills  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to  Colo, 
and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-9000  ft. — Near  Empire;  Ironton  Park,  9  miles  south 
of  Ouray;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Narrows,  Poudre  Canon;  Howe’s  Gulch; 
Dixon  Canon ;  gulch  west  of  Pennock’s ;  Horsetooth  Mountain ;  Rist  Canon ; 
Rabbit-Ear  Range,  Routt  Co.;  Platte  River;  Colorado  Springs;  Eldora  to 
Baltimore;  Ft.  Collins;  Amelia;  Table  Rock;  Ute  Pass,  near  Pike’s  Peak; 
Pagosa  Peak;  Van  Boxle’s  ranch,  above  Cimarron;  Ouray;  Upper  West 
Mancos  Canon ;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek ;  East  Indian  Creek ;  Lake  Moraine ; 
William’s  Canon,  near  Pike’s  Peak;  Trail  Glen;  Boulder;  Rist  Canon; 
Ragged  Mountain. 

4.  Phacelia  integrifolia  Torr.  In  gypsum  soil  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to 
western  Tex.  and  Ariz. ;  also  Mex. — “  Southwestern  Colorado.” 

5.  Phacelia  corrugata  A.  Nels.  In  dry  soil  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  western 
Tex.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Grand  Junction;  Rifle,  Garfield  Co.; 
Palisade. 

6.  Phacelia  splendens  Eastw.  In  dry  ground  in  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt. 
5000-8000  ft. — Ouray;  Cimarron;  Hotchkiss,  Delta  Co.;  Grand  Junction; 
Lake  City. 

7.  Phacelia  glandulosa  Nutt.  In  gravelly  soil  from  Mont,  to  western  Tex. 
and  Ariz. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Mt.  Harvard;  Cheyenne  Canon;  West  Span¬ 
ish  Peak;  Walsenburg;  Lake  City;  Cumbres;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Howe’s 
Gulch. 

8.  Phacelia  alba  Rydb.  In  valleys  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M. — Alt.  8000-10,000 
ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  La  Veta;  Placer; 
Doyle’s ;  Georgetown ;  Marshall  Pass ;  Graymont ;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

9.  Phacelia  neo-mexicana  Thurber.  In  sandy  soil  from  Colo,  to  N.  M. — 
Alt.  4500-7500  ft. — Georgetown;  between  La  Veta  and  Gardner,  near  Badito; 
Trinidad;  Salida;  La  Porte,  Larimer  Co.;  Dillon  Canon. 

10.  Phacelia  sericea  Hook.  In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  and  B.  C.  to 
Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  9000-13,000  ft. — Lake  City;  mountains  south  of  Ward, 
Boulder  Co.;  Mt.  Garfield;  Tennessee  Pass,  7  miles  west  of  Leadville;  Lead- 
ville,  Lake  Co.;  Mt.  Harvard;  Larimer  Co.;  Silverton;  Medicine  Bow  Moun¬ 
tains  ;  above  Graymont ;  above  Como ;  Beaver  Creek ;  Larimer  Co. ;  Eldora 
to  Baltimore. 


284 


HYDROLEACEAE. 


ii.  Phacelia  ciliosa  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  from  Alb.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo, 
and  Nev. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Between  Bald  Mountain  and  Seven  Lakes; 
near  Pagosa  Peak ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Hahn’s  Peak ;  Clear  Creek  Canon ; 
mountains  above  Boreas ;  Berthoud  Pass,  near  Georgetown ;  Little  Kate  Basin, 
La  Plata  Mountains ;  Carson ;  Silver  Plume. 

5.  MARILAUNIDIUM  Kuntze. 

1.  Marilaunidium  angustifolium  (A.  Gray)  Kuntze.  ( Nama  dichotomum 
angustif olium  A.  Gray)  In  cultivated  ground  and  waste  places  from  Colo, 
to  N.  M. — Colorado  Springs. 

Family  115.  HELIOTROPACEAE  Small.  Heliotrope  Family. 

Cone  of  the  stigma  penicillate-setose ;  fruit  didymous ;  each  of  the  two  carpels 
splitting  into  two  almost  hemispherical  nutlets.  1.  Euploca. 

Cone  of  the  stigma  not  penicillate-setose ;  fruit  in  ours  4-lobed,  splitting  into 
four  1 -seeded  nutlets.  2.  Heliotropium. 

1.  EUPLOCA  Nutt. 

1.  Euploca  convolvulacea  Nutt.  ( Heliotropium  convolvulaceum  A.  Gray) 
Sandy  plains  from  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  Tex.  and  Calif.;  also  Mex. — Arkansas 
River;  sandy  plains  of  Platte. 

2.  HELIOTROPIUM  L.  Heliotrope. 

1.  Heliotropium  spathulatum  Rydb.  ( H .  Curassavicum  Hook.;  not  L.)  In 
river  valleys  from  Ass.  and  Wash,  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — South  of  New 
Windsor,  Weld  Co. 


Family  116.  BORAGINACEAE  A.  Gray.  Borage  Family. 

Nutlets  with  hooked  prickles  at  least  on  the  margin.  1.  Lappula. 

Nutlets  unarmed  or  if  prickly,  the  prickles  not  curved. 

Receptacle  conic  or  elongated  ;  the  nutlets  attached  laterally. 

Nutlets  attached  below  the  middle,  with  an  oblique  truncate  back,  which  is 
surrounded  by  an  entire  or  toothed  margin ;  low  pulvinate-cespitose  per¬ 
ennials.  2.  Eritrichium. 

Nutlets  attached  at  the  middle  or  with  an  elongated  scar  reaching  from  the 
base  to  above  the  middle,  not  with  a  truncate  margined  back ;  plants 
not  pulvinate-cespitose. 

Pedicels  and  calyx  persistent  in  fruit. 

Calyx  circumscissile  ;  plants  dichotomously  branched. 

3.  PlPTOCALYX. 

Calyx  not  circumscissile  ;  plants  not  dichotomously  branched. 

Calyx-lobes  spreading  in  fruit ;  leaves  alternate  ;  perennials. 

4.  Oreocarya. 

Calyx  nearly  closed  in  fruit ;  leaves  proper  opposite  ;  annuals. 

5.  Allocarya. 

Pedicels  in  fruit  falling  off  with  the  calyx ;  the  latter  closed ;  branched 
but  not  dichotomous  annuals.  6.  Cryptanthe. 

Receptacle  flat  or  merely  convex. 

Scar  of  the  nutlets  large  and  excavated,  bordered  by  a  prominent  margin. 

7.  Anchusa. 

Scar  of  the  nutlets  small  and  marginless. 


BORAGINACEAE. 


285 


Nutlets  obliquely  attached  ;  flowers  mostly  bractless ;  corolla  blue  or  white 
with  funnelform  throat.  8.  Mertensia. 

Nutlets  attached  by  the  very  base. 

Corolla  salverform  or  funnelform ;  its  lobes  rounded  and  spreading. 
Racemes  not  bracted ;  corolla  in  ours  blue ;  its  lobes  convolute  in  bud. 

9.  Myosotis. 

Racemes  bracted  ;  corolla  yellow  or  yellowish  ;  its  lobes  imbricated  in 
bud.  10.  Lithospermum. 

Corolla  tubular ;  its  lobes  erect,  acute,  otherwise  as  in  Lithospermum. 

11.  Onosmodium. 


1.  LAPPULA  Moench.  Stick-seed. 

Inflorescence  leafy-bracted  only  at  the  base ;  bracts  minute  above ;  gymnobase 
short-pyramidal ;  scar  of  the  nutlets  ovate  or  triangular ;  perennials  or 
biennials. 

Corolla  1.5-6  mm.  wide,  blue;  stem  very  leafy. 

Marginal  prickles  free  to  the  base  or  nearly  so. 

Corolla  1.5-3  mm.  wide.  1.  L.  Besseyi. 

Corolla  4-6  mm.  wide  (leaves  firmer).  2.  L.  doribunda. 

Marginal  prickles  united  for  Vz-Yz  their  length  into  a  distinct  wing. 

Stem-leaves  linear-lanceolate,  densely  strigose.  3.  L.  angustata. 

Stem-leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  hispidulous ;  the  hairs  with  papillose  bases. 

4.  L.  scaberrima. 

Corolla  6-8  mm.  wide,  blue  with  white  center  ;  stem  very  leafy  at  the  base. 

5.  L.  gracilenta. 

Inflorescence  leafy ;  the  floral  leaves,  although  smaller,  resembling  those  of  the 
stem ;  annuals. 

The  annular  margin  connecting  the  bases  of  the  prickles  inconspicuous  in  all 
four  nutlets. 

Calyx-lobes  more  than  twice  as  long  as  the  fruit,  reflexed-spreading ;  floral 
leaves  broadly  lanceolate.  6.  L.  calycosa. 

Calyx-lobes  less  than  twice  as  long  as  the  fruit ;  floral  leaves  linear  or  linear- 
lanceolate.  7.  L.  occidentalis. 

The  annular  margin  connecting  the  bases  of  the  prickles  at  least  in  three  of 
the  nutlets  broadened  and  forming  a  cup. 

Plant  diffusely  branched,  at  flowering  time  without  basal  rosette. 

8.  L.  cupulata. 

Plant  at  flowering  time  with  a  basal  rosette  of  spatulate  leaves ;  stems 
more  simple.  9.  L.  collina. 

1.  Lappula  Besseyi  Rydb.  In  wooded  canons  of  Colorado. — Alt.  about 
8000  ft. — Mouth  of  Cheyenne  Canon  near  Pike’s  Peak. 

2.  Lappula  floribunda  (Lehm.)  Greene.  ( Echinospermum  Horibundum 
Lehm.)  On  hillsides  and  among  bushes  from  Man.  and  Alb.  to  N.  M.  and 
Calif. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Boulder  Canon;  New  Castle;  Twin  Lakes; 
La  Veta;  Gunnison;  Valley  Spur;  Pagosa  Springs;  near  Dix  Post  Office; 
Wahatoya  Creek;  mountains,  Larimer  Co.;  Four-mile  Hill,  Routt  Co.;  North 
Poudre ;  Empire ;  Poudre  Canon  ;  Como. 

3.  Lappula  angustata  Rydb.  Foot-hills  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Alt.  5000-6000 
ft. — La  Veta;  foot-hills  and  plains  near  Boulder;  Rist  Canon;  Hahn’s  Peak. 

4.  Lappula  scaberrima  Piper.  In  sandy  soil  from  Wyo.  and  Neb.  to  Colo. 
— Cripple  Creek;  Idaho  Springs. 

5.  Lappula  gracilenta  Eastw.  In  canons  of  southwestern  Colo. — Navajo 
Canon;  Mesa  Verde. 

6.  Lappula  calycosa  Rydb.  In  waste  places  and  fields  in  Colo. — Alt.  5000- 
6000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  Mancos;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Walsenburg; 
Glenwood  Springs ;  Ft.  Collins. 


286 


BORAGINACEAE. 


7.  Lappula  occidentalis  (S.  Wats.)  Greene.  ( Echinospermum  Redowskyi 
occidentalis  S.  Wats.)  In  sandy  places  and  on  dry  plains  from  Sask.  and 
Wash,  to  Mo.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Twin  Lakes;  mesas  near 
Pueblo;  South  Cheyenne  Canon;  Colorado  Springs;  plains  near  Denver; 
Mancos;  Cimarron;  river-bluffs,  north  of  La  Veta;  Mountain  View;  An- 
tonito;  Valley  Spur;  along  Uncompahgre  River  near  Ouray;  Los  Pinos; 
Ft.  Collins;  Howe’s  Gulch;  bank  of  Arkansas  River;  Quimby;  Spring  Canon; 
Manitou. 

8.  Lappula  cupulata  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  In  river  valleys  from  S.  D.  and 
Ida.  to  Tex.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  mesas 
near  Pueblo;  Hotchkiss,  Delta  Co.;  Canon  City;  Denver;  Ft.  Collins. 

9.  Lappula  collina  Greene.  On  dry  hills  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Tex.  and 
Ariz. — Palisades. 

2.  ERITRICHIUM  Schrader.  Mountain  Forget-me-not. 

Dorsal  surface  of  the  nutlets  margined  with  a  ridge-like  ring,  but  not  toothed. 

1.  E.  elongatum. 

Dorsal  surface  of  the  nutlets  with  a  toothed  border  ;  corolla  4-5  mm.  wide. 

2.  E.  argenteum. 

1.  Eritrichium  elongatum  (Rydb.)  White.  ( E .  aretioides  elongatum 
Rydb.)  On  high  mountain  tops  from  Mont,  and  Ore.  to  Colo. — Alt.  11,000- 
12,000  ft. — Headwaters  Clear  Creek ;  above  Beaver  Creek. 

2.  Eritrichium  argentum  White.  ( Omphalodes  nana  aretioides  A.  Gray) 
On  alpine  peaks  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  11,000-14,400  ft. — 
Gray’s  Peak ;  mountains  above  Como ;  mountains  of  Estes  Park,  Larimer  Co. ; 
Pike’s  Peak;  Chicago  Lake;  Argentine  Pass;  Bald  Mountain;  Bush  Creek, 
Custer  Co. 

3.  PIPTOCALYX  Torr. 

1.  Piptocalyx  circumscissa  Torr.  ( Krynitzkia  circuniscissa  A.  Gray)  In 
dry  soil  from  Ida.  and  Wash,  to  Colo.,  Ariz.  and  Calif. — Routt.  Co.,  near 
Wyoming  line. 

4.  OREOCARYA  Greene. 

Fruit  depressed;  nutlets  at  the  margin  separated  by  an  open  space. 

Leaves  appressed-canescent,  not  hispid ;  corolla  5-7  mm.  wide. 

1.  O.  cinerea. 

Leaves  with  a  fine  canescence  intermixed  with  hispid  hairs  ;  corolla  less  than 
5  mm.  wide. 

Plant  low,  grayish,  not  yellowish-hispid  above  ;  racemes  short,  2-ranked. 

2.  O.  sutfruticosa. 

Plant  tall,  yellowish-hispid  above;  racemes  in  fruit  elongated,  i-ranked. 

3.  O.  multicaulis. 

Fruit  conical  or  ovoid  ;  nutlets  touching  each  other. 

Corolla-tube  not  exserted. 

Floral  leaves  long,  many  times  longer  than  the  short  flower-clusters. 

4.  O.  virgata. 

Floral  leaves  comparatively  short,  little  if  at  all  surpassing  the  flower- 
clusters. 

Sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  only  slightly  exceeding  the  mature  nutlets ;  in¬ 
florescence  a  panicle  with  rather  few  branches. 


BORAGINACEAE. 


287 


Corolla  7-8  mm.  broad  ;  nutlets  muricate  and  cross-ridged,  but  not  honey¬ 
comb-crested.  5.  O.  data. 

Corolla  4-5  mm.  broad ;  nutlets  honey-comb-crested. 

6.  O.  Bakeri. 

Sepals  lanceolate  to  linear,  much  exceeding  the  nutlets ;  inflorescence 
thyrsoid. 

Inflorescence  a  broad  open  round-topped  thyrsus ;  branches  usually 

again  branched. 

Tall,  2-4  dm.  high ;  nutlets  with  acute  backs  and  sharply  acute  or 
slightly  winged  margins ;  tubercles  united  into  more  or  less  dis¬ 
tinct  cross-ridges. 

Plant  light  yellowish-green  ;  nutlets  more  or  less  distinctly  winged  ; 
cross-ridges  of  the  nutlets  rather  regular  and  uniting  on  the  back. 

7.  O.  hispidissima. 

Plants  dark  green ;  nutlets  merely  acute-angled  and  irregularly 
cross-ridged.  8.  O.  thyrsidora. 

Low,  1-2  dm.  high  ;  nutlets  with  rounded  backs  and  merely  acutish- 

margined ;  muriculations  united  into  almost  star-shaped  tubercles. 

9.  O.  aperta. 

Inflorescence,  at  least  in  flower,  a  narrow,  almost  spike-like  thyrsus ; 

if  more  open,  branches  simple. 

Plant  green,  very  hispid ;  only  the  basal  leaves  canescent ;  bristles  with 
very  conspicuous  pustulate  bases,  much  longer  than  the  short 
strigose  or  tomentose  pubescence. 

Corolla  7-10  mm.  wide  ;  nutlets  ovate,  more  than  half  as  wide  as  long  ; 
basal  leaves  broadly  spatulate  densely  canescent. 

10.  O.  glomerata. 

Corolla  5-7  mm.  wide  ;  nutlets  lanceolate,  less  than  half  as  wide  as 
long ;  basal  leaves  broadly  oblanceolate,  somewhat  canescent ; 
plant  1.5-2  dm.  high.  11.  O.  perennis. 

Plant  canescent ;  basal  leaves  at  least  with  inconspicuous  bristles, 
which  are  scarcely  longer  than  the  other  pubescence ;  pustulate 
bases  inconspicuous. 

Plant  stout,  3-4  dm.  high,  rather  simple;  corolla  7-10  mm.  wide. 

12.  O.  argentea. 

Plant  low,  less  than  1  dm.  high,  densely  cespitose. 

13.  O.  nana. 


Corolla-tube  long-exserted. 

Corolla  white. 

Nutlets  more  or  less  distinctly  rugose  with  irregular  cross-ridges  as  well 
as  muricate. 

Ridges  of  the  nutlets  honey-comb-crested ;  inflorescence  a  narrow  thyrsus ; 

leaves  canescent  and  hispid.  14.  O.  eulophus. 

Ridges  of  the  nutlets  neither  much  interlacing  nor  crested. 

Inflorescence  at  least  in  fruit  open  with  elongated  branches ;  stem  stout. 

15.  O.  longiflora. 

Inflorescence  narrow;  stem  slender.  16.  O.  cristata. 

Nutlets  finely  muricate;  inflorescence  at  last  more  or  less  yellowish;  leaves 
finely  canescent. 

Plant  cespitose,  low,  1-1.5  dm.  high;  basal  leaves  2-3  cm.  long,  3-7  mm. 

wide.  17.  O.  fulvocanescens. 

Plant  2-3  dm.  high;  basal  leaves  4-8  cm.  long,  7-15  mm.  wide. 

18.  O.  nitida. 

Corolla  yellow.  19.  O.  dava. 


1.  Oreocarya  cinerea  Greene.  On  dry  plains  of  Colo. — Alt  5000-7000  ft. — 
Mesas  near  Pueblo;  Canon  City;  Arkansas  River;  Rocky  Ford. 

2.  Oreocarya  suffruticosa  (Torr.)  Greene.  ( Krynitzkia  Jamesii  A.  Gray) 
On  plains  and  foot-hills  from  S.  D.  and  Wyo.  to  Colo. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — 
Plains  and  foot-hills  near  Boulder;  Gunnison;  Colorado  Springs;  Denver; 


288 


BORAGINACEAE. 


Salida ;  on  the  Platte;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Manitou  Junction;  Lasalle; 
Morrison;  Pueblo;  Ouray. 

3.  Oreocarya  multicaulis  (Torr.)  Greene.  ( Eritrichium  multicaule  Torr.) 
In  arid  lands  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Gunnison; 
Arboles. 

4.  Oreocarya  virgata  (Porter)  Greene.  ( Krynitzkia  virgata  A.  Gray)  On 
dry  hills  in  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Plains  and  foot-hills  near 
Boulder;  Green  Mountain  Falls;  Pike’s  Peak;  Clear  Creek  Canon;  Larimer 
Co. ;  foot-hills  near  Golden ;  Ft.  Collins ;  Manitou ;  headwaters  of  Clear 
Creek ;  Denver ;  Rist  Canon,  Barnes’  c.amp ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  Soldier 
Canon;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Artist’s  Glen;  Wood’s  ranch;  Narrows. 

5.  Oreocarya  elata  Eastw.  In  arid  places  of  western  Colo. — Grand  Junction. 

6.  Oreocarya  Bakeri  Greene.  Sage  plains  of  southern  Colo. — Mancos. 

7.  Oreocarya  hispidissima  (Torr.)  Rydb.  ( Eritrichium  glomeratum  hispi- 
dissimum  Torr.)  In  river  valleys  and  on  hills  from  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  N.  M. 
and  Utah. — Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Calloway. 

8.  Oreocarya  thyrsiflora  Greene.  On  sandy  hillsides  from  Neb.  and  Wyo. 
to  Colo. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — Cripple  Creek ;  Salida ;  Colorado  Springs ; 
Livermore ;  Badito ;  Platte  bottom. 

9.  Oreocarya  aperta  Eastw.  On  arid  hills  of  western  Colo. — Grand  Junction. 

10.  Oreocarya  glomerata  (Pursh)  Greene.  ( Krynitzkia  glomerata  A.  Gray) 
Dry  hills  from  Sask.  and  Ida.  to  Utah.  It  has  been  reported  from  Colorado, 
but  doubtful. 

11.  Oreocarya  perennis  (A.  Nels.)  Rydb.  (O.  afdnis  perennis  A.  Nels.) 
Dry  rocks  from  S.  D.  and  Ida.  to  Colo. — Cheyenne  Mountain. 

12.  Oreocarya  argentea  Rydb.  On  dry  hills  in  Colo. — Rifle,  Garfield  Co. ; 
Steamboat  Springs. 

13.  Oreocarya  nana  Eastw.  On  dry  table  lands  in  western  Colo. — Grand 
Junction. 

14.  Oreocarya  eulophus  Rydb.  On  gravelly  hills  in  Colo,  and  Utah. — 

McCoy’s,  Eagle  Co. ;  Dolores. 

15.  Oreocarya  longiflora  A.  Nels.  On  dry  table-lands  and  plains  of  Utah 
and  Colo. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Hotchkiss;  Grand  Junction. 

16.  Oreocarya  cristata  Eastw.  On  arid  hills  of  western  Colo. — Grand 
Junction. 

17.  Oreocarya  fulvocanescens  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Krynitzkia  fulvocancs- 
cens  A.  Gray)  On  hills  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M. — Locality  not  given. 

18.  Oreocarya  nitida  Greene.  On  dry  hills  in  Colo. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — 
Deer  River;  Grand  Junction. 

19.  Oreocarya  flava  A.  Nels.  On  hills  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — 
Grand  Junction. 


5.  ALLOCARYA  Greene. 

1.  Allocarya  scopulorum  Greene.  ( Krynitzkia  calif ornica  A.  Gray,  in  part) 
In  sandy  soil  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — 
Near  Empire;  Grizzly  Creek;  Calhan;  Georgetown;  Steamboat  Springs, 
Routt  Co.;  Cerro  Summit;  Gunnison;  Veta  Pass;  Alamosa;  Hubbard  Creek; 
Buena  Vista;  along  the  Conejos  north  of  Antonito;  Boulder;  North  Park. 


BORAGINACEAE. 


289 


6.  CRYPTANTHE  Lehm. 

Nutlets  not  winged. 

Nutlets  dissimilar,  3  of  them  tubercled,  the  fourth  smooth  or  nearly  so. 

Sepals  in  fruit  strongly  thickened  on  the  back.  1.  C.  crassisepala. 

Sepals  in  fruit  not  strongly  thickened  on  the  back. 

Plant  1-2  dm.  high ;  calyx  in  fruit  6-8  mm.  long.  2.  C.  Kelseyana. 

Plant  a  few  cm.  high  ;  calyx  in  fruit  less  than  5  mm.  long. 

3.  C.  minima. 

Nutlets  all  smooth. 

Nutlets  usually  all  four  maturing. 

No  open  areola  between  the  forks  of  the  groove  of  the  acute  nutlets. 

4.  C.  Torreyana. 

A  distinct  open  areola  between  the  forks  of  the  groove  of  the  lanceolate, 
acuminate  nutlets. 

Leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  or  the  upper  sometimes  linear. 

5.  C.  Pattersonii. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear.  6.  C.  Fendleri. 

Only  one  nutlet  maturing.  7.  C.  gracilis. 

Nutlets  wing-margined.  8.  C.  pterocarya. 

1.  Cryptanthe  crassisepala  (T.  &  G.)  Greene.  ( Krynitzkia  crassisepala 
A.  Gray)  In  loose  soil,  “  prairie-dog  towns  ”  and  waste  places  from  Sask. 
and  Mont,  to  Tex.  and  Utah;  also  Mex. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Walsenburg; 
foot-hills  west  of  Ft.  Collins;  Colorado  Springs;  Ft.  Collins;  Deer  River; 
Trinidad;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Ouray;  Boulder. 

2.  Cryptanthe  Kelseyana  Greene.  In  dry  and  sandy  soil  from  Ass.  and 
Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  about  6000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  Walsenburg. 

3.  Cryptanthe  minima  Rydb.  In  river  valleys  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. 
— Cucharas  River  above  La  Veta. 

4.  Cryptanthe  Torreyana  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  On  hillsides  from  Ida.  and 
Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Idaho  Springs. 

5.  Cryptanthe  Pattersonii  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Krynitzkia  Pattersoni  A. 
Gray)  On  hillsides  in  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  6000-7000  ft. — River-bluffs  north 
of  La  Veta;  South  Cheyenne  Canon. 

6.  Cryptanthe  Fendleri  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Krynitzkia  Fendleri  A.  Gray) 
In  river  valleys  and  on  sandy  places,  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt. 
5000-8000  ft. — Denver ;  Cheyenne  Mountain ;  Antonito ;  Salida ;  Gunnison ; 
Colorado  Springs;  Palmer  Lake. 

7.  Cryptanthe  gracilis  Osterhout.  In  dry  soil,  in  Colorado. — Glenwood 
Springs. 

8.  Cryptanthe  pterocarya  (Torr.)  Greene.  ( Eritrichium  pterocaryum 
Torr.)  On  plains  and  in  dry  places  from  Wash,  to  N.  M. — Palisades; 
Grand  Junction. 

7.  ANCHUSA  L. 

1.  Anchusa  officinalis  L.  Introduced  from  Europe  in  waste  places. — Ft. 
Collins. 

8.  MERTENSIA  Roth.  Lungwort. 

Filaments  equalling  or  exceeding,  and  usually  broader  than  the  anthers. 
Calyx-lobes  rounded-ovate,  shorter  than  the  ample,  campanulate  tube. 

Brachylobae. 

Calyx-lobes  longer  than  the  short  tube. 

Calyx-lobes  linear  or  oblong,  obtuse.  Ciliatae. 

Calyx-lobes  triangular-lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  acute. 

19 


290 


BORAGINACEAE. 


Plant  tall,  usually  over  4  dm.  high ;  leaves  distinctly  veined,  in  most 
feather-veined,  but  in  a  few  triple-veined  with  anastomosing  veins. 

Membranaceae. 

Plant  low,  usually  less  than  4  dm.  high ;  leaves  with  a  strong  midrib, 
without  distinct  lateral  veins  (except  sometimes  the  basal  leaves,  which 
then,  however,  are  thick  and  firm).  Lanceolatae. 

Anthers  subsessile  or  on  very  short  narrow  filaments  inserted  in  the  tube  or  the 
throat  of  the  corolla ;  low  plants,  1-3  dm.  high,  of  the  habit  of  the  lanceolata 
group.  Alpinae. 

Brachylobae. 


One  species.  1.  M.  brachyloba. 

ClLIATAE. 

Corolla  9-12  mm.  long;  limb  not  longer  than  the  tube. 

Sepals  thickened  and  pale  on  the  back.  2.  M.  picta. 

Sepals  neither  thickened  nor  pale  on  the  back.  3.  M.  ciliata. 

Corolla  12-15  mm.  long;  limb  longer  than  the  tube. 

Sepals  oblong,  1.5-2  mm.  long. 

Leaves  dark  green,  rough  with  large  muricate  points ;  pedicels  with  larger 
white  murication.  4.  M.  punctata. 

Leaves  more  glaucous,  smooth  or  with  minute  callous  murication ;  pedicels 
almost  smooth.  5.  M.  polyphylla. 

Sepals  linear,  3  mm.  long.  6.  M.  platensis. 

Membranaceae. 

Corolla  1  cm.  or  less  long. 

Corolla-tube  over  4  mm.  wide  ;  calyx  bristly-ciliate.  7.  M.  cynoglossoides. 

Corolla-tube  2-3  mm.  wide. 

Plant  stout ;  pedicels  bristly  hispid  with  spreading  hairs. 

8.  M.  muriculata. 

Plant  slender;  pedicels  strigose.  15.  M.  viridula. 

Corolla  about  1.5  cm.  long. 

Calyx  not  white-hairy,  about  half  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  white  corolla. 

9.  M.  alba. 

Calyx  densely  white-hairy,  especially  near  the  margins  of  the  lobes,  l/z  as  long 
as  the  blue  corolla.  10.  M.  pratensis. 

Lanceolatae. 

Pedicels  distinctly  strigose  or  hirsute. 

Calyx  and  pedicels  densely  pubescent  all  over. 

Stems  from  a  more  or  less  woody  caudex  or  rootstock ;  leaves  pubescent  on 
both  sides. 

Leaf-blades  linear  or  only  the  uppermost  lanceolate.  11.  M.  lateriflora. 
Blades  of  the  basal  leaves  ovate,  lanceolate  or  spatulate. 

Plant  more  or  less  grayish  and  densely  pubescent  throughout,  especially 
on  the  calyx.  12.  M.  Bakeri. 

Plant  green  ;  pubescence  long  and  loose,  even  on  the  stem. 

13.  M.  myosotifolia. 

Stems  from  a  fusiform  root ;  leaves  glabrous  beneath. 

14.  M.  fusiformis. 

Calyx  externally  glabrous  except  on  the  ciliate  margins,  and  sometimes  on  the 
midveins  and  angles. 

Leaves  glabrous  beneath. 

Calyx-lobes  ovate-lanceolate;  inflorescence  open.  15.  M.  viridula. 

Calyx-lobes  narrowly  or  linear-lanceolate ;  inflorescence  dense. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear.  16.  M.  lineariloba. 

Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate  to  ovate. 

Stem-leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate ;  corolla-limb  about  equalling 
the  tube.  17.  M.  Parryi. 

Stem-leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate ;  corolla-limb  shorter  than  the 
tube.  18.  M.  ovata. 

Leaves  hairy  on  both  sides. 


BORAGINACEAE. 


291 


Leaves  narrowly  linear.  n .  M.  lateriflora. 

Leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate.  19.  M.  amoena. 

Pedicels  glabrous  or  pustulate ;  calyx  glabrous  except  the  ciliate-margined  calyx- 
lobes. 

Upper  surface  of  the  leaves  short-pubescent.  20.  M.  linearis. 

Upper  surface  of  the  leaves  not  hairy ;  merely  pustulate. 

21.  M.  lanceolata. 


Alpinae. 

Calyx  ciliate  on  the  margins ;  leaves  ovate,  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate. 
Corolla  5-7  mm.  long.  22.  M.  alpina. 

Corolla  over  1  cm.  long.  23.  M.  perplexa. 

Calyx  villous-ciliate  all  over ;  corolla  7-8  mm.  long. 

Leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  glabrous  beneath.  24.  M.  brevistyla. 

Leaves  linear,  densely  hairy  on  both  sides.  25.  M.  canescens. 


1.  Mertensia  brachyloba  Greene.  On  foot-hills  of  Colorado. — Alt.  about 
5500  ft. — West  of  Ft.  Collins;  Mt.  Harvard. 

2.  Mertensia  picta  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  12,000  ft. — 
Mt.  Baldy;  Estes  Park. 

3.  Mertensia  ciliata  (Torr.)  Don.  ( Pulmonaria  cilia ta  Torr.)  Along 
streams  from  Wyo.  and  Ida.  to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  6000-13,000  ft. — Head¬ 
waters  of  Clear  Creek;  Pike’s  Peak;  South  Park;  North  Cheyenne  Canon; 
Colorado  Springs;  Cascade;  Green  Mountain  Falls;  Peak  Valley;  George¬ 
town;  Gray’s  Peak;  Boreas;  Cameron  Pass;  Michigan  Hill;  Beaver  Creek; 
Campton’s  Ranch;  Poudre  River;  summit  of  North  Park  Range,  Larimer  Co. 

4.  Mertensia  punctata  Greene.  Along  streams  in  the  mountains  of  Colo. — 
Alt.  9000-10,000  ft. — Near  Pagosa  Peak;  Chambers’  Lake. 

5.  Mertensia  polyphylla  Greene.  Along  streams  in  the  mountains  of  Wyo. 
and  Colo. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Near  Pagosa  Peak;  mountains,  Larimer 
Co.;  Pike’s  Peak;  near  Ironton,  San  Juan  Co.;  headwaters  of  Pass  Creek; 
Eldora  to  Baltimore;  Hotchkiss;  Cameron  Pass;  Marshall  Pass;  Van  Boxle’s 
ranch  above  Cimarron;  Dark  Canon;  Black  Canon;  Ward,  Boulder  Co.; 
West  Indian  Creek. 

6.  Mertensia  platensis  Rydb.  ( Mertensia  polyphylla  platensis  Rydb.) 
Along  streams  in  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  10,000  ft. — Bob  Creek, 
West  La  Plata  Mountains. 

7.  Mertensia  cynoglossoides  Greene.  Along  streams  in  Colo. — Alt.  about 
7000  ft. — Black  Canon. 

8.  Mertensia  muriculata  Greene.  Along  streams  in  Colo. — Alt.  about  7000 
ft. — Black  Canon. 

9.  Mertensia  alba  Rydb.  Along  mountain  streams  in  Colo. — Alt.  about 
10,500  ft. — La  Plata  River. 

10.  Mertensia  pratensis  Heller.  In  wet  meadows  and  along  streams  from 
Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  7000-12,000  ft. — Cucharas  River,  above  La 
Veta;  Dolores;  Mt.  Hesperus;  Bob  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains;  Man- 
cos;  mountains  above  Ouray. 

11.  Mertensia  lateriflora  Greene.  On  hillsides  in  Colo. — Alt.  5000-11,500 
ft. — Near  Empire;  Ojo;  Veta  Mountain;  Palsgrove  Canon;  headwaters  of 
Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Carson;  Estes  Peak,  Larimer  Co.;  South  Park; 
Eldora  to  Baltimore;  Estes  Park;  Cascade;  Ruxton. 

12.  Mertensia  Bakeri  Greene.  On  the  higher  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt. 
11,000-13,000  ft. — Horse-shoe  Mountain;  Marshall  Pass;  Hayden  Peak; 
Carson;  mountains  above  Como;  Iron  Mountain;  Spicer. 


292 


BORAGINACEAE. 


13.  Mertensia  myosotifolia  Heller.  On  mountains  in  Colo. — Red  Cliff, 
Eagle  Co. 

14.  Mertensia  fusiformis  Greene.  ( M .  congesta  Greene)  On  hillsides  in 
Colo. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Graham’s  Peak;  Bob  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Moun¬ 
tains  ;  Cimarron ;  Minturn ;  Poverty  Ridge. 

15.  Mertensia  viridula  Rydb.  Along  mountain  streams  in  Colo. — Alt. 
6000-12,000  ft. — Jack  Brook;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Cascade  Canon;  Col¬ 
orado  Springs;  Ruxton;  West  Spanish  Peak. 

16.  Mertensia  lineariloba  Rydb.  On  hillsides  in  Colo. — Alt.  8000-9000  ft. — 
West  Indian  Creek;  near  Empire. 

17.  Mertensia  Parryi  Rydb.  On  the  higher  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt. 
11,000-12,000  ft. — Alpine  ridges  east  of  Middle  Park;  Cameron  Pass;  Alpine 
Tunnel;  Estes  Park;  Beaver  Creek;  Gray’s  Peak;  Ethel  Peak. 

18.  Mertensia  ovata  Rydb.  On  high  mountains  among  rocks  in  Colo. — Alt. 
9000-10,000  ft. — West  Spanish  Peak;  Anita  Peak. 

19.  Mertensia  amoena  A.  Nels.  On  hills  in  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  5000- 
10,000  ft. — Montezuma;  Boulder;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

20.  Mertensia  linearis  Greene.  On  dry  hillsides  from  Ass.  to  Neb.  and 
Colo. — Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Georgetown; 
plains  near  Denver;  South  Cheyenne  Canon,  Colorado  Springs;  Platte 
Canon;  Manitou;  El  Paso  Co.;  Wahatoya  Creek;  near  Livermore,  Larimer 
Co.;  Clear  Creek  Canon;  hills  southeast  of  La  Veta;  Boulder;  Malta  station, 
near  Leadville;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

21.  Mertensia  lanceolata  (Pursh)  DC.  On  hills  in  damp  places  from  Mont, 
to  Colo. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Foot-hills  west  of  Ft.  Collins;  Howe’s  Gulch; 
north  of  La  Porte;  Rist  Canon;  gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon;  Eldora  to 
Baltimore;  Boulder;  vicinity  of  Horsetooth. 

22.  Mertensia  alpina  (Torn)  Don.  On  alpine  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt.  11,000- 
14,000  ft. — Massif  de  l’Arapahoe;  Pike’s  Peak;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek; 
Argentine  Pass ;  Garden  of  the  Gods ;  Saddle  cliffs. 

23.  Mertensia  perplexa  Rydb.  On  high  mountains  of  Colo. — Mountains 
south  of  Ward,  Boulder  Co. 

24.  Mertensia  brevistyla  S.  Wats.  In  the  mountains  of  Utah,  Wyo.  and 
Colo. — Exact  locality  not  given. 

25.  Mertensia  canescens  Rydb.  On  alpine  peak  of  Colo. — Alt.  11,000-12,000 
ft. — Berthoud  Pass ;  mountains  southwest  of  Como. 

9.  MYOSOTIS  L.  Forget-me-not. 

1.  Myosotis  alpestris  Schmidt.  In  mountain  meadows  from  Alb.  and 
Alaska  to  Colo. — Devil’s  Causeway. 

10.  LITHOSPERMUM  L.  Grom  well,  Puccoon. 

Corolla-lobes  neither  fimbriate  nor  toothed  ;  flowers  all  well  developed. 

Corolla  greenish  or  pale  yellow,  1  cm.  or  less  long ;  crest  in  the  throat  obsolete. 

Corolla-limb  3-5  mm.  wide ;  tube  not  longer  than  the  calyx ;  stem  grayish 
strigose,  but  scarcely  hispid.  1.  L.  Torreyi. 

Corolla-limb  5-8  mm.  wide ;  tube  longer  than  the  calyx ;  stem  more  or  less 
hispid.  2.  L.  pilosum. 


BORAGINACEAE. 


293 


Corolla  bright  yellow  or  orange,  12  mm.  or  more  long;  crest  of  the  tube 
prominent. 

Floral  leaves  of  the  later  flowers  small,  shorter  than  the  flowers ;  limb  of  the 
corolla  6-8  mm.  wide.  3.  L.  multiflorum. 

Floral  leaves  of  the  later  flowers  not  reduced ;  limb  of  the  corolla  8-20  mm. 
wide. 

Hispid  pubescent ;  corolla-tube  bearded  at  the  base  within. 

4.  L.  Gmelini. 

Canescent ;  corolla-tube  not  bearded  at  the  base  within. 

5.  L.  canescens. 

Corolla-lobes  fimbriate  or  dentate ;  later  flowers  cleistogamous. 

Corolla  2.5-3  (rarely  only  2)  cm.  long;  lobes  distinctly  fimbriate. 

6.  L.  linearifolium. 

Corolla  2  cm.  or  less  long ;  lobes  dentate. 

Corolla  15-20  mm.  long;  limb  8-20  mm.  wide.  7.  L.  mandanense. 

Corolla  10  mm.  or  less  long;  limb  6-8  mm.  wide.  8.  L.  breviflorum. 

1.  Lithospermum  Torreyi  Nutt.  On  hills  and  in  canons  from  Mont,  and 
Ida.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  8000-8600  ft. — Poverty  Ridge,  near  Cimarron; 
below  Parrott  Post  Office;  Steamboat  Springs. 

2.  Lithospermum  pilosum  Nutt.  On  hills  from  Alb.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and 
Nev. — Leroux  Creek,  Delta  Co.;  Minturn;  Denver. 

3.  Lithospermum  multiflorum  Torr.  On  hills  and  mountain  sides  and  in 
canons  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — 
Thompson’s  Park,  La  Plata  Mountains ;  Crystal  Park ;  Colorado  Springs ; 
Estes  Park,  Larimer  Co. ;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch ;  mouth 
of  Cheyenne  Canon;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Artist’s  Glen;  Como,  South 
Park;  Canon  City;  southeast  of  Ouray;  Piedra;  above  Mancos;  Pike’s  Peak; 
headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Table  Rock;  Northwest  of 
Soldier  Canon ;  Hotchkiss ;  Rist  Canon ;  Seven  Lakes ;  Empire. 

4.  Lithospermum  Gmelini  (Michx.)  Hitchc.  (L.  hirtum  Lehm.)  In  sandy 
places  and  dry  plains  from  N.  Y.  and  Mont,  to  Fla.  and  N.  M. — Denver 
{Eastwood) . 

5.  Lithospermum  canescens  (Michx.)  Lehm.  On  plains  and  in  open 
woods  from  Ont.  and  N.  D.  to  Ala.,  Tex.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — 
Boulder. 

6.  Lithospermum  linearifolium  Goldie.  (L.  an gusti folium  Michx.)  On 
prairies  and  plains  from  Ill.,  Man.  and  B.  C.  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000- 
7000  ft. — Mt.  Harvard;  Colorado  Springs;  river-bluffs,  north  of  La  Veta; 
mesas  near  Pueblo;  Cucharas  River  below  La  Veta;  Trinidad;  plains  near 
Denver;  Ft.  Collins;  Lamar;  Durango;  Spring  Canon;  Boulder. 

7.  Lithospermum  mandanense  Spreng.  On  dry  plains  from  N.  D.  and 
Alb.  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Larimer  Co.;  Colorado  City. 

8.  Lithospermum  breviflorum  Engelm.  &  A.  Gray.  (L.  albescens  Greene) 
On  dry  plains  from  Ark.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  N.  M. ;  also  Mex. — Alt. 
4000-6000  ft. — Arboles;  Boulder. 

11.  ONOSMODIUM  Michx.  False  Grom  well. 

1.  Onosmodium  occidentale  Mackenzie.  On  plains  and  in  sandy  soil  from 
Man.  and  B.  C.  to  Mo.,  Tex.  and  Utah. — Alt.  3500-5000  ft. — Along  Platte 
River,  Denver;  Ft.  Collins;  Boulder;  Golden;  Longmont. 


294 


VERBENACEAE. 


Family  117.  VERBENACEAE  St.  Hil.  Vervain  Family. 

Flowers  in  terminal  spikes ;  corolla-limb  5-lobed ;  nutlets  4.  1.  Verbena. 

Flowers  in  axillary  peduncled  short  spikes ;  corolla-limb  4-lobed ;  nutlets  2. 

2.  Phyla. 

1.  VERBENA  L.  Vervain. 

Anthers  not  appendaged ;  flowers  in  elongated  spikes,  less  than  8  mm  long. 

Plant  tall,  erect,  strict ;  leaves  not  pinnatifid,  only  sometimes  lobed  at  the  base 
in  the  first  species. 

Bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx.  1.  V.  hastata. 

Bracts  one-third  longer  than  the  calyx ;  pubescence  dense,  soft. 

2.  V.  MacDougalii. 

Plant  low,  diffuse ;  leaves  more  or  less  pinnatifid ;  bracts  much  longer  than 
the  calyx.  3*  V.  bracteosa. 

Anthers  of  the  longer  stamens  appendaged  by  a  gland  on  the  connective ;  corolla 
8  mm.  long  or  more.  3.  V.  ciliata. 

Calyx-lobes  subulate.  5.  V.  ambrosifolia. 

Calyx-lobes  setaceous. 

1.  Verbena  hastata  L.  In  river  valleys  and  moist  meadows  from  N.  S. 
and  B.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Timnath,  Larimer  Co.; 
foot-hills  near  Golden;  Ft.  Collins;  Mason’s  river-front  farm,  Larimer  Co.; 
Boulder. 

2.  Verbena  MacDougalii  Heller.  In  river  valleys  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. — La  Veta;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Ar- 
boles ;  Palmer  Lake. 

3.  Verbena  bracteosa  Michx.  (V.  rudis  Greene)  On  prairies  and  plains 
and  in  waste  places  from  Ill.,  Alb.  and  B.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000- 
7500  ft. — Colorado  Springs;  Manitou;  Arboles;  Walsenburg;  Platte  River; 
Ft.  Collins;  Deer  River;  Cimarron;  Rist  Canon;  Dixon  Canon;  Boulder. 

4.  Verbena  ciliata  Benth.  On  plains  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz.;  also 
Mex. — Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — Mesas  near  Pueblo;  Durango;  Trinidad. 

5.  Verbena  ambrosifolia  Rydb.  On  plains  from  S.  D.  and  Colo,  to  Tex. 
and  Ariz.;  also  Mex. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Boulder;  Walsenburg;  Rocky  Ford, 
Otero  Co.;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Boulder  Co.;  La  Porte;  Soldier  Canon; 
Florence;  Quimby. 

2.  PHYLA  Lour. 

1.  Phyla  cuneifolia  (Torr.)  Greene.  ( Lippia  cuneifolia  Torr.)  On  plains 
from  S.  D.  and  Wyo.,  to  Tex  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Greeley,  Weld 
Co. ;  Ft.  Collins ;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  Boulder  Canon ;  banks  of  Arkansas 
at  Pueblo;  Rocky  Ford;  Boulder. 


Family  118.  LAMIACEAE  Lindl.  Mint  Family. 

Ovary  of  4  united  carpels ;  style  not  basal ;  nutlets  laterally  attached. 

Flowers  in  small  congested  cymes,  axillary  to  small  bracts,  and  forming  a 
raceme-like  panicle ;  calyx-lobes  shorter  than  the  tube ;  leaves  toothed. 

1.  Teuchrium. 

Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  bracts  similar  to  the  leaves ;  calyx-lobes  longer 
than  the  tube ;  leaves  laciniate.  2.  Melosmon. 

Ovary  of  4  distinct  or  nearly  distinct  carpels ;  styles  basal ;  nutlets  basally  attached. 
Corolla  bilabiate. 


LAMIACEAE. 


295 


Calyx  2-lipped ;  both  lips  entire ;  stamens  4.  3.  Scutellaria. 

Calyx  either  2-lipped  and  at  least  one  of  the  lips  toothed,  or  regularly  4-5 
toothed. 

Stamens  included  in  the  corolla-tube.  4.  Marrubium. 

Stamens  exserted. 

Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  concave. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  4. 

Upper  stamens  longer  than  the  lower. 

Calyx  5-toothed. 

Anther-sacs  parallel  or  nearly  so ;  stamens  divergent. 

5.  Agastache. 

Anther-cells  divaricate  ;  anther  approximate  in  pairs. 

Calyx  regularly  5-toothed ;  plants  erect.  6.  Nepeta. 

Calyx  irregularly  5-toothed ;  plant  trailing. 

7.  Glecoma. 

Calyx  distinctly  2-lipped.  8.  Dracocephalum. 

Upper  stamens  shorter  than  the  lower. 

Calyx  distinctly  2-lipped,  closed  in  fruit.  9.  Prunella. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  not  2-lipped,  open  in  fruit. 

Calyx  membranous,  inflated  in  fruit,  faintly  nerved. 

10.  Physostegia. 

Calyx  not  membranous,  not  inflated  in  fruit,  strongly  5-10- 
nerved. 

Nutlets  3-sided,  truncate  above.  11.  Leonurus. 

Nutlets  ovoid,  nearly  terete,  rounded  above. 


12.  Stachys. 


Anther-bearing  stamens  2. 

Connective  of  the  anthers  very  long,  articulated  to  the  filaments, 
bearing  a  perfect  anther  at  the  ascending  end  and  a  reduced  one 
or  none  at  the  other;  calyx  2-lipped.  13.  Salvia. 

Connective  of  the  anther  short ;  anther-cells  confluent ;  calyx  equally 
5-toothed.  14.  Monarda. 

Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  flat. 

Stamens  curved,  often  converging. 

Calyx  regularly  5-toothed ;  anther-bearing  stamens  2. 

15.  P OLIOMINTHA. 


Calyx  2-lipped  or  irregularly  5-toothed. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  2. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  4. 

Stamens  straight,  distant  and  diverging ; 
toothed ;  anther-bearing  stamens  4. 
Corolla  nearly  regular,  4-5-toothed. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  2. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  4. 


1 6.  Hedeoma. 

17.  Clinopodium. 
calyx  almost  regularly  5- 

18.  Madronella. 

19.  Lycopus. 

\ 

20.  Mentha. 


1.  TEUCRIUM  L.  Germander. 

1.  Teucrium  occidentale  A.  Gray.  In  thickets  and  among  bushes  in  rich 
soil  from  Ont.  and  B.  C.  to  Pa.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — New 
Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Canon  City;  Ft.  Collins;  Rocky  Ford;  Boulder. 


2.  MELOSMON  Raf. 

7  .  :  > 

i.  Melosmon  laciniatum  (Torr.)  Small.  ( Teucrium  laciniatum  Torn) 
On  plains  from  Kans.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — St.  Charles  River, 
Pueblo  Co.;  Walsenburg;  Apishapa  Creek,  Otero  Co.;  Canon  City;  Trini¬ 
dad  ;  Cedar  Hills.  •  '.) 


296 


LAMIACEAE. 


3.  SCUTELLARIA  L.  Scullcap. 

Perennials  with  horizontal  rootstock. 

Leaf-blades  lanceolate  or  ovate,  more  or  less  distinctly  toothed,  at  least  the 
lower  ones.  1.  .S',  galericulata. 

Leaf-blades  entire  or  nearly  so,  oval,  oblong  or  linear.  2.  S'.  Brittoni. 
Perennials  with  a  woody  caudex.  3.  S.  resinosa. 

1.  Scutellaria  galericulata  L.  Along  streams  and  in  swamps  from  Newf. 
and  Alaska  to  N.  C.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Gunnison;  near  Ouray; 
along  Poudre;  Ft.  Collins;  Mason’s  river-front  farm;  Alamosa;  Andrew’s 
Shetland  ranch ;  Gunnison ;  Boulder ;  Estes  Park,  Larimer  Co. ;  Ft.  Collins. 

2.  Scutellaria  Brittoni  Porter.  On  hillsides  and  river  valleys  from  Wyo. 
to  Colo. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Eldora  to  Baltimore ;  Boulder ;  Fossil  Beds ; 
foot-hills  near  Boulder;  Pike’s  Peak;  near  Denver;  Green  Mountain  Falls; 
near  Pike’s  Peak;  Cucharas  River  below  La  Veta;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.; 
Ft.  Collins;  Ute  Pass;  Howe’s  Gulch;  Dillon  Canon,  Trinidad;  Manitou; 
Dixon  Canon;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Spring  Canon;  Soldier  Canon;  Cache  la 
Poudre;  Table  Rock. 

Scutellaria  Brittoni  virgulata  (A.  Nels.)  Rydb.  (S.  virgulata  A.  Nels.) 
A  luxuriant  variety  with  larger  and  thinner  leaves. — Veta  Pass;  West 
Spanish  Peak;  Dillon  Canon. 

3.  Scutellaria  resinosa  Torr.  On  plains  and  hills  from  Kans.  and  Colo, 
to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — “  Plains  of  Colorado.” 

4.  MARRUBIUM  L.  White  Hoarhound. 

1.  Marrubium  vulgare  L.  In  waste  places  from  Me.  and  B.  C.  to  N.  C. 
and  Calif. ;  naturalized  from  Europe. — Ft.  Collins. 

5.  AGASTACHE  Clayt.  Giant-hyssop. 

Calyx-lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  acute. 

Leaves  glaucous  beneath ;  calyx  tinged  with  blue ;  stem  glabrous. 

1.  A.  anethiodora. 

Leaves  not  glaucous  beneath ;  calyx  green,  yellowish  or  rarely  pinkish ;  stem 
puberulent.  2.  A.  pallididora. 

Calyx-lobes  elongated  lanceolate,  acuminate,  rose-tinged.  3.  A.  urticifolia. 

1.  Agastache  anethiodora  (Nutt.)  Britton.  ( Lophanthus  anisatus  Benth.) 
Among  bushes  from  Ont.,  Mackenzie  River,  and  Alb.  to  Neb.  and  Colo. — 
Alt.  3700-7000  ft. — Rist  Canon,  Larimer  Co.;  Dome  Rock  in  Platte  Canon; 
mountains,  Larimer  Co. ;  Bosworth’s  Ranch,  Stove  Prairie. 

2.  Agastache  pallidiflora  (Heller)  Rydb.  ( Brittonastrum  pallidiflorum 
Heller;  B.  Greenei  Briquet;  A.  montana  Greene)  In  the  mountains  from 
Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  up  to  9000  ft. — Near  Pagosa  Peak. 

3.  Agastache  urticifolia  (Benth.)  Kuntze.  (Lophanthus  urticifolius  Benth.) 
On  hillsides  and  valleys  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt. 
7000-8500  ft. — Four-mile  Hill,  Routt  Co. ;  Glenwood  Springs,  Garfield  Co. ; 
Sierra  Madre  Range;  Hamor’s  Lake,  above  Durango;  Cerro  Summit;  Hon- 
nold;  divide  road  to  Steamboat  Springs;  Red  Mountain  road  south  of  Ouray; 
Ouray;  Steamboat  Springs;  summit  of  North  Park  Range,  Routt  Co. 


LAMIACEAE. 


297 


6.  NEPETA  L.  Catnip,  Catmint. 

i.  Nepeta  Cataria  L.  In  waste  places  and  around  dwellings  from  N.  B. 
and  Ore.  to  Va.  and  Utah;  naturalized  from  Europe. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — 
Along  Uncompahgre  River  near  Ouray;  Ft.  Collins;  Boulder. 

7.  GLECOMA  L.  Ground  Ivy. 

1.  Glecoma  hederacea  L.  In  waste  places  from  Newf.  and  Minn,  to  Ga. 
and  Colo. ;  introduced  from  Europe. — Boulder. 

8.  DRACOCEPHALUM  L.  Dragon’s-head. 

1.  Dracocephalum  parviflorum  Nutt.  On  hillsides  and  in  valleys  from  N.  Y. 
and  Alaska  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Dry  rocks,  Cheyenne 
Mountain;  mountain  sides  near  Empire;  Twin  Lakes;  Idaho  Springs;  foot¬ 
hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Front  Range,  Larimer  Co.;  Mancos;  Breckenridge ;  La 
Veta;  Gunnison;  Arboles ;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Mt.  Harvard;  Palmer 
Lake;  Grand  Junction;  Beaver  Creek;  Stove  Prairie  Hill;  Empire;  Boulder. 

9.  PRUNELLA  L.  Self-heal,  Heal-all. 

1.  Prunella  vulgaris  L.  In  woods,  among  bushes  and  in  wet  places; 
naturalized  from  Europe. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Arboles;  Colorado  Springs; 
Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Ft.  Collins;  Mancos;  Palmer  Lake;  Sargent; 
Steamboat  Springs;  Boulder. 

10.  PHYSOSTEGIA  Benth.  Lion’s-heart,  False  Dragon’s-head. 

1.  Physostegia  parviflora  Nutt.  Among  bushes  from  Minn,  and  B.  C.  to 
Colo,  and  Ore. — Exact  locality  not  given. 

11.  LEONURUS  L.  Motherwort. 

1.  Leonurus  Cardiaca  L.  In  waste  places  from  N.  S.  and  Mont,  to  N.  C. 
and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Cucharas  Creek  near  La  Veta;  Lower  Boulder 
Canon,  Boulder  Co. 

12.  STACHYS  L.  Hedge  Nettle. 

Leaf-blades  oblong-ovate  or  cordate;  corolla  12-15  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes  almost 
equalling  the  calyx-tube.  1.  S.  teucrifolia. 

Leaf-blades  oblong-lanceolate;  corolla  10-12  mm.  long;  calyx-lobes  decidedly 
shorter  than  the  calyx-tube.  2.  .S',  scopulorum. 

1.  Stachys  teucrifolia  Rydb.  In  wet  meadows  in  Colo,  and  Wyo. — New 
Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Colorado  Springs;  McCoy;  Arboles. 

2.  Stachys  scopulorum  Greene.  In  wet  meadows  from  Minn.,  Mackenzie 
River,  and  Alb.  to  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-8500  ft. — Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta; 
Grizzly  Creek;  Colorado  Springs;  South  Park;  Trimble  Springs  above  Du¬ 
rango  ;  Steamboat  Springs,  Routt  Co. ;  Gunnison ;  Marshall  Pass ;  Parlin, 
Gunnison  Co.;  along  Conejos  River  north  of  Antonito;  Dillon  Canon; 
Campton’s  ranch;  Longmont;  Ft.  Collins;  Table  Rock. 


298 


LAMIACEAE. 


13.  SALVIA  L.  Sage. 

Corolla  15-30  mm.  long;  tube  exserted.  1.  S.  Pitcheri. 

Corolla  8-12  mm.  long;  tube  included  in  the  calyx.  2.  S.  lanceolata. 

1.  Salvia  Pitcheri  Torr.  (S.  azurea  grandiflora  Benth.)  On  prairies  from 
Mo.  and  Neb.  to  Tex.  and  Colo. — “  Eastern  Colorado.” 

2.  Salvia  lanceolata  Willd.  On  prairies,  plains  and  hillsides  from  S.  D. 
and  Mont,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  4000-8500  ft. — Colorado 
Springs;  hills  about  Box  Canon  west  of  Ouray;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La 
Veta;  foot-hills  west  of  Ft.  Collins;  Ft.  Collins;  Boulder. 


14.  MONARDA  L.  Horse-mint,  Wild  Bergamot. 

Heads  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  stem  and  branches  ;  stamens  conspicuously  ex¬ 
ceeding  the  acute  upper  lip  of  the  corolla. 

Petioles  and  stem  more  or  less  hirsute-villous  or  lanate,  the  latter  especially 
so  under  the  nodes. 

Leaves  hirsute;  stem  and  petioles  hirsute-ciliate.  1.  M.  comata. 

Leaves  softly  pubescent,  especially  below ;  stem,  petioles  and  veins  of  the 
leaves  lanate.  6.  M.  Ramaleyi. 

Whole  plant  finely  strigose  or  puberulent. 

Petioles  seldom  over  5  mm.  long. 

Leaf-blades  ovate-cordate ;  plant  pale,  more  or  less  cinereous. 

2.  M.  menthaefolia. 

Leaves  lanceolate  with  rounded  or  truncate  base ;  plant  green. 

3.  M.  strict  a. 

Petioles  1-3  cm.  long.  4.  M.  mollis. 

Verticillate  glomerules  several  in  the  upper  axils  of  the  leaves;  stamens  scarcely 
exceeding  the  emarginate  or  cleft  upper  lip.  5.  M.  pectinata. 

1.  Monarda  comata  Rydb.  On  hillsides  in  Colo. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Pike’s 
Peak;  Wahatoya  Creek;  Ft.  Collins;  La  Veta. 

2.  Monarda  menthaefolia  Benth.  On  hillsides  and  in  valleys,  especially 
among  bushes  from  Ill.,  Man.  and  Ida.  to  Tex.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-9000 
ft. — West  Mancos  Canon;  Pike’s  Peak;  Hughes’  Lake,  Ouray;  Canon  City; 
Redstone;  Rist  Canon;  Boulder;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 

3.  Monarda  stricta  Wooten.  On  hillsides  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. 
— Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — Boulder;  Durango;  Piedra;  Rist  Canon;  Redstone. 

4.  Monarda  mollis  L.  On  prairies  and  among  bushes  from  S.  D.  and 
Mont,  to  Ga.  and  Tex. — Alt.  4000-8500  ft. — Boulder;  Four-mile  Hill,  Routt  Co. 

5.  Monarda  pectinata  Nutt.  ( M .  citriodora  Coulter;  M.  Nuttallii  A.  Nels.) 
On  plains,  especially  in  sandy  soil  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — 
Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Durango;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Denver;  foot-hills, 
Larimer  Co. ;  Soldier  Canon ;  Spring  Canon ;  Platte  Canon ;  Tobe  Miller’s 
ranch;  vicinity  of  Horsetooth  Mountain;  Poudre  Canon,  near  Narrows; 
along  Poudre  River;  Boulder. 

6.  Monarda  Ramaleyi  A.  Nels.  In  sandy  soil  in  Colo. — Boulder  Creek, 
near  Boulder. 


15.  POLIOMINTHA  A.  Gray. 

1.  Poliomintha  incana  A.  Gray.  Dry  places  from  western  Tex.  to  southern 
Utah  and  Ariz. — San  Juan  Valley  (Brandegee) . 


LAMIACEAE. 


299 


16.  HEDEOMA  Pers.  Pennyroyal. 

Calyx-teeth  about  equal  in  length ;  floral  leaves  spreading  or  reflexed,  hispid-ciliate. 

x.  H.  hispida. 

Calyx-teeth  of  the  lower  lip  much  longer  than  those  of  the  upper ;  floral  leaves 
mostly  erect,  cinereous-hispidulous. 

Floral  leaves  longer  than  the  subtended  calyces;  plant  1.5-4  dm.  high. 

2.  H.  sancta. 

Floral  leaves  scarcely  exceeding  the  subtended  calyces;  plant  1-1.5  dm.  high. 

3.  H.  nana. 

1.  Hedeoma  hispida  Pursh.  In  sandy  soil  from  Ills,  and  Ass.  to  Ky  and 
Colo. — Golden. 

2.  Hedeoma  sancta  Small.  ( H .  Drummondii  A.  Gray,  in  part;  not  Benth.) 
On  dry  plains  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Durango; 
Manitou;  Glen  Eyrie;  Dolores. 

3.  Hedeoma  nana  (Torr.)  Greene.  ( H .  dentata  nana  Torr. ;  H.  Drum¬ 
mondii  A.  Gray,  in  part)  On  dry  plains  and  hills  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to 
Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — Manitou;  Fossil  Creek;  between  Hotch¬ 
kiss  and  Smith’s  Fork;  Durango. 

17.  CLINOPODIUM  L.  Basil- weed. 

1.  Clinopodium  vulgare  L.  In  thickets  from  N.  S.  and  Colo,  to  N.  C.  and 
N.  M. — Alt.  up  to  10,000  ft. — Sierra  Madre ;  Steamboat  Springs. 


18.  MADRONELLA  Greene. 

Bracts  thin  and  pale,  oval  to  orbicular.  x.  M.  parvifolia. 

Bracts  thick,  resembling  the  leaves,  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse. 

2.  M.  dentata. 

1.  Madronella  parvifolia  (Greene)  Rydb.  ( Monardella  parvifolia  Greene) 
In  canons  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. — Black  Canon. 

2.  Madronella  dentata  Rydb.  ( Monardella  dentata  Rydb.)  On  mountains 
of  Colo. — Gray’s  Peak. 


19.  LYCOPUS  L.  Water  Hoar-hound. 

Stem  and  lower  surface  of  the  leaves  densely  and  finely  pubescent,  the  former 
often  velvety.  1.  L.  velutinus. 

Stem  sparingly  and  coarsely  pubescent  or  glabrous ;  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 
Leaves  merely  coarsely  serrate.  2.  L.  lucidus. 

Leaves  sinuately  pinnatifid.  3.  L.  americanus. 

1.  Lycopus  velutinus  Rydb.  In  wet  places  among  bushes  from  Ark.  and 
Colo,  to  Tex. — Base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

2.  Lycopus  lucidus  Turcz.  In  wet  soil,  especially  in  woods  and  thickets 
from  Neb.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Ft.  Collins ; 
Mason’s  river-front  farm;  Poudre  flats. 

3.  Lycopus  americanus  Muhl.  (L.  sinuatus  Ell.)  In  swamps  and  wet 
meadows  from  Newf.  and  B.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Tim- 
nath,  Larimer  Co.;  Cheyenne  Mountain;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Table 
Rocks;  Redstone;  Ft.  Collins;  Poudre  flats;  Boulder. 


300 


LAMIACEAE. 


20.  MENTHA  L.  Mint. 

Whorls  of  flowers  forming  terminal  spikes.  i.  M.  spicata. 

Whorls  of  flowers  axillary. 

Leaf-blades  thin,  dark  green,  not  strongly  veined,  tapering  gradually  into  slen¬ 
der  petioles,  which  equal  or  exceed  the  flower-clusters.  2.  M.  borealis. 

Leaf-blades  thick,  strongly  veined,  abruptly  contracted  into  short  petioles, 
which  are  much  shorter  than  the  flower-clusters.  3.  M.  Penardi. 

1.  Mentha  spicata  L.  (M.  viridis  L.)  Moist  fields  and  waste  places,  from 
Me.  and  Minn,  to  Fla.  and  Colo.  Introduced  from  Europe. — North  Denver 
( Eastwood ) . 

2.  Mentha  borealis  Michx.  ( M .  canadensis  glabrata  Benth;  not  M.  glab- 
rata  Vahl.)  In  wet  places  from  N.  B.  and  Mont,  to  Va.  and  Utah. — Alt. 
6500-7500  ft. — Cimarron  and  Squaw  Hill. 

3.  Mentha  Penardi  (Briq.)  Rydb.  ( M .  arvensis  Penardi  Briq.)  In  wet 
places,  especially  among  bushes,  from  Neb.,  Mackenzie  River  and  B.  C.  to 
Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Canon  City;  along  Uncompahgre  River, 
near  Ouray;  Durango;  Montrose;  Gunnison;  Pagosa  Springs;  Cucharas 
Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Ft.  Collins;  Kremmling;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co.; 
Alamosa;  Walsenburg;  Boulder. 


Family  1 19.  SOLAN  ACE  AE  Pers.  Night-shade  Family. 


Fruit  a  berry. 

Corolla  plicate ;  lobes  usually  induplicate ;  all  our  species  herbs. 

Calyx  inflated  and  bladder-like  in  fruit. 

Corolla  open-campanulate,  yellow  or  whitish,  often  with  a  dark  center ; 

seeds  finely  pitted;  flowers  nodding  in  anthesis.  1.  Physalis. 
Corolla  rotate,  violet  or  purple ;  seeds  rugose-tuberculate ;  flowers  erect  in 
anthesis.  2.  Quincula. 

Calyx  not  inflated  and  bladder-like  in  fruit. 

Calyx  closely  investing  the  berry. 

Stamens  alike,  not  declined  ;  low  unarmed  perennials. 


Stamens  dissimilar,  declined ;  prickly  annuals. 
Calyx  not  inclosing  the  berry. 

Corolla  little  if  at  all  plicate ;  its  lobes  valvate ;  shrubs. 
Fruit  a  capsule. 

Capsule  circumscissile  near  the  top,  which  separates  as 

Capsule  opening  by  valves  ;  corolla  regular. 

Capsule  prickly ;  seeds  flat. 

Capsule  not  prickly ;  seeds  scarcely  flattened. 


3.  Chamaesaracha. 

4.  Androcera. 

5.  SOLANUM. 

6.  Lycium. 

a  lid ;  corolla  irregular. 

7.  Hyoscyamus. 

8.  Datura. 

9.  Nicotiana. 


1.  PHYSALIS  L.  Ground-cherry,  Strawberry  Tomato. 

Annuals  with  branching  roots  ;  fruiting  calyx  cordate-ovoid,  acuminate,  strongly 
5-angled. 

Leaf-blades  very  oblique,  cordate,  sinuate-dentate.  1.  P.  pruinosa. 

Leaf-blades  orbicular  or  broadly  ovate,  sinuately  crenate,  scarcely  cordate  and 
scarcely  oblique  at  the  base.  2.  P.  neo-rnexicana. 

Perennials  with  horizontal  rootstock  or  rarely  with  woody  caudices. 

Pubescence  if  any  not  stellate,  although  in  P.  pumila  with  some  branched  hairs. 
Leaves  and  stem  glabrous  or  the  veins  of  the  former  and  the  upper  part  of 
the  latter  with  scattered  appressed  hairs. 

Leaf-blades  ovate,  ovate-lanceolate  or  oval.  3.  P.  subglabrata. 

Leaf-blades  lanceolate,  oblanceolate  or  linear.  4.  P.  longifolia. 

Leaves  and  stem  more  or  less  pubescent  with  spreading  hairs. 


SOLANACEAE. 


301 


Pubescence  sparse,  consisting  of  flat,  sometimes  jointed  hairs,  scarcely  viscid. 

Fruiting  calyx  ovoid,  scarcely  angled  and  scarcely  sunken  at  the  base; 

leaves  thick,  oblanceolate  or  spatulate  to  rhombic,  subentire. 

Leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate ;  hairs  all  simple. 

Pubescence  very  short ;  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate. 

5.  P.  polyphylla. 

Pubescence  long ;  leaves  spatulate.  6.  P.  lanceolata. 

Leaves  broader,  often  rhombic ;  hairs  on  the  lower  surface  branched. 

7.  P.  pumila. 

Fruiting  calyx  pyramidal-ovoid,  obtusely  5-angled  and  deeply  sunken  at  the 
base ;  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  generally  more  or  less  toothed. 

8.  P.  virginiana. 

Pubescence  dense,  viscid,  partly  of  fine  and  short,  partly  of  long  flat 
jointed  hairs. 

Leaves  large ;  blades  over  5  cm.  long,  more  or  less  cordate ;  long  flat 
hairs  numerous.  9.  P.  heterophylla. 

Leaves  smaller ;  blades  less  than  5  cm.  long ;  long  flat  hairs  few,  mostly 

confined  to  the  calyx. 

Plant  erect  or  ascending. 

Leaf-blades  reniform  or  rounded  cordate,  coarsely  sinuately  toothed. 

10.  P.  hederaefolia. 

Leaf-blades  rounded  ovate  or  rhombic.  11.  P.  comata. 

Plant  prostrate,  diffuse ;  leaf-blades  nearly  orbicular. 

1 2.  P.  rotundata. 

Pubescence  fine,  grayish,  at  least  in  part  stellate.  13.  P.  Fendleri. 

1.  Physalis  pruinosa  L.  In  cultivated  soil,  from  Mass,  and  Iowa  to  Fla. 
and  Mo. ;  introduced  in  Colo. — Ft.  Collins. 

2.  Physalis  neo-mexicana  Rydb.  (P.  pubescens  Coult. ;  not  L.)  In  loose 
soil  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  about  6000  ft. — Colorado  Springs. 

3.  Physalis  subglabrata  Mack.  &  Bush.  In  river  valleys  and  cultivated 
grounds  from  Ohio  and  Mont,  to  Pa.  and  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  7000  ft. — Dome 
Rock  in  Platte  Canon. 

4.  Physalis  longifolia  Nutt.  (P.  lanceolata  laevigata  A.  Gray)  In  river 
valleys  and  rich  soil  from  Iowa  and  Mont,  to  Ark.  and  Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — 
Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Gunnison;  Berkeley  Lake,  Denver;  Pueblo;  Ft.  Collins; 
Boulder. 

5.  Physalis  polyphylla  Greene.  On  plains  of  Colorado. — Walsenburg; 
Piedra. 

6.  Physalis  lanceolata  Michx.  On  plains  and  prairies  from  Ills,  and  S.  D. 
to  S.  C.  and  Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Ft.  Collins ;  Colorado 
Springs;  Boulder. 

7.  Physalis  pumila  Nutt.  (P.  lanceolata  hirta  A.  Gray)  Prairies  and 
river  valleys  from  Mo.  and  Colo,  to  Tex. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — La  Veta;  Sul¬ 
phur  Spring,  Soldier  Canon. 

8.  Physalis  virginiana  Mill.  (P.  lanceolata  A.  Gray,  in  part;  not  Michx.) 
On  prairies,  in  river  valleys  and  cultivated  ground  from  N.  Y.,  Mich,  and 
Mont,  to  Fla.  and  Tex. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Boulder  Canon;  between  Sunshine 
and  Ward. 

9.  Physalis  heterophylla  Nees.  (P.  virginiana  A.  Gray;  not  Mill.)  In  culti¬ 
vated  fields  and  sandy  or  loose  soil  from  N.  B.  and  Sask.  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and 
Utah. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Timnath,  Larimer  Co.;  Red  Rock  Canon;  New 
Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  gulch  west  of  Pennock’s ; 
Dixon  Canon;  Howe’s  Gulch;  Ft.  Collins;  Boulder;  Longmont. 


302 


SOLANACEAE. 


10.  Physalis  hederaefolia  A.  Gray.  On  plains  and  rocky  hills  from  Colo, 
to  Tex.  and  Calif. — Exact  locality  not  given. 

11.  Physalis  comata  Rydb.  On  hillsides  from  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Tex. — 
Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — New  Windsor,  Weld  Co. 

12.  Physalis  rotundata  Rydb.  On  plains  from  N.  D.  and  Colo,  to  Tex. 
and  N.  M. — Sandy  valleys,  Larimer  Co. ;  along  Poudre  River. 

13.  Physalis  Fendleri  A.  Gray.  On  rocky  hills  and  plains  from  Colo,  and 
Utah  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  6000-8000  ft. — Canon  City;  near  Badito,  be¬ 
tween  La  Veta  and  Gardner;  Piedra;  Durango;  Mancos;  Walsenburg; 
Dolores. 

2.  QUINCULA  Raf.  Puple  Ground-cherry. 

1.  Quincula  lobata  (Torr.)  Raf.  ( Physalis  lobata  Torr.)  On  plains  and 
river  bluffs  from  Kans.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz.;  also  in  Mex. — Alt. 
4000-6000  ft. — Rocky  Ford;  Cheyenne  Canon;  Spring  Canon;  Ft.  Collins; 
Dixon  Canon;  Boulder;  Longmont. 


3.  CHAMAESARACHA  A.  Gray. 

Pubescence  dense,  hirsute  as  well  as  puberulent.  1.  C.  conioides. 

Pubescence  sparse,  puberulent  or  stellate,  hirsute  if  at  all  only  on  the  calyx. 

2.  C.  Coronopus. 

1.  Chamaesaracha  conioides  (Moric.)  Britton.  (C.  sordida  A.  Gray)  In 
clayey  soil  from  Kans.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz.;  also  in  Mex. — Alt. 
up  to  5000  ft. — Lamar;  Pubelo. 

2.  Chamaesaracha  Coronopus  (Dunal)  A.  Gray.  On  clayey  soil  from  Kans. 
and  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Canon  City;  McElmo  Canon; 
mesas  near  Pueblo;  Walsenburg;  Trinidad. 

4.  ANDROCERA  Nutt. 

1.  Androcera  rostrata  (Dunal)  Rydb.  (Solatium  rostratum  Dunal;  Andro- 
cera  lobata  Nutt.)  On  plains  and  in  river  valleys  from  N.  D.  and  Wyo.  to 
Tex.  and  N.  M. ;  also  in  Mex.;  introduced  eastward  to  N.  H.  and  Fla. — Alt. 
4000-6000  ft. — Colorado  Springs;  Golden;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Ft. 
Collins;  Denver;  foot-hills  west  of  Ft.  Collins;  Boulder. 

5.  SOLANUM  L.  Nightshade,  Potato. 

Annuals.' 

Leaves  pinnatifid.  1.  S.  tridorum. 

Leaves  sinuately  dentate  or  entire. 

Plant  strigose  or  glabrous ;  berry  black. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  calyx-lobes  obtuse.  2.  5’.  nigrum. 

Leaves  decidedly  strigose  beneath  ;  calyx-lobes  abruptly  acutish. 
Corolla-lobes  3-4  mm.  long.  3.  S.  interior. 

Corolla-lobes  6-8  mm.  long.  4.  5*.  Douglasii. 

Plant  more  or  less  viscid-villous  ;  fruit  greenish  or  yellowish. 

5.  .S.  villosum. 

Perennials. 

Plant  green,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  but  not  stellate,  never  prickly ;  perennial 
with  tubers.  6.  S.  Jamesii. 

Plant  silvery-white  with  stellate  hairs ;  stem  often  prickly.  7.  5“.  elaeagnifolium. 


SOLANACEAE. 


303 


1.  Solanum  triflorum  Nutt.  On  prairies  and  waste  places,  and  especially 
in  “  prairie-dog  towns  ”  from  Ont.  and  Alb.  to  Kans.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000- 
10,000  ft. — Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Colorado  Springs;  Durango; 
Ft.  Collins;  Walsenburg;  Ouray;  Mountain  View;  along  Uncompahgre 
River,  near  Ouray;  Rocky  Ford;  Boulder. 

2.  Solanum  nigrum  L.  In  waste  places,  from  N.  S.  and  Wash,  to  Fla. 
and  Tex.;  introduced  from  Europe. — College  lawn,  Ft.  Collins. 

3.  Solanum  interior  Rydb.  In  river  valleys  among  bushes  from  Neb.  and 
Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Canon  City;  Timnath,  Larimer 
Co.;  along  the  Platte  River,  Denver;  Bent’s  Fort. 

4.  Solanum  Douglasii  Dunal.  In  valleys  of  Calif.,  Ariz.  and  northwestern 
Mex.  A  specimen  collected  by  Fremont  is  labelled:  “Probably  from  the 
sources  of  the  Platte,  near  the  mountains.”  This  is  probably  an  error  and 
very  likely  the  specimen  came  from  California. 

5.  Solanum  villosum  (Mill.)  Lam.  (S.  nigrum  villosum  Mill.)  In  sandy 
soil  from  Wyo.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  L.  Calif. — Alt.  5000-6000  ft. — Boulder. 

6.  Solanum  Jamesii  Torr.  In  the  mountains  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. 
— Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — La  Veta;  Trinidad;  Ft.  Collins. 

7.  Solanum  elaeagnifolium  Cav.  On  plains  from  Mo.  and  Colo,  to  Tex. 
and  Calif. ;  also  in  Mex. — Pueblo ;  Brantly  Canon,  Los  Animas  Co. 

6.  LYCIUM  L.  Matrimony  Vine. 

1.  Lycium  pallidum  Miers.  On  arid  hills  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  N.  M.  and 
Ariz.;  also  in  Mex. — McElmo  Creek;  San  Juan  Valley. 

■ 

7.  HYOSCYAMUS  L.  Black  Henbane,  Hog’s-bean. 

1.  Hyoscyamus  niger  L.  In  waste  places  from  N.  S.,  Mich,  and  Mont,  to 
N.  Y.  and  Colo. ;  introduced  and  naturalized  from  Europe. — Alt.  up  to  8000 
ft. — Along  Uncompahgre  River,  near  Ouray. 

8.  DATURA  L.  Thorn-apple,  Jimson-weed. 

Corolla  1.5-2  dm.  long;  capsule  more  or  less  fleshy,  bursting  irregularly. 

1.  D.  meteloides. 

Corolla  about  1  dm.  long ;  capsule  dry ;  4-valved. 

Capsule  erect ;  plant  glabrous. 

Corolla  white;  lower  prickles  of  the  capsule  shorter.  2.  D.  Stramonium. 
Corolla  violet;  prickles  all  alike.  3.  D.  Tatula. 

Capsule  nodding;  plant  more  or  less  cinerous.  4.  D.  discolor. 

1.  Datura  meteloides  DC.  Along  streams  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. ; 
also  in  Mex. — Alt.  5000-6000  ft. — McElmo  Canon ;  Montezuma  Co. ;  Hoven- 
weep  Canon;  Grand  Canon. 

2.  Datura  Stramonium  L.  In  waste  places  from  N.  S.  and  Minn,  to  Fla., 
Tex.  and  Colo.;  naturalized  from  Asia. — Boulder  Canon;  Denver;  Cherry 
Creek;  Golden. 

3.  Datura  Tatula  L.  In  waste  places  from  Ont.  and  Minn,  to  Fla.,  Tex. 
and  Colo. ;  naturalized  from  tropical  America. — Ft.  Collins. 

4.  Datura  discolor  Benth.  In  river  valleys  from  Colo,  to  Ariz.  and  Calif. ; 
also  in  Mex. — Colorado,  according  to  Gray,  no  specimens  seen. 


304 


SOLANACEAE. 


9.  NICOTIANA  L.  Tobacco. 

Leaves  clasping  at  the  base;  flowers  diurnal.  1.  N.  trigonophylla. 

Leaves  petioled,  not  clasping  at  the  base;  flowers  nocturnal.  2.  N.  attennata. 

1.  Nicotiana  trigonophylla  Dunal.  In  dry  grounds  from  Colo,  and  Utah 
to  Tex.  and  Calif.;  also  in  Mex. — “Southern  Colorado”  {Parry). 

2.  Nicotiana  attenuata  Torr.  In  dry  or  sandy  ground  from  Mont,  and 
B.  C.  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-7000  ft. — Gypsum,  Eagle  Co. ;  Black 
Canon ;  Salida ;  Glenwood  Springs,  Garfield  Co. ;  Montrose ;  McElmo  Canon ; 
Hotchkiss;  Rustic;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 


Family  120.  RHINANTHACEAE  St.  Hil.  Figwort  Family. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  5. 

Corolla  rotate.  1.  Verbascum. 

Corolla  funnelform,  2-lipped.  (Occasional  forms  of)  5.  Pentstemon. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  4  or  2. 

Corolla  spurred  or  saccate  at  the  base  on  the  lower  side.  2.  Linaria. 
Corolla  neither  spurred  nor  saccate  on  the  lower  side. 

Stamens  5,  4  anther-bearing,  the  fifth  sterile  and  often  rudimentary. 

Sterile  stamen  rudimentary,  represented  by  a  scale  or  gland  on  the  upper 
inside  of  the  corolla-tube  or  throat ;  corolla  short. 

Corolla  gibbous  at  the  base  on  the  upper  side  ;  ovules  and  seeds  few  or 
solitary;  annuals.  3.  Collinsia. 

Corolla  not  gibbous  at  the  base,  but  more  or  less  ventricose  especially 
on  the  lower  side  ;  ovules  and  seeds  numerous ;  perennials. 

4.  SCROPHULARIA. 

Sterile  stamen  elongated,  filiform  to  spatulate ;  corolla-tube  elongated, 
tubular  or  funnekform. 

Inflorescence  thyrsoid-paniculate ;  seeds  not  with  an  ariliform,  cellular- 
reticulate  outer  coat ;  corolla  not  gibbous  at  the  base  above ;  calyx 
deeply  cleft.  5.  Pentstemon. 

Inflorescence  racemose  or  spiciform ;  seeds  with  an  ariliform,  cellular- 
reticulate  outer  coat,  calyx  obtusely  5-lobed.  6.  Ciiionophila. 

Stamens  4  or  2. 

Upper  lip  or  lobes  of  the  corolla  external  in  the  bud. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  4. 

Corolla  more  or  less  bilabiate ;  sepals  united  into  an  angled  tube ; 

plants  leafy-stemmed.  7.  Mimulus. 

Corolla  nearly  regular ;  flowers  solitary  on  scape-like  peduncles  from 
the  basal  rosette  of  leaves  ;  plant  acaulescent.  8.  Limosella. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  2 ;  calyx  of  5,  almost  distinct  sepals ;  sterile 
filaments  short  or  wanting.  9.  Gratiola. 

Lower  lip  or  lobes  of  the  corolla  external  in  the  bud. 

Stamens  2. 

Corolla  almost  regularly  4-lobed.  10.  Veronica. 

Corolla  none  or  2-lipped,  cleft  to  near  the  base ;  upper  lip  entire ; 
lower  irregularly  cleft  or  toothed.  11.  Besseya. 

Stamens  4. 

Corolla  slightly  2-lipped ;  stamens  not  ascending  under  the  upper  lip. 

12.  Gerardia. 

Corolla  distinctly  2-lipped ;  stamens  ascending  under  the  upper  lip. 
Anther-sacs  dissimilar ;  the  inner  one  pendulous  by  its  apex ;  leaves 
mostly  alternate. 

Calyx  gamosepalous,  i.  e.,  all  the  sepals  united  below  into  a  tube. 
Calyx  deeply  cleft  in  front  and  behind,  less  deeply  so  (some¬ 
times  not  at  all)  on  the  sides ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  much 
longer  than  the  3-lobed  lower  one.  13.  Castilleja. 


RHINANTHACEAE. 


305 


Calyx  almost  equally  4-cleft ;  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  slightly 
if  at  all  longer  than  the  1-3  saccate  lower  one  which  is 
minutely  or  obsoletely  toothed.  14.  Orthocarpus. 

Calyx  2-phyllous,  i.  e.,  cleft  to  the  base  on  the  sides,  or,  by 
absence  of  the  lower  part,  i-phyllous.  15.  Adenostegia. 

Anther-cells  alike,  parallel ;  leaves  mostly  opposite. 

Calyx  split  below,  or  below  and  above,  not  inflated ;  capsule  ovoid 
or  oblong,  oblique. 

Galea  prolonged  into  a  filiform  recurved  beak ;  throat  with  a 
tooth  on  each  side.  16.  Elephantella. 

Galea  not  prolonged  into  a  beak  or  this  not  filiform,  straight 
or  incurved;  throat  without  teeth.  17.  Pedicularis. 

Calyx  4-toothed,  inflated  and  veiny  in  fruit ;  capsule  orbicular. 

18.  Rhinanthus. 


1.  VERBASCUM  L.  Mullen. 

Plant  densely  woolly;  flowers  in  dense  spikes.  1.  V.  Thapsus. 

Plant  glabrous  or  sparingly  glandular  ;  flowers  racemose.  2.  V.  Blattaria. 

1.  Verbascum  Thapsus  L.  In  waste  places  and  cultivated  ground  from 
N.  S.  and  B.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Calif. ;  naturalized  from  Europe. — Alt.  5000-6000 
ft. — Boulder;  12  miles  above  mouth  of  Leroux  Creek. 

2.  Verbascum  Blattaria  L.  In  waste  places  from  Que.  and  B.  C.  to  Fla. 
and  Calif. ;  naturalized  from  Europe. — Boulder. 


2.  LINARIA  Mill.  Butter-and-eggs,  Toad-flax. 

Corolla  blue  or  white,  12  mm.  long  or  less.  1.  L.  canadensis. 

Corolla  yellow,  2-3  cm.  long.  2.  L.  Linaria. 

1.  Linaria  canadensis  (L.)  Dum.  In  dry  soil  from  N.  S.  and  Wash,  to 
Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Boulder;  Table  Rock;  Loveland;  Spring 
Canon. 

2.  Linaria  Linaria  (L.)  Karst.  (L.  vulgaris  Mill.)  In  waste  places  and 
fields  from  Newf.  and  Man.  to  Va.  and  Colo. ;  naturalized  from  Europe. — 
Gunnison ;  North  Platte. 

3.  COLLINSIA  Nutt.  Blue-eyed-Mary. 

1.  Collinsia  parviflora  Dougl.  On  shaded  hillsides  from  Ont.  and  B.  C.  to 
Ariz.  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Foothills,  Larimer  Co.;  Veta  Mountain; 
west  of  Ft.  Collins;  near  Golden;  Chicken  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains; 
Ward;  Cimarron;  North  Boulder  Peak;  Palmer  Lake;  Rist  Canon;  vicinity 
of  Horsetooth;  Beaver  Creek;  Trail  Creek;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  hills  west  of 
Soldier  Canon ;  Boulder. 

4.  SCROPHULARIA  L.  Fig-wort,  Heal-all. 

1.  Scrophularia  occidentalis  (Rydb.)  Bickn.  In  woods  and  among  bushes 
from  N.  D.  and  Wash,  to  Ind.  Terr,  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — George¬ 
town;  South  Cheyenne  Canon;  Turkey  Creek  and  tributaries;  near  Parrott, 
La  Plata  Mountains ;  Cache  la  Poudre ;  Baxter’s  ranch ;  Moon’s  ranch ; 
Horsetooth  Gulch ;  Pennock’s  mountain  ranch ;  Rist  Canon ;  gulch  west  of 
Soldier  Canon;  Trail  Creek;  Boulder. 

20 


306 


RHINANTHACEAE. 


5.  PENTSTEMON  Soland.  Beard-tongue. 


Corolla  blue,  purple,  white  or  yellowish,  more  or  less  funnelform  or  salverform. 
Anthers  bearded.  I.  Glabri. 

Anther  glabrous  or  merely  hirtello-ciliate  along  the  line  of  dehiscence. 

Plant  not  suffruticose  at  the  base. 

Leaves  not  linear-filiform. 

Corolla  decidedly  funnelform,  i.  e.,  throat  much  wider  than  the  tube. 
Sterile  stamen  glabrous  ;  plant  tall,  perfectly  glabrous. 

I.  Glabri. 


Sterile  stamen  bearded. 

Plant  perfectly  glabrous,  or  slightly  puberulent  above. 

Corolla  strongly  ventricose-gibbous ;  tube  proper  very  short. 
Corolla  over  3  cm.  long ;  stem-leaves  clasping ;  plant  tall. 

II.  Grandiflori. 

Corolla  about  2  cm.  long ;  leaves  linear  or  oblanceolate,  not 
clasping;  plant  low.  III.  Halliani. 

Corolla  not  ventricose-gibbous ;  tube  gradually  dilated  into  a 
funnelform  throat.  IV.  Acuminati. 

Plant  glandular  at  least  on  the  inflorescence. 

Stem  glabrous  below.  V.  Glauci. 

Stem  glandular  or  puberulent.  VI.  Cristati. 

Corolla-tube  almost  cylindrical  or  slightly  widening  upwards ;  corolla 
less  than  2  cm.  long. 

Stems  several  from  a  branching  rootstock,  low  and  weak. 

VII.  Harbouriani. 

Stems  solitary  or  a  few  from  a  taproot  or  short  caudex. 

VIII.  Conferti. 


Leaves  linear-filiform. 

Corolla-limb  not  strongly  oblique ;  sterile  stamen  bearded. 

IX.  Laricifolii. 

Corolla-limb  strongly  oblique ;  sterile  stamen  glabrous. 

X.  Ambigui. 

Plant  suffruticose  at  the  base.  XI.  Caespitosi. 

Corolla  red,  almost  tubular. 

Anthers  opening  for  nearly  their  whole  length.  XII.  Barbati. 

Anthers  opening  only  on  their  proximal  part.  XIII.  Bridgesiani. 


I.  Glabri. 


Anthers  bearded  with  long  villous  hairs. 

Leaves  and  stem  glabrous. 

Calyx-lobes  acute  or  obtuse.  1.  P.  strictus. 

Calyx-lobes  long-acuminate.  2.  P.  strictiformis. 

Leaves  and  lower  part  of  the  stem  densely  and  minutely  puberulent. 

3.  P.  comarrhenus. 


Anthers  glabrous  or  sparingly  short-hirsute. 

Anthers  sparingly  bearded. 

Stem-leaves  all  narrowly  lanceolate. 

Calyx-lobes  with  narrow  scarious  margins,  not  auricled. 


Corolla  about  1.5  cm.  long;  plant  puberulent.  4.  P. 

Corolla  about  2  cm.  long;  plant  glabrous.  5.  P. 

Calyx-lobes  with  very  broad  scarious  margins,  forming  erose 
Stem  and  leaves  glabrous.  6.  P. 

Stem  and  leaves  more  or  less  puberulent.  7.  P. 

Upper  stem-leaves  broadly  ovate  or  cordate.  8.  P. 

Anthers  and  sterile  filaments  glabrous.  9.  P. 


Fremontii. 

utahensis. 

auricles. 

oreophilus. 

alpinus. 

Brandegei. 

unilateralis. 


One  species. 


II.  Grandiflori. 


10.  P.  grandiflorus. 

11.  P.  Hallii. 


One  species. 


III.  Halliani. 


RHINANTHACEAE. 


307 


IV.  Acuminati. 


Inflorescence  interrupted  ;  bracts  except  the  lowermost  shorter  than  the  flowers  ; 
basal  leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate. 

Bracts  ovate  to  almost  orbicular.  12.  P.  cyathophorus. 

Bracts  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate. 

Calyx-lobes  broadly  obovate,  scarious,  erose,  abruptly  contracted  into  a 
very  short  acumination.  13.  P.  Watsonii. 

Calyx-lobes  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  or  gradually  acuminate. 

Calyx-lobes  lanceolate;  plant  3-4  dm.  high.  14.  P.  secundiilorus . 

Calyx-lobes  ovate;  plant  2  dm.  high  or  less.  15.  P.  Fendleri. 

Inflorescence  dense ;  bracts  large,  long-acuminate,  most  of  them  exceeding  the 
flowers  ;  basal  leaves  linear  or  nearly  so,  narrower  than  the  stem-leaves. 

16.  P.  angustifoliiis. 


V.  Glauci. 


One  species. 


VI.  Cristati. 


1 7.  P.  glaucus. 


Corolla-tube  decidedly  gibbous-ventricose ;  sterile  stamen  densely  yellow-villous ; 
corolla  purplish. 

Basal  leaf-blades  obovate  or  spatulate  or  ovate,  broader  than  the  cauline  leaves  ; 

corolla  about  1.5  cm.  long.  18.  P.  Moffattii. 

Basal  leaf-blades  linear  to  linear-oblanceolate,  usually  narrower  than  the  upper 
cauline  leaves;  corolla  2-3  cm.  long.  19.  P.  Jamesii. 

Corolla-tube  funnelform,  scarcely  gibbous  ;  sterile  stamen  sparingly  yellow-villous  ; 
corolla  white.  20.  P.  albidus. 

VII.  Harbouriani. 

One  species.  21.  P.  Harbourii. 

VIII.  Conferti. 


Leaves  more  or  less  dentate. 

Calyx-lobes  elongated-lanceolate,  not  scarious ;  flowers  ascending ;  stem-leaves 
linear-lanceolate  or  linear.  22.  P.  gracilis. 

Calyx-lobes  ovate-lanceolate,  scarious-margined  below  and  usually  toothed ; 
stem-leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  lanceolate.  23.  P.  humilis. 

Leaves  entire. 

Calyx  glabrous  or  puberulent,  but  not  at  all  glandular ;  its  lobes  with  very 
broad,  erose,  scarious  margins  and  abrupt  acumination. 

Corolla  over  1  cm.  long ;  upper  stem-leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  often  rounded 
at  the  base  ;  plant  3  dm.  high  or  more.  24.  P.  Rydbergii. 

Corolla  less  than  1  cm.  long ;  upper  stem-leaves  linear-lanceolate ;  plant 
seldom  over  3  dm.  high.  .  25.  P.  procerus. 

Calyx  and  inflorescence  more  or  less  glandular. 

Plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  22.  P.  gracilis. 

Plant  decidedly  puberulent.  26.  P.  radicosus. 


One  species. 
One  species. 


IX.  Laricifolii. 

X.  Ambigui. 

XI.  Caespitosi. 


27.  P.  laricifolius. 

28.  P.  ambiguus. 


Leaf-blades  obovate,  spatulate  or  broadly  oblanceolate. 

Leaves  green  and  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulent ;  calyx-lobes  oblong-lanceolate. 

29.  P.  suffrutescens. 

Leaves  densely  grayish  or  whitish  puberulent ;  calyx-lobes  lanceolate. 

30.  P.  caespitosus. 

Leaf-blades  narrowly  oblanceolate  to  linear  or  filiform. 

Calyx-lobes  scarcely  scarious-margined,  entire ;  inflorescence  few-flowered ; 
floral  leaves  like  the  rest. 

Leaves  green  and  glabrate.  31.  P.  xylus. 

Leaves  densely  canescent-puberulent.  32.  P.  teucrioides. 

Calyx-lobes  scarious-margined,  dentate  or  erose ;  inflorescence  many-flowered, 
racemiform  ;  floral  leaves  reduced.  33.  P.  linarioides. 


308 


RHINANTHACEAE. 


XII.  Barbati. 


Lower  lip  bearded  within. 
Lower  lip  glabrous  within. 


34.  P.  barbatus. 


Anthers  glabrous ;  leaves  usually  glabrous. 
Anthers  long-bearded ;  leaves  puberulent. 


35.  P.  Torreyi. 

36.  P.  trichander. 


XIII.  Bridgesiani. 


One  species. 


37.  P.  Bridge  six. 


/ 


1.  Pentstemon  strictus  Benth.  On  hills  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — 
Alt.  6000-9000  ft. — Cimarron;  Chicken  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains;  Elk 
River,  Routt  Co. ;  Cerro  Summit ;  La  Plata  River ;  Pearl ;  Hotchkiss ;  between 
Porter  and  Durango;  North  Park;  Walton;  Steamboat  Springs;  Walden. 

2.  Pentstemon  strictiformis  Rydb.  On  hills  and  plains  of  Colo. — Alt. 
7500-9000  ft. — Mesa  Verde;  hills  about  Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  Arboles; 
Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch;  Mancos;  Sangre  de  Christo 
Creek;  Antonito;  Redcliffe. 

3.  Pentstemon  comarrhenus  A.  Gray.  On  dry  hills  in  Colo,  and  Utah. — 
Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — Mancos ;  Cedar  Edge ;  Piedra. 

4.  Pentstemon  Fremontii  T.  &  G.  On  dry  hills  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and 
Utah. — Meeker,  Rio  Blanco  County. 

5.  Pentstemon  utahensis  (S.  Wats.)  A.  Nels.  (P.  glaber  Utahensis  S. 
Wats.)  In  the  mountains  from  Wyo.  and  Ida.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  up 
to  10,000  ft. — Hahn’s  Peak;  Marshall  Pass;  Hotchkiss;  Horsetooth  Gulch; 
Leroux  Creek;  Anita  Peak. 

6.  Pentstemon  oreophilus  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  8000- 
10,000  ft. — Mountain  sides  near  Empire;  Bald  Mountain;  Halfway  House; 
Larimer  Co. ;  Manitou ;  South  Cheyenne  Canon ;  Eldora  to  Baltimore ;  Bos- 
worth’s  ranch;  Horsetooth  Mountain;  Stove  Prairie, 

7.  Pentstemon  alpinus  Torr.  (P.  glaber  alpinus  A.  Gray;  P.  riparius  A. 
Nels.)  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  Wyo.,  especially  along  streams. — Alt. 
6000-10,000  ft. — Flagstaff  Hill;  mountain  sides  near  Empire;  Bosworth’s 
ranch ;  Stove  Prairie ;  Horsetooth  Mountain ;  Ward ;  Empire. 

8.  Pentstemon  Brandegei  Porter.  In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  to  Colo. 
— Alt.  6000-9000  ft. — Dry  rocks,  Cheyenne  Mountain;  Colorado  Springs; 
Pueblo ;  Pike’s  Peak. 

9.  Pentstemon  unilateralis  Rydb.  ( P .  secundidorus  A.  Gray;  not  Benth.) 
In  the  mountains  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M. — Alt.  5500-10,000  ft. — Near  Empire; 
Georgetown;  Douglass  Co.;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Gunnison;  Central 
City;  Manitou;  Ft.  Collins;  Golden;  Idaho  Springs;  Como,  South  Park; 
Mt.  Harvard ;  Colorado  Springs ;  Leroux  Creek ;  gulch  west  of  Pennock’s ; 
Hayden’s  ranch;  Clear  Creek;  Spring  Canon;  Poudre  River;  La  Porte; 
Empire;  Eldora  to  Baltimore;  Boulder. 

10.  Pentstemon  grandiflorus  Nutt.  On  prairies  and  plains  from  Ills.,  Wise, 
and  Ore.  to  Ind.  Terr,  and  Utah. — Gray’s  Peak. 

11.  Pentstemon  Hallii  A.  Gray.  On  the  higher  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt. 
10,000-14,000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  Seven  Lakes;  Dead  Lake;  Mount  Garfield; 
mountains  above  Como;  Argentine  Pass;  Gray’s  Peak;  above  Boreas. 

12.  Pentstemon  cyathophorus  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt. 
about  8500  ft. — Pearl;  Grizzly  Creek;  North  Park. 


RHINANTHACEAE. 


309 


13.  Pentstemon  Watsonii  A.  Gray.  In  the  mountains  from  Colo,  to  Nev. 
and  Ariz. — Glenwood  Springs. 

14.  Pentstemon  secundiflorus  Benth.  (P.  acuminatus  A.  Gray,  mainly;  not 
Dougl.)  On  dry  plains  and  hills  from  Wyo.  to  N.  Mex. — Alt.  5000-9000  ft. 
— Near  Empire;  Manitou ;  Colorado  Springs;  Ft.  Collins;  foothills,  Larimer 
Co.;  Denver;  South  Park;  Crystal  Park;  North  Park,  near  Teller;  north 
of  La  Porte;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Wray;  Platte  Canon;  Dixon  Canon;  Trail 
Creek;  Camp  Creek. 

15.  Pentstemon  Fendleri  A.  Gray.  On  high  plains  of  Colo,  and  to  N.  M. 
and  Calif. — Arboles  ;  Salida. 

16.  Pentstemon  angustifolius  Pursh.  (P.  coeruleus  Nutt.)  On  plains 
from  S.  D.  and  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  New  Wind¬ 
sor;  Redcliffe;  Colorado  Springs. 

Pentstemon  angustifolius  caudatus  (Heller)  Rydb.  ( P .  caudatus  Heller) 
A  taller  variety  with  broader  leaves  from  Colo,  and  N.  Mex. — Livermore; 
Cucharas  River,  below  La  Veta;  Ojo;  butte,  5  miles  southwest  of  La  Veta; 
Walsenburg;  river-bluffs  north  of  La  Veta;  mesas  near  Pueblo;  Colorado 

College. 

17.  Pentstemon  glaucus  Graham.  In  the  mountains  from  Wyo.  and  Utah 
to  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Half¬ 
moon  Creek ;  Dark  Canon,  Pike’s  Peak ;  Chambers’  Lake ;  mountains  south 
of  Ward,  Boulder  Co.;  Berthoud  Pass,  near  Georgetown;  Pike’s  Peak;  Sil¬ 
ver  Plume;  Cameron  Pass;  near  Graymont;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Salida; 
Gore  Pass;  Anita  Peak;  Hahn’s  Peak;  Red  Mountain  road,  south  of  Ouray; 
near  La  Plata ;  Palsgrove  Canon ;  Marshall  Pass ;  Argentine  Pass ;  near 
Seven  Lakes,  Pike’s  Peak;  Villa  Grove;  Silverton;  Robinson;  Alpine  Tun¬ 
nel  ;  Gray’s  Peak ;  Little  Kate  Mine,  La  Plata  Mountains ;  Steamboat  Springs. 

Pentstemon  glaucus  stenosepalus  A.  Gray.  A  variety  with  long-attenuate 
calyx-lobes. — Graymont ;  Ragged  Mountain ;  Michigan  Hill ;  Boreas  ;  Beaver 
Creek;  Gore  Pass;  Four-mile  Hill,  Routt  Co.;  Seven  Lakes,  Pike’s  Peak; 
Eldora  to  Baltimore ;  Chambers’  Lake ;  Spicer. 

18.  Pentstemon  Moffattii  Eastw.  On  dry  table-lands  of  western  Colo. — 
Mancos. 

19.  Pentstemon  Jamesii  Torr.  On  plains  and  dry  valleys  in  Colo,  and  S.  D. 
—Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Swallows,  between 
Pueblo  and  Canon  City;  mesas  near  Pueblo;  near  Badito;  Sangre  de  Cristo 
Creek;  Walsenburg;  Rocky  Ford. 

20.  Pentstemon  albidus  Nutt.  On  prairies  and  plains  from  Ass.  and  Ida. 
to  Kans.  and  Colo. — Near  Denver;  Eads;  Sterling;  Grand  Junction. 

21.  Pentstemon  Harbourii  A.  Gray.  On  the  higher  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt. 
9000-13,000  ft. — Rock-slide  at  the  foot  of  Mt.  McClellan;  Kelso  Valley;  Little 
Kate  Basin,  La  Plata  Mountains;  West  Spanish  Peak;  mountains  above 
Ouray;  Mt.  Richtofen. 

22.  Pentstemon  gracilis  Nutt.  On  plains  and  prairies  from  Man.  and  Sask. 
to  Tex.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Divide  west  of  salt-works,  South 
Park;  north  of  Cheyenne  Canon;  Wahatoya  Creek;  Brandy  Canon;  Table 
Rock;  Dillon  Canon,  Trinidad;  Palmer  Lake. 

23.  Pentstemon  humilis  Nutt.  On  plains  and  hills  from  Mont,  and  Alb.  to 
Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — South  Park;  near  Denver;  headwaters 


310 


RHINANTHACEAE. 


of  Clear  Creek;  Crystal  Park;  Cheyenne  Mountain;  North  Cheyenne  Canon; 
Turkey  Creek  and  tributaries;  Wahatoya  Canon;  near  Georgetown;  foot¬ 
hills  west  of  Ft.  Collins ;  foot-hills  below  Colorado  Springs ;  Dale  Creek, 
Larimer  Co.;  Dixon  Canon;  Rist  Canon;  gulch  west  of  Pennock’s ;  gulch 
south  of  Boreas;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;.  gulch  south  of  Boulder;  Platte  Canon; 
Empire;  Eldora  to  Baltimore;  Camp  Creek. 

24.  Pentstemon  Rydbergii  A.  Nels.  (P.  erosus  Rydb.)  In  the  moun¬ 
tains  from  Wyo.  and  Wash,  to  Colo. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Steamboat 
Springs ;  Rabbit-Ears,  Larimer  Co. ;  South  Park ;  Sargent’s ;  Gunnison ; 
Marshall  Pass;  Chicken  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains;  Pitkin;  Colum¬ 
bine;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co.;  Robinson;  Sheephorn  Divide,  Middle  Park; 
Rabbit-Ears  Pass;  Salida ;  Walton  Creek;  Como;  Mt.  Richtofen  on  the 
Michigan ;  Big  South ;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

25.  Pentstemon  procerus  Dougl.  On  hills  and  mountains  from  Sask.  and 
B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  8000-11,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek; 
Bard  Creek  Valley,  near  Empire;  Chambers’  Lake;  North  Park;  Mt.  Har¬ 
vard;  Twin  Lakes;  Como;  between  Como  and  Boreas;  Walden. 

26.  Pentstemon  radicosus  A.  Nels.  On  plains  from  Ida.  and  Mont,  to  Colo. 
— Pinkham  Creek. 

27.  Pentstemon  laricifolius  H.  &  A.  On  dry  hills  from  Wyo.  and  Ore.  to 
Colo. — Medicine  Bow  Mountains,  Larimer  Co. 

28.  Pentstemon  ambiguus  Torr.  On  plains  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Tex. 
and  Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — Rocky  Ford ;  Sterling. 

29.  Pentstemon  suffrutescens  Rydb.  (P.  caespitosus  suffruticosus  A.  Gray; 
P.  procumbens  Greene)  On  dry  hills  and  mountains  of  Colo,  and  Utah. — 
Alt.  up  to  10,000  ft. — Keblar  Pass ;  Ridgway. 

30.  Pentstemon  caespitosus  Nutt.  On  dry  hills  from  Wyo.,  Utah  and  Colo. 
— McCoy’s,  Eagle  Co. ;  north  of  Craig. 

31.  Pentstemon  xylus  A.  Nelson.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  6500- 
10,000  ft. — Cimarron;  South  Cottonwood  Gulch,  Chaffee  Co.;  Como;  Man- 
cos;  Gunnison. 

32.  Pentstemon  teucrioides  Greene.  On  dry  hills  in  Colo. — Alt.  about  7250 
ft. — Sapinero. 

33.  Pentstemon  linarioides  A.  Gray.  (P.  Coloradoensis  A.  Nels.)  On  dry 
hills  and  plains  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — 
Alt.  6500-7500  ft. — Dolores;  Mancos  Canon;  Durango. 

34.  Pentstemon  barbatus  Nutt.  In  the  mountains  from  Colo,  to  Ariz.;  also 
in  Mex. — “  Mountains  of  Colorado.” 

35.  Pentstemon  Torreyi  Benth.  (P.  barbatus  Torreyi  A.  Gray)  On  hill¬ 
sides  in  the  mountains  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt. 
7000-10,000  ft. — Lake  City;  Artist’s  Glen;  Placer;  mesas  near  Buena  Vista; 
Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Salida;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Black  Canon; 
Dillon  Canon. 

36.  Pentstemon  trichander  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  (P.  barbatus  trichander  A. 
Gray)  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Mesa  Verde;  Piedra; 
Buena  Vista;  Durango. 

37.  Pentstemon  Bridgesii  A.  Gray.  Rocky  banks  from  Colo,  to  Ariz.  and 
Calif. — Alt.  6000-8000  ft. — El  Late  (Brandegee) . 


RHINANTHACEAE. 


311 


6.  CHIONOPHILA  Benth. 

i.  Chionophila  Jamesii  Benth.  In  the  higher  mountains  of  Colo,  and 
Southern  Wyo. — Alt.  11,000-14,000  ft. — Mt.  Hayden;  near  Pagosa  Peak; 
Pike’s  Peak;  Gray’s  Peak;  mountains  above  Boreas;  Massif  de  l’Arapahoe; 
Douglass  Mountain,  Georgetown ;  Beaver  Creek ;  Mt.  Bartlett ;  Mt.  Robinson ; 
Red  Mountain;  Ethel  Peak. 

7.  MIMULUS  L.  Monkey-flower. 

Calyx  oblique,  decidedly  inflated  in  fruit ;  upper  tooth  much  larger  than  the 
rest ;  corolla  yellow. 

Calyx-teeth  acute ;  stem  neither  rooting  at  the  nodes  nor  floating. 

Perennials,  usually  tall  and  erect,  3-6  dm.  high ;  corolla  2-3  cm.  long ; 
calyx-teeth  not  much  unequal. 

Leaves  glabrous;  stem  pubescent  only  above.  1.  M .  Langsdorfii. 

Leaves  and  stem  pubescent  throughout.  ,  2.  M.  puberulus. 

Annuals,  slender  or  low  ;  corolla  2  cm.  or  less  long ;  upper  calyx-tooth  much 
elongated. 

Corolla  1.5-2  cm.  long,  at  least  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

3.  M.  nasutus. 

Corolla  5-8  mm.  long,  about  half  longer  than  the  calyx.  4.  M.  Hallii. 
Calyx-teeth  obtuse ;  stem  decumbent  or  floating,  rooting  at  the  nodes. 

5.  M.  Geyeri. 

Calyx  neither  oblique  nor  inflated ;  its  lobes  nearly  equal. 

Perennials ;  flowers  1-4  cm.  long ;  sepals  linear-lanceolate. 

Tall,  with  erect  stem,  3-10  dm.  high;  corolla  crimson  or  rose. 

6.  M.  Lewisii. 

Low  or  slender,  weak ;  corolla  yellow.  7.  M.  moschatus. 

Annuals  ;  flowers  0.5-1  cm.  long ;  sepals  ovate,  triangular  or  broadly  lanceolate. 
Leaves  petioled  ;  blades  cordate  to  ovate-lanceolate.  8.  M.  floribundus. 

Leaves  sessile,  oblong,  lanceolate  or  linear.  9.  M.  gratioloides . 

1.  Mimulus  Langsdorfii  Sims.  ( M .  luteus  A.  Gray;  not  L. ;  M.  minor  A. 
Nels.)  In  swamps  and  along  streams,  especially  in  muddy  places,  from  Ass. 
and  Alaska  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Hahn’s 
Peak;  Chambers’  Lake;  Van  Boxle’s  ranch,  above  Cimarron;  Grayback  min¬ 
ing  camps  and  Placer  Gulch;  Manitou ;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo 
Creek;  Ouray;  Twin  Lakes;  bank  of  Michigan;  Cameron  Pass;  Twin  Lakes; 
Four-mile  Hill ;  Gypsum  Creek  Canon ;  Berthoud  Pass ;  Empire ;  between 
Sunshine  and  Ward;  Gray’s  Peak;  Veta  Pass;  Silver  Plume. 

2.  Mimulus  puberulus  Greene.  In  wet  places  in  the  mountains  of  Colo. — 
Alt.  7500-10,000  ft. — Four  miles  west  of  Cameron  Pass;  Villa  Grove,  Steele 
Canon;  Breckenridge ;  Dix;  Bob  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains;  Red 
Mountain ;  Pagosa  Springs ;  west  of  Ouray. 

3.  Mimulus  nasutus  Greene.  In  wet  places  in  the  mountains  from  Ida. 
and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  9000-10,000  ft. — Rico;  Ouray;  Horsetooth 
Gulch;  Pennock’s. 

4.  Mimulus  Hallii  Greene.  In  wet  places  in  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt. 
up  to  8500  ft. — Georgetown ;  Piedra ;  Florsetooth  Gulch ;  gulch  west  of  Pen¬ 
nock’s. 

5.  Mimulus  Geyeri  Torr.  ( M .  Jamesii  T.  &  G.)  In  water  from  Mich, 
and  N.  D.  to  Ills,  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Boulder ;  Colorado  Springs ; 
Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Montrose;  Spring  Canon;  New  Windsor. 

6.  Mimulus  Lewisii  Pursh.  Along  streams  from  Minn.,  Mont,  and  B.  C. 
to  Colo.,  Ariz.  and  Calif. — North  Park. 


312 


RHINANTHACEAE. 


7.  Mimulus  moschatus  Dougl.  In  wet  places  from  Ont.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo, 
and  Calif. — Alt.  up  to  9000  ft. — Continental  Divide,  Routt  Co. ;  Steamboat 
Springs. 

8.  Mimulus  floribundus  Dougl.  In  wet  places,  especially  in  sandy  soil,  from 
Mont,  and  B.  C.  to  Ariz.  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Boulder;  Lower 
Boulder  Canon ;  Cimarron ;  Black  Canon ;  Golden ;  mountains,  Larimer  Co. ; 
Ft.  Collins;  west  of  Soldier  Canon;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Cache  la  Poudre; 
mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 

9.  Mimulus  gratioloides  Rydb.  On  hillsides  in  southern  Colo. — Alt.  7000- 
8000  ft. — Butte,  5  miles  southwest  of  La  Veta;  Crystal  Creek. 

8.  LIMOSELLA  L.  Mudwort. 

1.  Limosella  aquatica  L.  In  shallow  water  and  mud  from  Lab.  and  B.  C. 
to  Colo,  and  Calif. ;  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Ft.  Col¬ 
lins;  Denver;  North  Platte,  below  Hebron;  Parlin;  Estes  Park. 

9.  GRATIOLA  L.  Hedge  Hyssop. 

1.  Gratiola  virginiana  L.  In  wet  places,  especially  around  springs,  from 
Que.  and  B.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000  ft. — Garland;  Boulder;  Ft.  Col¬ 
lins  ;  Alamosa. 

10.  VERONICA  L.  Speedwell,  Brooklime. 

Flowers  in  axillary  racemes. 

Leaves  all  short-petioled ;  leaf-blades  ovate,  oblong  or  oval. 

1.  V.  americana. 

Leaves  of  the  flowering  shoots  at  least  sessile,  lanceolate  to  linear. 

2.  V.  Anagallis. 

'lowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes,  or  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 
Perennials  ;  flowers  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes ;  bracts  reduced  and  unlike 
the  leaves. 

All  leaves  sessile,  ovate  or  ovate-oblong ;  capsules  obovate  or  oval,  merely 
emarginate.  3.  V.  Wormskjoldii. 

Lower  leaves  petioled ;  blades  rounded-oval  or  the  upper  oblong ;  capsule 
obcordate.  4.  V.  serpyllifolia. 

Annuals ;  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  i.  e.,  bracts  resembling 
the  other  leaves  and  only  slightly  reduced. 

Peduncles  shorter  than  the  oblong  to  linear  stem-leaves.  5.  V.  xalapensis. 

Peduncles  longer  than  the  ovate  stem-leaves.  6.  V.  Buxbaumii. 

1.  Veronica  americana  Schwein.  In  water  from  Anticosti  and  Alaska  to 
Pa.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-12,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo 
Creek ;  headwaters  of  Pass  Creek ;  Mancos ;  Ft.  Collins ;  Green  Mountain 
Falls;  Van  Boxle’s  ranch,  above  Cimarron;  La  Veta;  Red  Mountain;  Horse- 
tooth  Gulch;  Twin  Lakes;  Trail  Creek;  Poudre  Canon;  Gore  Pass;  gulch 
west  of  Pennock’s ;  Howe’s  Gulch ;  Boulder. 

Veronica  americana  crassula  Rydb.  (V.  crenatifolia  Greene)  A  low  va¬ 
riety  with  fleshy  entire  leaves.  From  S.  D.  and  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Utah. 
—Red  Mountain. 

2.  Veronica  Anagallis  L.  In  water  from  N.  S.  and  B.  C.  to  N.  C.  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Wahatoya  Creek;  Ft.  Collins. 

3.  Veronica  Wormskjoldii  R.  &  S.  ( V .  alpina  A.  Gray,  in  part;  not  L.) 
In  wet  places  from  Greenl.  and  Alaska  to  N.  H.,  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  9000- 


RHINANTHACEAE. 


313 


12,000  ft. — Summit  of  North  Park  Range,  Routt  Co. ;  four  miles  west  of 
Cameron  Pass;  Silver  Plume;  Little  Kate  Basin,  La  Plata  Mountains;  Trap¬ 
pers’  Lake;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Seven  Lakes;  Marshall  Pass;  Tennessee  Pass; 
Mirror  Lake;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Silverton;  Beaver  Creek;  Leroux  Creek; 
Berthoud  Pass. 

4.  Veronica  serpyllifolia  L.  In  fields,  thickets  and  open  woods  from  Lab. 
and  Alaska  to  Ga.,  Colo,  and  Calif. ;  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. — Alt.  8000- 
11,000  ft. — Caribou;  Marshall  Pass;  Red  Mountain,  south  of  Ouray;  Gray- 
back  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch ;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek ; 
Bob  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains;  Silverton;  Beaver  Creek;  Hotchkiss; 
Gore  Pass. 

5.  Veronica  xalapensis  H.  B.  K.  (V.  peregrina  A.  Gray,  in  part;  not  L.) 
In  sandy  soil  from  Sask.  and  B.  C.  to  Tex.  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-8500  ft. — 
Ft.  Collins;  Table  Rock;  Manitou ;  foothills,  Larimer  Co.;  Mancos;  Pagosa 
Springs;  Ft.  Collins;  Idaho  Springs;  Cerro  Summit;  Veta  Pass;  Boulder; 
Grizzly  Creek. 

6.  Veronica  Buxbaumii  Tenare.  In  waste  places  from  N.  S.  and  N.  Y.  to 
Colo. ;  adventive  from  Europe  and  Asia. — Boulder. 

11.  BESSEYA  Rydb. 

Corolla  present. 

Flowers  not  reflexed ;  calyx-lobes  3-4. 

Upper  lip  of  the  purple  corolla  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx;  plant  1-1.5  dm. 

high.  1.  S.  alpina. 

Upper  lip  of  the  corolla  only  slightly  longer  than  the  calyx;  plant  1.5-3 
dm.  high. 

Corolla  purple  or  pink,  not  ciliate ;  divisions  of  the  lower  lip  obtuse. 

2.  S’.  plantaginea. 

Corolla  white  or  yellowish,  ciliate  on  the  margin  ;  divisions  of  the  upper 
lip  acute.  3.  S.  Ritteriana. 

Flowers  reflexed  ;  calyx-lobes  2  ;  corolla  greenish-white.  4.  6'.  reflexa. 

Corolla  lacking.  5.  V.  gymnocarpa. 

1.  Besseya  alpina  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Synthyris  alpina  A.  Gray)  On  the 
higher  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  10,000-14,000  ft. — Mt.  Harvard ; 
West  Spanish  Peak;  Gray’s  Peak;  Massif  de  l’Arapahoe;  headwaters  of 
Clear  Creek;  Ethel  Peak. 

2.  Besseya  plantaginea  (Benth.)  Rydb.  ( Synthyris  plantaginea  Benth.) 
On  hillsides  and  mountains  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  6000-13,500 
ft. — Mountain  near  Veta  Pass;  Pike’s  Peak;  mountains  above  Ouray;  hills 
southeast  of  La  Veta;  mesas  near  Colorado  Springs;  South  Cheyenne  Canon; 
butte,  5  miles  southwest  of  La  Veta;  Wahatoya  Canon;  Manitou;  Gray’s 
Peak ;  Minnehaha ;  Cascade ;  Artist’s  Glen ;  Mt.  Garfield ;  headwaters  of  Clear 
Creek;  Como;  Bear  Creek  Canon. 

3.  Besseya  Ritteriana  (Eastw.)  Rydb.  ( Synthyris  Ritteriana  Eastw. ;  S'. 
Uavescens  A.  Nelson)  On  the  higher  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  7000-12,000 
ft. — Red  Mountain;  Bear  Creek  Divide,  West  La  Plata  Mountains;  Cimar¬ 
ron  ;  Cumberland  Basin. 

4.  Besseya  reflexa  (Eastw.)  Rydb.  ( Synthyris  reflexa  Eastw.)  On  the 
mountains  of  Colo. — Kendall  Basin,  near  Silverton. 

5.  Besseya  gymnocarpa  (A.  Nels.)  Rydb.  ( Wulfenia  gymnocarpa  A. 
Nels. ;  Synthyris  rubra  A.  Gray,  in  part;  not  Benth.)  On  hills  from  S.  D. 
and  Alb.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Wood’s  ranch. 


314 


RHINANTHACEAE. 


12.  GERARDIA  L. 

i.  Gerardia  Besseyana  Britton.  On  prairies  and  river  bottoms  from  Iowa 
and  Wyo.  to  La.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Boulder;  Platte  River,  Den¬ 
ver;  Ft.  Collins;  Longmont;  along  the  Poudre;  Longmont;  Cherry  Creek. 


13.  CASTILLEJA  Mutis.  Painted  Cup,  Painter’s  Brush. 


Annuals  or  biennials.  I.  Stenanthae. 

Perennials. 

Galea  several  times  longer  than  the  very  short  lip,  usually  at  least  ^3  as  long 
as  the  corolla-tube ;  bracts  in  most  species  tinged  with  scarlet,  crimson 
or  rose. 

Calyx  cleft  much  deeper  in  front  than  behind.  II.  Linari^efoliae. 

Calyx  about  equally  cleft  in  front  and  behind. 

Stem  villous-canescent ;  bracts  entire,  or  trilobed  with  broad,  rounded 
middle  lobe.  III.  Integrae. 

Stem  glabrous  or  pubescent,  but  not  canescent. 

Leaves  entire  or  the  uppermost  rarely  slightly  3-lobed ;  corolla-lip  very 
short  and  callous. 

Bracts  usually  entire  and  obtuse,  oblong  to  obovate,  if  3-lobed  with 
a  broad  middle  lobe.  IV.  Rhexifoliae. 

Bracts  3-cleft  with  lanceolate  lobes,  if  entire  very  acute. 

V.  Lancifoliae. 

Leaves,  at  least  the  upper,  pinnately  cleft ;  bracts  also  cleft ;  lower  corolla- 
lip  not  callous,  larger.  VI.  Hispidae. 

Galea  less  than  3  times  as  long  as  the  lip,  rarely  half  as  long  as  the  corolla- 
tube  ;  bracts  in  most  species  tinged  with  yellow  or  brown. 

Leaves  entire ;  bracts  also  entire  or  slightly  3-lobed.  VII.  Pallidae. 
Leaves  pinnately  divided,  at  least  the  upper  ones. 

Whole  plant  white-woolly.  VIII.  Lineatae. 

Plant  not  white-woolly. 

Corolla  1.5-3  cm.  l°ng,  slightly  exceeding  the  calyx. 


IX.  Brachyanthae. 

Corolla  4-5  cm.  long,  almost  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

X.  Sessiliflorae. 


I.  Stenanthae. 


One  species. 

II.  LlNARIyEFOLIAE. 

Bracts  crimson  or  pink. 

Leaves  all  narrowly  linear. 

Upper  leaves  lanceolate. 

Bracts  yellow. 

III.  Integrae. 

Leaves  entire. 

Bracts  oblong. 

Bracts  obovate. 

Leaves  pinnatifid. 

IV.  Rhexifoliae. 


1.  C.  exilis. 


2.  C.  linaricefolia. 

3.  C.  Crista-galli. 

4.  C.  cognata. 


5.  C.  Integra. 

6.  C.  gloriosa. 

7.  C.  Lindheimeri. 


Upper  stem-leaves  at  least  broadly  lanceolate  or  oblong-ovate. 

8.  C.  rhexifolia. 

Leaves  all  narrowly  lanceolate. 

Bracts  acute  and  usually  deeply  cleft,  scarlet  or  crimson.  9.  C.  confusa. 

Bracts  rounded  at  the  apex,  entire  or  with  a  short  tooth  on  each  side. 

Bracts  brownish  or  yellowish ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  densely  puberulent. 

10.  C.  brunnescens. 

Bracts  crimson  or  rose-color ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  glabrous 
or  nearly  so  at  maturity.  11.  C.  lauta. 


RHINANTHACEAE. 


315 


V.  Lancifoliae. 


Calyx  and  upper  part  of  the  stem  densely  white-woolly.  12.  C.  trinervis. 
Calyx  and  upper  part  of  the  stem  sparingly  hirsute-villous. 

Plant  growing  more  or  less  in  clumps,  with  a  short  caudex. 

9.  C.  confusa. 

Stems  solitary  from  a  horizontal  or  ascending  rootstock. 

13.  C.  lancifolia. 

VI.  Hispidae. 


Galea  longer  than  the  corolla-tube.  14.  C.  chromosa. 

Galea  shorter  than  the  corolla-tube. 

Bracts  or  their  middle  lobe  very  broad  and  rounded ;  calyx-lobes  very  short 
and  rounded  at  the  apex.  15.  C.  obtusiloba. 

Bracts  with  narrow,  lanceolate,  oblong,  or  linear  lobes. 

Plant  glabrous  up  to  the  inflorescence,  1-2  cm.  high.  16.  C.  Hay  deni. 

Plant  more  or  less  pubescent,  3-6  dm.  high. 

Lobes  of  calyces,  bracts  and  leaves  narrowly  linear ;  bracts  brick-red. 

17.  C.  linearis. 

Lobes  of  bracts  and  calyces  broader,  lanceolate  or  oblong ;  bracts  crimson. 

18.  C.  hispid  a. 


VII.  Pallidae. 


Plant  5-15  cm.  high,  densely  villous  above;  corolla  less  than  2  cm.  long;  bracts 
varying  from  brownish-crimson  to  greenish-yellow.  19.  C.  occidentalis. 

Plant  2-4  dm.  high,  slightly  if  at  all  villous  ;  corolla  usually  2  cm.  long  or  more. 

Stems  solitary  from  a  creeping  rootstock  ;  plant  darkening  in  drying. 

20.  C.  luteovirens. 

Stems  growing  in  clums  with  a  short  caudex  ;  plant  rarely  darkening  in  drying. 
Upper  leaves  broadly  lanceolate ;  all  3-ribbed ;  plant  glabrous  up  to  the 
inflorescence.  21.  C.  sulpharea. 

All  leaves  linear,  1 -ribbed  or  the  uppermost  linear-lanceolate  and  indistinctly 
3-ribbed  ;  plant  puberulent.  22.  C.  zvyomingensis. 


VIII.  Lineatae. 

One  species.  23.  C.  lineata. 

IX.  Brachyanthae. 


Lower  lip  of  the  corolla  fully  half  as  long  as  the  galea  ;  plant  less  than  1  dm.  high. 

24.  C.  puberula. 

Lower  lip  as  long  as  the  galea;  plant  3-4  dm.  high. 

Lower  lip  about  A  as  long  as  the  galea ;  its  lobes  lanceolate,  acuminate. 

25.  C.  brachyantha. 

Lower  lip  XA-XA  as  long  as  the  galea  ;  its  lobes  ovate,  acute. 


X.  Sessiliflorae. 


26.  C.  Hava. 


One  species. 


27.  C.  sessilidora. 


1.  Castilleja  exilis  A.  Nels.  (C.  stricta  Rydb. ;  not  DC.)  In  wet  ground 
from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Las  Animas;  Hotchkiss. 

2.  Castilleja  linariaefolia  Benth.  In  the  mountains  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M. 
and  Calif. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  6000-9000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak ;  near  Empire ; 
North  Boulder  Peak;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  southeast  and  west  of 
Ouray;  Parlin;  Honnold ;  north  of  Mancos;  Jack’s  Cabin;  Cascade  Canon; 
Cerro  Summit;  West  Indian  Creek;  Elk  River,  Routt  Co.;  Chicken  Creek, 
West  La  Plata  Mountains;  Idaho  Springs;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta; 
Twin  Lakes;  Veta  Pass;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Pagosa  Springs;  La  Veta; 
Soldier  Canon ;  Hotchkiss ;  Gypsum  Creek  Canon ;  Baxter’s  ranch ;  Steam- 


316 


RHINANTHACEAE. 


boat  Springs;  Narrows;  Dolores;  Beaver  Creek;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Du¬ 
rango;  Rist  Canon;  Trapper’s  Lake;  Graymont;  Grand  Lake;  Poudre  Canon, 
Larimer  Co. ;  Silverton ;  Empire. 

3.  Castilleja  Crista-galli  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — 
Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Green  Mountain  Falls ;  South  Cheyenne  Canon ;  Gray- 
back  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch ;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

4.  Castilleja  cognata  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  8280 
ft. — Jack’s  Cabin. 

5.  Castilleja  integra  A.  Gray.  Dry  ground  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. ; 
also  Mex. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Colorado  Springs;  Trail  Glen;  La  Veta; 
Red  Rock  Canon;  Ojo;  river-bluffs  north  of  La  Veta;  Calhan;  butte,  5  miles 
southwest  of  La  Veta;  hills  southeast  of  La  Veta;  Piedra;  Salida;  near 
Denver;  Como;  Purgatory  River,  Trinidad;  Palmer  Lake;  Table  Rock; 
Cheyenne  Canon ;  Eldora  to  Baltimore ;  Colorado  City. 

6.  Castilleja  gloriosa  Britton.  In  dry  places  from  Colo,  to  Ariz. — Brantly 
Canon. 

7.  Castilleja  Lindheimeri  A.  Gray.  In  dry  places  from  Colo,  to  Tex. — 
Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Mancos ;  Grand  Junction. 

8.  Castilleja  rhexifolia  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  from  Alb.  and  Alaska  to 
Colo. — Alt.  7000-14,000  ft. — Mt.  Hesperus ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Echo  Creek,  near 
La  Veta;  Marshall  Pass;  Mt.  Hayden,  La  Plata  Mountains;  Mt.  Harvard; 
Berthoud  Pass. 

9.  Castilleja  confusa  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
6000-11,000  ft. — Georgetown;  Red  Mountain,  south  of  Ouray;  Bob  Creek, 
west  of  Mt.  Hesperus ;  Ruxton  Park ;  Colorado  Springs ;  Pike’s  Peak ;  Elk 
River,  Routt  Co.;  Chicken  Creek,  west  of  Mt.  Hesperus;  Como;  Little  Veta 
Mountain;  Upper  La  Plata  River;  Minnehaha;  Little  Kate  Basin;  moun¬ 
tains  above  Ouray;  Beaver  Creek;  Rico;  Michigan  Hill;  gulch  east  of  Stove 
Prairie;  Bosworth’s  ranch ;  Steamboat  Springs;  Empire;  Eldora  to  Balti¬ 
more;  Rabbit-Ears,  Larimer  Co. 

10.  Castilleja  brunnescens  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — 
Alt.  9000-11,000  ft. — Bush  Creek,  Custer  Co.;  Gray’s  Peak;  Mancos;  Red 
Mountain,  south  of  Ouray;  Pike’s  Peak;  Taylor  River;  Cameron  Pass; 
Hahn’s  Peak. 

11.  Castilleja  lauta  A.  Nelson.  (C.  oreopola  subintegra  Fernald.)  In 
the  mountains  from  Mont,  and  Ore.  to  Colo. — Alt.  9000-12,000  ft. — Marshall 
Pass;  Mt.  Hesperus;  Little  Kate  Basin;  Cameron  Pass;  Alpine  Tunnel; 
Graymont ;  Beaver  Creek ;  Rico ;  Anita  Peak. 

12.  Castilleja  trinervis  Rydb.  In  the  mountain  woods  of  Colo. — Alt.  8500- 
10,000  ft. — Columbine;  headwaters  of  Pass  Creek;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de 
Cristo  Creek;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch. 

13.  Castilleja  lancifolia  Rydb.  In  mountains  from  Mont,  and  Alaska  to 
Colo,  and  Ore. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Near  Ironton,  San  Juan  Co.;  near 
Pagosa  Peak;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Berthoud  Pass. 

14.  Castilleja  chromosa  A.  Nelson.  (C.  Stokesii  Brand.)  In  the  moun¬ 
tains  of  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Cerro  Summit. 

15.  Castilleja  obtusiloba  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about 
9000  ft. — Leroux  Parks,  Delta  Co. 


RHINANTHACEAE. 


317 


16.  Castilleja  Haydeni  (A.  Gray)  Cockerell.  (C.  pallida  Haydeni  A.  Gray) 
On  the  higher  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  12,300  ft. — Cumberland  Mine, 
La  Plata  Mountains. 

17.  Castilleja  linearis  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  8500-12,000 
ft. — Gibb’s  Peak,  Custer  Co. ;  West  Spanish  Peak. 

18.  Castilleja  hispida  Benth.  On  hills  and  mountains  from  Mont,  and 
Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  about  7500  ft. — Mountains,  Larimer  Co. ; 
Dolores  ;  Cimarron ;  Pinkham  Creek. 

19.  Castilleja  occidentalis  Torr.  (C.  pallida  occidentalis  A.  Gray)  On 
the  higher  mountains  from  Alb.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo. — Alt.  11,000-14,000  ft. — 
Near  Empire;  Pike’s  Peak;  Gray’s  Peak;  Ward;  Mt.  Ouray;  Alpine  Tunnel; 
Cameron  Pass;  Mt.  Garfield;  Berthoud  Pass;  Beaver  Creek;  Ethel  Peak; 
summit  of  North  Park  Range,  Routt  Co. 

20.  Castilleja  luteovirens  Rydb.  In  mountain  meadows  from  Wyo.  and 
Colo. — Alt.  7000-9000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek ;  Seven  Lakes,  near 
Pike’s  Peak;  Veta  Pass;  Hamor’s  Lake,  north  of  Durango;  Chicken  Creek, 
west  of  Mt.  Hesperus;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Wahatoya  Creek. 

21.  Castilleja  sulphurea  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  from  S.  D.  and  Wyo.  to 
Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Rabbit-Ears,  Larimer  Co. ;  Mt.  Har¬ 
vard  ;  Georgetown ;  Andrews’  Shetland  ranch ;  Grayback  mining  camps  and 
Placer  Gulch;  Steamboat  Springs;  Cameron  Pass;  Columbine;  Denver;  Gun¬ 
nison;  Chambers’  Lake;  Ward;  Ruxton  Dell;  North  Park;  Empire;  Lake 
Moraine,  Pike’s  Peak;  Silver  Plume;  Graymont;  Rico;  Twin  Lake;  Walton 
Creek;  Leroux  Creek. 

22.  Castilleja  wyomingensis  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  to  Colo, 
and  Utah. — Alt.  7500-9000  ft. — Wahatoya  Creek;  Red  Mountain  road,  south 
of  Ouray. 

23.  Castilleja  lineata  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  9000-10,000 
ft. — West  Spanish  Peak;  Pagosa  Springs. 

24.  Castilleja  puberula  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  8000-12,000 
ft. — “Colorado”;  Empire;  Berthoud  Pass. 

25.  Castilleja  brachyantha  Rydb.  (C.  breviflora  A.  Gray)  In  the  moun¬ 
tains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek; 
North  Park,  near  Teller;  Grizzly  Creek. 

26.  Castilleja  flava  S.  Wats.  In  dry  valleys  from  S.  D.,  Mont,  and  B.  C. 
to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Upper  Laramie  River;  Pinkham 
Creek. 

27.  Castilleja  sessiliflora  Pursh.  On  dry  plains  from  Ills,  and  Ass.  to  Mo., 
Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Table  Rock;  Ft.  Collins;  Colorado 
Springs;  near  Pueblo;  Tobe  Miller’s  ranch;  Colorado  City. 

14.  ORTHOCARPUS  Nutt. 

Corolla  yellow;  spike  densely  flowered;  seeds  costate.  1.  O.  luteus. 

Corolla  white,  turning  rose-purple ;  spike  lax ;  seeds  with  a  loose  reticulate  coat. 

2.  O.  purpureo-albus. 

1.  Orthocarpus  luteus  Nutt.  On  dry  plains  and  in  sandy  soil  from  Sask. 
and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Grizzly  Creek;  South 
Park;  Georgetown;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Pagosa  Springs;  Trimble 


318 


RHINANTHACEAE. 


Springs,  above  Durango;  Veta  Mountain;  Villa  Grove;  Garland;  Silverton ; 
Ruxton  Dell;  near  Steamboat  Springs;  La  Veta,  west  of  Ouray;  Gunnison; 
Table  Rock;  Middle  Park;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Long  Gulch;  west  of  Soldier 
Canon;  Empire;  between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 

2.  Orthocarpus  purpureo-albus  A.  Gray.  In  dry  places  from  Colo,  and 
Utah  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Durango;  Piedra;  La  Plata  and  Mancos. 

15.  ADENOSTEGIA  Benth. 

1.  Adenostegia  Kingii  (S.  Wats.)  Greene.  ( Cordylanthus  Kingii  S.  Wats.) 
Dry  ridges  from  Nev.  to  Colo. — Alt.  5500  ft. — San  Juan  Valley  (Brandegee) . 


16.  ELEPHANTELLA  Rydb.  Little  Red  Elephant. 

1.  Elephantella  groenlandica  (Retz.)  Rydb.  ( Pedicularis  groenlandica 
Retz.)  In  swamps  and  wet  meadows  from  Greenl.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and 
Calif. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Cameron  Pass;  Sil¬ 
ver  Plume;  Gray’s  Peak;  Hamor’s  Lake,  above  Durango;  Trapper’s  Lake; 
Seven  Lakes ;  Central  City ;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek ;  near 
Pagosa  Peak;  Pike’s  Peak;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Cabin  Canon;  Mirror  Lake; 
Veta  Pass;  Mt.  Harvard;  Gore  Pass;  Eldora  to  Baltimore;  Van  Boxle’s 
ranch,  above  Cimarron;  Beaver  Creek;  summit  of  North  Park  Range,  Routt 
Co. 

17.  PEDICULARIS  L.  Lousewort. 

Galea  produced  into  a  distinct  beak. 

Beak  long,  strongly  incurved ;  lip  very  broad,  meeting  or  inclosing  the  tip 
of  the  beak.  1.  P.  racemosa. 

Beak  short  and  straight ;  lip  narrower  and  not  meeting  the  tip  of  the  galea. 

2.  P.  Parry i. 

Galea  not  produced  into  a  distinct  beak ;  but  often  with  two  lateral  teeth  near 
the  apex. 

Leaves  pinnately  divided  or  lobed. 

Leaves  divided  to  the  midrib  or  nearly  so  into  narrow,  acute,  dentate, 
serrate  or  incised  divisions. 

Galea  toothless;  plant  4-10  dm.  high;  lip  not  reaching  tlje  tip  of  the  galea. 

3.  P.  bracteosa. 

Galea  with  two  lateral  teeth. 

Plant  tall,  3-15  dm.  high;  corolla  sordid  yellow,  3-3.5  cm.  long;  lip 
almost  reaching  the  tip  of  the  galea.  4.  P.  Grayi. 

Plant  lower,  1-4  dm.  high  ;  corolla  purple,  2-2.5  cm.  long  ;  lip  not  reach¬ 
ing  the  tip  of  the  galea.  •  5.  P.  scopulormn. 

Leaves  pinnately  lobed  (two-thirds  to  the  midrib  or  less)  with  broadly 
oblong  or  rounded,  obtuse  and  crenate  lobes.  6.  P.  canadensis. 

Leaves  merely  crenate.  7.  P.  cremdata. 

1.  Pedicularis  racemosa  Dougl.  On  wooded  mountain  sides  from  Mont, 
and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear 
Creek;  Cameron  Pass;  Trapper’s  Lake;  Berthoud  Pass;  Douglass  Mountain, 
Georgetown ;  near  Pagosa  Peak ;  Marshall  Pass ;  Mt.  Abram,  Ouray ;  Beaver 
Creek;  Boreas;  bank  of  Michigan;  Leroux  Park;  Eldora  to  Baltimore;  Buf¬ 
falo  Pass ;  Anita  Peak ;  Rabbit-Ear  Range. 

2.  Pedicularis  Parryi  A.  Gray.  On  the  higher  mountains  from  Wyo.  to 
Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — South  Park;  Pike’s  Peak;  headwaters 
of  Clear  Creek;  Empire;  North  Park  near  Teller;  Como,  South  Park;  Little 


RHINANTHACEAE. 


319 


Kate  Basin,  La  Plata  Mountains ;  Seven  Lakes ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Marshall 
Pass;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Beaver  Creek;  Berthoud  Pass. 

3.  Pedicularis  bracteata  Benth.  In  wet  places  in  the  mountains  from  Alb. 
and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  9000-12,000  ft. — Marshall  Pass ;  Cameron 
Pass;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Tennessee  Pass,  7  miles  west  of  Leadville;  Mt. 
Hesperus;  Leroux  Parks,  Delta  Co.;  Upper  La  Plata  River;  Beaver  Creek; 
Berthoud  Pass ;  summit  of  North  Park  Range,  Larimer  Co. 

4.  Pedicularis  Grayi  A.  Nels.  (P.  procera  A.  Gray)  In  wooded  ground 
in  the  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  8000-13,000  ft. — Near  Empire; 
Cameron  Pass;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Andrews’  Shetland  ranch;  Bear 
Lake  Canon ;  Georgetown ;  Silver  Plume ;  Upper  La  Plata  Canon ;  Como ; 
South  Park;  West  Spanish  Peak;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Bear  Creek  Canon, 
near  Colorado  Springs;  Buena  Vista;  Veta;  Pike’s  Peak;  Hamor’s  Lake; 
Ruxton  Park ;  gulch  south  of  Steamboat  Springs ;  Hotchkiss ;  Bosworth’s 
ranch ;  Stove  Prairie ;  Empire. 

5.  Pedicularis  scopulorum  A.  Gray.  On  the  higher  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt. 
10,000-13,000  ft. — South  Park;  Mt.  Abram,  Ouray;  Gray’s  Peak. 

6.  Pedicularis  canadensis  L.  In  mountain  meadows  and  moist  woodlands 
from  N.  S.,  Man.  and  Wyo.  to  Fla.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  6000-9000  ft. — Pike’s 
Peak;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Crys¬ 
tal  Park;  Veta  Pass;  Cucharas  River,  below  La  Veta;  Table  Rock. 

7.  Pedicularis  crenulata  Benth.  In  meadows  and  parks  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. 
— Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Gunnison;  Sapinero;  Parlin;  South  Park;  Westcliffe; 
Buena  Vista;  Como,  South  Park;  Sand  Creek  Pass;  Walden. 

18.  RHINANTHUS  L.  Yellow  -RATTLE. 

1.  Rhinanthus  Crista-galli  L.  On  wooded  hills  and  in  meadows  from  Lab. 
and  Alaska  to  N.  Y.,  N.  M.  and  Ore. ;  also  in  Europe. — Pagosa  Springs. 

Family  121.  PINGUICULACEAE  Dumort.  Bladderwort  Family. 

1.  UTRICULARIA  L.  Bladderwort. 

Leaves  2-3  times  pinnately  divided  with  long  divisions;  corolla  about  12  mm. 

wide;  spur  prominent,  elongated-conical,  curved.  1.  U.  vulgaris. 

Leaves  dichotomously  divided  with  very  short  divisions  ;  corolla  4-6  mm.  wide ; 
spur  a  mere  protuberance.  2.  U.  minor. 

1.  Utricularia  vulgaris  L.  In  water  from  Newf.  and  Alaska  to  Fla.  and 
Calif. ;  also  in  Europe. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Rio  Grande,  Alamosa ;  Parlin ; 
Seven  Lakes;  Estes  Park. 

2.  Utricularia  minor  L.  In  water  from  Greenl.  and  B.  C.  to  N.  J.,  Colo, 
and  Calif.;  also  in  Europe. — Near  Grand  Lake. 


Family  122.  OROBANCHACEAE  Lindl.  Broom-rape  Family. 


Flowers  subtended  by  bractlets. 
Flowers  without  bractlets. 


1.  Myzorrhiza. 

2.  Thalesia. 


320 


OROBANCHACEAE. 


i.  MYZORRHIZA  Philippi.  Broom-rape. 

Corolla  20-25  mm.  long;  anthers  woolly.  1.  M.  multiflora. 

Corolla  15-18  mm.  long;  anthers  glabrous.  2.  M.  ludoviciana. 

1.  Myzorrhiza  multiflora  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  ( Orobranche  multiflora  Nutt.; 
Aphyllon  multiflorum  A.  Gray)  In  sandy  soil  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Tex. 
and  Ariz. — Along  the  McElmo ;  Dixon  Canon. 

2.  Myzorrhiza  ludoviciana  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  (0.  Ludoviciana  Nutt.;  Aphyl¬ 
lon  Ludovicianum  A.  Gray)  In  sandy  soil  from  Ills,  and  Wash,  to  Tex.  and 
Calif. — North  Denver,  near  Argos  {Eastwood) . 

2.  THALESIA  Raf.  Cancer-root. 

1.  Thalesia  fasciculata  (Nutt.)  Britton.  Parasitic  on  Composites,  espe¬ 
cially  Artemisia  frigida,  from  Ind.  and  Yukon  to  Colo,  and  Calif.;  also  Mex. 
— Alt.  4000-11,000  ft. — Near  Boulder;  Silver  Plume;  West  Spanish  Peak; 
Como,  South  Park;  Salida;  Garden  of  the  Gods;  Table  Mountain;  Golden; 
Arboles ;  Ft.  Collins;  Dolores;  Table  Rock;  Fossil  Creek;  Quimby;  Soldier 
Canon. 

Family  123.  MARTYNIACEAE  Link.  Unicorn-plant  Family. 

r.  MARTYNIA  L.  Unicorn-plant;  Ram’s-horn. 

1.  Martynia  Louisiana  Mill.  ( M .  proboscoidea  Glox.)  In  waste  places 
from  Me.  and  Iowa  to  N.  C.  and  Colo. — Ft.  Collins ;  Canon  City. 


Order  45.  PLANTAGINALES. 

Family  124.  PLANTAGINACEAE  Lindl.  Plantain-Family. 

1.  PLANTAGO  L.  Plantain. 

Flowers  all  perfect ;  corolla  not  closed  over  the  fruit ;  stamens  4. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  ovate ;  neither  leaves  nor  spike  silky-pubescent ;  stamens 
in  all  the  flowers  long-exserted. 

Spike  cylindrical ;  seeds  not  concave  on  the  faces. 

Leaves  ovate,  abruptly  contracted  at  the  base ;  seeds  more  than  2  in 
each  cell. 

Pyxis  dehiscent  at  the  middle,  rounded-ovoid,  obtusish ;  leaves  usually 
thick  and  the  dense  spike  obtuse.  1.  P.  major. 

Pyxis  dehiscent  far  below  the  middle,  elongated-ovoid,  very  acute ; 
leaves  thin  and  the  lax  spike  acute.  2.  P.  asiatica. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  gradually  tapering  into  the  petioles ;  seed  not  more 
than  2  in  each  cell. 

Leaves  thin  ;  plant  not  woolly  at  the  base.  3.  P.  Tzveedyi. 

Leaves  thick ;  plant  with  red  or  brown  wool  at  the  base. 

4.  P.  eriopoda. 

Spike  short,  oblong,  1-3  cm.  long ;  seeds  concave  on  the  faces ;  leaves  nar¬ 
rowly  lanceolate.  5.  P.  lanceolata. 

Leaves  linear ;  leaves  and  peduncles  pubescent  with  long  silky  hairs ;  anther 
in  the  more  fertile  flowers  included ;  seeds  solitary  in  each  cell ;  concave  on 
the  faces.  6.  P.  Purshii. 

Flowers  subdioecious  or  polygamo-dioecious  ;  corolla  in  the  fertile  plant  remain¬ 
ing  closed  or  early  closing  over  the  capsule  ;  stamens  2  ;  leaves  filiform. 

7.  P.  myosuroides. 


PLANTAGINACEAE. 


321 


1.  Plantago  major  L.  In  waste  places  and  around  dwellings  from  Newf. 
and  B.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Calif. ;  naturalized  from  Europe. — Georgetown ;  along 
Uncompahgre  River,  near  Ouray;  Ft.  Collins. 

2.  Plantago  asiatica  L.  In  waste  places  and  sandy  soil  from  Ass.  and  B.  C. 
to  Colo. ;  also  Eastern  Asia. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Parlin ;  Arboles ;  Ft.  Collins. 

3.  Plantago  Tweedyi  A.  Gray.  On  grassy  slopes  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and 
Utah. — Alt.  up  to  10,000  ft. — Chambers’  Lake;  Rabbit-Ears  Pass;  Buffalo 
Pass;  Gore  Pass. 

4.  Plantago  eriopoda  Torr.  (P.  retrorsa  Greene)  In  saline  soil  from  Que. 
and  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  4000-8500  ft. — La  Porte;  Doyle’s;  bank  of 
Canadian  River. 

5.  Plantago  lanceolata  L.  In  waste  places  and  around  dwellings  from  N.  B. 
and  Wash,  to  Fla.  and  Calif. ;  naturalized  from  Europe,  but  rare  in  the  Rocky 
Mountain  region. — Alt.  up  to  5000  ft. — Ft.  Collins. 

6.  Plantago  Purshii  R.  &  S.  On  plains,  prairies  and  in  river  valleys,  espe¬ 
cially  in  sandy  or  poor  soil  from  Ont.,  Ass.  and  Wash,  to  Mo.,  Tex.  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Golden;  Ft.  Collins;  Colorado  Springs;  Monu¬ 
ment  Park;  Denver;  Trinidad;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Veta  Pass;  Walsenburg; 
New  Windsor;  Pueblo;  Quimby;  Wray;  Table  Rock;  Grand  Junction. 

7.  Plantago  myosuroides  Rydb.  In  sandy  soil  from  Ass.  and  S.  D.  to  Neb. 
and  Utah. — Grand  Junction. 


Order  46.  RUBIALES. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes. 

Leaves  with  stipules  (in  ours  leaf-like  and  usually  regarded  as  leaves)  adnate 
to  the  stem  between  the  leaf  bases.  125.  Rubiaceae. 

Leaves  without  stipules  or  if  present  these  adnate  to  the  petioles. 

126.  Caprifoliaceae. 

Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  ;  low  herbs  with  ternately  dissected 
leaves.  127.  Adoxaceae. 


Family  125.  RUBIACEAE  Juss.  Madder  Family. 

1.  GALIUM  L.  Bedstraw. 

Flowers  perfect ;  fruit  hirsute  with  uncinate  hairs  or  glabrous. 

Annuals. 

Stem  coarse,  reclining;  leaves  ( i .  e.,  leaves  and  stipules),  6-8  in  the  whorls. 
Leaves  linear  or  oblanceolate. 

Leaves  2-7  cm.  long ;  nutlets  when  ripe  3-5  mm.  in  diameter ;  flowers 
white.  1.  G.  Aparine. 

Leaves  0.5-2  cm.  long ;  nutlets  when  ripe  2-3  mm.  in  diameter ;  flowers 
ochroleucous.  2.  G.  Vaillantii. 

Leaves  elliptic.  9.  G.  flaviftorum. 

Stem  slender,  erect  or  ascending ;  leaves  4  in  the  whorls. 

Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  5-7  mm.  long ;  fruit  nearly  sessile. 

3.  G.  proliferum. 

Leaves  linear-oblong  or  linear,  often  10-20  mm.  long;  fruit  distinctly 
peduncled.  4.  G.  bifolium. 

Perennials. 

Leaves  not  cuspidate-pointed. 

Stem  stout ;  leaves  thick,  3-nerved.  5.  G.  boreale. 

Stem  very  slender ;  leaves  i-nerved. 


21 


322 


RUBIACEAE. 


Leaves  obovate  to  broadly  oblong-obovate,  somewhat  fleshy. 

Petals  almost  i  mm.  long ;  pedicels  and  generally  also  stem  glabrous. 

6.  G.  Brandegei. 

Petals  about  0.5  mm.  long ;  pedicels  and  stem  more  or  less  scabrous. 

7.  G.  subbffiorum. 

Leaves  linear-oblong  or  linear-oblanceolate.  8.  G.  triddum. 

Leaves  cuspidate-pointed. 

Stem  retrorse-bristly ;  pedicels  scarcely  exceeding  the  bracts. 

9.  G.  davidorum. 

Stem  glabrous  or  sparingly  hirsute ;  pedicels  much  exceeding  the  small  bract. 

10.  G.  tridorum. 

Flowers  in  ours  dioecious  ;  fruit  with  long  hairs,  not  uncinate  ;  perennials. 

11.  G.  coloradense. 

1.  Galium  Aparine  L.  In  shady  places  from  N.  B.  and  Alaska  to  Fla.  and 
Calif. ;  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Horsetooth  Gulch ;  Rist 
Canon ;  Ft.  Collins ;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. 

2.  Galium  Vaillantii  DC.  ( G .  Aparine  Vaillantii  Koch.)  Among  bushes 
and  in  shady  places  from  Mont,  and  B.  C.  to  Mex. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — 
Spring  Canon;  Rist  Canon;  butte,  5  miles  southwest  of  La  Veta. 

3.  Galium  proliferum  A.  Gray.  On  stony  hills  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and 
N.  M. ;  also  Mex. — Locality  not  given. 

4.  Galium  bifolium  S.  Wats.  In  wet  places  in  the  mountains  from  Mont, 
and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  'Calif. — Alt.  about  7500  ft. — Honnold;  Steamboat 
Springs. 

5.  Galium  boreale  L.  On  rocky  banks  and  hillsides,  especially  among 
bushes,  from  Que.  and  Alaska  to  N.  J.,  Mo.,  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000- 
10,000  ft. — Rist  Canon ;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  Hotchkiss  ;  Baxter’s  ranch ; 
Barnes’  Camp;  Table  Rock;  Ft.  Collins;  Stove  Prairie  Hill;  gulch  west  of 
Pennock’s;  Pike’s  Peak;  west  of  Ouray;  Dillon;  Veta  Pass;  Parlin;  Gun¬ 
nison  ;  Minnehaha ;  Pagosa  Springs ;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer 
Gulch;  Narrows;  Andrews’  Shetland  ranch;  Four-mile  Hill,  Routt  Co.;  Man- 
cos;  Golden;  Clear  Creek  Canon;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Bear  Creek  Canon; 
Cumbres;  Moon’s  ranch;  Glenwood  Springs;  between  Sunshine  and  Ward; 
Fish  Creek  Falls. 

6.  Galium  Brandegei  A.  Gray.  In  moist  ground  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and 
Calif. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Columbine;  twelve  miles  below  Grand  Lake; 
Steamboat  Springs ;  Chambers’  Lake. 

7.  Galium  subbiflorum  (Wieg.)  Rydb.  ( G .  triddum  subbidorum  Wieg.) 
In  cold  bogs  and  wet  places  from  Minn,  and  Ida.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt. 
8000-10,000  ft. — Beaver  Creek;  Empire. 

8.  Galium  trifidum  L.  In  swamps  and  wet  meadows  from  Newf.  and  Ida. 
to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  up  to  8000  ft. — Parlin;  Beaver  Creek. 

9.  Galium  flaviflorum  Heller.  In  canons  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  7500- 
8500  ft. — Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray. 

10.  Galium  triflorum  Michx.  In  open  woods  from  Newf.  and  Alaska  to  Ala. 
and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-9000  ft. — Boulder  Canon;  Red  Mountain  road,  south  of 
Ouray;  Ruxton  Brook;  headwaters  of  Pass  Creek;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Col¬ 
umbine;  vicinity  of  Pine  Grove;  Bosworth’s  ranch;  Four-mile  Hill;  Ouray. 

11.  Galium  coloradense  Wright.  ( G .  Mathewsii  A.  Gray,  in  part)  On 
arid  grounds  in  southern  Colo. — Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — Black  Canon;  Mesa 
Verde;  Mancos;  Glenwood  Springs. 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 


323 


Family  126.  CAPRIFOLIACEAE  Vent.  Honeysuckle  Family. 

Style  deeply  3-5-cleft ;  shrubs  or  trees  with  compound  cymose  inflorescence  and 
drupaceous  fruit. 

Leaves  pinnate;  ovary  3-5-celled,  each  cell  with  1  ovule,  x.  Sambucus. 
Leaves  simple;  ovary  i-celled  and  i-ovuled.  2.  Viburnum. 

Style  slender,  undivided  ;  stigma  capitate. 

Trailing  evergreen  herb ;  flowers  long-peduncled,  geminate ;  stamens  4, 
didynamous.  3.  Linnaea. 

Shrubs  ;  stamens  generally  5. 

Corolla  rarely  gibbous  at  the  base,  regular  or  nearly  so.  4.  Symphoricarpos. 
Corolla  gibbous  at  the  base,  irregular  and  bilabiate.  5.  Distegia. 

1.  SAMBUCUS  L.  Elder. 

Cyme  not  flat-topped,  thyrsoid-paniculate ;  the  axis  continuous. 

Fruit  red  or  rarely  yellow.  1.  S.  microbotrys. 

Fruit  black.  2.  .S’,  melanocarpa. 

Cyme  flat-topped,  umbelliform,  4-5-rayed ;  the  rays  again  variously  compound ; 
fruit  blackish.  3.  S.  neo-mexicana. 

1.  Sambucus  microbotrys  Rydb.  On  hillsides  from  S.  D.  and  Wyo.  to  Colo, 
and  Ariz. — Alt.  7500-12,000  ft. — Gore  Pass;  above  Beaver  Creek;  Marshall 
Pass;  Bob  Creek,  West  La  Plata  Mountains;  Jack  Brook;  west  of  Ouray; 
Ironton  Park,  nine  miles  south  of  Ouray;  Front  Range,  Larimer  Co.;  Ojo; 
Villa  Grove;  Halfway  House;  Pike’s  Peak;  Gray’s  Peak;  Little  Veta  Moun¬ 
tain;  East  Indian  Creek;  Bottomless  Pit,  Pike’s  Peak;  Lake  City;  Red  River, 
Franklin  Co. ;  between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 

2.  Sambucus  melanocarpa  A.  Gray.  In  canons  and  ravines  from  Alb.  and 
Ida.  to  Colo,  and  Ore. — Alt.  about  9000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Pass  Creek;  Clear 
Creek  Canon ;  Fish  Creek  Falls ;  Pinkham  Creek. 

3.  Sambucus  neo-mexicana  Woot.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo.,  N.  Mex. 
and  Ariz. — Silver  Plume. 

2.  VIBURNUM  L.  Arrow-wood,  Snow-balls. 

Leaves  palmately  veined,  usually  3-lobed  ;  fruit  red.  1.  V.  pauciflorum. 

Leaves  pinnately  veined,  not  lobed ;  fruit  blue  or  black.  2.  V.  Lentago. 

1.  Viburnum  pauciflorum  Pylaie.  In  woods  from  Lab.  and  Alaska  to  Pa., 
Colo,  and  Wash. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Grand  Lake;  Minnehaha;  Clear  Creek. 

2.  Viburnum  Lentago  L.  In  wood  and  on  banks  of  streams  from  Me.  and 
Man.  to  Ga.  and  Colo. — Gulch  south  of  Boulder. 

9 

3.  LINNAEA  Gron.  Twin-flower,  Ground- vine. 

1.  Linnaea  americana  Forbes.  (L.  borealis  Michx. ;  not  L.)  In  cold  woods 
from  Greenl.  and  Alaska  to  N.  J.,  Mich.,  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  8000- 
13,000  ft. — Beaver  Creek;  Graymont;  Grand  Lake;  Chambers’  Lake;  Gray’s 
Peak;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Front  Range,  Larimer  Co.;  South  Boulder  Peak. 

4.  SYMPHORICARPOS  L.  Snow-berry,  Coral-berry. 

Corolla  short ;  open-campanulate. 

Fruit  red;  style  bearded.  1.  S.  Symphoricarpos. 

Fruit  white ;  style  glabrous. 

Style  and  stamens  somewhat  exserted  ;  leaves  thick.  2.  S.  occidentalis. 

Style  and  stamens  not  exserted ;  leaves  rather  thin.  3.  S.  paucihorus. 

Corolla  elongated,  oblong-campanulate  to  salverform. 


324 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 


Corolla  oblong-campanulate,  6-8  mm.  long. 

Leaves  decidedly  pubescent ;  stem  puberulent ;  leaves  rounded-oval,  obtuse  or 
rounded  at  the  apex.  4.  «S\  rotundifolius. 

Leaves  glabrate  or  slightly  pubescent. 

Leaves  rounded-ovate  or  rounded-oval,  3-4  cm.  long. 

5.  S.  utahensis. 

Leaves  oval,  acute,  1-2  cm.  long.  6.  .S',  vaccinioides. 

Corolla  tubular-funnelform,  8-12  mm.  long.  7.  .S',  oreophilus. 

1.  Symphoricarpos  Symphoricarpos  (L.)  MacM.  (S.  vulgaris  Michx.) 
Along  rivers  and  in  rocky  places  from  N.  Y.  and  Wyo.  to  Ga.,  Tex.  and 
Colo. — Manitou. 

2.  Symphoricarpos  occidentalis  Hook.  Hillsides  from  Mich.,  Mackenzie 
and  B.  C.  to  Mo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Poudre  Canon;  Baxter’s 
ranch ;  Ft.  Collins ;  Stove  Prairie  Hill ;  Pueblo ;  Canon  City ;  Denver ;  Ft. 
Collins;  Livermore;  Echo  Creek;  Colorado  Springs;  Boulder;  between  Sun¬ 
shine  and  Ward. 

3.  Symphoricarpos  pauciflorus  (Robbins)  Britton.  (S.  racemosus  pauci- 
fiorus  Robbins)  In  rocky  places  and  on  hillsides  from  Vt.  and  B.  C.  to  Pa., 
Colo,  and  Calif. — Gypsum;  Howe’s  Gulch;  Horsetooth  Mountain;  North 
Cheyenne  Canon;  west  of  Ft.  Collins;  Middle  Park;  Dillon  Canon. 

4.  Symphoricarpos  rotundifolius  A.  Gray.  In  the  mountains  from  Wyo.  and 
Ida.  to  N.  M. — Spicer,  Larimer  Co. 

5.  Symphoricarpos  utahensis  Rydb.  On  hillsides  from  Wyo.  and  Ida.  to 
Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Van  Boxle’s  ranch,  above  Cimarron. 

6.  Symphoricarpos  vaccinioides  Rydb.  On  hillsides  from  Mont,  and  Wash, 
to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. — Wolcott,  Eagle  Co.;  Cimarron. 

7.  Symphoricarpos  oreophilus  A.  Gray.  In  the  mountains  from  Colo,  and 
Utah  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  7500-10,000  ft. — Divide  road  to  Steamboat 
Springs;  near  Ouray;  Pitkin;  southeast  of  Ouray;  Durango;  Georgetown; 
West  Mancos  Canon;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch;  on  Turkey 
Creek  and  tributaries;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Gunnison;  Wolcott,  Eagle  Co.; 
Clear  Creek;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

5.  DISTEGIA  Raf. 

1.  Distegia  involucrata  (Richardson)  Rydb.  ( Lonicera  involucrata  Banks) 
In  wet  woodlands  from  Que.  and  Alaska  to  Mich.,  Colo,  and  Calif. ; 
also  Mex. — Alt.  7000-9000  ft. — Gulch  south  of  Rist  Canon ;  Mancos ;  Gun¬ 
nison;  Mt.  Hesperus;  Los  Pinos  (Bayfield);  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Glen- 
wood  Springs;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Andrews’  Shetland  ranch;  Wahatoya 
Canon;  East  Indian  Creek;  South  Park;  near  Ironton,  San  Juan  Co.;  Sap- 
inero;  Gunnison;  Parlin;  Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  Red  Mountain  road, 
south  of  Ouray;  Veta  Pass;  Eldora  to  Baltimore;  mountains  between  Sun¬ 
shine  and  Ward;  Beaver  Creek. 

Family  127.  ADOXACEAE  Fritch.  Moschatel  Family. 

1.  ADOXA  L.  Musk-root,  MoschAtel. 

•1.  Adoxa  Moschatellina  L.  In  shady,  wet,  rocky  places  from  Arctic  Amer¬ 
ica  to  Wise,  and  Colo. — Alt.  7000-12,000  ft. — Carson;  Seven  Lakes;  Gentian 


ADOXACEAE. 


325 


Ridge;  Pike’s  Peak;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Bottomless  Pit,  Pike’s  Peak;  near 
Pagosa  Peak;  Tennessee  Pass,  seven  miles  west  of  Leadville;  Front  Range, 
Larimer  Co. ;  Mt.  Hesperus ;  Clear  Creek ;  Boulder  Canon. 


Order  47.  CAMPANULALES. 

Endosperm  wanting ;  flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious ;  plant  mainly  vines  with 
tendrils.  128.  Cucurbitaceae. 

Endosperm  present;  flowers  perfect;  plants  (at  least  ours)  not  vines. 

Corolla  regular.  129.  Campanulaceae. 

Corolla  split  on  one  side  and  more  or  less  irregular.  130.  Lobeliaceae. 


Family  12 8.  CUCURBITACEAE  Juss.  Gourd  Family. 

Ovary  i-celled  with  3-5  placentae;  ovules  numerous;  corolla  campanulate ;  fruit 
fleshy,  indehiscent.  1.  Cucurbita. 

Ovary  2-celled ;  ovules  few ;  fruit  opening  at  the  top  ;  corolla  rotate,  small. 

2.  Micrampelis. 

1.  CUCURBITA  L.  Gourd,  Pumpkin. 

1.  Cucurbita  foetidissima  H.  B.  K.  (C.  perennis  A.  Gray)  On  plains 
from  Mo.  and  Neb.  to  Tex.  and  Calif. — Bank  of  Arkansas  River. 

2.  MICRAMPELIS  Raf.  Balsam  Apple;  Mock  Apple. 

1.  Micrampelis  lobata  (Michx.)  Greene.  ( Echinocystis  lobata  T.  &  G.) 
On  river  banks  among  shrubs  from  Me.  and  Mont,  to  Va.  and  Colo. — Ft. 
Collins ;  Cache  la  Poudre ;  Platte  River,  near  Denver. 


Family  129.  CAMPANULACEAE  Juss.  Bellflower  Family. 

Corolla  campanulate  or  funnelform ;  inflorescence  racemose  or  paniculate ;  flow¬ 
ers  complete  throughout.  1.  Campanula. 

Corolla  rotate ;  inflorescence  spicate ;  flowers  of  two  kinds ;  the  earlier  cleis- 
togamous.  2.  Specularia. 

1.  CAMPANULA  L.  Bellflower,  Bluebell,  Harebell. 

Flowers  over  1  cm.  long ;  plant  simple  or  with  erect  or  ascending  branches. 
Capsule  erect,  opening  by  pores  near  the  summit,  just  below  the  base  of  the 
sepals. 

Hypanthium  and  pod  club-shaped,  constricted  just  below  the  sepals,  often 
hairy;  leaves  entire;  sepals  obtuse.  1.  C.  uniflora. 

Hypanthium  and  pod  turbinate,  not  constricted ;  sepals  acuminate. 

2.  C.  Parryi. 

Capsule  nodding,  opening  by  pores  near  the  base.  3.  C.  petiolata. 

Flowers  5-8  mm.  long ;  stem  retrorse-hispid  with  divaricate  branches. 

4.  C.  aparinoides. 

1.  Campanula  uniflora  L.  In  arctic-alpine  localities  from  Greenl.  and 
Alaska  to  Lab.,  Colo,  and  Utah. — Mountains  of  Estes  Park. 

2.  Campanula  Parryi  A.  Gray.  In  mountain  valleys  from  Wyo.  and  Utah 
to  N.  M.  and  Ariz.— Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Table  Rock;  Sand  Creek;  Como 
and  vicinity ;  Happy  Hollow ;  Beaver  Creek ;  Clear  Creek,  near  Elizabethtown ; 
Hematite ;  Eldora  to  Baltimore ;  Empire. 


326 


CAMPANULACEAE. 


3.  Campanula  petiolata  DC.  (C.  rotundifolia  American  authors,  in  part; 
not  L.)  On  hills  and  mountains  from  Mackenzie  and  Wash,  to  N.  M.  and 
Utah. — Alt.  5000-12,000  ft. — Gunnison  Co.;  Gray’s  Peak;  Rist  Canon;  Breck- 
enridge;  Narrows;  near  Ft.  Collins;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Palmer  Lake;  Dillon 
Canon;  Trinidad;  Howe’s  Gulch;  gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon;  Boulder. 

4.  Campanula  aparinoides  Pursh.  In  wet  meadows  from  N.  B.  and  Sask. 
to  Ga.  and  Colo. — Along  Platte,  near  Denver  {Eastwood.) . 

2.  SPECULARIA  Heist.  Venus’  Looking-glass. 

Leaves  cordate-clasping;  capsule  oblong.  1.  6”.  perfoliata. 

Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate ;  capsule  linear-cylindric.  2.  .S',  leptocarpa. 

1.  Specularia  perfoliata  (L.)  A.  DC.  On  hillsides  from  Me.  and  B.  C.  to 
Fla.,  Ariz.  and  Ore.;  also  in  Mex. — Spring  Canon;  Howe’s  Gulch;  Horse- 
tooth  Gulch;  Platte  River. 

2.  Specularia  leptocarpa  (Nutt.)  A.  Gray.  In  dry  soil  from  Mo.  and  Mont, 
to  Tex.  and  Colo. — Locality  not  given. 


Family  130.  LOBELIACEAE  Dumort.  Lobelia  Family. 

1.  LOBELIA  L.  Lobelia,  Cardinal-flower. 

1.  Lobelia  syphilitica  L.  In  wet  places  from  Me.  and  S.  D.  to  Ga.,  La. 
and  Colo.  West  of  the  Missouri  River  it  is  only  represented  by  the  smaller 
var.  Ludoviciana  A.  DC. — Vicinity  of  Ft.  Collins;  hills  north  of  La  Porte; 
Denver. 


Order  48.  VALERIANALES. 

Family  131.  VALERIAN ACEAE  Batsch.  Valerian  Family. 

1.  VALERIANA  L.  Valerian. 

Leaves  thick,  entire  or  with  linear,  entire  divisions ;  veining  almost  parallel. 
Fruit  and  ovaries  pubescent;  bracts  in  the  staminate  plant  linear-lanceolate. 

1.  V.  edulis. 

Fruit  glabrous,  scurfy,  muricate  or  rugose. 

Basal  leaves  oblanceolate ;  fruit  broadly  ovate ;  corolla  of  the  staminate 
plant  2.5-3  mm.  wide ;  root  thick.  2.  V.  trachycarpa. 

Basal  leaves  narrowly  linear-oblanceolate ;  fruit  narrowly  ovate ;  corolla  of 
the  staminate  flowers  less  than  2  mm.  wide ;  root  rather  slender. 

3.  V.  furfurascens. 

Leaves  thin  ;  the  cauline  ones  pinnate ;  veining  distinctly  pinnate. 

Ovary  and  fruit  at  least  when  young  pubescent.  4.  V.  micrantha. 

Ovary  and  fruit  glabrous. 

Basal  leaf-blades  ovate-cordate.  5.  V.  ovata. 

Basal  leaf-blades  spatulate,  oval  or  lanceolate,  tapering  at  the  base. 

Lateral  leaflets  or  lobes  of  the  stem-leaves  small,  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate. 

6.  V.  acutiloba. 

Lateral  leaflets  of  the  stem-leaves  ample,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute. 

7.  V.  occidentalis. 

1.  Valeriana  edulis  Nutt.  On  hillsides  and  dry  meadows  from  Ida.  and 
Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  up  to  11,000  ft. — Berthoud  Pass;  Continental 
Divide;  Columbine;  Conejos  River,  north  of  Antonito. 


VALERIANACEAE. 


327 


2.  Valeriana  trachycarpa  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — 
Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Red  Mountain;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Marshall  Pass;  Rabbit- 
Ears  Pass. 

3.  Valeriana  furfurascens  A.  Nelson.  On  hillsides  and  mountains  of  Wyo. 
and  Colo. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Bosworth’s  ranch;  Narrows;  Pike’s  Peak; 
Ruxton  Dell ;  Indian  Pass  Creek. 

4.  Valeriana  micrantha  A.  Nelson.  In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  and  Ida. 
to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  about  9000  ft. — West  Mancos  Canon;  Rabbit-Ears, 
Larimer  Co. 

5.  Valeriana  ovata  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  N.  Mex. — Alt. 
up  to  9500  ft. — Cameron’s  Cone. 

6.  Valeriana  acutiloba  Rydb.  (V.  oreophila  Greene)  In  the  mountains 
from  Wyo.  and  Utah  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  8000-13,500  ft. — Silverton; 
Beaver  Creek;  mountains  about  Ouray;  mountains  above  Graymont;  Ragged 
Mountains;  Cameron  Pass;  Pike’s  Peak;  Clear  Creek;  mountain  near  Veta 
Pass;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Bear  Creek  Canon;  Mt.  Hesperus;  Mt.  Abram, 
Ouray;  Ruxton  Dell;  Gray’s  Peak;  Carson;  Grayback  mining  camps  and 
Placer  Gulch;  Salida;  Boreas;  Mt.  Richtofen. 

7.  Valeriana  occidentalis  Heller.  In  wet  places  in  the  mountains  from  Ida. 
and  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Canon  of  Cache  la  Poudre;  Poverty  Ridge, 
above  Cimarron;  Anita  Peak;  Beaver  Creek. 

Order  49.  CARDUALES. 

Flowers  all  with  tubular  corollas  or  none,  or  only  the  ray-flowers  with  ligulate 
corollas. 

Stamens  distinct;  flowers  unisexual.  132.  Ambrosiaceae. 

Stamens  united  by  the  anthers,  or  if  distinct  (in  Kuhnia )  the  flowers  her¬ 
maphrodite.  133.  Carduaceae. 

Flowers  all  with  ligulate  corollas.  134.  Cichoriaceae. 

Family  132.  AMBROSIACEAE  Reich.  Ragweed  Family. 

Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same  heads ;  the  latter  few  (rarely 
solitary  or  none),  at  the  margins. 

Achenes  turgid,  ovoid  or  pear-shaped,  marginless. 

Involucres  of  5  dilated  ovate,  rigidly  acuminate  bracts ;  achenes  with  a 
large  terminal  areola,  surrounded  by  a  disk.  1.  Oxytenia. 

Involucres  not  with  dilated  rigidly  acuminate  bracts ;  terminal  areola  minute. 

2.  Iva. 

Achenes  flattened,  wing-margined ;  involucres  of  5  ovate  or  oblong  herbaceous 
bracts  and  within  them  1-2  large  scarious  bracts  subtending  the  pistillate 
flowers.  3.  Dicoria. 

Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  different  heads ;  the  latter  1-4,  without  corolla, 
and  enclosed  in  a  nut-like  or  burr-like  involucre. 

Involucres  of  the  staminate  heads  with  united  bracts ;  receptacles  low ;  rudi¬ 
mentary  styles  penicillate  or  fimbriate  at  the  apex. 

Spines  or  tubercles  of  the  1 -flowered  pistillate  heads  in  a  single  row. 

4.  Ambrosia. 

Spines  of  the  1-4-flowered  pistillate  heads  in  more  than  one  row. 

5.  Gaertneria. 

Involucres  of  the  staminate  heads  with  distinct  bracts ;  receptacle  cylin- 
draceous ;  spines  of  the  2-flowered  pistillate  heads  in  several  rows,  uncinate. 

6.  Xanthium. 


328 


AMBROSIACEAE. 


i.  OXYTENIA  Nutt 

i.  Oxytenia  acerosa  Nutt.  On  dry  plains  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — 
Alt.  about  4500  ft.— San  Juan  Valley. 

2.  IVA  L.  Marsh  Elder. 

Heads  paniculate;  leaves  ovate,  canescent  beneath.  1.  I.  xanthifolia. 

Heads  axillary ;  leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  green.  2.  I.  axillaris. 

1.  Iva  xanthifolia  Nutt.  In  moist  soil,  along  streams  and  in  waste  places 
from  Mich.,  Sask.  and  Wash,  to  Neb.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Sun¬ 
set  Canon;  Cheyenne  Mountain;  Ft.  Collins;  Huerfano  Valley,  near  Gardner; 
Poudre  River. 

2.  Iva  axillaris  Pursh.  In  alkaline  or  saline  meadows  from  Sask.  and  B.  C. 
to  Ind.  Terr,  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Gunnison;  near  Greeley;  Grand 
Junction;  Calhan;  Ft.  Collins;  Lamar. 

3.  DICORIA  T.  &  G. 

1.  Dicoria  Brandegei  A.  Gray.  On  sandy  bottoms  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to 
Ariz. — San  Juan  River;  between  McElmo  and  Recapture  Creeks. 

4.  AMBROSIA  L.  Rag-weed,  Hog-weed. 

Involucres  of  the  staminate  heads  3-ribbed ;  leaves  palmately  3-5-cleft  or  entire. 

1.  A.  trifida. 

Involucres  of  the  staminate  heads  not  ribbed ;  leaves  once  to  thrice  pinnatifid. 
Annual ;  fruit  with  acute  teeth.  2.  A.  artemisifolia. 

Perennial ;  fruit  with  blunt  teeth  or  unarmed.  3.  A.  psilostachya. 

1.  Ambrosia  trifida  L.  In  moist  soil  from  Que.  and  Ass.  to  Fla.  and  Colo. 
— Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — East  of  Windsor;  Ft.  Collins;  Dixon  Canon;  Poudre 
Canon. 

Ambrosia  trifida  integrifolia  (Muhl.)  T.  &  G.  A  variety  with  entire  leaves. 
Together  with  the  species. — Cache  la  Poudre  River. 

2.  Ambrosia  artemisifolia  L.  In  dry  soil,  waste  places  and  fields  from  N.  S. 
and  B.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Ft.  Collins;  banks  of  the 
Poudre. 

3.  Ambrosia  psilostachya  DC.  On  prairies  and  plains  from  Ills.,  Sask.  and 
Ida.  to  La.  and  Calif.;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Golden;  New  Wind¬ 
sor;  Garden  of  the  Gods;  Pagosa  Springs;  Boulder;  Lyons;  Ft.  Collins. 

5.  GAERTNERIA  Med. 

Leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnately  dissected. 

Leaves  regularly  pinnate  with  linear  or  oblong  divisions. 

Staminate  involucres  cleft  below  the  middle ;  root  mostly  annuals. 

1.  G.  acanthocarpa. 

Staminate  involucres  not  cleft  to  the  middle ;  perennials. 

Divisions  of  the  leaves  oblong  or  oblong-linear,  acute. 

2.  G.  tenuifolia. 

Divisions  of  the  leaves  linear,  obtuse.  3.  G.  linearis. 

Leaves  interruptedly  pinnate ;  divisions  ovate  or  triangular. 

4.  G.  tomentosa. 

Leaves  simply  pinnate  or  simple.  5.  G.  Grayi. 


AMBROSIACEAE. 


329 


1.  Gaertneria  acanthocarpa  (Hook.)  Britton.  ( Franseria  Hookeriana 
Nutt.)  On  plains  and  in  sandy  valleys  from  Sask.  and  B.  C.  to  Tex.  and 
Calif. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Colorado  Springs;  Denver;  Huerfano  Valley,  near 
Gardner;  Buena  Vista;  Grand  Junction;  Delta;  Rocky  Ford;  Grand  River. 

2.  Gaertneria  tenuifolia  (A.  Gray)  Kuntze.  ( Franseria  tenuifolia  A.  Gray) 
In  moist  ground  from  Kans.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Calif.;  also  in  Mex. — 
Exact  locality  not  given. 

3.  Gaertneria  linearis  Rydb.  Dry  plains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. — 
Calhan. 

4.  Gaertneria  tomentosa  (Nutt.)  Heller.  ( Ambrosia  tomentosa  Nutt.; 
Franseria  discolor  Nutt.)  In  dry  soil  from  S.  D.  and  Wyo.  to  Kans.  and 
N.  M. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Platte  River;  Ft.  Collins;  New  Windsor;  Boulder. 

5.  Gaertneria  Grayi  Heller.  ( Franseria  tomentosa  A.  Gray)  River  val¬ 
leys  in  Kans.,  Neb.  and  Eastern  Colo. — Exact  locality  not  given. 

6.  XANTHIUM  L.  Cocklebur. 

1.  Xanthium  commune  Britton.  In  valleys  from  Que.  and  N.  Y.  to  Utah  and 
Ariz. — Ft.  Collins. 


Family  133.  CARDUACEAE  Necker.  Thistle  Family. 

Stigmatic  lines  at  the  base  of  the  stigmas  or  below  the  middle ;  heads  always 
discoid,  never  yellow  or  brown  ;  anthers  not  caudate  at  the  base. 

Stigma  filiform  or  subulate,  hispidulous.  Tribe  1.  Vernoniae. 

Stigmas  more  or  less  clavate,  papillose-puberulent.  Tribe  2.  Eupatoriae. 

Stigmatic  lines  extending  to  the  tips  of  the  stigmata  or  to  the  appendage  thereof, 
if  present. 

Anther-sacs  not  tailed  at  the  base ;  heads  most  commonly  radiate  and  with 
yellow  or  brown  disk-flowers. 

Stigmata  of  the  perfect  flowers  with  more  or  less  distinct  appendages ;  these 
usually  strongly  hairy  outside,  glabrous  inside,  but  never  with  a  ring 
of  longer  hairs.  Tribe  3.  Astereae. 

Stigmata  of  the  perfect  flowers  without  appendages ;  or  if  with  appendages, 
these  hairy  on  both  sides  and  with  a  ring  of  longer  hairs. 

Pappus  never  capillary ;  stigma  rarely  appendaged. 

Bracts  of  the  involucres  herbaceous  or  foliaceous., 

Receptacle  with  chaffy  scales,  subtending  the  flowers. 

Tribe  5.  Heliantheae. 
Receptacle  naked,  or  in  Gaillardia  with  bristles,  but  not  chaffy-bracted. 

Tribe  6.  Heleniae. 

Bracts  of  the  involucres  dry  and  scarious.  Tribe  7.  Anthemideae. 

Pappus  capillary;  stigma  often  appendaged.  Tribe  8.  Senecioneae. 

Anther-sacs  caudate  at  the  base ;  heads  never  radiate  and  corollas  yellow  only 
in  a  few  species  of  Carduus. 

Anthers  not  appendaged  at  the  top ;  heads  heterogamous  or  dioecious ;  pis¬ 
tillate  flowers  with  filiform  corollas.  Tribe  4.  Gnaphaliae. 

Anther  with  elongated  cartilaginous,  mostly  caudate  appendages  at  the  top  ; 
flowers  all  hermaphrodite  or  the  marginal  neutral ;  corolla  not  filiform. 

Tribe  9.  Cynareae. 

Tribe  i.  VERNONIAE. 

One  genus.  1.  Vernonia. 

Tribe  2.  EUPATORIAE. 

Achenes  5-angled  without  intervening  ribs ;  pappus  of  wholly  capillary  bristles, 
mostly  uniserial.  2.  Eupatorium. 

Achenes  8-10-ribbed  or  8-10-striate. 


330 


CARDUACEAE. 


Bracts  of  the  involucre  herbaceous  or  partly  colored,  not  striate. 

5.  Laciniaria. 

Bracts  of  the  involucres  not  herbaceous,  striate-nerved. 

Pappus-bristles  plumose ;  anthers  distinct ;  bracts  few. 

3.  Kuhnia. 

Pappus-bristles  scabrous  or  barbellate ;  anther  united ;  bracts  usually  many. 

4.  COLEOSANTHUS. 


Tribe  3.  ASTEREAE. 

A.  Plants  not  dioecious. 

I.  Marginal  pistillate  flowers,  if  present,  ligulate. 
a.  Ray-flowers  yellow  or  none. 

1.  Pappus  consisting  of  scales  or  awns  or  lacking,  never  of  numerous 

capillary  bristles. 

Heads  small,  not  over  4  mm.  high,  few-flowered ;  pappus  more  or  less 

paleaceous.  6.  Gutierrezia. 

Heads  large,  many-flowered ;  involucre  in  all  except  one  species  viscid ; 
pappus  of  a  few  deciduous  awns.  7.  Grindelia. 

2.  Pappus  at  least  in  part  of  numerous  capillary  bristles. 

a.  Pappus  double,  the  inner  of  capillary  bristles ;  the  outer  of  scales  or 

short  bristles ;  involucres  many-flowered,  hemispherical  with  narrow 
imbricated  bracts.  8.  Chrysopsis. 

b.  Pappus  wholly  of  capillary  bristles. 

*  Heads  discoid. 

Involucres  narrowly  turbinate ;  its  bracts  more  or  less  chartaceous, 
keeled,  arranged  in  definite  (usually  5)  vertical  ranks;  achenes 
elongated-linear ;  stigma-tips  subulate-filiform. 

9.  Chrysothamnus. 

Involucres  broadly  turbinate  to  hemispherical ;  its  bracts  more  or 
less  imbricated,  but  not  in  definite  vertical  ranks ;  achenes 
scarcely  elongated-linear. 

Stigma-tips  obtuse ;  involucral  bracts  narrow,  poorly  imbricated. 

(Rayless  species  of)  31.  Erigeron. 

Stigma-tips  acute  ;  bracts  either  broad  or  well  imbricated  or  both. 
Achenes  truncate  at  the  top,  gradually  tapering  towards  the 
base,  usually  cinereous-pubescent ;  bracts  neither  broad  nor 
abruptly  acuminate. 

Appendages  or  tips  of  the  styles  filiform ;  undershrubs  with 
white-tomentulose  stems  and  glandular-hairy  foliage ;  leaves 
entire-margined.  15.  Macronema. 

Appendages  or  tips  of  the  stigmas  subulate  to  ovate. 

Leaves  with  spinulose-tipped  teeth ;  corolla-tube  slender. 

(Rayless  species  of)  11.  Sideranthus. 

Leaves  not  spinulose,  in  ours  entire-margined ;  corolla- 
tube  dilated  above.  10.  Isocoma. 

Achenes  elongated,  obovoid,  i.  e.,  tapering  at  both  ends,  but 
more  so  below,  multi-striate,  glabrous  or  slightly  hairy ; 
bracts  of  the  involucres  broad  and  abruptly  acuminate ;  ap¬ 
pendages  of  the  stigmas  ovate  to  short-subulate. 

13.  Oonopsis. 

*  Heads  radiate. 

Leaves  pinnately  cleft  or  toothed ;  lobes  or  teeth  spinulose-tipped. 
Pappus  of  the  fertile  achenes  deciduous  in  a  ring ;  annuals, 
equally  leafy  throughout ;  bracts  more  or  less  foliaceous. 

14.  Prionopsis. 

Pappus  persistent. 

Bracts  chartaceous,  not  foliaceous,  merely  with  green  tips ; 
plants  annual  or  perennial  with  a  caudex,  equally  leafy 
throughout ;  pappus  in  age  more  or  less  spreading ;  achenes 
turbinate  and  densely  silky.  11.  Sideranthus. 

Bracts  more  or  less  foliaceous,  at  least  above ;  plants  perennial 
with  taproots,  large  basal  leaves  and  few  and  rather  small 


CARDUACEAE. 


331 


stem-leaves ;  pappus  not  spreading ;  achenes  oblong,  glabrous 
or  sparingly  pubescent.  12.  Pyrrocoma. 

Leaves  entire  or  toothed,  but  teeth  not  spinulose-tipped. 

Bracts  not  longitudinally  striate. 

Bracts  abruptly  acuminate ;  stems  leafy  up  to  the  sessile  heads. 

13.  Oonopsis. 

Bracts  not  abruptly  acuminate. 

Appendages  of  the  stigma  filiform,  much  longer  than  the 
stigmatic  portion ;  low  shrubs  with  whitish  bark  and  foli¬ 
aceous  outer  bracts.  15.  Macronema. 

Appendages  of  the  stigmas  ovate  or  triangular,  not  longer 
than  the  stigmatic  portion. 

Plants  low  cespitose  evergreen  undershrubs  with  more  or 
less  evergreen  leaves  and  solitary  peduncled  heads. 

16.  Stenotus. 

Plants  with  wholly  herbaceous  stem,  if  at  all  woody  only 
at  the  caudex ;  leaves  not  evergreen. 

Bracts,  at  least  the  outer,  foliaceous  or  with  foliaceous 
tips. 

Disk-flowers  tubular ;  plants  with  a  taproot. 

12.  Pyrrocoma. 

Disk-flowers  more  or  less  widened  upwards ;  plants 
with  rootstock  or  short  caudex. 

Heads  corymbiform-cymose ;  rays  small  and  few ; 

plants  leafy.  17.  Oreochrysum. 

Heads  solitary ;  rays  numerous ;  plants  dwarf. 

18.  Tonestus. 

Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  not  at  all  foliaceous  or  merely 
with  green  tips. 

Rays  not  more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers ;  re¬ 
ceptacle  alveolate. 

Inflorescence  racemose  or  paniculate ;  bracts  not  in 
vertical  rows.  19.  Solidago. 

Inflorescence  corymbiform ;  bracts  in  distinct  ver¬ 
tical  rows.  20.  Petradoria. 

Rays  more  numerous  than  the  disk-flowers ;  receptacle 
fimbriolate ;  heads  corymbose. 


21.  Euthamia. 

Bracts  of  the  involucres  longitudinally  striate ;  heads  in  con¬ 
gested  corymbs.  22.  Oligoneuron. 

b.  Ray-flowers  blue,  pink  or  white. 

1.  Pappus  a  mere  crown  or  of  a  few  scales  or  awn-like  bristles. 

23.  Townsendia. 

2.  Pappus  of  numerous  capillary  bristles. 

a.  Rays  only  slightly  if  at  all  exceeding  the  pappus ;  all  annual. 

Bracts  in  2-3  series,  the  outer  foliaceous ;  stigma-tips  acute. 

24.  Brachyactis. 

Bracts  in  1-2  series,  narrow,  not  foliaceous ;  stigma-tips  obtuse. 

32.  Leptilon. 

b.  Rays  conspicuous,  longer  than  the  pappus,  usually  equalling  or  ex¬ 

ceeding  the  width  of  the  disk. 

Stigma-tips  lanceolate  or  oblong  to  filiform. 

Perennials  with  a  rootstock  or  caudex. 

Bracts  acuminate,  as  well  as  the  leaves  tipped  with  callous  points 
or  spines ;  plants  with  cespitose  caudices  and  solitary  heads 
at  the  ends  of  the  stems  or  branches. 


25.  Xylorrhiza. 

Bracts  not  acuminate,  or  if  long-attenuate,  with  soft  tips. 

Pappus  dilated  at  the  apex ;  bracts  narrow,  more  or  less  keeled. 

26.  Unamia. 


Pappus  not  dilated  at  the  apex. 


332 


CARDUACEAE. 


Bracts  broad  with  a  distinct  keel  or  mid-vein,  not  at  all 
foliaceous.  27.  Eucephalus. 

Bracts  usually  narrow,  when  broad  neither  keeled  nor  with  a 
prominent  mid-vein.  28.  Aster. 

Annuals  or  biennials,  or  if  short-lived  perennials,  not  with  root¬ 
stocks  ;  bracts  in  many  series,  with  herbaceous  spreading  or  re¬ 
flexed  tips ;  stigma-tips  linear  to  filiform. 

29.  Machaeranthera. 

Stigma-tips  triangular  or  ovate,  obtuse  or  rarely  acutish ;  bracts  not 
foliaceous. 

Involucres  turbinate ;  bracts  well  imbricated  in  several  rows. 

30.  Leucelene. 

Involucres  hemispherical  or  broader ;  bracts  in  1-3  series. 

31.  Erigeron. 

II.  Marginal  pistillate  flowers  not  ligulate,  reduced  to  a  filiform  or  narrow 
short  tube.  33.  Eschenbachia. 

B.  Heads  unisexual,  dioecious,  discoid ;  pappus  of  the  staminate  flowers  with 
clavate  tips.  34.  Baccharis. 

Tribe  4.  GNAPHALIAE. 

Shrubs  ;  bracts  coriaceous  ;  receptacle  naked ;  pistillate  flowers  numerous ;  corolla 
reduced  to  a  short  slender  tube ;  hermaphrodite  flowers  few  and  sterile ; 
their  pappus  with  clavate  tips.  35.  Berthelotia. 

Herbs,  if  at  all  shrubby  only  at  the  base  ;  bracts  more  or  less  scarious. 

Receptacle  chaffy ;  stigmas  of  the  hermaphrodite  sterile  flowers  not  truncate. 

36.  Filago. 

Receptacle  not  chaffy ;  stigmas  of  the  hermaphrodite  flowers  mostly  truncate. 
Plants  dioecious,  or  the  pistillate  heads  with  a  few  hermaphrodite  flowers 
in  the  center. 

Pappus-bristles  of  the  pistillate  flowers  falling  off  in  a  ring ;  those  of  the 
staminate  flowers  clavellate  or  apically  barbellate,  crisp ;  central 
hermaphrodite  flowers  none.  37.  Antennaria. 

Pappus-bristles  of  the  pistillate  flowers  falling  off  separately  ;  those  of  the 
staminate  flowers  scarcely  clavellate ;  central  hermaphrodite  flowers  pres¬ 
ent  in  the  pistillate  heads.  38.  Anaphalis. 

Plants  not  dioecious ;  flowers  fertile  throughout  the  heads. 

39.  Gnaphalium. 

Tribe  5.  HELIANTHEAE. 

A.  Bracts  not  enclosing  the  achenes  of  the  rays ;  plants  not  glandular-viscid. 

I.  Disk-flowers  hermaphrodite  but  sterile. 

Marginal  pistillate  flowers  with  conspicuous  rays ;  involucres  of  very  dis¬ 
similar  sets  of  bracts.  40.  Melampodium. 

Marginal  pistillate  flowers  reduced  to  a  truncate  or  obliquely  cleft  tube ; 
the  ligule,  if  any,  reduced  to  2  or  3  small  teeth.  41.  Parthenice. 

II.  Disk-flowers  fertile. 

a.  Ray-flowers  fertile,  with  very  short  tube,  persistent  on  the  achenes  and 

becoming  papery  in  texture. 

Achenes  of  the  disk  compressed ;  leaves  entire.  42.  Crassina. 

Achenes  obtusely  4-angled  ;  leaves  toothed.  43.  Heliopsis. 

b.  Ray-flowers  deciduous  from  the  achenes  or  wanting. 

1.  Pappus  a  crown  or  none,  or  of  a  few  scales  on  the  angles  of  the 
achenes  and  rarely  minute  ones  between. 
a.  Achenes  of  the  disk-flowers  not  obcompressed  (except  in  Ratibida)  ; 
chaffs  usually  more  or  less  concave  and  clasping. 

Receptacle  conic,  subulate  or  columnar. 

Achenes  4-angled.  44.  Brauneria. 

Achenes  quadrangular-compressed ;  apex  of  the  achenes  covered 

by  the  base  of  the  corolla-tube.  45.  Gymnolomia. 

Achenes  nearly  equally  4-angled ;  apex  not  covered  by  the  base 

of  the  corolla.  46.  Rudbeckia. 

Achenes  flattened,  broad-margined  or  winged. 

47.  Ratibida. 


CARDUACEAE. 


333 


Receptacle  from  flat  to  convex. 

Achenes  of  the  disk  neither  sharp-angled,  margined  nor  winged. 
Rays  fertile ;  their  achenes  commonly  3-angled  or  obcompressed ; 
plants  with  thick  balsamiferous  tap-roots. 

Pappus  none ;  stem  scapiform  or  with  reduced  leaves. 

48.  Balsamorrhiza. 

Pappus  a  lacerate  chaffy  crown  or  of  distinct  chaffs ;  stem 
low  but  leafy.  49.  Wyethia. 

Rays  sterile  or  wanting ;  plants  not  with  fleshy  tap-root. 

Pappus  none  or  a  minute  ring.  45.  Gymnolomia. 

Pappus  of  2  scarious  awns.  50.  Helianthus. 

Achenes  of  the  disk  thin-edged,  margined  or  winged. 

Ray-flowers  neutral ;  achenes  scarcely  winged. 

51.  Helianthella. 

Ray-flowers  fertile;  achenes  winged.  52.  Ximenesia. 

b.  Achenes  obcompressed ;  chaffs  flat  or  hardly  concave ;  involucres 
distinctly  double. 

Bracts  of  the  involucres  distinct  or  nearly  so. 

Pappus  in  ours  of  small  teeth,  a  mere  border,  or  wanting. 

53.  Coreopsis. 

Pappus  of  2-4  barbed  or  hispid  awns.  54.  Bidens. 

Bracts  of  the  inner  involucre  united  at  least  to  near  the  middle. 

55.  Thelesperma. 

2.  Pappus  of  5-many,  linear  to  lanceolate  scales  with  thickened  axis  and 
hyaline  margins.  74.  Gaillardia. 

B.  Bracts  of  the  involucres  uniserial,  partly  or  wholly  enclosing  the  achenes  of 
the  fertile  ray-flowers;  plants  glandular-viscid.  56.  Madia. 

Tribe  6.  HELENIAE. 

A.  Plant-tissues  without  oil-glands. 

I.  Ligules  persistent  and  becoming  papery  on  the  striate  achenes  ;  plants  more 

or  less  woolly.  57.  Psilostrophe. 

II.  Ligules  deciduous  or  none. 

a.  Achenes  flat  with  only  marginal  nerves ;  disk-corollas  4-toothed. 

58.  Pericome. 

b.  Achenes  angled,  not  flat,  nerved  or  striate. 

1.  Receptacle  naked. 

a.  Bracts  of  the  involucres  pale  or  colored,  at  least  the  margins  and 

tips  scarious. 

Corollas  of  the  disk-flowers  with  reflexed  or  spreading  lobes ;  bracts  of 
the  broadly  campanulate  involucres  obovate  or  broadly  oblong. 
Heads  discoid.  59-  Hymenopappus. 

Heads  radiate  ;  ligules  obscurely  toothed,  yellowish  or  white. 

60.  Leucampyx. 

Corolla  of  the  disk-flowers  with  linear,  erect  lobes ;  bracts  of  the 
turbinate  involucres  spatulate  to  linear-oblanceolate  in  two  series ; 
heads  in  our  species  radiate ;  ligules  deeply  cleft,  purple. 

61.  Polypteris. 

b.  Bracts  of  the  involucres  neither  colored  nor  scarious. 

Achenes  4-angled. 

Foliage  impressed  punctate;  leaves,  at  least  the  lower,  opposite. 
Perennials,  suff ruticose  at  the  base ;  leaf-segments  oblong  to 
linear.  62.  Picradeniopsis. 

Annuals ;  leaf-segments  filiform  or  nearly  so. 

63.  Achyropappus. 

Foliage  not  impressed-punctate  ;  leaves  alternate. 

Bracts  obovate,  cuneate  or  oblanceolate. 

Perennials  with  a  woody  caudex ;  leaves  entire;  pappus  of  10 
scales.  64.  Platyschkuhria. 

Annuals ;  leaves  dissected  ;  pappus  in  our  species  wanting. 

65.  Bahia. 

66.  Chaenactis. 


Bracts  linear. 


334 


CARDUACEAE. 


Achenes  5-10-ribbed. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  erect,  not  spreading  nor  reflexed. 

Involucres  many-flowered  ;  pappus  present ;  achenes  tapering  below. 
Bracts  of  the  involucres  nearly  equal  and  similar,  all  distinct. 
Leaves  simple ;  stem  scapiform  or  with  a  few  small  leaves ; 
heads  long-peduncled. 

Corollas  yellow ;  bracts  numerous ;  leaves  linear  to  oblong. 

67.  Tetraneuris. 

Corollas  flesh-colored;  bracts  about  12;  leaf-blades  from 
orbicular  to  oblong.  68.  Chamaechaenactis. 

Leaves  dissected  into  linear  lobes  ;  stem  low  but  leafy. 

69.  Rydbergia. 

Bracts  of  the  involucres  unequal ;  the  outer  united  at  the  base. 

70.  Hymenoxys. 

Involucres  few-flowered;  pappus  wanting;  achenes  linear,  8-10- 
striate.  71.  Flaveria. 

Bracts  of  the  involucres  spreading  or  reflexed. 

Leaves  not  decurrent  on  the  stem ;  tubes  of  the  disk-flowers 
moderately  long.  72.  Dugaldia. 

Leaves  decurrent  on  the  stem ;  tubes  of  the  disk-corollas  very 
short  or  reduced  to  a  ring.  73.  Helenium. 

2.  Receptacle  with  bristle-like  chaffs.  74.  Gaillardia. 

B.  Plant-tissues,  especially  the  leaves  and  involucres  with  oil-glands ;  plants 
heavy-scented. 

Bracts  of  the  involucres  more  or  less  united ;  stigmas  of  the  disk-flowers 

elongated. 

Bracts  of  the  involucres  united  only  at  the  base ;  stigmas  with  conical  tips. 

75.  Boebera. 

Bracts  of  the  involucres  united  into  a  cup  ;  stigmas  obtuse. 

76.  Lowellia. 

Bracts  of  the  involucres  distinct ;  stigma  very  short,  obtuse,  without  an 

appendage.  77.  Pectis. 


Tribe  7.  ANTHEMIDEAE. 

Receptacle  chaffy. 

Achenes  terete,  at  least  not  flattened  ;  involucres  hemispherical,  large. 

78.  Anthemis. 

Achenes  flattened ;  involucres  campanulate  or  obovoid,  small. 

79.  Achillea. 

Receptacle  naked  or  merely  pubescent. 

Heads  radiate.  80.  Chrysanthemum. 

Heads  discoid. 

Plants  spiny;  achenes  and  corollas  cobwebby.  81.  Picrothamnus. 

Plants  not  spiny ;  achenes  not  cobwebby.  82.  Artemisia. 


Tribe  8.  SENECIONEAE. 

Plants  scapiferous,  dioecious  or  nearly  so,  with  large  basal  leaves  appearing  after 
flowering;  hermaphrodite  flowers  usually  sterile.  83.  Petasites. 

Plants  not  scapiferous,  not  dioecious ;  disk-flowers  hermaphrodite,  fertile. 
Involucres  of  many  or  several  bracts. 

Involucres  of  commonly  much  overlapping  or  unequal  bracts. 

84.  Haploestes. 

Involucres  of  connivent  erect  herbaceous  equal  bracts,  with  or  without 
smaller  calyculate  ones  below. 

Leaves  mostly  opposite ;  pappus  of  a  single  series  of  rigid  bristles. 

85.  Arnica. 

Leaves  alternate ;  pappus  of  numerous  soft  bristles. 

86.  Senecio. 

Involucres  of  4-6,  firm,  concave,  erect  and  strongly  overlapping  bracts ;  shrubs 
with  alternate  leaves  and  discoid  heads.  87.  Tetradymia. 


CARDUACEAE. 


335 


One  genus. 


Tribe  9.  CYNAREAE. 


88.  Carduus. 


Tribe  1.  VERNONIAE. 

1.  VERNONIA  Schreb.  Iron  Weed. 

1.  Vernonia  Jamesii  T.  &  G.  {V.  marginata  (Torr.)  Britton)  On  plains 
from  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Ark.  and  Tex. — “  On  the  Arkansas.” 

Tribe  2.  EUPATORIAE. 

2.  EUPATORIUM  L.  Joe-Pye  Weed,  Thorough-wort. 


Leaves  verticillate  in  whorls  of  threes. 
Leaves  ovate,  acute. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate. 

Leaves  opposite. 


1.  E.  maculatum. 

2.  E.  Bruneri. 

3.  E.  texense. 


1.  Eupatorium  maculatum  L.  In  moist  soil  from  N.  Y.  and  B.  C.  to  Ky. 
and  N.  M. — Along  river  east  of  Ft.  Collins. 

2.  Eupatorium  Bruneri  A.  Gray.  ( Eupatorium  Rydbergii  Britton)  In 
moist  soil  from  Iowa,  Sask.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — 
Canon  City;  Ft.  Collins;  La  Poudre  near  La  Porte. 

3.  Eupatorium  texense  (T.  &  G.)  Rydb.  ( E .  ageratifolium  texense  T.  & 
G. ;  E.  ageratifolium  A.  Gray,  mainly;  not  DC.)  Rocky  hills  from  Colo,  to 
Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  7000-8500  ft. — Canon  City;  Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray; 
Trail  Glen. 


3.  KUHNIA  L. 

Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate,  3-ribbed,  more  or  less  toothed. 
Bracts  narrowly  linear,  acuminate. 

Bracts  linear,  abruptly  acute. 

Leaves  linear,  1 -ribbed,  entire. 


1.  K.  Hitchcockii. 

2.  K.  glutinosa. 

3.  K.  Goodingii. 


1.  Kuhnia  Hitchcockii  A.  Nelson.  Plains  of  Kans.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000- 
5000  ft. — Denver. 

2.  Kuhnia  glutinosa  Ell.  ( K .  eupatorioides  corymbulosa  T.  &  G.)  On  dry 
prairies  and  plains  from  Ills,  and  Mont,  to  Ky.  and  Colo. — Alt.  about  5000 
ft. — Boulder;  New  Windsor;  Ft.  Collins;  Spring  Canon. 

3.  Kuhnia  Goodingii  A.  Nels.  On  rocky  hills  and  plains  from  Colo,  to 
Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Engelmann  Canon;  Granite;  Manitou; 
Durango;  Hotchkiss;  Pagosa  Spring. 


4.  COLEOSANTHUS  Cass. 

Leaf-blades  ovate  or  deltoid. 

Leaves  slender-petioled,  not  spinulose-toothed ;  bracts  thin,  2  mm.  or  less  wide. 
Heads  30-50-flowered. 

Leaves  thin,  minutely  puberulent ;  teeth  usually  broadly  triangular,  acute ; 

peduncles  usually  longer  than  the  heads.  1.  C.  grandidorus. 

Leaves  thick,  densely  scabrous-pubescent,  very  veiny ;  teeth  rounded-ovate, 
obtuse  or  mucronate ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  subumbellate  heads. 

2.  C.  umbellatus. 


Heads  10-2  5 -flowered. 


336 


CARDUACEAE. 


Tips  of  the  bracts  not  spreading ;  leaf-blades  2-4  cm.  long. 

3.  C.  albicaulis. 

Tips  of  the  bracts  spreading,  squarrose  ;  leaf-blades  less  than  1  cm.  long 

4.  C.  scaber. 

Leaves  subsessile  or  very  short-petioled,  spinulose-toothed ;  bracts  firm,  3-6 
mm.  wide.  6.  C.  atractyloides. 

Leaves  linear  or  oblong,  sessile.  5.  C.  linifolius. 

1.  Coleosanthus  grandiflorus  (Hook.)  Kuntze.  ( Brickellia  grandidora 
Nutt.)  In  canons,  “bad-lands”  and  draws  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to  Colo, 
and  Ore. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Columbine;  Trappers’  Lake;  canon  north  of 
Palmer  Lake;  bank  of  Poudre,  La  Porte. 

2.  Coleosanthus  umbellatus  Greene.  ( Brickellia  grandidora  minor  A.  Gray; 
Coleosanthus  congestus  A.  Nels.)  On  hillsides  and  in  canons  from  Wyo.  to 
N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Colorado  Springs;  near  Empire; 
Boulder  Canon,  Boulder  Co. ;  Pike’s  Peak ;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  George¬ 
town;  Trout  Creek;  Jefferson  Co.;  Golden;  Canon  City;  near  Pagosa  Peak; 
southeast  of  Ouray;  Black  Canon;  Idaho  Springs;  La  Poudre;  Redstone; 
mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Steamboat  Springs;  Elk  Canon; 
Powder  River;  Table  Rock;  Hayden;  Roaring  Fork,  Larimer  Co. 

3.  Coleosanthus  albicaulis  Rydb.  ( Brickellia  Wrightii  Gray,  in  part.)  In 
canons  and  on  foot-hills  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  N.  M. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — 
Lower  Boulder  Canon;  Trail  Glen;  Manitou ;  Golden;  Mt.  Harvard;  foot¬ 
hills,  Larimer  Co.;  near  Boulder;  Spring  Canon;  Glenwood  Springs. 

4.  Coleosanthus  scaber  Greene.  On  dry  soil  in  Colo. — Alt.  about  4700  ft. — 
Deer  River;  Mesa  Verde. 

5.  Coleosanthus  linifolius  (D.  C.  Eaton)  Kuntze.  ( Brickellia  linifolia  D.  C. 
Eaton;  C.  humilis  Greene.)  In  arid  soil  from  Colo,  and  Nev.  to  Calif. — Alt. 
4000-7000  ft. — Arboles ;  Grand  Junction;  canon  of  Smith’s  Fork;  between 
Porter  and  Durango. 

6.  Coleosanthus  atractyloides  (A.  Gray)  Kuntze.  ( Brickellia  atractyloides 
A.  Gray.)  In  desert  regions  from  Colo,  and  Nev.  to  Ariz.  and  Calif. — 
Southwestern  Colo. 

5.  LACINIARIA  Hill.  Blazing  Star. 

Pappus  plumose  ;  leaves  strongly  punctate.  1.  L.  punctata. 

Pappus  merely  barbellate. 

Heads  in  a  short  raceme-like  inflorescence ;  bracts  obovate  with  dark  rose- 
purple,  laciniate  apices.  2.  L.  ligulistylis. 

Heads  in  a  long  raceme-like  inflorescence ;  bracts  spatulate  or  obovate-oblan- 
ceolate  with  pale,  merely  erose  apices.  3.  L.  scariosa. 

1.  Laciniaria  punctata  (Hook.)  Kuntze.  ( Liatris  punctata  Hook.)  On 
dry  plains  and  hills  from  Iowa,  Sask.  and  Mont,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt. 
4000-9000  ft. — Miller’s  ranch;  north  slope  of  Cheyenne  Mountain;  Ft.  Collins; 
Boulder;  Denver;  Pike’s  Peak;  dry  plains  northwest  of  Denver;  Westcliffe; 
Manitou;  Livermore,  Larimer  Co.;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  New 
Windsor;  Gunnison;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Table  Rock; 
Poudre  Canon ;  Ft.  Collins ;  Golden ;  Colorado  Springs ;  Salida. 

2.  Laciniaria  ligulistylis  A.  Nels.  On  hills  from  Sask.  to  Colo. — Alt.  4000- 
8000  ft. — Head  of  Redstone;  Table  Rock;  La  Veta;  Alamosa;  Twin  Lakes; 
Pagosa  Springs;  Larimer  Co.;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co.;  Westcliffe;  Jack’s 
Cabin;  Trout  Creek;  Sugar  Loaf  Mountain. 


CARDUACEAE. 


337 


3.  Laciniaria  scariosa  (L.)  Hill.  ( Liatris  scariosa  Willd.)  On  prairies 
from  Me.  and  S.  D.  to  'Fla.  and  Kans.  It  has  been  reported  from  Colorado, 
but  all  specimens  seen  so  named  belong  to  the  preceding. 


Tribe  3.  ASTEREAE. 
6.  GUTIERREZIA  Lag. 


Orop 


prodtictio^’ 


Disc-  and  ray-flowers  in  each  head  3-7  each. 

Surface  of  the  leaves  marked  with  large  dots,  each  bordered  by  a  hyaline  scale. 

1.  G.  lepidota. 

Surface  of  the  leaves  not  lepidote,  either  puberulent  or  glabrous. 

Axils  of  the  leaves  with  fasciculate  branches.  2.  G.  fasciculata. 

Axils  of  the  leaves  without  fasciculate  branches. 

Plant  shrubby. 

Involucres  elongated,  clavate-turbinate,  2-3  mm.  wide ;  bracts  oblong 
or  lanceolate.  3.  G.  longifolia. 

Involucres  campanulate,  only  slightly  turbinate  at  the  base,  3-4  mm. 
wide ;  bracts  ovate  or  obovate.  4.  G.  linearis. 

Plant  ligneous  only  at  the  short  persistent  caudex. 

Leaves  linear,  usually  1.5-4  mm.  wide. 

Involucres  oblong-turbinate,  over  5  mm.  long ;  outer  bracts  lanceo¬ 
late  ;  stems  3-4  dm.  high.  5.  G.  scoparia. 

Involucres  campanulate,  somewhat  turbinate  only  at  the  base ;  bracts 
ovate ;  stems  1-2  dm.  high.  6.  G.  diversifolia. 

Leaves  linear-filiform,  less  than  1  mm.  wide. 

Ligules  of  the  rays  fully  as  long  as  the  involucre.  7.  G.  dlifolia. 

Ligules  of  the  rays  about  half  as  long  as  the  involucre. 

Heads  usually  peduncled  and  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 

.  8.  G.  divaricata. 

Heads  usually  subsessile  in  clusters  of  3-4  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches. 

Plant  low,  1-2  dm.  high ;  branches  green ;  leaves  1-2  cm.  long. 

9.  G.  juncea. 

Plants  3-4  dm.  high ;  branches  with  straw-colored  bark ;  leaves 
3-4  cm.  long.  10.  G.  Sarothrae. 

Disc-  and  ray-flowers  in  each  head  only  1-2  each.  11.  G.  glomerella. 

1.  Gutierrezia  lepidota  Greene.  On  dry  plains  of  western  Colo. — Grand 
Junction. 

2.  Gutierrezia  fasciculata  Greene.  On  dry  plains  in  western  Colo. — Grand 
Junction. 

3.  Gutierrezia  longifolia  Greene.  On  dry  hills  and  plains  from  Colo,  and 
Utah  to  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — Canon  City;  Westcliffe;  Boulder. 

4.  Gutierrezia  linearis  Rydb.  On  plains  from  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Kans.  and 
N.  M. — Alt.  6000-8000  ft. — Gunnison ;  Red  Rock  Canon,  near  Pike’s  Peak. 

5.  Gutierrezia  scoparia  Rydb.  On  dry  plains  from  Wyo.  to  Colo. — Alt. 
5000-7000  ft. — Colorado  Springs  ;  Manitou  ;  Boulder. 

6.  Gutierrezia  diversifolia  Greene.  On  plains  from  Sask.  and  Mont,  to 
N.  M.  and  Utah. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Upper  Larimer  River;  Ft.  Collins; 
Gunnison;  Muddy  River,  Middle  Park;  Parlin;  Manitou;  west  of  Loveland; 
La  Veta;  Timnath. 

7.  Gutierrezia  filifolia  Greene.  On  dry  plains  from  Ida.  to  N.  M.  and 
Nev. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. — Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta. 

8.  Gutierrezia  divaricata  Nutt.  On  plains  from  Wyo.  to  Tex.  and  Utah. — 
San  Juan  Co. 


22 


338 


CARDUACEAE. 


9.  Gutierrezia  juncea  Greene.  On  dry  hills  and  plains  from  Okl.  and  Colo, 
to  Ariz. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Garden  of  the  Gods;  Twin  Lakes;  Westcliffe. 

10.  Gutierrezia  Sarothrae  (Pursh.)  B.  &  R.  ( G .  Euthaniae  T.  &  G.)  On 
plains  from  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  Kans.  and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Colorado 
Springs;  Salida. 

11.  Gutierrezia  glomerella  Greene.  On  dry  plains  from  Colo,  to  N.  M. — 
Alt.  about  4700  ft. — Deer  Run. 


7.  GRINDELIA  Willd.  Gum  Plant,  Resin-weed. 


Tips  of  the  outer  bracts  spreading;  none  reflexed.  1.  G.  decumbens. 

Tips  of  the  bracts  squarrose ;  those  of  the  outer  ones  strongly  reflexed. 

Heads  radiate. 

Pappus-awns  apparently  smooth ;  barbules  seen  only  under  a  compound 
microscope. 

Stem-leaves  oval,  ovate,  or  ovate-oblong  with  a  broad  base. 

Leaves  bluish-green,  spinulose-dentate ;  heads  very  broad  and  flat ;  its 
bracts  broad  and  even  the  squarrose  tips  flattened.  2.  G.  texana. 
Leaves  yellowish-green,  merely  dentate  ;  heads  hemispherical ;  its  bracts 
narrow  and  with  terete  squarrose  tips.  3.  G.  squarrosa. 

Stem-leaves  oblanceolate,  rarely  oblong. 

Leaves  all  finely  serrate,  dentate  or  subentire. 

Leaves  finely  and  closely  serrate.  4. 

Leaves  rather  remotely  dentate  or  subentire.  5. 

Leaves  coarsely  toothed ;  the  basal  ones  sub-laciniate.  6.  G.  subincisa. 
Pappus-bristles  distinctly  barbellate ;  barbules  distinctly  seen  with  a  com¬ 
mon  pocket-lens. 

Stem  tall,  4-6  dm.  high,  usually  solitary ;  stem-leaves  broadly  oblong  or 
obovate ;  bracts  broad,  only  the  outer  ones  squarrose-reflexed. 

7.  G.  erecta. 

Plant  low,  about  3  dm.  high ;  usually  several  stems  from  the  base  ;  stem- 
leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong ;  all  bracts  squarrose.  8.  G.  subalpina. 
Heads  discoid. 

Stem-leaves  oval  or  obovate.  9.  G.  inornata. 

Stem-leaves  oblanceolate  or  oblong. 

Outer  bracts  strongly  recurved;  inner  not  squarrose.  10.  G.  fastigiata. 
All  bracts  squarrose.  11.  G.  aphanactis. 


G.  serrulata. 
G.  perennis. 


1.  Grindelia  decumbens  Greene.  On  plains  from  Kans.  and  Colo,  to  N.  M. 
— Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Durango ;  Ignacio ;  Pagosa  Springs  ;  Mancos ;  Cimarron. 

2.  Grindelia  texana  Scheele.  ( G .  grandiflora  Gray,  in  part;  not  Hook.) 
On  plains  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  N.  Mex. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Lower 
Boulder  Canon. 

3.  Grindelia  squarrosa  (Pursh)  Dunal.  On  prairies  and  plains  from  Iowa 
and  Wyo.  to  Kans.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  up  to  6000  ft. — Colorado  Springs. 

4.  Grindelia  serrulata  Rydb.  On  plains  and  hills  from  Wyo.  and  Colo. — 
Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Denver;  Ft.  Collins. 

5.  Grindelia  perennis  A.  Nels.  On  plains  and  hills  from  Sask.  and  Ida.  to 
Colo. — Alt.  5000-6000  ft. — New  Windsor;  Boulder;  Ft.  Collins. 

6.  Grindelia  subincisa  Greene.  On  hills  from  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Durango. 

7.  Grindelia  erecta  A.  Nels.  In  the  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
7000-10,000  ft. — Near  Empire;  Georgetown;  Huerfano  Valley,  near  Gardner; 
Cerro  Summit;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 

8.  Grindelia  subalpina  Greene.  In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and 
Utah. — Boulder;  head  of  Lone  Pine  Creek. 

9.  Grindelia  inornata  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Canon  City. 


CARDUACEAE. 


339 


10.  Grindelia  fastigiata  Greene.  On  dry  hills  of  western  Colo. — Alt.  about 
4600  ft. — Grand  Junction. 

11.  Grindelia  aphanactis  Rydb.  In  sandy  soil  in  southwestern  Colo. — 
Durango. 

8.  CHRYSOPSIS  Nutt.  Golden  Aster. 

Leaves  at  least  when  young  appressed  canescent. 

Stem-leaves,  except  the  lower  ones  sessile  or  nearly  so. 

Stem-leaves  oblong  to  lanceolate,  decidedly  acute.  1.  C.  hirsutissima. 

Stem-leaves  obovate  or  obovate-lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse  and  mucronate  or 
more  seldom  acutish. 

Leaves  usually  less  than  3  cm.  long;  those  of  the  branches  short,  1-1.5 
cm.  long ;  heads  small ;  involucres  seldom  1  cm.  broad,  usually  sub¬ 
tended  by  leaves.  2.  C.  foliosa. 

Leaves  3-6  cm.  long ;  those  of  the  branches  not  reduced ;  heads  larger ; 
involucres  over  1  cm.  broad. 

Inner  bracts  with  subulate  usually  brownish  and  spreading  tips ;  heads 
sessile.  3.  C.  caudata. 

Inner  bracts  merely  acute. 

Heads  peduncled,  naked  or  subtended  by  1-2  small  linear  or  oblong 
leaves ;  leaves  neither  cordate  nor  truncate  at  the  base. 

4.  C.  villosa. 

Heads  sessile,  subtended  by  ample  oval  leaves ;  upper  stem-leaves 
cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base.  5.  C.  amplifolia. 

Leaves  all  except  the  uppermost  petioled,  oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  acutish. 

Heads  short-peduncled  or  sessile. 

Stem  3-5  dm.  high  ;  heads  peduncled.  6.  C.  Bakeri. 

Stems  low,  scarcely  over  1  dm.  high ;  heads  sessile.  7.  C.  alpicola. 

Heads  long-peduncled ;  peduncles  3-7  cm.  long.  8.  C.  pedunculata. 

Leaves  hispid  or  hirsute  with  a  spreading  pubescence. 

Leaves  copiously  hairy,  only  slightly  viscid. 

Leaves  obovate,  broadly  oblanceolate  or  rarely  oblong,  subsessile  except  the 
lower ;  pubescence  short.  9.  C.  horrida. 

Leaves  oblanceolate,  all  except  the  uppermost  distinctly  petioled. 

Plant  tall,  3-4  dm.  high ;  heads  more  or  less  peduncled. 

Plant  densely  cespitose ;  but  stems  simple  to  near  the  top. 

10.  C.  arida. 

Plant  profusely  branched.  11.  C.  doribunda. 

Plant  low,  1-2  dm.  high  ;  heads  sessile.  12.  C.  pumila. 

Leaves  sparingly  hairy,  decidedly  viscid. 

Upper  leaves  obovate,  sessile,  obtuse  ;  lower  oblanceolate,  petioled. 

Involucres  over  1  cm.  broad,  subtended  with  obovate  or  oblong  leaves. 

13.  C.  resinolens. 

Involucres  less  than  1  cm.  broad,  naked  or  subtended  by  small  linear  leaves. 

14.  C.  viscida. 

Leaves  all  oblanceolate,  acute.  15.  C.  hispida. 

1.  Chrysopsis  hirsutissima  Greene.  In  sandy  soil  from  Sask.  and  N.  D.  to 
Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  7000-9000  ft. — Arboles ;  Veta  Pass ;  Mancos. 

2.  Chrysopsis  foliosa  Nutt.  In  sandy  soil  from  Minn,  and  Wash,  to 
Kans.  and  Colo. — Cheyenne  Mountain ;  Red  Rock  Canon ;  Spring  Canon ; 
North  Cheyenne  Canon. 

3.  Chrysopsis  caudata  Rydb.  On  hills  and  mountains  of  Colorado. — Alt. 
5000-10,000  ft. — Ruxton  Dell;  near  Boulder. 

4.  Chrysopsis  villosa  (Pursh)  Nutt.  ( C .  imbricata  A.  Nels.  ?)  On  dry 
hills  from  Minn,  and  Ida.  to  Tex.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Mt.  Har¬ 
vard;  Tennessee  Pass,  Lake  Co.;  Trail  Glen;  Chambers’  Lake;  New  Wind¬ 
sor;  mountains,  Larimer  Co.;  Pike’s  Peak;  Clear  Creek;  Middle  Park; 
Steamboat  Springs. 


340 


CARDUACEAE. 


5.  Chrysopsis  amplifolia  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  5000-7000 
ft. — Ward;  Longmont;  Manitou. 

6.  Chrysopsis  Bakeri  Greene.  (C.  incana  Greene;  C.  comp  acta  Greene) 
On  hills  from  Mont,  and  Ida.  to  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Columbine; 
Montrose;  Jack’s  Cabin,  Gunnison  watershed;  Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray; 
Redcliffe;  Big  Creek  Gulch;  Marshall  Pass;  Lone  Pine  Creek,  Larimer  Co.; 
Red  Mountain  road,  south  of  Ouray ;  Sangre  de  Cristo ;  Deer  River ;  Black 
Canon;  Cedar  Edge;  Rogers;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Tennessee  Pass,  Lake  Co.; 
Rist  Canon ;  Graymont. 

7.  Chrysopsis  alpicola  Rydb.  On  the  higher  peaks  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — 
Alt.  11,000-13,000  ft. — Clark’s  Peak;  South  Park;  Gray’s  Peak;  Graymount. 

8.  Chrysopsis  pedunculata  Greene.  On  hills  in  Colo. — Pagosa  Springs. 

9.  Chrysopsis  horrida  Rydb.  On  hills  from  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Tex. — Alt. 
about  5000  ft. — New  Windsor. 

10.  Chrysopsis  arida  A.  Nels.  On  dry  hills  from  Kans.  and  Mont,  to  N.  M. 
and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-12,000  ft. — Twin  Lakes;  Mount  Ouray;  Boulder. 

11.  Chrysopsis  floribunda  Greene.  In  sandy  soil  in  Colo. — Alt.  5000-7000 
ft. — New  Windsor;  Black  Canon. 

12.  Chrysopsis  pumila  Greene.  In  canons  of  Neb.  and  Colo. — Alt.  10,000- 
11,000  ft. — Near  Empire. 

13.  Chrysopsis  resinolens  A.  Nels.  In  sandy  soil  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
5000-6000  ft. — Chambers’  Lake;  Boulder. 

Chrysopsis  resinolens  obtusata  A.  Nels.  Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Mountains 
between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 

14.  Chrysopsis  viscida  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  (C.  villosa  viscida  A.  Gray) 
In  the  mountains  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Manitou;  Breckenridge; 
summit  of  North  Park  Range. 

15.  Chrysopsis  hispida  (Hook.)  Nutt.  ( C .  villosa  hispida  A.  Gray)  In 
sandy  river  valleys  from  Sask.  and  Alb.  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Black  Canon 
of  the  Gunnison. 


9.  CHRYSOTHAMNUS  Nutt.  Rabbit-brush. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  acuminate. 

Achenes  glabrous. 

Leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  puberulent ;  plant  less  than  2  dm.  high. 

1.  C.  depressus. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  slightly  tomentulose  or  glabrous. 

Bracts  thick,  strongly  carinate,  glabrous.  2.  C.  pulchellus. 

Bracts  thin,  not  strongly  carinate,  arachnoid-ciliate.  3.  C.  Bigelovii. 
Achenes  pubescent. 

Bracts  4-6  in  each  vertical  row.  2.  C.  pulchellus. 

Bracts  2-3  in  each  vertical  row. 

Outer  bracts  long-acuminate,  produced  and  more  or  less  foliaceous. 
Leaves  linear,  more  or  less  distinctly  3-nerved.  4.  C.  Parryi. 
Leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  1 -nerved. 

Leaves  mostly  erect ;  the  upper  reduced,  not  exceeding  the  heads. 

5.  C.  N ewberryi. 

Leaves  arcuate-spreading ;  the  upper  longer  than  the  heads. 

6.  C.  Howardi. 

Outer  bracts  short,  neither  produced  nor  foliaceous. 

Heads  5-8  mm.  high ;  bracts  thin,  glabrous ;  leaves  filiform. 


CARDUACEAE. 


341 


Leaves  2-3  cm.  long,  over  1  mm.  wide,  light  green. 

7.  C.  Greenei. 

Leaves  1-2  cm.  long,  less  than  1  mm.  wide,  dark  green. 

8.  C.  dlifolhis. 

Heads  about  1  cm.  long ;  bracts  thicker,  arachnoid-ciliate. 

Leaves  1-2  cm.  long ;  involucres  lanate  as  well  as  arachnoid. 

9.  C.  collinus. 

Leaves  3-4  cm.  long ;  involucres  somewhat  viscid,  merely  arachnoid- 
ciliate  on  tne  margin.  10.  C.  wyomingensis. 

Bracts  not  acuminate. 

Achenes  pubescent ;  bracts  acute  or  obtuse. 

Branches  at  least  when  young  more  or  less  whitened  with  a  pannose  to- 
mentum ;  style-appendages  longer  than  the  stigmatic  portion ;  corolla 
7-10  mm.  long. 

Bracts  and  mature  leaves  perfectly  glabrous. 

Bracts  ovate,  or  the  outer  triangular ;  involucre  about  half  as  long  as 
the  flowers.  11.  C.  virens. 

Bracts  lanceolate  to  linear ;  involucre  more  than  half  as  long  as  the 
flowers. 

Lobes  of  the  corollas  lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  in  age  spreading. 

Leaves  nearly  erect  or  strongly  ascending,  straight,  1-2  mm.  wide. 

12.  C.  graveolens. 

Leaves  spreading  or  reflexed,  more  or  less  falcate,  about  1  mm.  wide. 

13.  C.  patens. 

Lobes  of  the  corolla  ovate,  obtuse,  about  0.5  mm.  long,  erect  in  age. 
Leaves  about  0.5  mm.  wide.  14.  C.  pinifolius. 

Leaves  about  2  mm.  wide.  15.  C.  condnis. 

Bracts  erose-ciliate  on  the  margin,  or  tomentose,  or  both. 

Leaves  1  mm.  or  less,  spreading.  16.  C.  plattensis. 

Leaves  1-2.5  mm.  wide. 

Bracts  narrow,  linear-lanceolate,  strongly  carinate,  almost  glabrous, 
except  the  erose-ciliate  margins.  17.  C.  pulcherrimus. 

Bracts  usually  broader,  more  or  less  densely  tomentose  and  viscid 
as  well  as  ciliate.  18.  C.  frigidns. 

Branches  green,  without  tomentum  ;  style-appendages  shorter  than  the  stig¬ 
matic  portion  ;  corolla  5-7  mm.  long. 

Leaves  and  stem  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  except  the  hispidulous-ciliate  mar¬ 
gins  of  the  former. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  1-2  mm.  wide,  strongly  twisted. 

19.  C.  elegans. 

Leaves  linear  to  lance-linear  or  oblanceolate,  2-8  mm.  wide,  not  twisted. 
Bracts  linear,  oblong,  or  lanceolate. 

Bracts  at  least  the  outer  ones  with  thick  green  tips. 

20.  C.  linifolius. 

Bracts  comparatively  thin,  not  green-tipped.  21.  C.  serrulatus. 
Bracts  ovate,  oval  or  the  inner  broadly  elliptic. 

22.  C.  latifolius. 


Leaves  and  stem  decidedly  puberulent. 
Leaves  3-6  mm.  wide,  rarely  twisted. 
Leaves  1-2.5  mm.  wide,  usually  twisted. 
Achenes  glabrous ;  bracts  rounded  at  the  apex. 


23.  C.  lanceolatns. 

24.  C.  pub er ulus. 

25.  C.  Vaseyi. 


1.  Chrysothamnus  depressus  Nutt.  ( Bigelovia  depressa  A.  Gray)  Plains 
of  Utah,  Colo,  and  N.  M.— Alt.  4000-8000  ft.— Gunnison ;  Squaw  Creek,  above 
Cimarron. 

2.  Chrysothamnus  pulchellus  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Bigelovia  pulchella  A. 
Gray)  On  dry  hills  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Tex.  and  N.  M. ;  also  in  Mex. 
— Exact  locality  not  given. 


342 


CARDUACEAE. 


3.  Chrysothamnus  Bigelovii  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Bigelovia  Bigelovii  A. 
Gray)  On  dry  plains  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Tex.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  about 
7000  ft. — Huerfano  Co.;  mesas,  La  Veta;  Buena  Vista. 

4.  Chrysothamnus  Parry i  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Bigelovia  Parryi  A.  Gray) 
On  hills  and  in  dry  valleys  from  Wyo.  to  Colo. — Alt.  7500-10,000  ft. — Gray’s 
Peak;  Georgetown;  South  Park;  near  Empire;  Lake  City;  southeast  of 
Ouray;  North  Fork;  Pitkin;  mesa,  Yampa;  Parlin;  Cottonwood  Lake;  Twin 
Lakes;  Steamboat  Springs;  Marshall  Pass;  Cerro  Summit;  Cumbres;  Mt. 
Harvard;  on  Grizzly  Creek;  near  Empire;  Middle  Park;  Black  Canon  of  the 
Gunnison;  Little  Muddy,  Gunnison  Co.;  Breckenridge ;  Hayden. 

5.  Chrysothamnus  Newberryi  Rydb.  On  dry  hills  of  N.  M.  and  Colo. — 
Mesa  Verde. 

6.  Chrysothamnus  Howardi  (Parry)  Greene.  ( Bigelovia  Howardii  A. 
Gray)  On  dry  hills  from  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  Colo. — Middle  Park;  Greene, 
North  Park;  near  Walden. 

7.  Chrysothamnus  Greenei  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Bigelovia  Greenei  A.  Gray; 
C.  scoparius  Rydb.)  On  plains  of  Colo. — Alt.  5000-7500  ft. — Huerfano  Co.; 
La  Veta;  Hugo. 

8.  Chrysothamnus  filifolius  Rydb.  On  plains  of  Colo. — Antonito;  Granite. 

9.  Chrysothamnus  collinus  Greene.  On  hills  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — West- 
cliffe. 

10.  Chrysothamnus  wyomingensis  A.  Nelson.  On  dry  plains  of  Wyo.  and 
Colo. — South  Park  at  Jefferson. 

11.  Chrysothamnus  virens  Greene.  Plains  of  southern  Colo. — Pike’s  Peak; 
Canon  City. 

12.  Chrysothamnus  graveolens  (Nutt.)  Greene.  ( Bigelovia  graveolens  A. 
Gray)  In  canons,  on  “bad-lands,”  and  dry  hills  from  Neb.  and  Mont,  to 
N.  M.  and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — New  Windsor;  Golden;  Grand  Junc¬ 
tion;  near  Denver;  Grizzly  Creek;  Canon  City;  Idaho  Springs;  Egeria  Park; 
Breckenridge;  Ft.  Collins;  Boulder;  Delta;  Jefferson  Co. 

13.  Chrysothamnus  patens  Rydb.  On  dry  plains  and  hills  in  Colo. — Alt. 
4600-7500  ft. — Grand  Junction;  Alamosa;  Manitou;  Iola. 

14.  Chrysothamnus  pinifolius  Greene.  On  dry  hills  and  plains  in  Colo. — 
Alt.  7000-13,000  ft. — Gunnison ;  Doyles ;  Mt.  Abram. 

15.  Chrysothamnus  confinis  Greene.  On  arid  plains  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — 
Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Grizzly  Creek;  Huerfano  Valley,  near  Gardner. 

16.  Chrysothamnus  plattensis  Greene.  On  plains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
4000-5000  ft. — Denver;  New  Windsor;  near  Hebron;  Ft.  Collins. 

17.  Chrysothamnus  pulcherrimus  A.  Nels.  On  plains  from  Mont,  to  Colo. 
— North  Park;  Pagosa  Springs;  near  Hebron;  Grand  River,  near  State 
Bridge;  Trimble  Springs;  Poudre  Canon;  forks  of  Poudre  and  Big  South; 
Gypsum. 

18.  Chrysothamnus  frigidus  Greene.  On  plains  from  Ass.  to  Colo.— Alt. 
8000  ft. — Buena  Vista. 

19.  Chrysothamnus  elegans  Greene.  On  plains  of  Colo. — Alt.  7500-8500 
ft. — Gunnison;  Doyles;  South  Park. 

20.  Chrysothamnus  linifolius  Greene.  On  dry  plains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo.— 
Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Deer  Run;  Grand  Junction;  Hotchkiss,  Delta  Co.;  Olathe. 


CARDUACEAE. 


343 


21.  Chrysothamnus  serralatus  (Torr.)  Rydb.  ( Bigelovia  Douglasii  ser- 
rulata  A.  Gray;  C.  glaucus  A.  Nels.)  On  dry  plains  of  Wyo.  and  Utah  to 
Colo. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Gypsum ;  road  to  Steamboat  Springs ;  Cottonwood 
Lake;  South  Park,  near  Jefferson;  North  Park;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek; 
Twin  Lakes;  Middle  Park. 

22.  Chrysothamnus  latifolius  (D.  C.  Eaton)  Rydb.  ( Bigelovia  Douglasii 
latifolia  A.  Gray)  On  dry  plains  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to  Colo. 

23.  Chrysothamnus  lanceolatus  Nutt.  ( Bigelovia  Douglasii  lanceolata  A. 
Gray)  On  dry  plains  and  hills  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to  Colo. — Alt.  7000- 
8500  ft. — Cottonwood  Lake;  Grizzly  Creek;  Black  Canon;  Cerro  Summit; 
North  Park,  near  Walden;  Hayden,  Routt  Co. 

24.  Chrysothamnus  puberulus  (D.  C.  Eaton)  Greene.  ( Linosyris  viscidi- 
dora  puberula  D.  C.  Eaton)  On  dry  plains  and  hills  from  Mont,  and  Wash, 
to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  8000-9500  ft. — Pitkin;  Parlin;  South  Park,  south¬ 
east  of  Jefferson. 

25.  Chrysothamnus  Vaseyi  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Bigelovia  Vaseyi  A.  Gray) 
In  the  mountains  of  Wyo.,  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  about  7500  ft. — Middle 
Park;  Greene,  North  Park;  Gunnison;  Squaw  Hill,  above  Cimarron. 

10.  ISOCOMA  Nutt. 

Bracts  acute,  linear-lanceolate.  1.  I.  pluridora. 

Bracts  obtuse  or  obtusish,  linear,  oblong  or  oblanceolate.  2.  I.  Wrightii. 

1.  Isocoma  pluriflora  (T.  &  G.)  Greene.  ( Bigelovia  pluridora  A.  Gray) 
On  plains  of  Colo. — “  On  the  Arkansas.” 

2.  Isocoma  Wrightii  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Bigelovia  Wrightii  A.  Gray)  On 
banks  and  in  saline  soil  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — 
San  Juan  Valley  ( Brandegee ). 


11.  SIDERANTHUS  Nutt. 


Leaves  spinescently  toothed,  not  pinnatifid. 

Heads  discoid;  perennial  with  woody  caudex.  1.  S. 

Heads  radiate ;  annual.  2.  5. 

Leaves  pinnatifid  at  least  the  lower  ones. 

Stem  more  or  less  floccose  or  cinereous,  especially  when  young. 
Plant  cinereous-pubescent,  more  or  less  glandular.  3.  .9. 

Plant  more  or  less  floccose,  not  at  all  glandular.  4.  6”. 

Plant  neither  floccose  nor  cinereous. 

Plant  glabrous  or  slightly  glandular-puberulent.  5.  S. 

Plant  decidedly  pubescent. 

Plant  finely  puberulent.  6.  S. 

Plant  hispid-strigose.  7.  5'. 


grindelioides . 
annuus. 


australis. 

spinulosus. 

glaberrirnas. 

puberulus. 

gracilis. 


1.  Sideranthus  grindelioides  (Nutt.)  Britton.  ( Aplopappus  Nuttallii  T. 
&  G.)  On  dry  plains  and  hills  from  Ass.  and  Nev.  to  Neb.  and  Ariz. — Alt. 
4000-5500  ft. — Grand  Junction;  Rifle;  Hotchkiss. 

2.  Sideranthus  annuus  Rydb.  ( Aplopappus  rubiginosus  A.  Gray;  not  T. 
&  G.)  On  sandy  soil  from  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Kans.  and  Tex. — Alt.  4000- 
5000  ft. — Platte  Valley,  Julesburg;  New  Windsor;  Ft.  Collins. 

3.  Sideranthus  australis  (Greene)  Rydb.  ( Aplopappus  australis  Greene) 
On  dry  soil  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  N.  M. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  about  4700  ft. 
— Deer  Run. 


344 


CARDUACEAE. 


4.  Sideranthus  spinulosus  (Pursh)  Sweet.  ( Aplopappus  spinulosus  DC.) 
On  dry  plains  and  prairies  from  Minn.,  Sask.  and  Mont,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — 
Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Cheyenne  Mountain ;  Denver ;  Arboles ;  Manitou  ;  Ft.  Col¬ 
lins;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Greeley;  Canon  City;  New  Windsor; 
Spring  Canon ;  Hotchkiss ;  Boulder ;  roadside  near  Rocky  Ford ;  Ft.  Collins ; 
Wray;  Raton  Range. 

5.  Sideranthus  glaberrimus  Rydb.  On  dry  plains  from  S.  D.  and  Wyo. 
to  Ind.  Terr,  and  Colo. — Table  Rock. 

6.  Sideranthus  puberulus  Rydb.  On  dry  hills  in  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  8000  ft. 
— Salida;  Buena  Vista. 

7.  Sideranthus  gracilis  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  ( A .  gracilis  A.  Gray)  On  dry 
hills  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Tex.  and  Ariz.;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  about  6700 
ft. — Durango;  between  Porter  and  Durango;  Mancos. 


12.  PYRROCOMA  Nutt. 


Bracts  except  the  innermost  obtuse,  obovate  or  oblong.  1.  P.  crocea. 

Bracts  mostly  acute  or  acuminate. 

Heads  large ;  disk  2  cm.  or  more  in  diameter ;  bracts  in  about  3  series. 
Upper  part  of  stem  and  involucre  decidedly  villous ;  bracts  wholly  foliaceous. 

2.  P.  Clementis. 

Stem  and  involucre  almost  glabrous ;  bracts  chartaceous  at 
foliaceous  tips.  3. 

Heads  smaller ;  disk  less  than  2  cm.  in  diameter. 

Bracts  in  2-3  unequal  series. 

Stem  and  bract  more  or  less  white-woolly.  4. 

Stem  and  bracts  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  5. 

Bracts  nearly  of  the  same  length. 

Plant  villous.  6. 

Plant,  except  the  upper  parts,  glabrate  in  age.  7. 


the  base,  with 
P.  integrifolia. 


P. 

P. 


lagopus. 
V as  eyi. 


P.  inuloides. 
P.  unidora. 


1.  Pyrrocoma  crocea  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Aplopappus  croceus  A.  Gray) 
In  the  mountains  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Doyle’s ; 
Cerro  Summit;  North  Park;  La  Plata  Canon;  Steamboat  Springs;  between 
Pallas  and  Sydney;  Egeria  Park;  Little  Muddy;  Gunnison  Co.;  Walton 
Creek;  Boulder;  North  Park,  along  the  Michigan;  Willow  Creek,  Routt  Co. 

2.  Pyrrocoma  Clementis  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — 
Tennessee  Pass;  Robinson;  Mt.  Harvard. 

3.  Pyrrocoma  integrifolia  (Porter)  Greene.  ( Aplopappus  integrifolius  Por¬ 
ter)  In  the  mountains  from  Sask.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo. — Rabbit-Ear  Range. 

4.  Pyrrocoma  lagopus  Rydb.  On  dry  plains  and  alkali  flats  in  Wyo.  and 
Colo. — North  Park. 

5.  Pyrrocoma  Vaseyi  (Parry)  Rydb.  ( Aplopappus  lanceolatus  Vaseyi 
Parry)  In  the  mountains  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  up  to  9000 
ft. — Middle  Park;  Lake  John,  North  Park;  North  Fork,  Larimer  Co. 

6.  Pyrrocoma  inuloides  (Hook.)  Greene.  ( Aplopappus  inuloides  Nutt.) 
Plains  from  Mont,  and  Ida.  to  Colo. — North  Park,  near  edge  of  Wyoming. 

7.  Pyrrocoma  uniflora  (Hook.)  Greene.  ( Aplopappus  uniflorus  Nutt.)  In 
river  valleys  from  Sask.  and  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Utah. 


13.  OONOPSIS  Greene. 

Dwarf;  stem  less  than  1  dm.  high;  heads  6-10  dm.  high. 
Plant  robust,  1.1-3  dm.  high;  heads  15-20  mm.  high. 


1.  O.  Engelmannii. 


CARDUACEAE. 


345 


Heads  several.  2.  O.  foliosa. 

Head  solitary.  3.  O.  monocephala. 

1.  Oonopsis  Engelmannii  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Bigelovia  Engelmannii  A. 
Gray)  On  dry  plains  from  Karfs.  to  Colo. — Hugo  Station. 

2.  Oonopsis  foliosa  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Aplopappus  Fremontii  A.  Gray) 
On  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — Pueblo;  Fremont  Co.;  Canon 
City;  Florence;  Rocky  Ford. 

3.  Oonopsis  monocephala  A.  Nelson.  Only  known  from  the  type  locality  at 
Berwind,  Colorado. 

14.  PRIONOPSIS  Nutt. 

1.  Prionopsis  ciliata  Nutt.  ( Aplopappus  ciliatus  DC.)  On  hillsides  and 
banks  from  Mo.  and  Colo,  to  Tex. — Exact  locality  not  given. 

15.  MACRONEMA  Nutt. 

Outer  bracts  oblong,  acute.  1.  M.  discoideum. 

Outer  bracts  broadly  oblong,  obtuse.  2.  M.  obtusum. 

1.  Macronema  discoideum  Nutt.  ( Aplopappus  Macronema  A.  Gray)  On 
the  mountains  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Calif. — Alt.  up  to  12,000  ft. — George¬ 
town;  Marshall  Pass;  Mt.  Harvard;  Sangre  de  Cristo;  Mt.  Ouray. 

2.  Macronema  obtusum  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  8000 
ft. — South  Cottonwood  Gulch,  Chaffee  Co.;  Twin  Lakes. 

16.  STENOTUS  Nutt. 

Bracts  lanceolate,  acute.  1.  S.  acaulis. 

Bracts  oval  or  oblong,  very  obtuse.  2.  5*.  armerioides. 

1.  Stenotus  acaulis  Nutt.  ( Aplopappus  acaulis  A.  Gray)  On  hills  from 
Sask.  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Meeker,  Rio  Blanco  Co. 

2.  Stenotus  armerioides  Nutt.  On  dry  hills  and  “bad  lands”  from  Man. 
and  Ass.  to  N.  M. — Alt.  up  to  7000  ft. — Cimarron. 

17.  OREOCHRYSUM  Rydb. 

1.  Oreochrysum  Parryi  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Aplopappus  Parryi  A.  Gray; 
Solidago  Parryi  Greene)  On  mountains  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — 
Alt.  7000-12,000  ft. — Villa  Grove;  Silver  Plume;  southeast  of  Ouray;  Cam¬ 
eron  Pass ;  Ruby ;  Marshall  Pass ;  Minnehaha ;  Buffalo  Pass,  Park  Range ; 
Cottonwood  Lake ;  Grizzly  Creek ;  Pagosa  Peak ;  Devil’s  Causeway,  White 
River  Plateau ;  Berthoud  Pass ;  Georgetown ;  Silverton ;  Mt.  Harvard ;  moun¬ 
tains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Vance  Junction;  Bitter  Creek;  Gray’s 
Peak;  Lake  City;  Clear  Creek. 

18.  TONESTUS  A.  Nelson. 

Bracts  acute;  plant  viscid-puberulent.  1.  T.  Lyallii. 

Bracts  obtuse ;  plant  soft-pubescent  or  glabrate,  scarcely  viscid.  2.  T.  pygmaeus. 

1.  Tonestus  Lyallii  (A.  Gray)  A.  Nelson.  ( Aplopappus  Lyallii  A.  Gray; 
Pyrrocoma  Lyallii  Rydb.)  On  high  mountains  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to 
Colo. — Clear  Creek. 


346 


CARDUACEAE. 


2.  Tonestus  pygmaeus  (T.  &  G.)  A.  Nels.  ( Aplopappus  pygmaeus  A. 
Gray;  Macronema  pygmaeum  Greene)  On  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — 
Alt.  10,000-13,000  ft. — Clear  Creek;  Gray’s  Peak;  Little  Kate  Mine,  La  Plata 
Mountains ;  Mt.  Princeton ;  Cameron  Pass,  Larimer  Co. ;  Pike’s  Peak ;  Bald 
Mountain;  Silver  Plume;  Mt.  Garfield;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Beaver  Creek; 
Raton  Range;  Middle  Park. 


19.  SOLID  AGO  L.  Golden  Rod. 


Leaves  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  along  the  veins  and  on  the  margins. 

Leaves  not  triple-veined ;  branches  of  the  inflorescence  not  recurved-spread- 
ing;  heads  not  secund. 

Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate. 
Leaves  ciliate  at  the  base.  I.  Virgaureae. 

Leaves  not  ciliate  at  the  base.  IV.  Glaberrimae. 

Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  obtuse. 

Leaves,  at  least  the  basal  ones,  toothed ;  stem-leaves  few  ;  plants  1-4  dm. 

high.  II.  Humiles. 

Leaves  all  entire ;  stem  very  leafy,  4-8  dm.  high.  III.  Speciosae. 

Leaves  triple-veined  ;  heads  more  or  less  secund  on  recurved-spreading  branches. 
Plants  slender,  not  very  leafy,  2-4  dm.  high ;  stem-leaves  narrowly  oblan- 


ceolate  or  linear. 

Plant  tall,  leafy,  4-10  dm.  high;  stem-leaves  lanceolate. 
Leaves  densely  canescent. 

Leaves  lanceolate ;  bracts  narrowly  linear-lanceolate. 
Leaves,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  oblanceolate  or  obovate. 


IV.  Glaberrimae. 
V.  Serotinae. 

VI.  Serotinae. 
VII.  Incanae. 


I.  Virgaureae. 

Plant  low  and  slender,  1-3  dm.  high  ;  inflorescence  corymbiform  ;  branches  with 
a  single  or  a  few  corymbose  heads. 

Heads  7-9  mm.  high  ;  inner  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  of  about  the  same  length 
as  the  flowers  and  pappus;  plant  2-3  dm.  high.  1.  S.  scopulorum. 

Heads  5-7  mm.  high  ;  bracts  lanceolate  ;  the  inner  shorter  than  the  flowers  and 
the  pappus ;  plant  usually  less  than  2  dm.  high.  2.  S.  ciliosa. 

Plants  stout,  3-4  dm.  high  ;  inflorescence  paniculate  ;  branches  racemiform ;  heads 
7-9  mm.  high. 

Basal  leaves  broadly  oblanceolate,  acute ;  stem  pubescent. 

3.  S.  rubra. 

Basal  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  obtuse  ;  stem  glabrous  up  to  the  inflorescence. 

4.  S.  laevicaulis. 

II.  Humiles. 

Plant  low,  1-1.5  dm.  high;  inflorescence  with  few  heads,  short,  congested. 

5.  S.  decumbens. 

Plant  taller,  2-4  dm.  high ;  inflorescence  with  many  heads,  elongated. 

Leaves  not  ciliate ;  bracts  oblong ;  inflorescence  usually  narrow. 

6.  S.  oreopliila. 

Leaves  ciliate  at  the  base ;  bracts  linear ;  inflorescence  open. 

7.  6*.  dilatata. 

III.  Speciosae. 

One  species.  8.  S.  pallida. 

IV.  Glaberrimae. 

Heads  less  than  5  mm.  high ;  stem  slender. 

Inflorescence  decidedly  viscid ;  leaves  indistinctly  triple-veined. 

9.  V.  viscidula. 

Inflorescence  not  viscid ;  leaves  distinctly  triple-veined. 


CARDUACEAE. 


347 


Inflorescence  narrow,  scarcely  secund ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate. 

10.  6".  missouriensis. 

Inflorescence  usually  open  and  more  or  less  secund ;  bracts  oblong-lanceolate. 

11.  5'.  glaberrima. 

Heads  6-7  mm.  high;  stem  stout.  12.  S.  concinna. 

V.  Serotinae. 

Leaves  green,  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrous ;  pubescence  scabrous,  mostly 
confined  to  the  margins  and  the  veins. 

Stem  usually  glabrous  up  to  the  inflorescence ;  heads  5  mm.  high  or  more ; 
leaves  glabrous  except  on  the  margins  and  on  the  mid-veins. 

13.  S.  Pitcheri. 

Stem  more  or  less  pubescent. 

Heads  5  mm.  or  more  high ;  leaves  pubescent ;  plant  stout. 

14.  S.  polyphylla. 

Heads  about  4  mm.  high ;  plant  comparatively  slender. 

Leaves  pubescent  at  least  on  the  veins.  15.  S',  canadensis. 

Leaves  glabrous,  except  the  scabrous-ciliolate  margins. 

16.  S.  serra. 

Leaves  densely  canescent,  especially  beneath. 

Leaves  usually  broadly  lanceolate,  scabrous  above.  17.  S.  scabriuscula. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  finely  and  rather  softly  canescent  on  both  sides,  more 
or  less  yellowish-gray.  18.  .S',  gilvocanescens. 

VII.  Incanae. 

Plants  low,  1-2  dm.  high  ;  inflorescence  corymbiform  ;  branches  not  secund. 

19.  S.  nana. 

Plants  tall,  2-6  dm.  high  ;  inflorescence  narrow,  or  if  open  with  distinctly  secund 
branches. 

Bracts  oblong  of  linear,  obtuse  ;  stem-leaves  scarcely  triple-veined ;  inflorescence 
usually  narrow. 

Stem-leaves  oblanceolate.  20.  S.  pulcherrima. 

Stem-leaves  spatulate  or  elliptic.  21.  5'.  radulina. 

Bracts  lanceolate  or  ovate,  acute ;  stem-leaves  distinctly  triple-veined ;  in¬ 
florescence  usually  more  open. 

Stem-leaves  oblanceolate  or  elliptic ;  bracts  lanceolate. 

22.  S.  trinervata. 

Stem-leaves  obovate,  thick ;  bracts  ovate.  23.  S.  mollis. 

1.  Solidago  scopulorum  (A.  Gray)  A.  Nels.  (S.  multiradiata  scopulorum 
A.  Gray)  On  hills  and  mountains  from  Alb.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. 

■ — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Bard  Creek,  near  Empire;  Lake  City;  Grizzly  Creek; 
White  River  Plateau ;  Robinson ;  Mt.  Harvard ;  Big  South ;  Gore  Pass. 

2.  Solidago  ciliosa  Greene.  In  the  higher  mountains  from  Alb.  to  Colo, 
and  Ariz. — Alt.  up  to  13,000  ft. — Ironton,  San  Juan  Co.;  Seven  Lakes;  Gray’s 
Peak. 

3.  Solidago  rubra  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — North  Park;  Grizzly 
Creek,  Larimer  Co. 

4.  Solidago  laevicaulis  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Alt. 
up  to  11,000  ft. — North  Park;  Berthoud  Pass. 

5.  Solidago  decumbens  Greene.  (S.  humilis  nana  A.  Gray)  On  the  higher 
mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  10,000-13,000  ft. — Gray’s  Peak;  near  Em¬ 
pire  ;  Mt.  Harvard ;  Mt.  Garfield ;  near  Pagosa  Peak ;  Bottomless  Pit ;  Cam¬ 
eron  Pass;  Berthoud  Pass. 

6.  Solidago  oreophila  Rydb.  (S.  humilis  A.  Gray,  in  part;  S.  humilis  Pat- 
tersonii  Gandoger)  In  the  mountains  from  Mackenzie  to  Colo. — Alt.  7000- 
11,000  ft. — Clear  Creek;  near  Empire;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Minnehaha;  Estes 


348 


CARDUACEAE. 


Park;  Grizzly  Creek;  Villa  Grove;  Bear  Creek  Canon;  Crystal  Park;  Wil¬ 
low  Creek ;  La  Plata  Canon ;  Cripple  Creek  road ;  Marshall  Pass ;  Cottonwood 
Lake;  Chambers’  Lake;  Twin  Lakes;  South  Park;  Mount  Baldy;  Ruxton 
Dell;  The  Crags;  Steamboat  Springs;  Baxter’s  ranch;  Table  Rock;  between 
Sunshine  and  Ward;  Palmer  Lake;  Beaver  Creek;  Bosworth’s  ranch;  Stove 
Prairie. 

7.  Solidago  dilatata  A.  Nels.  In  the  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
8000-9500  ft. — Mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 

8.  Solidago  pallida  (Porter)  Rydb.  (S.  spectabilis  Coulter;  not  A.  Gray; 
S.  speciosa  pallida  Porter)  On  hills  from  N.  D.  to  Neb.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
5000-6500  ft. — Lower  Boulder  Canon ;  Manitou ;  Bosworth’s  ranch,  Stove 
Prairie;  Bergen  Park. 

9.  Solidago  viscidula  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Grand  Lake. 

10.  Solidago  missouriensis  Nutt.  (S.  Tolmieana  A.  Gray)  On  hills  and 
mountains  from  Wyo.  and  Ida.  to  Colo. — Clear  Creek;  North  Park;  Middle 
Park. 

11.  Solidago  glaberrima  Martens.  {S.  Missouriensis  A.  Gray;  not  Nutt.) 
On  plains  and  hills  from  Mich.,  Alb.  and  Ida.  to  Mo.,  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt. 
4000-9000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  New  Windsor;  Cheyenne  Mountain;  Durango; 
near  Empire;  Mt.  Harvard;  Boulder;  Ft.  Collins;  Long  Gulch;  Horsetooth 
Mountain;  Georgetown;  falls  of  Poudre  River;  Stove  Prairie  Hill. 

12.  Solidago  concinna  A.  Nels.  (S.  Missouriensis  extraria  A.  Gray)  In 
the  mountains  from  Alb.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo. — Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak; 
Ft.  Collins;  New  Windsor;  Gunnison;  Iola;  North  Park;  Minnehaha;  Crys¬ 
tal  Park;  Ruxton  Park;  Durango;  Dillon;  Englemann  Canon;  Breckenridge; 
Soldier  Canon. 

13.  Solidago  Pitcheri  Nutt.  (S.  serotina  A.  Gray,  in  part)  Along  streams 
from  Minn,  and  Wash,  to  Ark.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — New  Windsor; 
Lower  Boulder  Canon;  La  Porte,  Larimer  Co.;  North  Cheyenne  Canon; 
Colorado  Springs;  Williams’  Canon;  Ft.  Collins;  Soldiers’  Canon;  Pleasant 
Valley;  Poudre  Flats;  La  Porte;  Denver. 

14.  Solidago  polyphylla  Rydb.  (S.  Canadensis  procera  A.  Gray,  in  part) 
Along  streams  from  B.  C.  to  N.  M.  and  Wash. — Alt.  about  7000-8000  ft. — 
Englemann  Canon ;  Gunnison ;  Canon  City. 

15.  Solidago  canadensis  L.  Among  bushes  from  Lab.  and  Mackenzie  to 
Colo. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Gypsum,  Eagle  Co.;  Parlin;  Dillon;  Denver;  Ches¬ 
ter;  Twin  Lakes;  Gunnison;  Gunnison  Co.;  North  Park;  Gypsum  Creek 
Canon;  Elk  River;  Ft.  Collins. 

16.  Solidago  serra  Rydb.  Along  streams,  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Yampa. 

17.  Solidago  scabriuscula  (Porter)  Rydb.  (S.  Canadensis  scabriuscula 
Porter;  var.  scabra  T.  &  G.,  in  part)  In  dry  soil  from  N.  D.  and  Wyo.  to 
Mo.  and  Tex. — Alt.  5000  ft. — Ft.  Collins. 

18.  Solidago  gilvocanescens  Rydb.  (Y.  Canadensis  gilvocanescens  Rydb.) 
In  sandy  soil  from  Minn,  and  N.  D.  to  Neb.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — 
Ft.  Collins ;  Redstone. 

19.  Solidago  nana  Nutt.  On  high,  dry  plains  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Ariz. 
Alt.  up  to  9000  ft. — Pagosa  Springs ;  source  of  Leroux  Creek. 

20.  Solidago  pulcherrima  A.  Nels.  ( S .  nemoralis  A.  Gray,  in  part;  not 
Ait.)  Dry  plains  from  Minn,  and  N.  D.  to  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  6000-10,000 


CARDUACEAE. 


349 


ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  Bosworth’s  ranch,  Stove  Prairie;  mountains  between  Sun¬ 
shine  and  Ward;  Soldier  Canon. 

A  variety  with  linear  bracts  was  collected  in  Sheep  Canon. 

21.  Solidago  radulina  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Utah  and  Colo. — Alt. 
6000-8000  ft. — Meadow  Park;  Gunnison  Co. 

22.  Solidago  trinervata  Greene.  On  dry  plains  and  hills  from  S.  D.  and 
Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  7000-9500  ft. — Lower  Boulder  Canon;  Idaho 
Springs;  east  of  Laramie  River;  New  Windsor;  along  Bear  River,  below 
Steamboat  Springs;  Durango;  near  Mancos;  Iola;  southeast  of  Ouray;  Wol¬ 
cott;  west  of  Ouray;  between  Porter  and  Durango;  Elk  Canon;  Ft.  Collins; 
Poudre  River;  Black  Canon  of  the  Gunnison. 

23.  Solidago  mollis  Bartl.  (S.  nemoralis  incana  A.  Gray)  On  plains  from 
N.  D.  and  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Tex. — Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — Ft.  Collins ;  New 
Windsor;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta. 


20.  PETRADORIA  Greene. 

1.  Petradoria  pumila  (T.  &  G.)  Greene.  ( Solidago  pumila  T.  &  G.)  On 
high  mountains  from  Wyo.  and  Nev.  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — 
Durango;  Grand  Junction;  Cerro  Summit. 

21.  EUTHAMIA  Nutt. 

1.  Euthamia  occidentalis  Nutt.  ( Solidago  occidentalis  Nutt.)  In  moist 
ground  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to  N.  M.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — 
Hotchkiss,  Delta  Co.;  Sterling;  Deer  Run;  Olathe,  Delta  Co.;  Hotchkiss; 
Delta. 

22.  OLIGONEURON  Small. 

1.  Oligoneuron  canescens  Rydb.  ( Solidago  rigida  humilis  Porter)  On 
prairies  and  river  valleys  from  Sask.  and  Mont,  to  Neb.  and  Colo. — Pagosa 
Springs ;  Hayden. 

23.  TOWNSENDIA  Hook. 

Bracts  acuminate. 

Stems  low  with  spreading  basal  branches,  which  surpass  it  in  length. 

1.  T.  grandidora. 

Stems  erect  or  nearly  so,  wholly  simple  below. 

Involucre  about  1.5  cm.  broad,  naked.  2.  T.  eximia. 

Involucre  about  2-3  cm.  broad,  generally  subtended  by  leaves. 

3.  T.  Vreelandii. 

Bracts  acute  or  obtuse. 

Stems  evident,  leafy. 

Stems  5-20  cm.  high ;  annuals  and  biennials. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  3-ranked ;  pubescence  of  the  stem  appressed ; 

leaves  linear.  4.  T.  Fendleri. 

Bracts  2-ranked ;  pubescence  of  the  stem  not  strictly  appressed ;  earlier 
leaves  spatulate.  5.  T.  strigosa. 

Stem  usually  evident,  but  short,  1-5  cm.  long ;  perennials. 

Leaves  more  or  less  cinereous. 

Pappus  of  the  rays  consisting  of  bristles  Vs-Yi  as  long  as  those  of  the 

disk-flowers.  6.  T.  incana. 

Pappus  of  the  rays  reduced  to  a  crown  of  short  squamellae. 

5.  T.  strigosa. 

7.  T.  glabella. 


Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 


350 


CARDUACEAE. 


Plant  acaulescent ;  heads  sessile  among  the  rosulate  leaves. 

Plant  glabrate,  cinereous  only  when  young ;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatulate. 
Bracts  broadly  lanceolate,  tinged  with  red. 

Bracts  obtuse ;  ray-flowers  with  a  very  short  pappus. 

8.  T.  Rothrockii. 

Bracts  acute  ;  pappus  of  disk-and  ray-flowers  alike.  9.  T.  Wilcoxiana. 
Bracts  narrowly  lanceolate,  mostly  green.  10.  T.  intermedia. 

Plant  permanently  cinerous ;  leaves  linear  or  linear-oblanceolate. 

11.  T.  exscapa. 

1.  Townsendia  grandiflora  Nutt.  On  plains  and  hills  from  S.  D.  and  Wyo. 
to  Ind.  Terr,  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-11,000  ft. — Morrison;  Manitou ;  South  Table 
Mountain ;  Ft.  Collins ;  Larimer  Co. ;  Red  Rock  Canon ;  Garden  of  the 
Gods;  Spring  Canon;  Boulder;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Pennock’s  mountain  ranch; 
Soldier  Canon. 

2.  Townsendia  eximia  A.  Gray.  On  mountain  sides  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and 
Ariz. — “  Colorado.” 

3.  Townsendia  Vreelandii  Rydb.  In  mountain  sides  and  in  valleys  of 
southern  Colo. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Veta  Pass;  Veta  Mountain;  West  Span¬ 
ish  Peak. 

4.  Townsendia  Fendleri  A.  Gray.  Gravelly  hills  in  N.  M.  and  Colo. — 
Roubadeaux  Pass ;  Salida ;  Arkansas  River,  near  Poncha  Pass. 

5.  Townsendia  strigosa  Nutt.  On  gravelly  hills  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Silver  Plume;  Mancos  ;  Hotchkiss. 

6.  Townsendia  incana  Nutt.  Mountains  and  hills  from  Wyo.  and  Utah  to 
N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Grand  Junction;  Rifle;  Palisades. 

7.  Townsendia  glabella  A.  Gray.  ( T .  Bakeri  Greene)  On  dry  hillsides 
of  Colo. — Alt.  about  8500  ft. — La  Pagosa;  Dix;  Los  Pinos  (Bayfield). 

8.  Townsendia  Rothrockii  A.  Gray.  On  mountains  of  southern  Colo. — 
Alt.  up  to  13,000  ft. — South  Park. 

9.  Townsendia  Wilcoxiana  Wood.  On  dry  plains  and  hills  from  Ind.  Terr, 
to  Colo. — San  Louis  Range. 

10.  Townsendia  intermedia  Rydb.  On  dry  plains  and  hills  from  Neb.  and 
Wyo.  to  Kans.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Lake  City;  Ft.  Collins; 
South  Park;  Colorado  City. 

11.  Townsendia  exscapa  (Richardson)  Porter.  ( T .  sericea  Hook.)  On 
dry  plains  from  Sask.  and  Mont,  to  Tex.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — 
Uncompahgre  Mountains,  near  Los  Pinos;  Denver;  New  Windsor;  Central 
City;  butte  five  miles  southwest  of  La  Veta;  mesas  near  Colorado  Springs; 
La  Veta;  Ft.  Collins;  Los  Pinos  (Bayfield);  plains  near  Denver;  Dixon 
Canon ;  hills  near  Arthur’s  Rock ;  Horsetooth  Gulch. 

24.  BRACHYACTIS  Ledeb. 

Bracts  oblong  or  oblong-linear,  obtuse.  1.  B.  frondosa. 

Bracts  narrowly  linear,  acute.  2.  B.  angusta. 

1.  Brachyactis  frondosa  (Nutt.)  A.  Gray.  ( Aster  frondosus  T.  &  G.) 
Along  streams  and  pools  from  Wyo.  and  Ida.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Hotchkiss, 
Delta  Co. 

2.  Brachyactis  angusta  (T.  &  G.)  Britton.  ( Aster  angustus  T.  &  G.)  In 
wet  saline  soil  from  Ills.,  Sask.  and  Alb.  to  Mo.,  Colo,  and  Utah. — Blue  River, 
above  Kremmling;  New  Windsor;  Hotchkiss. 


CARDUACEAE. 


351 


25.  XYLORRHIZA  Nutt. 

Leaves  not  spinulose-toothed. 

Leaves  spatulate,  cuspidate. 

Leaves  linear-oblanceolate,  acute. 

Leaves  spinulose-toothed. 

Ligules  8-10  mm.  long. 

Ligules  15-20  mm.  long. 


1.  X.  venusta. 

2.  X.  villosa. 

3.  X.  coloradensis. 

4.  X.  Brandegei. 


1.  Xylorrhiza  venusta  (Jones)  Heller.  ( Aster  venustus  Jones)  In  dry 
places  in  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. — Cimarron ;  Hotchkiss. 

2.  Xylorrhiza  villosa  Nutt.  ( Aster  Xylorrhiza  T.  &  G.)  In  rocky  places 
and  clayey  soil  in  Wyo.  and  Colo. — North  of  Craig,  Routt  Co. 

3.  Xylorrhiza  coloradensis  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Aster  coloradensis  A.  Gray) 
In  the  higher  mountains  of  Colo. — South  Park. 

4.  Xylorrhiza  Brandegei  Rydb.  On  high  peaks  in  southern  Colo. — Alt. 
12,000  ft. — San  Juan  Pass. 


26.  UNAMIA  Greene. 

1.  Unamia  ptarmicoides  (Nees)  Greene.  ( Aster  ptarmicoides  T.  &  G.) 
On  rocky  banks  and  bluffs  from  Mass,  and  Sask.  to  N.  Y.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
4000-7000  ft. — Canon  on  east  side  of  Cheyenne  Mountain;  Horsetooth  Moun¬ 
tains;  Soldier  Canon;  Table  Rock. 

27.  EUCEPHALUS  Nutt. 

Bracts  all  thin  and  acute,  villous-ciliate  on  the  margins ;  style-appendages  subulate. 

1.  E.  Engelmannii. 

Bracts  firmer,  merely  ciliolate ;  the  outer  obtuse ;  style-appendages  obtuse. 

Inner  bracts  acute.  2.  E.  glaucus. 

All  bracts  obtuse  or  mucronate.  3.  E.  formosus. 

1.  Eucephalus  Engelmannii  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Aster  Engelmannii  A. 
Gray)  In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Wash. — Alt. 
6000-10,000  ft. — Sierra  Madre;  Steamboat  Springs;  Crested  Butte;  Four-mile 
Hill,  Routt  Co. ;  between  Pallas  and  Sydney ;  MacIntyre  Creek,  Larimer  Co. ; 
Ruby;  Fish  Creek  Falls;  summit  of  North  Park  Range,  Routt  Co. 

2.  Eucephalus  glaucus  Nutt.  ( Aster  glaucus  T.  &  G.)  In  the  mountains 
of  Wyo.,  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek; 
Gray’s  Peak;  Bosworth’s  ranch;  Black  Canon;  Durango;  chaparral-covered 
hills  southeast  of  Ouray;  about  Ouray;  Grand  Lake;  Home;  Pagosa  Springs; 
mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Roaring  Fork,  Larimer  Co. 

3.  Eucephalus  formosus  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about 
9500  ft. — Near  Pagosa  Peak. 


28.  ASTER  L. 

Involucres  and  peduncles  glandular. 

Bracts  narrowly  linear,  almost  equal  in  length.  I.  Campestres. 

Bracts  thick,  oblanceolate,  well  imbricated.  II.  Oblongifolii. 

Involucres  and  peduncles  not  glandular. 

Outer  bracts  neither  foliaceous  nor  equalling  or  surpassing  the  inner. 

Bracts  more  or  less  pubescent  on  the  back. 

Bracts  not  bristle-pointed. 

Heads  solitary ;  plant  less  than  3  dm.  high ;  leaves  oblanceolate  or  the 
upper  linear.  III.  Alpini. 

Heads  corymbose  or  paniculate. 


352 


CARDUACEAE. 


Plants  less  than  i  dm.  high,  glabrous  up  to  the  villous  inflorescence. 

IV.  Andini. 

Plants  2-6  dm.  high ;  pubescence  of  the  stem  and  leaves  hirsute  or 
strigose,  usually  scant.  V.  Grisei. 

Bracts  bristle-pointed.  VI.  Multiflori. 

Bracts  glabrous,  except  the  ciliate  margins. 

Bracts  linear,  oblong  or  lanceolate,  all  acute  or  acutish. 

Lower  leaves  long-petioled ;  blades  cordate  or  ovate  (rarely  broadly 
lanceolate),  usually  more  or  less  serrate.  VII.  Sagittifolii. 

Lower  leaves  oblanceolate,  linear,  or  lanceolate. 

Plants  perfectly  glabrous  throughout. 

Bracts  whitish-coriaceous  below  and  with  a  distinctly  rhombic 
green  tip  above ;  upper  leaves  auriculate-clasping. 

VIII.  Laeves. 

Bracts  linear-subulate,  green  throughout ;  leaves  narrowly  linear, 
not  clasping.  IX.  Porteriani. 

Upper  part  of  the  stem  and  peduncles  with  at  least  pubescent  lines. 
Heads  usually  numerous  in  a  leafy  panicle  or  compound  corymb. 
Stem  only  with  pubescent  lines. 

Bracts  narrowly  oblanceolate  with  rhombic  tips ;  leaves  thickish, 
the  lower  often  triple-nerved.  X.  Subracemosi. 

Bracts  linear  to  subulate  with  narrow  linear-oblanceolate  green 
backs  or  the  outer  wholly  green ;  leaves  thin,  never  triple- 
nerved.  XI.  Salicifolii. 

Stem  at  least  above  pubescent  on  all  sides.  XII.  Lonchophylli. 

Heads  few  in  a  naked  small  corymb.  XIII.  Occidentales. 

Bracts  oblanceolate,  the  outer  obtuse.  XIV.  Adscendentes. 

Outer  bracts  foliaceous,  equalling  or  surpassing  the  inner. 

Heads  rather  numerous  in  an  open  leafy  panicle.  XV.  Fulcrati. 

Heads  few,  in  a  usually  simple,  racemose  or  corymbose  inflorescence  with 
nearly  erect  branches.  XVI.  Foliacei. 

I.  Campestres. 


1.  A.  Novae- Angliae. 

2.  A.  campestris. 


Leaves  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate. 

Leaves  linear. 

II.  Oblongifolii. 

Leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate. 

Leaves  scabrous-hirsutulous,  mostly  spreading  or  reflexed. 

3.  A.  Kumleinii. 

Leaves  glabrous,  except  the  bristly-ciliate  margins,  ascending. 

4.  A.  Fendleri. 

Leaves  linear  or  the  lower  ones  oblanceolate.  5.  A.  paucidorus. 


One  species. 
One  species. 


III.  Alpini. 

IV.  Andini. 
V.  Grisei. 


6.  A.  alpinus. 

7.  A.  andinus. 


Leaves  rather  copiously  and  permanently  appressed-hirsutulous. 

Plant  3-4  dm.  high  ;  stem  retrorse-hirsute  below.  8.  A.  griseus. 

Plant  1-1.5  dm.  high;  hairs  of  the  stem  not  retrorse.  9.  A.  griseolus. 

Leaves  sparingly  strigose  and  glabrate  in  age,  or  perfectly  glabrous,  except  the 
hispidulous-ciliate  margins. 

Bracts  with  green  tips  and  mid-veins. 

Stem  stout;  leaves  oblanceolate.  10.  A.  Underwoodii. 

Stem  slender ;  leaves  narrowly  linear-oblanceolate  or  linear. 

Leaves  firm;  bracts  with  thick  tips.  11.  A.  vallicola. 

Leaves  and  bracts  thin.  12.  A.  Nelsonii. 

Outer  bracts  green  almost  throughout.  13.  A.  violaceus. 


CARDUACEAE. 


353 


VI.  Multiflori. 


Pubescence  of  the  stem  spreading  or  reflexed. 

Heads  less  than  5  mm.  high.  14.  A.  exiguus. 

Heads  6-8  mm.  high.  15.  A.  crassulus. 

Pubescence  of  the  stem  appressed  or  ascending. 

Bracts  very  unequal  in  length,  well  imbricated,  the  outer  much  shorter. 

Bracts  narrowly  oblanceolate,  acutish,  especially  the  inner. 

16.  A.  multiUorus. 

Bracts  broadly  oblanceolate  or  the  outer  spatulate,  very  obtuse. 

17.  A.  polycephalus. 

Bracts  almost  equal  in  length  or  the  outer  sometimes  longer ;  heads  few  or 
solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 

Bracts  thick,  very  squarrose ;  leaves  thick,  densely  strigose. 

18.  A.  commutatus. 

Bracts  thin,  not  squarrose ;  leaves  sparingly  strigose,  in  age  often  glabrate. 

19.  A.  falcatus. 


VII.  Sagittifolii. 


One  species. 


VIII.  Laeves. 


20.  A.  Lindleyanus. 


Green  tips  of  the  bracts  broadly  rhombic ;  leaves  of  the  branches  much  reduced. 

21.  A.  laevis. 

Green  tips  of  the  bracts  narrowly  rhombic  or  rhombic-oblanceolate ;  leaves  of 
the  branches  gradually  but  not  conspicuously  reduced.  22.  A.  Geyeri. 

IX.  P  ORTERIANI. 

One  species.  23.  A.  Porteri. 

X.  SUBRACEMOSI. 


Inflorescence  falsely  racemose  ;  leaves  linear  to  oblanceolate. 

24.  A.  subracemosus. 


XI.  Salicifolii. 


Inflorescence  elongated,  not  flat-topped. 

Heads  numerous  in  a  much  branched  panicle  ;  bracts  not  with  white  mid-ribs. 
Leaves  distinctly  toothed. 

Disk  of  the  head  about  1  cm.  high  and  broad ;  leaves  thickish. 

25.  A.  salicifolius. 

Disk  6-8  mm.  high  and  broad;  leaves  thin.  26.  A.  paniculatus. 

Leaves  entire,  rarely  denticulate. 

All  bracts  narrowly  linear ;  branches  ascending ;  rays  purplish. 

Bracts  almost  linear-filiform,  more  or  less  squarrous. 

27.  A.  hesperius. 

Bracts  linear,  erect.  28.  A.  coerulescens. 

Outer  bracts  broader  than  the  inner,  oblanceolate ;  branches  more  di¬ 
vergent. 

Rays  usually  white.  29.  A.  Osterhoutii. 

Rays  purple.  30.  A.  fluviatilis. 

Heads  fewer;  bracts  with  white  mid-ribs.  31.  A.  laetevirens. 

Inflorescence  more  or  less  flat-topped. 

Leaves  lanceolate  to  linear-lanceolate,  firm  ;  heads  numerous. 


Leaves  narrowly  linear,  thin ;  heads  few. 


32.  A.  corymbiformis. 

33.  A.  longulus. 


One  species. 

One  species. 
23 


XII.  Lonchophylli. 

XIII.  OCCIDENTALES. 


34.  A.  lonchophyllus. 

35.  A.  Fremontii. 


354 


CARDUACEAE. 


XIV.  Adscendentes. 

Heads  few  in  a  simple  corymb,  less  than  i  cm.  high ;  upper  leaves  much  reduced ; 

stem  2- 3  dm.  high,  slender.  36.  A.  armeriaefolius. 

Heads  many  in  a  leafy  panicle. 

Heads  about  1  cm.  high ;  stem-leaves  thick,  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate. 

3 7.  A.  Tzueedyi. 

Heads  less  than  1  cm.  high  ;  stem-leaves  linear  or  narrowly  linear-oblanceolate. 
Lower  leaves  oblanceolate ;  bracts  glabrous,  except  the  ciliate  margins ; 

plant  1-3  dm.  high.  38.  A.  adscendens. 

Lower  leaves  narrowly  linear-oblanceolate. 

Plant  low,  2-3  dm.  high,  with  a  ligneous  caudex ;  bracts  usually  hairy  on 
the  back.  11.  A.  vallicola. 

Plant  3-6  dm.  high,  from  a  more  or  less  branched  rootstock. 

Bracts  more  or  less  hairy  on  the  back.  12.  A.  Nelsonii. 

Bracts  glabrous  except  the  ciliate  margins.  39.  A.  Nuttallii. 

XV.  Fulcrati. 

Outer  bracts  much  exceeding  the  disk ;  some  twice  as  long. 

40.  A.  fulcratus. 

Outer  bracts  seldom  exceeding  the  disk.  41.  A.  Eatonii. 


XVI.  Foliosi. 

Plant  tall,  4-8  dm.  high. 

Bracts  mainly  linear  or  linear-lanceolate. 

Outer  bracts  broadly  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate. 
Outer  bracts  mostly  acute. 

Outer  bracts  mostly  obtuse. 

Plant  low,  1-2  dm.  high. 


42.  A.  frondeus. 

43.  A.  Canbyi. 

44.  A.  Burkei. 

45.  A.  apricus. 


1.  Aster  Novae-Angliae  L.  Low  ground  from  Canada  to  S.  C.,  Colo,  and 
Sask. — Canon  City. 

2.  Aster  campestris  Nutt.  In  valleys  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and 
Ore. — Alt.  up  to  9000  ft. — Breckenridge ;  Dillon ;  Manitou ;  Laramie  River, 
Larimer  Co. 

3.  Aster  Kumleinii  Fries.  (A.  oblongifolius  rigidulus  A.  Gray)  On  dry 
plains  and  prairies  from  Minn,  to  S.  D. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Near  Bent’s  Fort; 
Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta. 

4.  Aster  Fendleri  A.  Gray.  On  plains  and  sandhills  from  Kans.  and  Colo, 
to  N.  M. — Alt.  up  to  7000  ft. — Arkansas  River,  above  Canon  City. 

5.  Aster  pauciflorus  Nutt.  Wet  saline  soil  from  Sask.  to  S.  D.,  N.  M.  and 
Ariz. — Warm  soda  springs  in  Animas  Valley. 

6.  Aster  alpinus  L.  In  arctic  and  alpine  places  from  Mackenzie  and  Alaska 
to  Colo. — Alt.  12,000  ft. — Berthoud  Pass. 

7.  Aster  andinus  Nutt.  On  alpine  peaks  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Gray’s  Peak; 
Mt.  Harvard. 

8.  Aster  griseus  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — 
Doyles. 

9.  Aster  griseolus  Rydb.  On  the  higher  mountains  of  Colo. — Mt.  Harvard  ; 
Twin  Lakes;  Breckenridge. 

10.  Aster  Underwoodii  Rydb.  On  high  mountains  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — 
Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Ironton  Park,  nine  miles  south  of  Ouray;  Eldora  and 
Baltimore. 

11.  Aster  vallicola  Greene.  In  the  mountains  from  Wyo.  and  Nev.  to  Colo. 
— Alt.  7000-8500  ft. — Alamosa  ;  Sargent ;  Pagosa  Springs ;  southeast  of  Ouray. 

12.  Aster  Nelsonii  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Alt.  7000- 
8000  ft. — Iola ;  Buena  Vista. 


CARDUACEAE. 


355 


13.  Aster  violaceus  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Mt.  Harvard. 

14.  Aster  exiguus  (Fern.)  Rydb.  (A.  ciliatus  Muhl.)  On  prairies  and 
plains  from  Vt.  and  Wash,  to  Pa.  and  Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — Ft.  Collins; 
Olathe ;  Gypsum ;  Sunset  Canon. 

15.  Aster  crassulus  Rydb.  On  plains  from  N.  D.  and  Ida.  to  Colo,  and 
Calif.  (?) — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Near  Denver,  Platte  River;  La  Veta;  Gun¬ 
nison  ;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co. ;  Seldon ;  along  Bear  River,  below  Steamboat 
Springs ;  Pagosa  Springs ;  Gypsum ;  Ft.  Collins ;  Hotchkiss. 

16.  Aster  multiflorus  Ait.  On  prairies  and  sterile  ground  from  Me.  and 
Mont,  to  Ga.  and  Mex. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Near  Bent’s  Fort;  Ft.  Collins. 

17.  Aster  polycephalus  Rydb.  (A.  scoparius  D.  C. ;  not  Nees)  On  plains 
and  hills  from  Alb.  and  Neb.  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Colorado 
Springs;  McCoy;  Twin  Lakes;  Ft.  Collins;  Trail  Glen;  Westcliffe;  Salida; 
Olathe;  Poudre  River;  Baxter’s  ranch;  Poudre  Canon. 

18.  Aster  commutatus  A.  Gray.  On  plains  and  river  banks  from  Minn,  to 
Wyo.,  to  Kans.  and  Nev. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Colorado  Springs;  Gunnison; 
Westcliffe. 

19.  Aster  falcatus  Lindl.  In  valleys  from  Mackenzie  and  Alaska  to  Colo. 
— Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Doyles ;  Gunnison  Co. ;  near  Colorado  City. 

20.  Aster  Lindleyanus  T.  &  G.  In  valleys  from  Lab.  and  B.  C.  to  N.  H. 
and  Colo. — Poudre  near  La  Porte. 

21.  Aster  laevis  L.  In  open  woodlands  from  Ont.  and  Sask.  to  La.  and 
N.  M. — Westcliffe;  Tobe  Miller’s  ranch;  Poudre  River;  Ft.  Collins;  Ruxton 

Dell. 

22.  Aster  Geyeri  (A.  Gray)  Howell.  (A.  laevis  Geyeri  A.  Gray)  Valleys 
from  Alb.  and  Wash,  to  Colo. — Alt.  6000-8000  ft. — Cheyenne  Mountain ; 
North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co.;  mountains,  Larimer  Co.;  near 
Pagosa  Peak;  Engelmann  Canon;  Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  Ft.  Collins; 
Redstone;  Poudre  River;  Bosworth’s  ranch;  Palmer  Lake. 

23.  Aster  Porteri  A.  Gray.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. 
— Golden;  Lower  Boulder  Canon;  Minnehaha;  Idaho  Springs;  North  Chey¬ 
enne  Canon ;  Ft.  Collins ;  Bosworth’s  ranch ;  Cheyenne  Mountain ;  between 
Sunshine  and  Ward ;  canon  west  of  Palmer  Lake. 

24.  Aster  subracemosus  Rydb.  In  valleys  from  Mont,  and  Colo. — Alt.  7500- 
8500  ft. — Southeast  of  Ouray;  North  Park. 

25.  Aster  salicifolius  Lam.  On  wooded  banks  from  Me.  and  Ass.  to  Fla., 
Tex.  and  Colo. — New  Windsor;  North  Park;  Ft.  Collins. 

26.  Aster  paniculatus  Lam.  On  wooded  banks  from  N.  B.  and  N.  D.  to 
Va.,  Kans.  and  Colo. — Gypsum. 

27.  Aster  hesperius  A.  Gray.  Along  streams  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. 
— New  Windsor. 

28.  Aster  coerulescens  DC.  (A.  salicifolius  coerulescens  A.  Gray)  On 
rocky  banks  from  Wyo.  to  Tex.  and  Colo. — New  Windsor;  Ft.  Collins; 
Olathe,  Montrose  Co.;  Gypsum;  Poudre  River;  Home. 

29.  Aster  Osterhoutii  Rydb.  Along  ditches  in  northern  Colo. — New  Wind¬ 
sor. 

30.  Aster  fluviatilis  Osterhout.  Along  streams  in  Colo. — New  Windsor. 

31.  Aster  laetevirens  Greene.  Along  streams  in  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Home; 
Dale  Creek,  Larimer  Co. 


356 


CARDUACEAE. 


32.  Aster  corymbiformis  Rydb.  In  meadows  in  Colo. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — 
Parlin,  Gunnison  Co.;  Ft.  Collins;  Westcliffe;  Denver. 

33.  Aster  longulus  Sheldon.  In  wet  meadows  from  Minn,  and  Alb.  to  Neb. 
and  Colo. — Twin  Lakes;  Westcliffe. 

34.  Aster  lonchophyllus  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  8000- 
10,000  ft. — Crested  Butte ;  Gore  Pass. 

35.  Aster  Fremontii  A.  Gray.  In  valleys  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  9000- 
12,000  ft. — Cameron  Pass;  Breckenridge ;  Michigan;  Trappers’  Lake;  Ironton 
Park,  nine  miles  south  of  Ouray;  Sherwood’s;  Laramie  River;  Robinson; 
Twin  Lakes;  Marshall  Pass;  Ruxton  Park;  Lake  City. 

36.  Aster  armeriaefolius  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — 
Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Doyles ;  Marshall  Pass ;  Laramie  River,  Larimer  Co. ; 
Grizzly  Creek ;  Bosworth’s  ranch,  Stove  Prairie. 

37.  Aster  Tweedyi  Rydb.  In  valleys  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  about  5000 
ft. — Near  Laramie  River,  Larimer  Co. 

38.  Aster  adscendens  Lindl.  In  valleys  from  Ass.  to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt. 
8000-10,000  ft. — Near  Empire;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Ft. 
Collins ;  Grizzly  Creek. 

39.  Aster  Nuttallii  T.  &  G.  (A.  orthophyllus  Greene)  In  the  mountains 
from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Gunnison;  Ft.  Collins; 
Cerro  Summit ;  Montrose. 

40.  Aster  fulcratus  Greene.  In  valleys  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  9000  ft. — Near 
Pagosa  Peak. 

41.  Aster  Eatonii  (A.  Gray)  Howell.  (A.  foliaceus  Eatonii  A.  Gray; 
Brachyactis  hybrida  Greene)  In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  and  B.  C.  to 
Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  about  5000-8000  ft. — Poudre  River;  Gunnison;  Upper 
Arkansas ;  Cheyenne  Canon. 

42.  Aster  frondeus  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  (A.  foliaceus  frondeus  A.  Gray; 
Aster  glastifolius  Greene)  In  the  mountains  from  Ida.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo, 
and  Nev. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Empire;  near  Laramie  River,  Larimer  Co.; 
Ruxton  Dell ;  near  Pagosa  Peak ;  Mt.  Harvard. 

43.  Aster  Canbyi  Vasey.  In  the  mountains  of  Cplo. — Alt.  8000-11,000  ft. — 
Crested  Butte;  McCoy;  near  Grand  Lake;  Mt.  Harvard;  mountains  between 
Laramie  River  and  North  Park;  Gypsum;  Berthoud  Pass;  canon  west  of 
Palmer  Lake. 

44.  Aster  Burkei  (A.  Gray)  Howell.  (A.  foliaceus  Burkei  A.  Gray)  In 
the  mountains  from  Wyo.  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Robinson;  Steam¬ 
boat  Springs ;  Hotchkiss. 

45.  Aster  apricus  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  (A.  foliaceus  apricus  A.  Gray)  On 
alpine  peaks  from  Mont,  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Ore. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — 
Gray’s  Peak;  Twin  Lakes;  Westcliffe;  Boreas;  Buffalo  Pass;  Empire;  Bert¬ 
houd  Pass ;  Grizzly  Creek. 

29.  MACHAERANTHERA  Nees. 

Leaves  twice  pinnatifid ;  root  annual;  achenes  terete.  1.  M.  tanacetifolia. 

Leaves  spinulose-toothed ;  plant  perennial  or  biennal ;  achenes  compressed. 

Bracts  linear-subulate ;  green  tips  of  most  of  them  longer  than  the  straw- 
colored  lower  portion,  squarrose-reflexed. 

Stem  and  inflorescence  distinctly  viscid. 


CARDUACEAE. 


357 


Stem-leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong,  usually  distinctly  triple-veined. 

Leaves  thin,  coarsely  but  not  saliently  toothed  ;  bracts  over  i  mm.  wide. 

2.  M.  Bigelovii. 

Leaves  thick  with  salient  teeth ;  plant  very  glandular ;  bracts  less  than 
i  mm.  wide. 

Achenes  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent ;  stem  glabrous  below. 

3.  M.  varians. 

Achenes  strigose ;  stem  glandular  hispid  throughout. 

4.  M.  aspera. 

Stem-leaves  linear  or  oblanceolate,  i-veined. 

Plant  2-5  dm.  high  ;  heads  numerous  or  several  in  a  panicle  or  raceme. 
Basal  leaves  spatulate,  coarsely  but  not  saliently  toothed  or  entire ; 

inflorescence  divaricate.  5.  M.  viscosa. 

Basal  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  saliently  toothed ;  inflorescence 
narrow ;  plant  about  2  dm.  high.  6.  M.  viscosula. 

Plant  1-2  (seldom  3)  dm.  high ;  heads  solitary  or  few ;  basal  leaves 
broadly  spatulate,  toothed.  7.  M.  Pattersonii. 

Stem  strigose-puberulent ;  involucre  slightly  if  at  all  viscid. 

8.  M.  rubricaulis. 

Bracts  linear  with  lanceolate  or  rhombic  green  tips,  which  are  usually  much 
shorter  than  the  straw-colored  lower  portion. 

Leaves  cinereous. 

Bracts  canescent,  scarcely  at  all  viscid  or  glandular.  9.  M.  canescens. 
Bracts  densely  viscid  or  glandular,  especially  the  tips. 

10.  M.  pulverulenta. 

Leaves  glabrous,  or  glandular-hispid  or  scabrous,  not  cinereous. 

Stem  puberulent  or  glabrate,  glandular  only  on  the  inflorescence. 

Bracts  slightly  if  at  all  squarrose. 

Stem  slender  with  strongly  ascending  branches  ;  leaves  subentire. 

11.  M.  glabrella. 

Stem  divaricately  branched  ;  lower  leaves  sharply  toothed. 

12.  M.  ramosa. 

Bracts  strongly  reflexed-squarrose. 

Leaves  all,  except  those  of  the  smaller  branches,  toothed. 

13.  M.  Selby i. 

Leaves  all  entire.  14.  M.  spectabilis. 

Stem  densely  glandular-hispid. 

Bracts  more  or  less  glandular-pubescent  and  with  squarrose  tips. 

15.  M.  cichoriacea. 

Bracts  grayish  puberulent;  tips  not  squarrose.  16.  M.  Fremontii. 

1.  Machaeranthera  tanacetifolia  (H.  B.  K.)  Nees.  ( Aster  tanacetifolius 
H.  B.  K.)  In  moist  sandy  soil  from  S.  D.  and  Mont,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — 
Denver;  Wyoming  line;  foothills,  west  of  Ft.  Collins;  New  Windsor;  Pueblo; 
Rocky  Ford;  Spring  Canon. 

2.  Machaeranthera  Bigelovii  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Aster  Bigelovii  A.  Gray) 
On  plains  and  foot-hills  of  Colo,  and  N.  Mex. — Alt.  5000-6000  ft. — Boulder. 

3.  Machaeranthera  varians  Greene.  On  plains  and  mountains  of  Colo,  and 
N.  M. — Alt.  6000-8000  ft. — Hinsdale  Co. ;  Colorado  Springs ;  near  Pagosa 
Peak;  Bottomless  Pit,  Pike’s  Peak. 

4.  Machaeranthera  aspera  Greene.  On  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  8000- 
10,000  ft. — Manitou;  Ute  Pass;  Hinsdale  Co.;  Colorado  Springs;  Pike’s  Peak; 
Engelmann  Canon ;  Como ;  Georgetown ;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and 
Ward. 

5.  Machaeranthera  viscosa  (Nutt.)  Greene.  ( Aster  canescens  viscosus  A. 
Gray)  On  dry  hills  and  plains  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Calif.  (?) — Alt. 
6000-10,000  ft. — Colorado  Springs;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Rogers;  Grecian 
Bend,  Pike’s  Peak;  Trail  Glen;  Twin  Lakes;  Mt.  Harvard;  Table  Rock. 


358 


CARDUACEAE. 


6.  Machaeranthera  viscosula  Rydb.  On  plains  and  mountains  of  Colo. — 
Veta  Pass;  South  Park;  southeast  of  Jefferson. 

7.  Machaeranthera  Pattersonii  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Aster  Pattersonii  A. 
Gray)  In  moist  places  in  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  10,000-14,000  ft. — 
Caribou;  Gray’s  Peak  and  vicinity;  Silver  Plume;  Berthoud  Pass. 

8.  Machaeranthera  rubricaulis  Rydb.  On  plains,  table  lands  and  hills  of 
Colo. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — Platte  River;  Denver;  Colorado  Springs;  La  Veta; 
mountain  above  Andrews’  ranch;  south  of  Antonito. 

9.  Machaeranthera  canescens  (Pursh)  A.  Gray.  ( Aster  canescens  Pursh) 
On  sterile  ground  and  sandy  banks  from  Sask.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo. — North 
Park;  Honnold. 

10.  Machaeranthera  pulverulenta  (Nutt.)  Greene.  On  dry  plains  from 
Mont,  to  Colo. — Gypsum ;  North  Fork,  Larimer  Co. 

11.  Machaeranthera  glabella  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  7000- 
10,000  ft. — Black  Canon;  Gunnison;  southeast  of  Ouray;  White  River  Pla¬ 
teau;  Parlin;  Cerro  Summit. 

12.  Machaeranthera  ramosa  A.  Nels.  In  the  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. 
— Alt.  8000-9500  ft. — Pitkin  ;  Grizzly  Creek ;  Gypsum. 

13.  Machaeranthera  Selbyi  Rydb.  In  canons  and  meadows  in  Colo. — Alt. 
7500-9500  ft. — West  of  Ouray;  Mt.  Harvard. 

14.  Machaeranthera  spectabilis  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt. 
up  to  10,000  ft. — Marshall  Pass ;  Gypsum. 

15.  Machaeranthera  cichoriacea  Greene.  On  hills  and  mountains  from  Wyo. 
to  N.  M. — Alt.  4500-7500  ft. — Trail  Glen;  Westcliffe;  Ft.  Collins;  Twin 
Lakes ;  Deer  Run. 

16.  Machaeranthera  Fremontii  Rydb.  In  black  soil  of  river  bottoms,  Colo. 
— “  Platte  Waters.” 

30.  LEUCELENE  Greene. 

Upper  leaves  strigose,  slightly  glandular  and  not  conspicuously  hispid-ciliate. 
Lower  leaves  broadly  spatulate ;  upper  linear-subulate ;  branches  long  and 
slender.  1.  L.  arenosa. 

Leaves  all  linear-spatulate ;  branches  short.  2.  L.  serotina. 

Upper  leaves  conspicuously  hispid-ciliate,  copiously  glandular. 

Upper  leaves  linear-oblanceolate ;  the  lower  spatulate.  3.  L.  hirtella. 

Upper  leaves  linear-subulate ;  the  lower  linear  or  linear-oblanceolate. 

Leaves  of  the  branches  6-12  mm.  long.  4.  L.  alsinoides. 

Leaves  of  the  branches  2-5  mm.  long.  5.  L.  ericoides. 

1.  Leucelene  arenosa  Heller.  ( Aster  ericaefolius  tenuis  A.  Gray)  On  dry 
hills  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. ;  also  Mex. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Cimarron; 
Hotchkiss. 

2.  Leucelene  serotina  (Greene)  Rydb.  On  arid  hills  from  Colo,  and  Utah 
to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Canon  City. 

3.  Leucelene  hirtella  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Aster  ericaefolius  hirtella  A.  Gray) 
On  dry  hills  from  Wyo.  and  Utah  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Arboles;  Leroux  Creek; 
mountain  above  Manitou;  Palisades;  Grand  Junction. 

4.  Leucelene  alsinoides  Greene.  On  dry  hills  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  N.  M. 
— Alt.  up  to  8000  ft. — Salida ;  Rocky  Ford,  Otero  Co. ;  Walsenburg. 

5.  Leucelene  ericoides  (Torr.)  Greene.  ( Aster  ericaefolius  Rothr.)  On 
dry  hills  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  N.  M. — “Colorado”  {James). 


CARDUACEAE. 


359 


31.  ERIGERON  L.  Fleabane. 


Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  1-2  series  of  almost  equal  length,  not  thickened  on 
the  back. 

Rays  inconspicuous,  erect  or  ascending,  usually  involute  and  incurved,  numer¬ 
ous  ;  often  inside  them  a  series  of  rayless  pistillate  flowers ;  leaves  entire. 

I.  Acres. 

Rays  conspicuous,  spreading,  flat ;  no  rayless  pistillate  flowers  inside. 

Plant  without  runners. 

Perennials. 

Leaves  dissected  or  deeply  cleft.  II.  Multifidi. 

Leaves  entire  or  merely  toothed. 

Stems  low,  less  than  2  dm.  high,  scapiform,  usually  bearing  only  one 
head ;  stem-leaves  usually  reduced. 

Involucres  and  peduncles  villous  with  many-celled  hairs ;  bracts 
comparatively  broad.  III.  Uniflori. 

Involucres  and  peduncles  hirsute  to  glandular-puberulent  or  glabrate, 
not  long-villous.  IV.  Radicati. 

Stem  leafy,  2-10  dm.  high,  if  lower  bearing  several  heads;  stem- 
leaves  ample. 

Stems  densely  cespitose  from  a  thick  tap-root ;  heads  small ;  disk 
rarely  over  1  cm.  wide. 

Pappus  double ;  stem  hirsute.  V.  Pumili. 

Pappus  simple ;  stems  strigose.  VI.  Decumbentes. 

Stems  usually  solitary  from  the  ends  of  distinct  (sometimes  branched) 
rootstocks ;  heads  large ;  disk  over  1  cm.  wide. 

Bracts  loose  with  reflexed  tips ;  rays  broad ;  pappus  simple ;  lower 
leaves  broadly  oblanceolate,  the  upper  often  reduced. 

Bracts  villous.  VII.  Elatiores. 

Bracts  glandular-puberulent  or  glabrous. 

VIII.  Salsuginosi. 

Bracts  appressed,  except  the  very  tips ;  rays  narrow ;  pappus 
double. 

Upper  stem-leaves  ample,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  not  much  smaller 
than  the  lower,  which  are  more  or  less  distinctly  3-nerved ; 
peduncles  usually  short,  ascending.  IX.  Macranthi. 

Upper  stem-leaves  reduced,  linear-lanceolate ;  none  of  the 
leaves  3-nerved ;  peduncles  long  and  erect. 

X.  Glabelli. 


Annuals  or  biennials. 

Stem-leaves  not  cordate-clasping. 

Stems  rather  simple  with  a  few  large  heads ;  disks  about  1  cm.  or 
more  broad.  X.  Glabelli. 

Stems  much  branched,  leafy,  with  numerous  small  heads ;  disk  6-9 
mm.  broad. 

Stems  strigose,  except  at  the  base ;  pappus-bristles  of  the  rays 
usually  lacking.  XI.  Ramosi. 

Stems  and  leaves  densely  short-pubescent  with  spreading  hairs ; 
pappus-bristles  of  the  rays  present. 

Annuals ;  pappus  scant  and  simple.  XIII.  Bellidiastra. 

Biennials  (rarely  perennials)  ;  pappus  double,  the  outer  of  short 
subulate  squamellae.  XIV.  Divergentes. 

Stem-leaves  broad,  cordate-clasping.  XII.  Philadelphici. 

Plants  first  with  a  scapiform,  naked  peduncle,  later  producing  lateral  runner¬ 
like  branches.  XV.  Flagellares. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  3-4  series,  more  or  less  imbricated,  thickened  on  the 
back ;  the  outer  usually  successively  shorter. 

Achenes  terete  or  nearly  so,  several-nerved.  XVI.  Cani. 

Achenes  flattened  or  quadrangular,  2-4-nerved.  XVII.  Caespitosi. 


360 


CARDUACEAE. 


I.  Acres. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  linear,  abruptly  acute,  never  glandular ;  inflorescence 
racemiform  with  almost  erect  branches. 

Low,  1-2  dm.  high  ;  stem-leaves  sessile ;  peduncles  short. 

i.  E.  minor. 

Taller,  3-6  dm.  high,  lower  stem-leaves  petioled ;  basal  leaves  oblanceolate ; 
peduncles  elongated.  2.  E.  lonchophyllus. 

Bracts  of  the  inflorescence  linear-subulate,  long-attenuate,  and  more  or  less 
glandular-puberulent ;  inflorescence  inclined  to  be  corymbiform  or  paniculate  ; 
branches  ascending. 

Bracts  glandular-puberulent,  rarely  with  a  few  hairs.  3.  E.  droebachiensis. 
Bracts  hirsute  or  both  hirsute  and  glandular-puberulent. 

Plant  tall,  3-6  dm.  high,  apparently  only  biennial ;  heads  numerous. 

4.  E.  yellowstonensis. 

Plant  low,  1-3  dm.  high,  perennial ;  heads  few.  5.  E.  jucundus. 


II.  Multifidi. 


Leaves  pinnately  divided.  6.  E.  pinnatisectus. 

Leaves  once  to  thrice  ternately  divided. 

Leaves  twice  or  thrice  ternate. 

Ultimate  divisions  of  the  leaves  narrowly  linear ;  peduncles  with  long  linear 
leaves.  7.  E.  compositus. 

Ultimate  divisions  of  the  leaves  spatulate  or  broadly  oblanceolate  ;  peduncles 
naked  above  or  with  very  short  leaves.  8.  E.  multiddus. 

Leaves  once  ternate  or  quinate.  9.  E.  triddus. 

III.  Uniflori. 


Involucres  and  peduncles  with  black-purple  hairs. 
Involucres  and  peduncles  white-hairy. 

Plant  5-8  cm.  high;  disk  10-12  mm.  wide. 

Plant  1  dm.  high  or  more;  disk  13-15  mm.  wide. 


10.  E.  melanocephalus. 

11.  E.  unidorus. 

1 2.  E.  leucotrichus. 


IV.  Radicati. 

Involucre  glandular-puberulent  or  glabrate,  not  hirsute. 

Stem  and  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so.  13.  E.  leiomeris. 

Stem  and  leaves  pubescent  and  somewhat  glandular.  36.  E.  viscidus. 
Involucre  more  or  less  hirsute  or  strigose ;  in  some  also  slightly  glandular- 
puberulent. 

Leaves  and  stem  glandular-scabrous  as  well  as  hirsute. 

14.  E.  glandulosus. 

Leaves  and  stem  hirsute  or  strigose,  not  glandular. 

Stem  1  dm.  or  more  high,  appressed-pubescent ;  disk  over  1  cm.  wide ; 
branches  of  the  caudex  rather  slender,  purplish. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear-oblanceolate,  1-3  mm.  wide,  strigose. 

23.  E.  Engelmannii. 

Leaves  oblanceolate  to  linear-oblanceolate,  3-8  mm.  wide,  glabrous  above 
except  the  margins.  15.  E.  ursinns. 

Stem  4-7  cm.  high  ;  disk  less  than  1  cm.  wide  ;  caudex  and  its  branches  stout 
and  short,  not  purplish. 

Leaves  linear-oblanceolate  to  spatulate. 

Stem  with  appressed  hairs.  16.  E.  Peasei. 

Stem  with  more  or  less  spreading  hairs.  17.  E.  vetensis. 

Leaves  linear-filiform.  18.  E.  nematophyllus. 


V.  Pumilj. 

Rays  present. 

Ray-flowers  white  ;  the  outer  pappus  of  small  inconspicuous  bristles. 

19.  E.  pumilus. 

Ray-flowers  blue  or  purplish  ;  outer  pappus  conspicuous  and  squamellate. 

20.  E.  concinnus. 

Rays  wanting.  21.  E.  aphanactis. 


CARDUACEAE. 


361 


VI.  Decumbentes. 


Leaves  i -nerved,  linear-oblanceolate ;  the  lower  usually  obtusish. 

Plant  1.5-2  dm.  high;  pubescence  of  the  leaves  sparse,  loose. 

22.  E.  simulans. 

Plant  1  dm.  high  or  less,  usually  monocephalous ;  pubescence  dense  and 
appressed.  23.  E.  Engelmannii. 

Leaves  3-nerved,  at  least  at  the  base,  equally  long-acuminate  at  both  ends. 

24.  E.  microlonchus. 

VII.  Elatiores. 

Bracts  very  densely  villous ;  leaves  entire.  25.  E.  elatior. 

Bracts  sparingly  villous  ;  leaves  usually  dentate.  26.  E.  Coulteri. 

VIII.  Salsuginosi. 

One  species.  27.  E.  salsuginosus. 

IX.  Macranthi. 

Basal  leaf-blades  broadly  obovate-spatulate,  often  denticulate ;  stem-leaves  dis¬ 
tant,  shorter  than  the  internodes,  not  ciliate  on  the  margins  ;  bracts  glandular- 
puberulent,  seldom  with  a  few  hairs.  28.  E.  superbus. 

Basal  leaf-blades  oblanceolate,  entire  ;  stem-leaves  usually  longer  than  the  inter¬ 
nodes,  usually  ciliate  on  the  margins. 

Bracts  glandular-puberulent,  not  at  all  hirsute ;  leaves  glabrous. 

Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  dark  bluish  green  and  shining,  minutely  ciliolate. 

29.  E.  salicinus. 

Leaves  not  dark-green,  dull,  strongly  hirsute-ciliate.  30.  E.  macranthus. 
Bracts  more  or  less  hirsute. 

Stem  and  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  the  latter  ciliate  only  on  the  margins 
and  the  veins  below ;  bracts  glandular-puberulent  and  with  scattered  hairs. 

31.  E.  speciosus. 

Stem  and  leaves  hairy ;  bracts  hirsute  or  both  hirsute  and  glandular. 

Leaves  hirsute. 

Pubescence  scant ;  that  of  the  stem  long ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate. 

32.  E.  conspicuus. 

Pubescence  of  the  leaves  and  the  involucres  dense ;  that  of  the  stem  short. 
Plant  tall,  green ;  upper  stem-leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  dis¬ 
tinctly  triple-nerved.  33.  E.  subtrinervis. 

Plant  low,  canescent ;  upper  stem-leaves  lanceolate,  scarcely  triple- 
nerved.  34.  E.  inccinescens. 

Leaves  glandular-puberulent.  35.  E.  Vreelandii. 


X.  Glabelli. 


Involucres  glandular-puberulent,  sparingly  if  at  all  hairy. 

Stem  with  long  white  hairs  ;  the  upper  portion  glandular-hirsute. 

Lower  leaves  hairy ;  stem  low,  stout.  36.  E.  viscidus. 

Leaves  merely  ciliate  ;  stem  slender.  37.  E.  eximius. 

Stem  glabrous  ;  upper  portion  glandular-puberulent ;  leaves  glabrate. 

38.  E.  Smithii. 

Involucre  densely  hirsute  or  strigose. 

Bracts  hirsute. 

Leaves  glabrate  :  plant  evidently  a  perennial.  39.  E.  glabellas. 

Leaves  more  or  less  hairy  ;  plant  in  most  cases  apparently  only  biennial. 

40.  E.  consobrinus. 

Bracts  strigose  ;  basal  leaves  linear-oblanceolate,  denticulate. 

41.  E.  strigulosus. 


XI.  Ramosi. 


One  species. 


42.  E.  ramosus. 


One  species. 


XII.  Philadelphici. 


43.  E.  philadelphicus. 


362 


CARDUACEAE. 


One  species. 

Stem  simple  below. 

Stem  branched  at  the  base. 


XIII.  Bellidiastra. 

XIV.  Divergentes. 

XV.  Flagellares. 


44.  E.  Bellidiastrum. 

45.  E.  Wootonii. 

46.  E.  divergens. 


Leaves  and  stem  appressed-hairy.  4 7.  E.  flagellaris. 

Leaves  and  stem  densely  short-pubescent  with  spreading  hairs. 

Basal  leaves  oblanceolate,  entire,  or  3-lobed  at  the  apex ;  leaves  of  the  stolons 
linear ;  plant  gray.  48.  E.  cinereus. 

Basal  leaves  obovate-spatulate,  entire,  or  with  several  lateral  lobes  or  teeth ; 
leaves  of  the  stolons  oblanceolate ;  plant  greener.  49.  E.  nudidorus. 


XVI.  Can  1. 

Disk  of  the  heads  fully  1  cm.  high  and  about  1.5  cm.  wide;  basal  leaves  spatulate, 
obtuse.  50.  E.  argent atus. 

Disk  of  the  heads  7-8  mm.  high  and  about  1  cm.  wide ;  basal  leaves  oblanceolate, 
mostly  acutish.  51.  E.  canus. 

XVII.  Caespitosi. 

Stem  erect,  about  3  dm.  high,  usually  with  several  heads ;  stem-leaves  linear. 

52.  E.  subcanescens. 

Stem  decumbent  at  the  base,  1-2  dm.  high,  with  1-3  (seldom  more)  heads ; 
stem-leaves  oblong.  53.  E.  caespitosus. 

1.  Erigeron  minor  (Hook.)  Rydb.  ( E .  armeriaefolius  A.  Gray,  in  part; 

not  Turcz.)  In  damp  places  in  the  mountains  from  Sask.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo, 
and  Utah. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Lake  City;  Democrat  Mountain;  George¬ 
town;  South  Park;  Twin  Lakes;  Westcliffe;  Red  Mountain  road,  south  of 
Ouray;  Gunnison;  Palsgrove  Canon;  Clear  Lake;  Grand  River,  above  Kremm- 
ling ;  Grizzly  Creek ;  Pagosa  Springs ;  Buena  Vista ;  Buffalo  Pass ;  near 
Como;  Trappers’  Lake. 

2.  Erigeron  lonchophyllus  Hook.  ( E .  armeriaefolius  A.  Gray,  in  part)  In 
wet  places  in  the  mountains  from  Sask.  and  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt. 
8000-9000  ft. — Parlin;  Ruxton  Park,  Pike’s  Peak;  Higho;  Table  Rock; 
Gypsum  Creek;  Buena  Vista;  Grizzly  Creek;  Twin  Lakes. 

3.  Erigeron  droebachiensis  Muell.  ( E .  acris  Droebachiensis  Blytt)  In 
dry  woods  from  N.  B.  and  Alaska  to  Colo. — Breckenridge ;  Mt.  Harvard; 
Anita  Peak. 

4.  Erigeron  yellowstonensis  A.  Nels.  ( E .  acris  A.  Gray,  in  part;  not  L.) 
In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  9000-10,000  ft. — Breckenridge; 
Chambers’  Lake;  Beaver  Creek. 

5.  Erigeron  jucundus  Greene.  ( E .  acris  debilis  A.  Gray;  E.  debilis  Rydb.) 
In  wet  places,  especially  in  the  mountains,  from  Hudson  Bay  and  B.  C.  to 
Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  8000-11,000  ft. — Massif  de  l’Arapahoe;  Mt.  Baldy; 
headwaters  of  Clear  Creek ;  Georgetown ;  Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

6.  Erigeron  pinnatisectus  (A.  Gray)  A.  Nels.  ( E .  compositus  pinnatisectus 
A.  Gray)  On  the  higher  peaks  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  10,000-13,500  ft. — 
Hahn’s  Peak;  Cameron  Pass;  Pike’s  Peak;  near  Ironton,  San  Juan  Co.; 
Gray’s  Peak;  Mt.  Garfield;  Mt.  Harvard;  south  of  Ward,  Boulder  Co.;  above 
Boreas;  Bottomless  Pit;  Bald  Mountain;  Little  Kate  Mine,  La  Plata  Moun¬ 
tains;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Westcliffe;  Devil’s  Causeway;  Beaver  Creek. 


CARDUACEAE. 


363 


7.  Erigeron  compositus  Pursh.  On  the  mountains  from  Mont,  and  Yukon 
to  Colo,  and  Wash. — Alt.  8000-9000  ft. — Mountains  between  Sunshine  and 

I  Ward. 

8.  Erigeron  multifidus  Rydb.  On  the  higher  mountains  from  Ass.  and 
B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-12,500  ft. — Headwaters  of  Clear  Creek; 

I  Hinsdale  Co.;  West  Indian  Creek;  west  of  Ft.  Collins;  Calhan;  foot-hills, 
Larimer  Co.;  Marshall  Pass;  Sierra  Blanca;  Mt.  Abram;  Ouray;  Pike’s 
Peak ;  Stove  Prairie ;  Eldora  to  Baltimore ;  Rist  Canon ;  Barnes’  Camp ; 
gulch  east  of  Stove  Prairie;  Beaver  Creek;  Spicer. 

9.  Erigeron  trifidus  Hook.  On  high  mountains  from  Alb.  and  B.  C.  to 
Colo. — Table  Rock;  Spicer,  Larimer  Co. 

10.  Erigeron  melanocephalus  A.  Nels.  ( E .  oreocharis  Greene)  On  high 
mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  11,000-12,000  ft. — Massif  de  l’Arapahoe; 
Caribou;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Little  Kate  Mine,  La  Plata  Mountains; 
near  Pagosa  Peak ;  Sierra  Blanca ;  Mt.  Harvard ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Berthoud 
Pass ;  Argentine  Pass ;  summit  of  North  Park  Range,  Routt  Co. 

11.  Erigeron  uniflorus  L.  ( E .  simplex  Greene)  In  arctic  regions  and  on 
the  higher  peaks  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  10,000-13,000  ft. — 
Mt.  McClellan,  near  Gray’s  Peak;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Bottomless  Pit,  Pike’s 
Peak ;  Gray’s  Peak ;  above  Cameron  Pass ;  Marshall  Pass ;  Seven  Lakes ; 
South  Park;  Alpine  Tunnel;  mountain  northeast  of  Boreas. 

12.  Erigeron  leucotrichus  Rydb.  On  the  higher  mountains  of  Wyo.  and 
Colo. — Alt.  9000-12,000  ft. — Caribou;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Pike’s  Peak 
Valley;  Cameron  Pass;  Seven  Lakes;  Graymont;  Berthoud  Pass;  Beaver 
Creek. 

13.  Erigeron  leiomeris  A.  Gray.  ( E .  spathulifolius  Rydb.)  On  alpine  peaks 
from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Utah. — Alt.  10,000-12,000  ft. — Mt.  Kelso ;  near 
Gray’s  Peak ;  Lake  City ;  Redcliffe,  Eagle  Co. ;  mountains  above  Cameron 
Pass ;  Gray’s  Peak ;  Little  Kate  Mine,  La  Plata  Mountains ;  Ragged  Moun¬ 
tain,  Gunnison  Co. ;  Four-Mile  Hill,  Routt  Co. ;  Hahn’s  Peak ;  Rabbit-Ears, 
Larimer  Co. 

14.  Erigeron  glandulosus  Porter.  On  the  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — 
Alt.  6000-12,500  ft. — Hinsdale  Co.;  South  Park;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Georgetown; 
southeast  of  La  Veta;  east  slope  of  Pike’s  Peak;  Manitou ;  Garden  of  the 
Gods ;  near  Colorado  Springs ;  Palmer  Lake ;  Cheyenne  Canon ;  Lake  City ; 
Empire ;  Colorado  City. 

15.  Erigeron  ursinus  D.  C.  Eaton.  On  the  mountains  from  Mont,  and  Ida. 
to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Continental  Divide,  Routt  Co. ; 
Columbine;  summit  of  North  Park  Range,  Larimer  Co.;  Rabbit- Ears,  Lari¬ 
mer  Co. 

16.  Erigeron  Peasei  Rydb.  In  alpine  regions  of  Colo. — Lake  City. 

17.  Erigeron  vetensis  Rydb.  On  high,  dry  mountains  of  southern  Colo. — 
Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Mountain  near  Veta  Pass;  Ojo;  West  Spanish  Peak; 
Veta  Mountain;  North  Cheyenne  Canon. 

18.  Erigeron  nematophyllus  Rydb.  On  rocky  hills  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — 
Near  Dale  Creek,  Larimer  Co. 

19.  Erigeron  pumilus  Nutt.  On  the  plains  from  N.  D.  and  Wash,  to  Kans. 
and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Moon’s  ranch;  Cucharas  River,  La  Veta;  Ft. 
Collins;  Antonito;  New  Windsor;  Mancos;  Palisades;  Gypsum;  Quimby; 
Wray. 


364 


CARDUACEAE. 


20.  Erigeron  concinnus  (H.  &  A.)  T.  &  G.  On  arid  plains  and  hills  from 
Mont,  and  B.  C.  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Mancos ;  Grand 
Junction;  Los  Pinos  (Bayfield);  Durango;  Dolores. 

21.  Erigeron  aphanactis  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( E .  concinnus  aphanactis  A. 
Gray)  On  dry  plains  from  Colo,  and  Nev.  to  Calif. — Antonito;  Grand  Junc¬ 
tion. 

22.  Erigeron  simulans  Greene.  ( E .  Engelmannii  arenicola  A.  Nels.)  On 
dry  hills  and  sandy  flats  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  6000-8000  ft. — 
Glenwood  Springs  ;  Cimarron  ;  Gunnison  ;  Salida ;  Buena  Vista. 

23.  Erigeron  Engelmannii  A.  Nels.  On  dry  plains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — 
Gunnison;  Gypeum;  Table  Rock. 

24.  Erigeron  microlonchus  Greene.  On  dry  plains  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. — Cimarron. 

25.  Erigeron  elatior  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( E .  grandidorum  elatior  A.  Gray) 
In  wet  places  in  the  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — Red 
Mountain;  Silver  Plume;  Mt.  Baldy;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  east  side  of  Bald 
Mountain ;  Georgetown ;  Rabbit-Ear  Pass ;  White  River  Plateau ;  Steamboat 
Springs;  near  Teller,  North  Park;  Ruby;  Villa  Park;  Boreas;  Leroux  Park; 
Rabbit-Ear  Range,  Routt  Co. ;  near  Empire ;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek ; 
Robinson ;  Red  Mountain ;  Silver  Plume ;  Berthoud  Pass. 

26.  Erigeron  Coulteri  Porter.  In  damp  places  in  the  mountains  of  Colo, 
and  Utah. — Alt.  9000-12,000  ft. — Lake  City;  Hinsdale  Co.;  Bard  Valley,  near 
Empire ;  Bob  Creek,  west  of  Mt.  Hesperus ;  Rabbit-Ear  Pass ;  La  Plata 
Canon;  Leroux  Creek,  Delta  Co.;  East  River;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Red  Moun¬ 
tain,  about  Ouray;  Ironton,  San  Juan  Co.;  Mt.  Harvard;  Ironton  Park,  nine 
miles  south  of  Ouray;  Silverton;  Berthoud  Pass. 

27.  Erigeron  salsuginosus  (Richardson)  A.  Gray.  In  wet  ground  from 
Alb.  and  Alaska  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  9000-12,000  ft. — Middle  Park; 
Chambers’  Lake ;  Georgetown ;  near  Pagosa  Peak ;  Minnehaha ;  Lake  Mo¬ 
raine;  Cameron  Pass;  Marshall  Pass;  mountains  above  Ouray;  Hahn’s  Peak; 
Mt.  Harvard;  Red  Mountain;  Ruby;  Ruxton  Park,  Pike’s  Peak;  Silver 
Plume;  Beaver  Creek;  Trappers’  Lake;  Berthoud  Pass;  Buffalo  Pass;  Gray’s 
Peak;  between  Como  and  Boreas;  Twin  Lakes;  Devil’s  Causeway;  summit 
of  North  Park  Range,  Larimer  Co. ;  Hahn’s  Peak. 

Erigeron  salsuginosus  glacialis  (Nutt.)  A.  Gray.  In  the  higher  mountains 
from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Utah. — Alt.  9000-12,000  ft. — High  Mountains,  near 
Empire;  Caribou;  Veta  Pass. 

28.  Erigeron  superbus  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  7500-12,000 
ft. — Mountains  near  Empire;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Minnehaha;  Breckenridge ; 
Villa  Grove;  Idaho  Springs;  Artist’s  Glen  and  Halfway  House,  Pike’s  Peak; 
Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  Baxter’s  ranch;  chaparral-covered  hills  southeast 
of  Ouray;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Stove  Prairie  Hill;  Mar¬ 
shall  Pass. 

29.  Erigeron  salicinus  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  10.000 
ft. — Pagosa  Springs ;  Keblar  Pass  ;  Narrows. 

30.  Erigeron  macranthus  Nutt.  In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  and  B.  C.  to 
Colo.,  Utah  and  Ore. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Lake  City;  Platte  River;  west 
of  Ouray;  Jack’s  Cabin;  Steamboat  Springs;  Keblar  Pass;  Durango;  Cerro 
Summit;  mountains,  Larimer  Co.;  La  Veta;  La  Plata  Canon;  Mancos;  Sun- 


CARDUACEAE. 


365 


set,  Boulder  Co.;  Four-mile  Hill,  Routt  Co.;  Andrews’  Shetland  ranch;  Mt. 
Abram,  Ouray;  southeast  of  Ouray;  Veta;  Bosworth’s  ranch;  Poudre  Canon, 
near  Narrows;  Table  Rock;  Little  Muddy;  Hotchkiss;  Eldora  to  Baltimore; 
Stove  Prairie;  Redstone;  Cheyenne  Canon;  Palmer  Lake;  Bosworth’s  ranch, 
Stove  Prairie;  gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon;  Vance  Junction;  Hahn’s  Peak; 
Willow  Creek;  Steamboat  Springs. 

31.  Erigeron  speciosus  (Lindl.)  DC.  In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  and 
Wash,  to  Colo.,  Utah  and  Ore. — Alt.  7500-9000  ft. — Castle  Canon ;  Minne¬ 
haha;  chaparral-covered  hills  southeast  of  Ouray;  mountains  between  Sun¬ 
shine  and  Ward;  Cheyenne  Canon. 

32.  Erigeron  conspicuus  Rydb.  In  mountain  meadows  from  Mont,  and 
Wash,  to  Colo. — Deep  Creek  Lake;  Pine  Grove;  North  Park,  along  the 
Michigan. 

33.  Erigeron  subtrinervis  Rydb.  ( E .  glabellus  mollis  A.  Gray,  in  part) 
Wooded  mountain  sides  and  dry  places  in  the  valleys  from  S.  D.  and  Wyo. 
to  N.  M. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Near  Empire;  Gray’s  Peak;  Grizzly  Creek; 
North  Park;  Twin  Lakes;  Dark  Canon;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  Steele 
Canon;  Villa  Grove;  Echo  Creek;  Empire;  Pine  Grove. 

34.  Erigeron  incanescens  Rydb.  ( E .  glabellus  mollis  A.  Gray,  in  part) 
High  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  9000-10,000  ft. — West  Spanish  Peak;  Sargent. 

35.  Erigeron  Vreelandii  Rydb.  In  wet  meadows  of  southern  Colo. — Alt. 
7500  ft. — Wahatoya  Creek. 

36.  Erigeron  viscidus  Rydb.  On  mountain  ridges  in  Colo. — Alt.  8500-12,000 
ft. — Piedra ;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch ;  Ruxton  Dell ;  Poudre 
River;  Berthoud  Pass;  Boreas. 

37.  Erigeron  eximius  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  8000-10,000 
ft. — Piedra;  Poudre  Canon,  above  Rustic;  Eldora  to  Baltimore;  Poudre  flats. 

38.  Erigeron  Smithii  Rydb.  In  rich  meadows  of  Colo. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. 
— Parlin,  Gunnison  Co. ;  Gunnison ;  Antonito  ;  Sargent ;  Villa  Grove ;  Arkan¬ 
sas  Junction. 

39.  Erigeron  glabellus  Nutt.  On  mountains  and  hills  from  Sask.  and  Mac¬ 
kenzie  to  Wise,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  5000-12,000  ft. — Hinsdale  Co.;  McCoy;  Mar¬ 
shall  Pass ;  Ft.  Collins ;  Ribbon  Lake ;  Clear  Creek,  below  Georgetown ;  east 
bank  of  Poudre  River,  near  Ft.  Collins ;  Gypsum  Creek  Canon ;  bank  of  Elk 
River. 

40.  Erigeron  consobrinus  Greene.  ( E .  fraternus  Greene)  In  mountain 
valleys  of  Colo. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Villa  Grove ;  Gunnison ;  Cucharas 
River,  below  La  Veta;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Wahatoya  Creek;  Alamosa; 
Garland ;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co. ;  Estes  Park,  Larimer  Co. ;  Cerro  Summit : 
Como;  vicinity  of  Como;  Walton  Creek;  Conejos  River;  Steamboat  Springs. 

41.  Erigeron  strigulosus  Rydb.  In  meadows  of  Colo. — Antonito. 

42.  Erigeron  ramosus  (Walt.)  B.  S.  P.  ( E .  strigosus  Muhl.)  In  dry  places 
from  N.  S.  and  B.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-6500  ft. — Foot-hills,  Lari¬ 
mer  Co.;  Boulder;  Rist  Canon;  Horsetooth  Mountain;  Arthur’s  Rock;  Red¬ 
stone. 

43.  Erigeron  philadelphicus  L.  In  wet  fields  and  woodlands  from  Lab. 
and  B.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Calif. — Piedra;  Poudre  Canon. 

44.  Erigeron  Bellidiastrum  Nutt.  In  low  grounds  from  S.  D.  and  Wyo.  to 
Kans.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  about  9000  ft. — McElmo  Canon. 


366 


CARDUACEAE. 


45.  Erigeron  Wootonii  Rydb.  ( E .  cinereus  var.  7  A.  Gray)  In  sandy  soil 
from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  up  to  7000  ft. — Walsenburg;  Antonito; 
Grand  Lake;  Garden  of  the  Gods. 

46.  Erigeron  divergens  T.  &  G.  Low  plains  and  river  banks  from  Mont, 
and  Wash,  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-8500  ft. — Golden  City;  Steamboat 
Springs;  Durango;  Mancos;  Arboles ;  Ouray;  Cedar  Edge;  Sargent;  Hon- 
nold;  Hotchkiss;  Big  Creek  Gulch;  Empire;  Boulder;  Buena  Vista;  Colorado 
Springs. 

47.  Erigeron  flagellaris  A.  Gray.  ( E .  stolonifer  Greene)  On  banks  of 
streams  and  river  valleys  from  S.  D.  and  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Utah. — Alt. 
5000-11,000  ft. — Durango;  Ft.  Collins;  southeast  of  Ouray;  Cucharas  River, 
below  La  Veta;  Arboles;  Mancos;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek; 
Bob  Creek,  west  of  Mt.  Hesperus;  Como;  Calhan;  Red  Rock  Canon;  Boulder; 
Middle  Park;  Veta  Pass;  Sargent;  Columbine;  Boulder;  Castle  Canon; 
Walsenburg;  Como;  Trappers’  Lake;  Poudre,  near  the  Narrows;  Eldora  to 
Baltimore;  bank  of  Purgatory  River,  near  Trinidad;  Moon’s  ranch;  Poudre 
Canon;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Quimby;  Howe’s  Gulch. 

48.  Erigeron  cinereus  A.  Gray.  ( E .  divergens  cinereus  A.  Gray)  On  river 
bluffs  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  6500-7500  ft. — Manitou; 
river  bluffs  north  of  La  Veta;  Los  Pinos  (Bayfield)  ;  Arboles. 

49.  Erigeron  nudiflorus  Buckl.  Hills  and  river  bluffs  from  Colo,  to  Tex. 
and  Ariz. — Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — Ft.  Collins ;  butte,  five  miles  southeast  of  La 
Veta;  Quimby;  Horsetooth  Mountain;  Horsetooth  Gulch. 

50.  Erigeron  argentatus  A.  Gray.  On  dry  plains  from  Mont,  and  Wash, 
to  Col.  and  Nev. — Grand  Junction. 

51.  Erigeron  canus  A.  Gray.  On  dry  plains  from  S.  D.  and  Wyo.  to  Neb. 
and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Near  Empire;  Colorado  Springs;  Sunset 
Canon ;  Lake  City ;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek ;  Grayback  mining  camps  and 
Placer  Gulch ;  Mancos ;  Almelia. 

52.  Erigeron  subcanescens  Rydb.  On  dry  plains  from  Mont,  and  Alb.  to 
Colo. — North  Park. 

53.  Erigeron  caespitosus  Nutt.  On  dry  plains  from  Sask.,  Yukon  and  B.  C. 
to  Colo. — Alt.  about  9500  ft. — Chambers’  Lake. 

32.  LEPTILON  Raf.  Horseweed,  Canada  Fleabane. 

1.  Leptilon  canadense  (L.)  Britton.  ( Erigeron  Canadense  L.)  In  waste 
places  and  dry  soil  from  Lab.  and  B.  C.  to  Fla.  and  Calif. ;  also  in  W.  Ind. 
and  Mex.  and  introduced  in  Europe. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Gunnison;  Minne¬ 
haha;  Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  Ft.  Collins;  North  Cheyenne  Canon. 

33.  ESCHENBACHIA  Moench. 

1.  Eschenbachia  Coulteri  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Conyza  Coulteri  A.  Gray) 
On  river  bottoms  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Calif. — Canon  City  {Brandegee) . 

34.  BACCHARIS  L.  Grounsel  Tree,  Pencil  Tree. 

Pappus  copious,  in  fruit  elongating  and  surpassing  the  styles. 

Pappus-bristles  in  several  series ;  plant  3-6  dm.  high,  herbaceous  with  a 
woody  base.  1.  B.  Wrightii. 


CARDUACEAE. 


367 


Pappus-bristles  in  one  series ;  plants  1-5  m.  high,  shrubby. 

Fertile  heads  hemispherical,  5-10  mm.  broad;  bracts  all  acute. 

2.  B.  salicina. 

Fertile  heads  deeply  campanulate,  3-5  mm.  broad ;  outer  bracts  obtuse. 

3.  B.  Emoryi. 

Pappus  scant,  little  if  at  all  elongating,  in  fruit  not  exceeding  the  styles. 

4.  B.  glutinosa. 

1.  Baccharis  Wrightii  A.  Gray.  In  saline  soil  from  Kans.  and  Colo,  to  Tex. 
and  Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — Brantly  Canon,  Las  Animas  Co. ;  Soda  Spring 
ledge,  Fremont  Co. 

2.  Baccharis  salicina  T.  &  G.  In  saline  soil  from  Kans.  and  Colo,  to  Tex. 
and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Rocky  Ford,  Otero  Co.;  Grand  Junction; 
Canon  City. 

3.  Baccharis  Emoryi  A.  Gray.  Along  rivers,  especially  in  saline  ground, 
from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  about  4600  ft. — Grand  Junction. 

4.  Baccharis  glutinosa  Pers.  Along  streams  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Calif. ; 
also  in  Mex. — Grand  Junction;  Grand  Canon;  Peoria  Creek. 


Tribe  4.  GNAPHALIAE. 

35.  BERTHELOTIA  DC. 

1.  Berthelotia  sericea  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  ( Polypappus  sericeus  Nutt.;  Pluchea 
borealis  A.  Gray)  On  sandy  banks  of  streams  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Tex. 
and  Calif. ;  also  in  Mex. — Grand  Canon. 


36.  FILAGO  L. 

1.  Filago  prolifera  (Nutt.)  Britton.  ( Evax  prolifera  Nutt.)  On  dry 
ground  from  S.  D.  and  Colo,  to  La.  and  Tex. — Plains  near  Greeley;  New 
Windsor. 


37.  ANTENNARIA  Gaertn.  Cat’s-foot,  Everlasting. 


Pappus-bristles  of  the  staminate  heads  with  clavate  or  scarious-dilated  tips. 
Plants  surculose-proliferous  with  leafy  stolons. 

Plant  caulescent. 

Bracts  of  the  involucres  with  green  or  brown  upper  portion. 

Bracts  dark ;  leaves  not  yellowish. 

Bracts  of  the  heads  lanceolate,  acute. 

(Pistillate  heads  of)  1.  A.  media. 

Bracts  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse. 

Bracts  very  dark,  almost  black  at  the  base,  but  often  with  white  tips. 

(Staminate  heads  of)  1.  A.  media. 

Bracts  moderately  dark,  umber-colored  throughout. 

2.  A.  umbrinella. 


Bracts  isabel-colored ;  leaves  yellowish-white. 

Inner  bracts  not  rose-colored.  3.  A.  davescens. 

Inner  bracts  rose-colored.  4.  A.  concinn*. 

Bracts  of  the  involucres  with  white  or  pink  upper  portion. 

Heads  5-8  mm.  high. 

Bracts  usually  with  bright  pink  upper  portion. 

Leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  acute.  5.  A.  rosea. 

Leaves  spatulate,  obtuse.  6.  A.  imbricata. 

Bracts  with  white  upper  portion. 


368 


CARDUACEAE. 


Leaves  of  the  stolons  narrowly  oblanceolate,  1.5-5  cm.  long;  bracts 
with  dark  spots.  7.  A.  nardina. 

Leaves  of  the  stolons  spatulate,  0.5-3  cm.  long ;  bracts  not  with  dark 
spots. 

Leaves  of  the  stolons  5-15  mm.  long,  rhombic-spatulate ;  tomen- 
tum  very  fine,  appressed  and  silky.  8.  A.  microphylla. 

Leaves  of  the  stolons  spatulate,  usually  rounded  at  the  apex, 
15-30  mm.  long;  tomentum  looser. 

Bracts  of  the  pistillate  heads  obtuse ;  plant  1--2  dm.  high. 

9.  A.  viscidula. 

Bracts  of  the  pistillate  heads  acute. 

Inflorescence  and  upper  leaves  glanduiar-hairy ;  leaves  of  the 
inflorescence  large,  scarcely  smaller  than  the  upper  stem- 
leaves;  bracts  greenish.  10.  A.  bracteosa. 

Inflorescence  and  upper  leaves  not  glandular ;  the  latter  re¬ 
duced ;  bracts  brownish.  11.  A.  oxyphylla. 

Heads  8-12  mm.  high. 

Leaves  tomentose  on  both  sides. 

Plant  tall,  2-3  dm.  high  ;  heads  usually  peduncled. 

Leaves  less  than  2  cm.  long  and  5-8  mm.  wide,  usually  not  triple- 
nerved  ;  heads  7-9  mm.  high.  11.  A.  oxyphylla. 

Leaves  over  2  cm.  long,  7-10  mm.  wide,  triple-nerved;  heads 
about  1  cm.  high.  12.  A.  obovata. 

Plant  low,  usually  less  than  1  dm.  high  ;  heads  subsessile. 

13.  A.  aprica. 

Leaves  glabrous  above.  14.  A.  marginata. 

Plant  acaulescent ;  heads  subsessile  among  the  rosettes  of  the  basal  leaves. 
Bracts  with  white  upper  portion ;  leaves  white  on  both  sides. 

15.  A.  rosulata. 

Bracts  with  brown  upper  portion ;  leaves  glabrate  above. 

16.  A.  Sierrae-Blancae. 


Plants  not  surculose-proliferous. 

Heads  4-5  mm.  high ;  bracts  nearly  glabrous,  scarious  throughout ;  leaves 
silky-tomentose.  17.  A.  oblanceolata. 

Heads  6-10  mm.  high;  bracts  tomentose  at  the  base;  only  tips  scarious; 
leaves  villous-tomentose. 

Bracts  with  a  large  dark  spot ;  those  of  the  pistillate  heads  ovate  to  lan¬ 
ceolate,  acute ;  those  of  the  staminate  heads  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse  or 
acutish ;  pistillate  heads  about  8-10  mm.  high,  turbinate  at  the  base. 

18.  A.  pulcherrima.  . 

Bracts  with  small  dark  spots  or  none ;  bracts  of  both  staminate  and  pis¬ 
tillate  heads  with  oblong  or  oval,  obtuse  tips ;  those  of  the  staminate 
heads  slightly  broader.  19.  A.  anaphaloides. 

Pappus-bristles  of  the  staminate  heads  not  clavate ;  achenes  puberulent ;  hairs 
bifurcate  at  the  apex ;  plant  low  and  densely  cespitose.  20.  A.  dimorpha. 


1.  Antennaria  media  Greene.  On  the  higher  peaks  from  Mont,  and  B.  C. 
to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  10,000-13,000  ft. — Massif  de  l’Arapahoe;  Little  Kate 
Basin,  La  Plata  Mountains;  Alpine  Tunnel;  West  Spanish  Peak;  near  Pagosa 
Peak ;  Bottomless  Pit ;  Silver  Plume ;  mountain  southeast  of  Cameron  Pass. 

2.  Antennaria  umbrinella  Rydb.  On  the  higher  mountains  from  Mont,  and 
Ida.  to  Colo. — Alt.  7500-13,000  ft. — Ruxton  Dell;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Sierra 
Blanca;  Little  Kate  Basin;  divide  road  to  Steamboat  Springs;  Gunnison; 
Ironton,  San  Juan  Co.;  Berthoud  Pass. 

3.  Antennaria  flavescens  Rydb.  On  dry  hills  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to 
Colo. — Alt.  up  to  10,500  ft. — Hahn’s  Peak;  Spicer. 

4.  Antennaria  concinna  E.  Nels.  On  mountain  ridges  of  Colo,  and  Utah.— 
Alt.  about  9000  ft. — Palsgrove  Canon. 


CARDUACEAE. 


369 


5.  Antennaria  rosea  (D.  C.  Eaton)  Greene.  ( A .  parviUora  Rydb. ;  not  Nutt.) 
In  meadows  from  Alb.  and  Yukon  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-11,000  ft. — 
Lake  City;  Empire  City;  North  Boulder  Peak;  Pike’s  Peak;  Mt.  Hesperus; 
headwaters  of  Pass  Creek;  Crested  Butte;  Mt.  Abram,  Ouray;  Upper  La 
Plata  River ;  gulch  west  of  Pennock’s ;  Eldora  to  Baltimore ;  Horsetooth 
Mountain. 

6.  Antennaria  imbricata  E.  Nels.  On  hillsides  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and 
Utah. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — West  Mancos  Divide;  Palsgrove  Canon;  Ruxton 
Dell ;  Rist  Canon ;  Chambers’  Lake. 

7.  Antennaria  nardina  Greene.  ( A .  corymbosa  E.  Nels.)  In  meadows 
from  Mont,  and  Ore.  to  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  12,000  ft. — Lake  City;  Seven  Lakes. 

8.  Antennaria  microphylla  Rydb.  (A.  parvifolia  Greene;  not  Nutt.;  A.  for- 
mosa  Greene)  On  dry  plains  and  hills  from  Sask.  and  B.  C.  to  Neb.  and 
N.  M. — Alt.  4000-11,000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  Empire  City;  Lake  City;  Waha- 
toya  Creek;  Gunnison;  Dark  Canon;  Piedra ;  Seven  Lakes;  Wolcott,  Eagle 
Co.;  Alamosa;  Parlin;  Boulder;  Ft.  Collins;  south  of  Walden;  Ruxton  Dell. 

9.  Antennaria  viscidula  A.  Nels.  On  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
9000-13,000  ft. — West  Spanish  Peak;  Cabin  Canon. 

10.  Antennaria  bracteosa  Rydb.  In  mountain  meadows  from  Mont,  to  Colo. 
— Alt.  8000-9000  ft. — Colorado  Springs ;  Mt.  Hesperus ;  Sangre  de  Cristo 
Creek. 

11.  Antennaria  oxyphylla  Greene.  On  hills  and  mountains  from  S.  D.  and 
Mont,  to  Neb.  and  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  11,000  ft. — Mt.  Abram,  Ouray;  gulch 
west  of  Pennock’s. 

12.  Antennaria  obovata  E.  Nels.  On  hills  and  mountains  from  S.  D.  to 
Colo. — Soldier  Canon  ;  Palmer  Lake. 

13.  Antennaria  aprica  Greene.  (A.  dioica  Hook.;  not  Gaert.)  On  hills 
and  mountains  from  S.  D.  and  Alb.  to  N.  M.  and  Utah. — Alt.  5000-12,000 
ft. — Lake  City;  Pike’s  Peak;  Van  Boxle’s  ranch,  above  Cimarron;  Los  Pinos; 
Veta  Mountain;  Turkey  Creek  and  tributaries;  Wahatoya  Canon;  West  In¬ 
dian  Creek;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  East  Indian  Creek;  north  of  La  Veta; 
Ojo;  Cucharas  River,  below  La  Veta;  southeast  of  La  Veta;  Palmer  Lake; 
Howe’s  Gulch;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  La  Plata  Canon;  Mancos;  Chicken 
Creek,  west  of  Mt.  Hesperus;  near  Denver;  Grayback  mining  camps  and 
Placer  Gulch ;  Mt.  Hesperus ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  Howe’s  Gulch ;  Horsetooth 
Mountain;  Eldora  to  Baltimore;  Beaver  Creek. 

14.  Antennaria  marginata  Greene.  On  the  mountains  of  Colo.,  N.  M.  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  10,000-11,000  ft. — Little  Veta  Mountain. 

15.  Antennaria  rosulata  Rydb.  In  mountain  valleys  of  Colo,  and  Ariz. — 
Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — Wahatoya  Creek;  Los  Pinos  (Bayfield). 

16.  Antennaria  Sierrae-Blancae  Rydb.  On  alpine  peaks  of  Southern  Colo. 
— Alt.  12,000-13,000  ft. — Sierra-Blanca. 

17.  Antennaria  oblanceolata  Rydb.  On  mountain  sides  from  Mont,  and 
B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  up  to  10,000  ft. — Mountains  west  of  North 
Park;  Buffalo  Pass;  Park  Range;  Walton  Creek,  Routt  Co. 

18.  Antennaria  pulcherrima  (Hook.)  Greene.  (A.  Carpatica  pulcherrima 
Hook.)  On  hillsides  from  Sask.  and  Yukon  to  Colo,  and  Wash. — Alt.  up  to 
9000  ft. — Hamor’s  Lake. 

24 


370 


CARDUACEAE. 


ig.  Antennaria  anaphaloides  Rydb.  On  hillsides  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and 
Ore. — Alt.  8000-11,000  ft. — Engelmann’s  Canon;  Massif  de  l’Arapahoe;  Crys¬ 
tal  Park;  Iron  Mountain;  near  Veta  Pass;  Marshall  Pass;  Manitou ;  Artists’ 
Glen;  West  Indian  Creek;  Green  Mountain  Falls;  Soldier  Canon;  Howe’s 
Gulch ;  gulch  west  of  Pennock’s ;  Stove  Prairie. 

20.  Antennaria  dimorpha  T.  &  G.  On  dry  hills  from  Mont,  and  B.  C.  to 
Neb.,  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. — Cimarron. 

38.  ANAPHALIS  D.  C.  Pearly  Everlasting. 

1.  Anaphalis  subalpina  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  (A.  margaritacea  subalpina  A. 
Gray)  In  open  mountain  woods  from  S.  D.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — 
Alt.  8000-11,000  ft. — Empire  City;  Middle  Park;  Cameron  Pass;  La  Plata 
Canon;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Red  Mountain  road,  south  of  Ouray;  Sangre  de 
Cristo;  Ruby;  Stove  Prairie  Hill;  Empire;  between  Sunshine  and  Ward; 
Ft.  Collins;  Fish  Creek  Falls. 

39.  GNAPHALIUM  L.  Cudweed,  Everlasting. 

Heads  not  leafy-bracted ;  involucres  well  imbricated ;  its  bracts  scarious,  white 
or  tinged  with  brownish,  rose  or  yellow  ;  plants  mostly  tall. 

Leaves  tomentose  on  both  sides  ;  plants  little  if  at  all  glandular. 

Leaves  narrowed  at  the  base,  not  at  all  decurrent.  1.  G.  Wrightii. 
Stem-leaves  not  narrowed  at  the  base,  more  or  less  decurrent,  or  at  least 
auricled.  2.  G.  sulphurescens. 

Leaves  on  the  upper  surface  green  and  decidedly  glandular,  decurrent. 

3.  G.  decurrens. 

Heads  leafy-bracted ;  involucres  little  imbricated ;  its  bracts  brown  or  greenish ; 
plant  low. 

Plants  loosely  floccose  ;  leaves  broad,  spatulate,  oblong  or  oblanceolate. 

4.  G.  palustre. 

Plants  appressed-tomentose ;  leaves  except  the  lowest  narrowly  oblanceolate 
or  linear. 

Stem  diffusely  branched  ;  glomerules  crowded,  cymosely  disposed. 

Upper  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate.  5.  G.  uliginosum. 

Upper  leaves  narrowly  linear.  6.  G.  angustifolium. 

Stem  mostly  simple,  erect ;  glomerules  spicately  disposed. 

7.  G.  strictum. 

1.  Gnaphalium  Wrightii  A.  Gray.  On  dry  ground  from  Colo,  to  N.  M. 
and  Calif.;  also  in  Mex. — Meadow  Park;  Lyons. 

2.  Gnaphalium  sulphurescens  Rydb.  In  sandy  soil  from  northern  Wyo.  and 
Wash,  to  Tex.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  5000-6000  ft. — Poudre,  near  La  Porte;  Ft. 
Collins;  Boulder;  New  Windsor. 

3.  Gnaphalium  decurrens  Ives.  In  open  ground  from  N.  S.  and  Ida.  to 
Pa.  and  Colo. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Greeley;  Marshall  Pass;  Ouray;  Box 

Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Steamboat  Springs. 

4.  Gnaphalium  palustre  Nutt.  In  wet  places  from  Mont,  and  B.  C.  to  Colo, 
and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-7500  ft. — Alamosa ;  twenty  miles  below  Steamboat 
Springs ;  along  Bear  River  ;  Gunnison  ;  Hotchkiss. 

5.  Gnaphalium  uliginosum  L.  In  wet  places  from  Newf.  and  B.  C.  to  Va., 
Colo,  and  Ore. — Twin  Lakes. 

6.  Gnaphalium  angustifolium  A.  Nels.  In  wet  places  in  Wyo.  and  Colo. — 
Alamosa  ;  Honnold;  North  Platte  River,  near  Hebron. 


CARDUACEAE. 


371 


7.  Gnaphalium  strictum  A.  Gray.  In  wet  places  from  Wyo.  to  Colo,  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Buena  Vista ;  Ruxton  Dell ;  below  Hot  Sulphur 
Springs  ;  near  Pagosa  Peak  ;  Denver ;  Empire  ;  Ft.  Collins  ;  Bosworth’s  ranch  ; 
Poudre  River;  Twin  Lakes;  Ft.  Garland;  Georgetown. 

Tribe  4.  HELIANTHEAE. 

40.  MELAMPODIUM  L. 

1.  Melampodium  leucanthum  T.  &  G.  (M.  cinereum  A.  Gray,  in  part; 
not  DC.)  On  dry  plains  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. 
— Rocky  Ford,  Otero  Co.;  Canon  City;  near  Badito ;  Walsenburg;  Pueblo; 
Florence. 

41.  PARTHENICE  A.  Gray. 

1.  Parthenice  mollis  A.  Gray.  On  hillsides  along  the  stream  from  Colo, 
to  Ariz. — “  Southern  Colorado.” 

42.  CRASSINA  Scepin.  Zinnia. 

Ligules  of  the  rays  large,  much  longer  than  the  disk.  1.  C.  grandiflora. 

Ligules  of  the  rays  scarcely  longer  than  the  disk.  2.  C.  anomala. 

1.  Crassina  grandiflora  (Nutt.)  Kuntze.  ( Zinnia  grandiflora  Nutt.) 
Plains  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-6000  ft. — Pueblo;  Trinidad; 
Walsenburg;  Arkansas  River;  Raton  Range. 

2.  Crassina  anomala  (A.  Gray)  Kuntze.  ( Zinnia  anomala  A.  Gray)  On 
plains  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Mex. — Pueblo. 

43.  HELIOPSIS  Pers.  Ox-eye. 

1.  Heliopsis  scabra  Dunal.  On  dry  soil  and  river  banks  from  Me.  and 
B.  C.  to  N.  M. — Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — Wahatoya  Creek;  La  Veta. 

44.  BRAUNERIA  Necker.  Purple  Cone-flower. 

1.  Brauneria  angustifolia  (DC.)  Heller.  On  prairies  from  Minn,  and 
Mont,  to  Tex. — Exact  locality  not  given. 

45.  GYMNOLOMIA  H.  B.  K. 

1.  Gymnolomia  multiflora  (Nutt.)  B.  &  H.  On  plains  and  banks  of  streams 
from  Mont,  and  Nev.  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Colorado 
Springs;  Hahn’s  Peak;  Veta  Pass;  southeast  of  Ouray;  Ironton  Park,  nine 
miles  south  of  Ouray;  Manitou ;  Marshall  Pass;  Chester;  Four-Mile  Hill, 
Routt  Co. ;  Golden ;  near  Pagosa  Peak ;  Lower  Boulder  Canon,  Boulder  Co. ; 
Cerro  Summit;  Big  Creek  Gulch;  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Palmer 
Lake;  Hotchkiss;  Cimarron  and  Squaw  Hill;  La  Veta;  Ute  Pass;  Steamboat 
Springs. 

46.  RUDBECKIA  L.  CONE-FLOWER,  BLACK-EYED  SUSAN. 

Heads  radiate  ;  disk  in  fruit  spherical  or  oblong. 

Leaves  entire  or  merely  toothed;  plant  hispid.  1.  R.  Hava. 

Leaves  except  the  uppermost  3-5-cleft  or  pinnatifid  ;  plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Basal  leaves  and  lower  stem-leaves  pinnately  5-7-divided.  2.  R.  laciniata. 

Basal  leaves  and  lower  stem-leaves  palmately  ternate.  3.  R.  arnpla. 

Heads  discoid  ;  disk  in  fruit  cylindraceous.  4.  R.  montana. 


372 


CARDUACEAE. 


1.  Rudbeckia  flava  Moore.  ( R .  hirta  A.  Gray,  in  part;  not  L.)  On  hill¬ 
sides  from  N.  D.  and  Wyo.  to  Colo. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak;  Gun¬ 
nison;  Idaho  Springs;  South  Park;  Ruxton  Dell;  Engelmann  Canon;  Sangre 
de  Cristo  Creek ;  North  Cheyenne  Canon ;  mountains,  Larimer  Co. ;  George¬ 
town;  Parlin;  Baxter’s  ranch;  Bosworth’s  ranch;  Stove  Prairie;  Moon’s 
ranch;  Ute;  Pingree  Hill;  Poudre  River;  Laramie  River;  Rist  Canon. 

2.  Rudbeckia  laciniata  L.  In  wet  places  from  Que.  and  Ida.  to  Fla.  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  4000-9500  ft. — Durango ;  Williams’  Canon ;  mountains,  Larimer 
Co.;  Pagosa  Springs;  along  Uncompahgre  River,  near  Ouray;  Ouray;  Par¬ 
lin,  Gunnison  Co.;  Boulder;  Ft.  Collins;  Big  Creek  Gulch;  Bosworth’s  ranch, 
Stove  Prairie;  Elk  Canon;  Long  Gulch. 

3.  Rudbeckia  ampla  A.  Nels.  On  river  banks  in  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Baxter’s 
ranch;  Poudre  River  flats;  Ft.  Collins. 

4.  Rudbeckia  montana  A.  Gray.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Wolcott, 
Eagle  Co. ;  Gunnison  Co. ;  Elk  Mountains. 

47.  RATIBIDA  Raf.  Cone-flower. 

Disk  in  fruit  oblong,  about  1  cm.  long ;  pappus  of  1  or  2  awn-like  teeth  without 
intermediate  squamellae.  1.  R.  Tagetes. 

Disk  in  fruit  cylindraceous,  2-4  cm.  long;  pappus  with  a  series  of  squamellae. 

2.  R.  columnaris. 

1.  Ratibida  Tagetes  (James)  Barnhart.  ( Lepachys  Tagetes  A.  Gray)  On 
plains  from  Kans.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz.;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  4000- 
7500  ft. — Canon  City;  Iola;  Cheyenne  Wells. 

2.  Ratibida  columnaris  (Sims)  D.  Don.  ( Lepachys  columnaris  T.  &  G.) 
On  plains  from  Sask.  and  B.  C.  to  Tenn.,  Tex.  and  Ariz.;  also  in  Mex. — Alt. 
4000-6000  ft. — Ute  Pass,  near  Pike’s  Peak;  Ft.  Collins;  Denver;  Piedra; 
New  Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Boulder;  Horsetooth  Gulch. 

Ratibida  columnaris  pulcherrima  (DC.)  D.  Don.  Rays  at  least  partly 
purple. — Ft.  Collins. 

48.  BALSAMORRHIZA  Hook.  Balsam-root. 

1.  Balsamorrhiza  sagittata  (Pursh)  Nutt.  On  hillsides  from  Alb.  and  B.  C. 
to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — Cerro  Summit;  Cimarron. 

49.  WYETHIA  Nutt. 

Involucral  bracts  nearly  equal,  in  2-3  series ;  stem  not  white. 

Plant  glabrous.  1.  W.  ample xicaulis. 

Plant  densely  pubescent.  2.  W.  arizonica. 

Involucral  bracts  unequal,  the  outer  much  shorter  in  5-6  series ;  stem  white. 

3.  W.  scabra. 

1.  Wyethia  amplexicaulis  Nutt.  In  mountain  valleys  from  Mont,  and  B.  C. 
to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  about  9000  ft.— Rogers;  divide  road  to  Steamboat 
Springs ;  Honnold ;  Continental  Divide,  Routt  Co. ;  Arapahoe  Pass ;  Camp 
Creek;  Spicer. 

2.  Wyethia  arizonica  A.  Gray.  Near  mountain  streams  from  Colo,  and 
Utah  to  Ariz. — Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — Mancos;  Cerro  Summit;  Rifle,  Garfield 
Co.;  Los  Pinos  (Bayfield);  Chicken  Creek,  west  of  Mt.  Hesperus;  Dolores; 
Gunnison  Co. 


CARDUACEAE. 


3.  Wyethia  scabra  Hook.  Dry  plains  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Utah. — 
Alt.  about  5000  ft. — La  Plata  Valley;  base  of  Carisa  (Brandegee) . 


50.  HELIANTHUS  L.  Sun-flower. 


H.  petiolaris. 


orgyalis. 

H.  subrhomboidens. 


Annuals ;  leaves  broad,  ovate  or  cordate  or  lanceolate ;  disk  purple. 

Bracts  ciliate,  hispid,  ovate  or  obovate,  abruptly  acuminate. 

Lower  leaves,  at  least,  ovate  or  cordate,  distinctly  toothed. 

1.  H.  lenticularis. 

Leaves  lanceolate  or  narrowly  deltoid,  minutely  toothed  or  entire. 

2.  H.  aridus. 

Bracts  not  ciliate,  canescent-strigose,  lanceolate.  3 

Perennials. 

Disk  dark  brown  or  purple. 

Leaves  linear.  4.  H 

Leaves  rhombic-ovate.  5 

Disk  yellow  or  light  brownish. 

Bracts  broadly  lanceolate,  acute,  appressed.  6.  H.  pumilus . 

Bracts  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate,  more  or  less  spreading  or  squarrose 
Stem  more  or  less  scabrous  or  hispid  ;  the  upper  leaves  subsessile. 

Leaves  and  stem  very  scabrous.  7.  H.  M aximiliani. 

Leaves  scabrous  above,  hirsute  beneath  ;  stem  more  or  less  hirsute 

8. 

Stem,  except  the  upper  portion,  glabrous  and  glaucous 
few  hairs)  ;  leaves  mostly  all  petioled. 

Leaves  coarsely  toothed ;  bracts  hirsute-ciliate.  9.  H.  grosseserratus. 
Leaves  distantly  and  minutely  denticulate  or  subentire ;  bracts 
ciliate  or  ciliate  merely  at  the  base.  10.  H.  fascicularis. 


H.  giganteus. 

(rarely  hirsute  with 


not 


1.  Helianthus  lenticularis  Dough  ( H .  annus  A.  Gray,  in  part;  not  L.)  On 
plains  and  in  alluvial  soil  from  N.  D.  and  Ida.  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000- 
7000  ft. — Canon  City;  Valley  Spur;  Black  Canon;  Ft.  Collins;  valley  of 
Upper  Arkansas  River;  Huerfano  Valley,  near  Gardner;  Boulder;  Pennock’s 
mountain  ranch. 

2.  Helianthus  aridus  Rydb.  In  arid  soil  from  Mont,  to  Neb.  and  N.  Mex. 
— Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Manitou. 

3.  Helianthus  petiolaris  Nutt.  On  dry  plains  and  in  waste  places  from 
Minn.,  Sask.,  Mont,  and.  Ore.  to  Tex.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Colo¬ 
rado  Springs;  Ft.  Collins;  Boulder;  Eldora  to  Baltimore;  Wray. 

4.  Helianthus  orgyalis  DC.  On  plains  from  Mo.  and  Colo,  to  Tex. — 
Southeastern  Colorado. 

5.  Helianthus  subrhomboideus  Rydb.  ( H .  rigidus  A.  Gray,  in  part)  On 
plains  from  Man.,  Sask.  and  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Neb. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — - 
La  Pagosa ;  mountains,  Larimer  Co. ;  near  Pagosa  Peak ;  Cheyenne  Moun¬ 
tain;  Bosworth’s  ranch,  Stove  Prairie;  Boulder;  canon  west  of  Palmer  Lake; 
Horsetooth  Mountain. 

6.  Helianthus  pumilus  Nutt.  On  plains  and  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. 
— Alt.  5000-7500  ft. — Idaho  Springs;  Canon  City;  New  Windsor;  Golden; 
Trail  Glen;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Boulder;  Harden’s  ranch;  foot-hills,  Dixon 
Canon ;  hill  south  of  Horsetooth  Mountain ;  Bosworth’s  ranch,  Stove  Prairie ; 
gulch  west  of  Pennock’s ;  Spring  Canon. 

7.  Helianthus  Maximiliani  Schrad.  On  prairies  and  in  river  valleys  from 
Man.  and  Wyo.  to  Tex. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Sterling,  Logan  Co.;  Black 
Canon  of  the  Gunnison. 


374 


CARDUACEAE. 


8.  Helianthus  giganteus  L.  In  moist  ground  from  Me.  and  Sask.  to  Fla., 
La.  and  Colo. — Mt.  Harvard. 

9.  Helianthus  grosseserratus  Martins.  On  plains  and  prairies  from  N.  Y. 
and  Wyo.  to  Pa.,  Tex.  and  Colo. — Ft.  Collins. 

10.  Helianthus  fascicularis  Greene.  ( H .  giganteus  utahensis  D.  C.  Eaton; 
H.  utahensis  A.  Nelson)  In  mountain  valleys  from  Ass.  and  Alb.  to  Colo, 
and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Gunnison ;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co. ;  McCoy  ; 
Canon  City;  Ft.  Collins;  mountains,  Larimer  Co.;  Cache  la  Poudre;  Boulder. 

51.  HELIANTHELLA  T.  &  G. 

Chaffs  of  the  receptacle  soft  and  scarious. 

Rays  conspicuous ;  disk-flowers  yellowish. 

Disk  2-3  cm.  in  diameter ;  leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate,  thin,  not  strongly 
reticulate.  1.  H.  quinquenervis. 

Disk  less  than  2  dm.  wide  ;  leaves  oblanceolate  to  linear,  strongly  reticulate. 

2.  H.  Parryi. 

Rays  few  and  scarcely  surpassing  the  dark-purple  disk-flowers. 

4.  H.  microcephala. 

Chaffs  of  the  receptacle  firm-chartaceous.  3.  H.  uniflora. 

1.  Helianthella  quinquenervis  A.  Gray.  Along  mountain  streams  from  S.  D. 
and  Ida.  to  Colo. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Robinson;  Cerro  Summit;  Mt.  Har¬ 
vard;  Moon’s  ranch;  mountains,  Larimer  Co.;  North  Park,  near  Teller; 
Steamboat  Springs;  Leroux  Park;  Buffalo  Pass;  Four-mile  Hill;  foot  of 
Michigan  Hill ;  east  slope  of  Rabbit-Ear  Range ;  Bosworth’s  ranch ;  Mt. 
Abram,  Ouray;  Villa  Grove;  South  Park;  near  Ironton,  San  Juan  Co.; 
West  Spanish  Peak;  Marshall  Pass;  Eldora  to  Baltimore;  Berthoud  Pass; 
Spicer. 

2.  Helianthella  Parryi  A.  Gray.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo.,  N.  M.  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Lat.  39°-4i°;  Veta  Pass;  Ruxton  Dell;  Artists’ 
Glen ;  Green  Mountain  Falls ;  Marshall  Pass. 

3.  Helianthella  microcephala  A.  Gray.  Dry  plains  of  Southern  Colo.,  N.  M. 
and  Utah. — Alt.  4500  ft. — San  Juan  Valley. 

4.  Helianthella  uniflora  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.  On  hills  and  mountains  from 
Mont,  and  Ida.  to  N.  M.  and  Utah. — Table  Rock. 

52.  XIMENESIA  Cav. 

1.  Ximenesia  exauriculata  (Rob.  &  Greenm.)  Rydb.  ( Verbesina  encelioides 
exauriculata  Rob.  &  Greenm.)  In  mountain  valleys  from  Mont,  to  Tex. 
and  Ariz. — Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Pass  Creek ;  Canon  City ;  Colorado  Springs ; 
Rocky  Ford;  Ft.  Collins;  Pueblo;  Mancos ;  Hotchkiss,  Delta  Co.;  Huerfano 
Valley,  near  Gardner;  Salida;  Gunnison;  Manitou ;  Boulder;  Lafayette; 
Montrose;  Palmer  Lake;  Buena  Vista;  Timnath. 

53.  COREOPSIS  L.  Tick-seed. 

Leaves  once  or  twice  pinnately  divided.  1.  C.  tinctoria. 

Leaves  simple.  2.  C.  lanceolala. 

1.  Coreopsis  tinctoria  Nutt.  Low  ground  from  Man.  to  Va.,  Tex.,  Ariz. 
and  Alb. — Along  Platte  River,  near  Denver. 

2.  Coreopsis  lanceolata  L.  In  rich  soil  from  Ont.  and  Colo,  to  Fla.  and 
La. — Ft.  Collins. 


CARDUACEAE. 


375 


54.  BIDENS  L.  Beggar-ticks;  Bur-marigold;  Spanish  Needles. 

Achenes  flat,  obovate  or  cuneate  ;  leaves  or  segments  broad. 

Leaves  pinnately  3-5-foliolate. 

Outer  bracts  4-8;  achenes  nearly  black.  1.  B.  frondosa. 

Outer  bracts  10-16;  achenes  brown.  2.  B.  vulgata. 

Leaves  simple. 

Heads  discoid,  erect ;  corolla  4-toothed.  3.  B.  comosa. 

Heads  radiate,  nodding ;  corolla  5-toothed. 

Outer  bracts  not  much  longer  than  the  inner ;  achenes  not  corky  on  the 
angles.  4.  B.  prionophylla. 

Outer  bracts  surpassing  the  rays ;  achenes  with  corky  angles. 

5.  B.  glaucescens. 

Achenes  linear,  tetragonal ;  leaf-segments  small. 

Divisions  of  the  leaves  oblong  or  lanceolate.  6.  B.  Bigelovii. 

Divisions  of  the  leaves  linear.  7.  B.  tenuisecta. 

1.  Bidens  frondosa  L.  In  wet  soil  from  N.  B.  and  Neb.  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and 
Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Ft.  Collins ;  Cache  la  Poudre. 

2.  Bidens  vulgata  Greene.  In  wet  ground  from  Ont.  and  B.  C.  to  N.  C. 
and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Ft.  Collins. 

3.  Bidens  comosa  (A.  Gray)  Wiegand.  ( B .  connata  comosa  A.  Gray)  In 
wet  ground  from  Mass,  and  Nebr.  to  N.  J.  and  Colo. — Along  Poudre. 

4.  Bidens  prionophylla  Greene.  In  shallow  water  and  wet  ground  from 
Ills,  and  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Poudre. 

5.  Bidens  glaucescens  Greene.  ( B .  chrysanthemoides  and  B.  cernua  A. 
Gray,  in  part)  In  wet  ground  and  shallow  water  from  Sask.  and  Mont,  to 
Kans.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Denver ;  Colorado  Springs ;  river  flats 
east  of  Ft.  Collins;  Poudre  River;  Table  Rock;  Tobe  Miller’s  ranch. 

6.  Bidens  Bigelovii  A.  Gray.  Along  streams  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. 
— Alt.  up  to  7500  ft. — Manitou ;  Engelmann  Canon ;  Como ;  Ute  Pass. 

7.  Bidens  tenuisecta  A.  Gray.  Along  streams  from  Colo,  and  Ida.  to  Tex. 
and  Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Engelmann  Canon ;  Colorado 
Springs  ;  Buena  Vista ;  Palmer  Lake ;  Ute  Creek ;  Cimarron. 

55.  THELESPERMA  Less. 

Heads  radiate. 

Leaf-segments  linear-filiform,  1  mm.  or  less  wide. 

Annual  or  biennial ;  outer  bracts  subulate-linear,  more  than  half  as  long 
as  the  inner.  1.  T.  triddum. 

Perennial  from  a  root-stock ;  outer  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  half  as  long  as 
the  inner  or  less.  2.  T.  tenue. 

Leaf-segments  linear,  over  1  mm.  wide ;  plant  perennial. 

Plant  with  tap-root,  leafy  throughout.  3.  T.  intermedium. 

Plant  with  horizontal  root-stock,  leafy  only  at  the  base.  4.  T.  subnudum. 
Heads  discoid  ;  perennials  with  root-stock  or  woody  caudex.  5.  T.  gracile. 

1.  Thelesperma  trifidum  (Lam.)  Britton.  (T.  fili folium  A.  Gray)  On  dry 
plains  from  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Kans.,  Tex.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — 
Colorado  Springs ;  Denver,  along  Platte  River. 

2.  Thelesperma  tenue  Rydb.  On  plains  and  in  mountain  valleys  of  Colo. 
— Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Veta  Pass;  “the  plains.” 

3.  Thelesperma  intermedium  Rydb.  On  plains,  in  dry  or  sandy  soil,  from 
Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  Colo. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Canon  City;  Wahatoya  Canon; 
La  Veta. 


376 


CARDUACEAE. 


4.  Thelesperma  subnudum  A.  Gray.  On  dry  plains  of  Colo.,  Utah,  N.  M. 
and  Ariz. — Alt.  4500-7000  ft. — Brantly  Canon,  Las  Animas  Co.;  Grand  Junc¬ 
tion;  Cedar  Hills;  Walsenburg;  dry  hills  about  Antonito. 

5.  Thelesperma  gracile  A.  Gray.  On  dry  plains  from  Neb.  and  Colo,  to 
Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Colorado  Springs;  near  Boulder;  Mani- 
tou;  New  Windsor;  Denver;  Ft.  Collins;  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Fos¬ 
sil  Creek;  Wray;  Raton  Range;  Poudre  River. 

56.  MADIA  Molina.  Tar-weed. 

1.  Madia  glomerata  Hook.  In  open  dry  places  in  the  mountains  from 
Sask.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo. — Alt.  6500-9000  ft. — Valley  near  Empire ;  Rabbits-Ear 
Pass;  Cerro  Summit;  Pagosa  Springs;  Gunnison  Co.;  Hubbard  Creek;  Dale 
Creek ;  Steamboat  Springs ;  between  Pallas  and  Sydney ;  Hotchkiss ;  Hayden. 


Tribe  5.  HELENIAE. 

57.  PSILOSTROPHE  DC. 

Scales  of  the  pappus  one-third  as  long  as  the  disk-corollas,  mostly  obtuse  ;  leaves 
broadly  spatulate  ;  rays  8-12  mm.  long,  indistinctly  nerved.  1.  P.  Bakeri. 
Scales  of  the  pappus  one-half  as  long  as  the  disk-corollas,  acute  or  acuminate  ; 
rays  5-8  mm.  long,  distinctly  veined.  2.  P.  tagetina. 

1.  Psilostrophe  Bakeri  Greene.  ( Riddellia  tagetina  pumila  Jones;  P.  pumila 
A.  Nels.)  On  dry  plains  and  hills  in  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  5500  ft. — Uncom- 
pahgre  Mountains,  near  Los  Pinos;  Rifle,  Garfield  Co.;  Grand  Junction; 
Delta  Co.;  Montrose;  Hotchkiss;  Palisades. 

2.  Psilostrophe  tagetina  (Nutt.)  Greene.  ( Riddellia  tagetina  Nutt.)  On 
dry  plains  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Sources  of  the  Platte. 

58.  PERICOME  A.  Gray. 

1.  Pericome  caudata  A.  Gray.  In  canons  and  river  valleys  from  Colo,  to 
Tex.  and  N.  M. ;  also  in  Mex. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — North  Cheyenne  Canon; 
Manitou ;  Engelmann  Canon ;  Colorado  Springs ;  Marshall  Pass ;  Ute  Pass. 

59.  HYMENOPAPPUS  L’Her. 

Throat  of  the  corolla  1-1.5  mm.  long,  not  over  twice  as  long  as  the  lobes. 
Pappus  not  hidden  by  the  hairs  of  the  achenes. 

Stem  permanently  densely  white-tomentose  ;  achenes  silky. 

1.  H.  arenosus. 

Stem  sparingly  grayish-tomentose,  glabrate  in  age ;  achenes  loosely  villous. 

2.  H.  cinereus. 

Pappus  hidden  by  the  hairs  of  the  achenes,  or  sometimes  none. 

3.  H.  Ulifolius. 

Throat  of  the  corolla  3-4  times  as  long  as  the  lobes. 

Pappus  shorter  than  the  corolla-tube  ;  throat  of  corolla  3-4  mm.  long  ;  plant  tall. 

4.  H.  macroglottis. 

Pappus  equalling  the  corolla-tube;  throat  about  1.5  mm.  long;  plant  dwarf. 

5.  H.  parvulus. 

1.  Hymenopappus  arenosus  Heller.  On  dry  hills  and  plains  from  Colo,  and 
Utah  to  N.  M. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — Arboles ;  Dolores;  hills  above  Trinidad; 
Grand  Junction;  Mancos ;  Florence. 


CARDUACEAE. 


377 


2.  Hymenopappus  cinereus  Rydb.  ( H .  ochroleucus  Greene)  On  dry  hills 
and  plains  of  Colo. — Alt.  5000-11,000  ft. — West  of  Loveland,  Larimer  Co.; 
Twin  Lakes;  Rifle,  Garfield  Co.;  Cimarron;  Durango;  Walsenburg;  mesas 
near  Pueblo;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Garden  of  the  Gods;  Trinidad; 
Palmer  Lake;  across  Gunnison  River,  Grand  Junction;  mountains  about 
Manitou ;  Florence ;  Buena  Vista ;  Colorado  Springs. 

3.  Hymenopappus  filifolius  Nutt.  On  dry  plains  from  Sask.  and  Mont,  to 
Neb.,  Colo,  and  Ore. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Grand  Junction;  Apishapa  Creek, 
Otero  Co. ;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  Ft.  Collins ;  Fossil  Creek. 

4.  Hymenopappus  macroglottis  Rydb.  On  dry  hills  and  plains  from  Colo, 
to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Exact  locality  not  given;  specimens  collected  by  Fremont. 

5.  Hymenopappus  parvulus  Greene.  On  dry  hills  of  western  Colo. — Alt, 
about  7500  ft. — Gunnison. 

60.  LEUCAMPYX  A.  Gray. 

1.  Leucampyx  Newberryi  A.  Gray.  In  canons  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt. 
6000-9000  ft. — Pagosa  Springs ;  West  Indian  Creek ;  Cimarron. 

61.  POLYPTERIS  Nutt. 

1.  Polypteris  Hookeriana  (T.  &  G.)  A.  Gray.  On  plains  from  Neb.  and 
Colo,  to  Tex. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Golden;  Ft.  Collins. 

62.  PICRADENIOPSIS  Rydb. 

1.  Picradeniopsis  oppositifolia  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  ( Bahia  oppositifolia  Nutt.) 
In  alkaline  soil  from  S.  D.  and  Mont,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. 
— Foot-hills,  Colorado  Springs;  La  Veta;  New  Windsor;  Ft.  Collins;  Iola ; 
foot-hills  west  of  Ft.  Collins;  Denver;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Gun¬ 
nison;  Boulder;  Rocky  Ford;  Pueblo;  near  Timnath. 

63.  ACHYROPAPPUS  H.  B.  K. 

1.  Achyropappus  neo-mexicanus  A.  Gray.  ( Bahia  neo-mexicana  A.  Gray) 
In  sandy  soil  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. ;  also  Mex. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. 
— Buena  Vista;  Alamosa. 

64.  PL  AT  YSCHKUHRI A  (A.  Gray)  Rydb. 

Stem  scapiform  or  nearly  so;  leaves  firm,  oval  to  lanceolate.  1.  P.  integrifolia. 
Stem  leafy ;  leaves  thin,  oblong.  2.  P.  oblongifolia. 

1.  Platyschkuhria  integrifolia  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Bahia  nudicaulis  A. 
Gray;  Schkuhria  integrifolia  A.  Gray)  In  arid  regions  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — 
Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Deer  Run;  Grand  Junction. 

2.  Platyschkuhria  oblongifolia  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Bahia  oblongifolia  A. 
Gray)  In  arid  regions  of  Colo,  and  Utah. — Valley  of  San  Juan. 

65.  BAHIA  Lag. 

1.  Bahia  dissecta  (A.  Gray)  Britton.  ( B .  chrysanthemoides  A.  Gray) 
Along  streams  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  6000-9000  ft. — Bosworth’s 


378 


CARDUACEAE. 


ranch;  Stove  Prairie;  Granite;  Ouray;  Ruxton  Park;  foot  of  Mt.  Harvard; 
hills  about  Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  mountains,  Larimer  Co.;  North 
Cheyenne  Canon;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Durango;  Horse- 
tooth  Mountain ;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co. ;  Elk  Canon ;  Idaho  Springs ;  Em¬ 
pire;  Gray’s  Peak;  Lake  City;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek. 

66.  CHAENACTIS  DC. 

Annuals.  i.  C.  stevioides. 

Perennials. 

Heads  corymbose,  short-peduncled  ;  caudex  short,  erect.  2.  C.  Douglasii. 
Heads  solitary,  rather  long-peduncled  ;  caudex  with  spreading  branches. 

Bracts  equalling  the  disk,  only  slightly  tinged  with  purple.  3.  C.  pedicularia. 
Bracts  much  shorter  than  the  disk,  purplish.  4.  C.  alpina. 

1.  Chaenactis  stevioides  H.  &  A.  In  arid  places  from  Ida.  and  Nev.  to 
N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Hotchkiss;  Rifle;  McElmo  Canon; 
Grand  Junction;  Delta  Co.;  Palisades. 

2.  Chaenactis  Douglasii  H.  &  A.  In  sandy  and  rocky  places  from  Mont, 
and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-9000  ft. — High  rocks,  Middle  Park; 
North  Park;  Leroux,  Delta  Co.;  Twin  Lakes;  Doyle’s;  Cimarron;  head¬ 
waters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek ;  Grand  River  Canon ;  pinon  belt,  north 
of  Mancos ;  Grayback  mining  camps  and  Placer  Gulch ;  Palisades ;  Elk  River, 
Routt  Co. 

3.  Chaenactis  pedicularia  Greene.  On  high  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about 
11,500  ft. — Como;  Little  Kate  Mine,  La  Plata  Mountains. 

4.  Chaenactis  alpina  (A.  Gray)  Jones.  (C.  Douglasii  alpina  A.  Gray)  On 
high  mountains  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — “  Colorado.” 


67.  TETRANEURIS  Greene. 


Flowering  stems  scapiform,  leafless. 

Leaves  densly  appressed  silky,  at  least  when  young. 

Leaves  not  strongly  3-nerved  on  the  broadened  bases. 

Leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  2-4  cm.  long;  scape  2-12  cm.  high. 

1.  T.  acaulis. 

Leaves  linear  or  linear-oblanceolate ;  scape  12-20  cm.  high. 

2.  T.  simplex. 

Leaves  strongly  3-nerved  on  the  broadened  bases,  narrowly  oblanceolate. 

3.  T.  trinervata. 


Leaves  loosely  villous  or  glabrate. 

Leaves,  scapes  and  involucres  decidedly  long-villous.  4.  T.  lanata. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  sparingly  villous ;  scape  finely  pubescent  (long-villous 
only  in  T.  Torreyana). 

Branches  of  the  caudex  copiously  villous  at  the  ends,  with  long,  at  first 
white,  but  later  brownish  hairs. 

Pappus-scales  lanceolate,  acute  ;  bracts  oblong. 

Crowns  of  the  caudex  copiously  villous;  scape  5-10  cm.  long. 

5.  T.  Torreyana. 

Crowns  of  the  caudex  not  copiously  villous ;  scape  1-2  cm.  high. 

6.  T.  brevifolia. 


Pappus-scales  oval,  awned. 

Leaves  oblanceolate,  hairy.  7.  T.  arizonica. 

Leaves  linear-oblanceolate,  or  linear-oblong,  glabrate. 

Bracts  oval.  8.  T.  pilosa. 

Bracts  linear-oblong.  9.  T.  Crandallii. 


CARDUACEAE. 


379 


Branches  of  the  caudex  not  copiously  villous. 

Bases  of  the  leaves  not  broader  than  the  oblanceolate  or  almost  linear 
blades ;  branches  of  the  caudex  short  and  stout. 

Leaves  oblanceolate ;  bracts  slightly  shorter  than  the  disk ;  rays  not 

strongly  veined.  io.  T.  glabriuscula. 

Leaves  linear  or  oblanceolate-linear ;  bracts  one-fourth  shorter  than 
the  disk;  rays  strongly  nerved.  n.  T.  angusti  folia. 

Bases  of  the  leaves  2-4  times  as  wide  as  the  linear  leaf-blades  ;  branches 
of  the  caudex  elongated  ;  bases  of  the  leaves  and  involucres  sparingly 
silky  villous.  12.  T.  stenophylla. 

Stems  2-3  dm.  high  with  2-4  leaves. 

Outer  bracts  oval  or  ovate,  purple.  13.  T.  leptoclada. 

Outer  bracts  linear-oblong  or  lanceolate,  green.  14.  T.  intermedia. 

1.  Tetraneuris  acaulis  (Pursh)  Greene.  ( Actinella  acaulis  Nutt.)  On 
hills  and  dry  plains  from  Neb.,  Mont,  and  Ida.  to  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — 
Rocky  Ford,  Otero  Co.;  Bartlett;  mesas  near  Pueblo;  Trinidad;  Colorado 
City. 

V 

2.  Tetraneuris  simplex  A.  Nelson.  On  dry  hills  from  S.  D.  and  Ida.  to 
Neb.  and  Colo. — Crow  Creek;  Monument. 

3.  Tetraneuris  trinervata  Greene.  On  dry  hills  from  Colo,  to  Tex. — On 
the  Platte. 

4.  Tetraneuris  lanata  (Nutt.)  Greene.  ( Actinella  lanata  Nutt.)  On  the 
mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  6000-13,000  ft. — Mountain  near  Veta 
Pass;  Seven  Lakes;  Como;  West  Indian  Creek;  west  slope  of  Bald  Moun¬ 
tain;  Pike’s  Peak;  Central  City;  Mt.  Garfield;  mesas  near  Colorado  Springs; 
Berthoud  Pass ;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Pass ;  north  of  La  Porte ;  Pine  Grove ; 
James’  Peak. 

5.  Tetraneuris  Torreyana  (Nutt.)  Greene.  (A.  Torreyana  Nutt.)  On 
rocky  hills  of  Wyo.,  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-6500  ft. — Near  northern 
State  line. 

6.  Tetraneuris  brevifolia  Greene.  Exposed  mountains  near  Pike’s  Peak, 
Colo. 

7.  Tetraneuris  arizonica  Greene.  On  dry  hills  from  Colo,  to  Ariz. — Trini¬ 
dad  ;  Colorado  Springs. 

8.  Tetraneuris  pilosa  Greene.  On  dry  hills  and  mountains  from  Colo,  to 
Ariz. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. — Los  Pinos  (Bayfield)  ;  Manitou. 

9.  Tetraneuris  Crandallii  Rydb.  On  dry  hills  of  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — 
Grand  Junction;  McCoy’s,  Eagle  Co.;  Cimarron. 

10.  Tetraneuris  glabriuscula  Rydb.  (T.  glabra  Greene;  not  Actinella  glabra 
Nutt.)  On  dry  hills  from  Colo,  and  Nev.  to  N.  M. — Alt.  about  6000  ft. — 
Ft.  Collins;  Canon  City;  Red  Rock  Canon,  near  Pike’s  Peak. 

11.  Tetraneuris  angustifolia  Rydb.  On  dry  rocky  hills  from  Colo,  to  Tex. 
and  N.  M. — Alt.  up  to  7000  ft. — Table  Rock;  Mancos ;  Ft.  Lyon;  Arkansas 
River. 

12.  Tetraneuris  stenophylla  Rydb.  On  dry  plains  from  Kans.  and  Colo,  to 
Tex.;  also  Mex. — Banks  of  Cimarron. 

13.  Tetraneuris  leptoclada  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Actinella  leptoclada  A. 
Gray;  T.  Mancosensis  A.  Nels.)  On  dry  hills  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  up 
to  9000  ft. — Mancos ;  Leroux  Creek,  Delta  Co. 

14.  Tetraneuris  intermedia  Greene.  On  dry  hills  of  southern  Colo. — Alt. 
6500-7000  ft. — Cimarron ;  Pagosa  Springs. 


380 


CARDUACEAE. 


68.  CHAMAECHAENACTIS  Rydb. 

i.  Chamaechaenactis  scaposa  (Eastw.)  Rydb.  ( Chaenactis  scaposa  Eastw.) 
In  arid  regions  of  Utah  and  Colo. — Grand  Junction. 


69.  RYDBERGIA  Greene. 

Involucres  densely  white-woolly  at  the  base ;  basal  leaves  more  or  less  doubly 
pinnatifid.  1.  R.  grandidora. 

Involucres  darker,  short-villous  at  the  base ;  leaves  simply  pinnatifid  with  few 
divisions.  2.  R.  Brandegei. 

1.  Rydbergia  grandiflora  (T.  &  G.)  Greene.  ( Actinella  grandiUora  T.  &  G.) 
On  high  mountain  sides  from  Mont,  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  9000-13,500 
ft. — Alpine  Tunnel;  Pike’s  Peak;  Ironton,  San  Juan  Co.;  Gray’s  Peak; 
Mt.  Harvard;  Mt.  Abram,  Ouray;  Seven  Lakes;  mountains  south  of  Ward, 
Boulder  Co.;  Little  Kate  Mine,  La  Plata  Mountains;  near  Pagosa  Peak; 
Floral  Mountain,  near  Georgetown ;  mountains  above  Como ;  Carson ;  Cam¬ 
eron  Pass ;  Berthoud  Pass ;  Beaver  Creek ;  mountain  northwest  of  Como ; 
mountains  about  Graymont ;  Massif  de  l’Arapahoe;  Hinsdale  Co.;  headwaters 
of  Clear  Creek;  Ethel  Peak. 

2.  Rydbergia  Brandegei  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Actinella  Brandegei  A.  Gray; 
Rydbergia  glabrata  Greene)  On  high  peaks  of  southern  Colo,  and  N.  M. — 
Alt.  9000-13,000  ft. — West  Spanish  Peak;  Sierra  Blanca. 


70.  HYMENOXYS  Cass.  Colorado  Rubber  Plant. 


1.  H.  macrantha. 

2.  H.  pumila. 


Plant  low,  perennial  with  a  multicipal  caudex. 

Heads  mostly  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  branches. 

Rays  12-18  mm.  long;  plant  1-3  dm.  high. 

Rays  5-8  mm.  long ;  plant  less  than  1  dm.  high. 

Heads  mostly  corymbose. 

Rays  orange,  broadly  cuneate.  3.  H.  Earlei. 

Rays  yellow,  oblong  or  somewhat  cuneate.  4.  H.  -floribunda. 

Plant  tall,  3  dm.  high  or  more,  biennial  or  short-lived  perennial,  with  one  or 
few  stems  from  a  tap-root. 

Stem  simple  below ;  leaves  pinnate  or  simple  ;  disk  over  x  cm.  wide. 

5.  H.  helenioides. 

Stem  diffusely  branched ;  leaves  once  to  thrice  ternate ;  disk  5-8  mm.  wide. 

6.  H.  multiflora. 


1.  Hymenoxys  macrantha  (A.  Nels.)  Rydb.  ( Picradenia  macrantha  A. 
Nels. ;  H.  Richardsonii  macrantha  Cockerell)  In  dry  soil  from  Wyo.  to  Utah 
and  Colo. — Como ;  South  Park. 

2.  Hymenoxys  pumila  (Greene)  Rydb.  ( Picradenia  pumila  Greene;  H. 
Richardsonii  pumila  Cockerell)  Very  dry  hills  from  Ass.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. 
— North  Park. 

3.  Hymenoxys  Earlei  Cockerell.  In  the  pinon  belt  of  Colo. — Mancos. 

4.  Hymenoxys  floribunda  (A.  Gray)  Cockerell.  ( Actinella  Richardsonii 
floribunda  A.  Gray ;  Picradenia  floribunda  Greene)  In  dry  or  gravelly  soil 
from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Como;  Buena  Vista; 
Marshall  Pass;  Placer;  Westcliffe;  Twin  Lakes;  Mancos;  Gunnison;  Sangre 
de  Cristo  Creek;  Turkey  Creek  and  tributaries;  Mt.  Harvard;  dry  plains 
south  of  Antonito;  Dillon  Canon;  Nepesta;  Colorado  Springs. 


CARDUACEAE. 


381 


5.  Hymenoxys  helenioides  (Rydb.)  Cockerell.  ( Picradenia  helenioides 
Rydb.)  In  river  valleys  of  southern  Colo. — Alt.  8000-9000  ft. — Sangre  de 
Cristo  Creek. 

6.  Hymenoxys  multiflora  (Buckley)  Rydb.  ( Phileozera  multiflora  Buck- 
ley;  Picradenia  multiflora  Greene)  Dry  plains  from  Kans.  and  Colo,  to  Tex. 
and  Ariz. ;  also  northern  Mex.  In  Colorado  represented  by  var.  Osterhoutii 
(Cockerell)  Rydb.  ( H .  chrysanthemoides  Osterhoutii  Cockerell). — Apishapa 
Creek,  Otero  Co. 

71.  FLAVERIA  Juss. 

1.  Flaveria  angustifolia  (Cav.)  Pers.  In  alkaline  soil  from  Colo,  to  Tex. 
and  N.  M. ;  also  Mex. — Alt.  about  4600  ft. — Grand  Junction. 

72.  DUGALDIA  Cass. 

1.  Dugaldia  Hoopesii  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Helenium  Hoopesii  A.  Gray)  In 
mountain  valleys  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  7000-12,000  ft. — 
Mountains  above  Ouray;  Crested  Butte;  Leroux  Creek;  Red  Mountain; 
Breckenridge ;  Veta  Pass;  Westcliffe;  Ironton  Park,  nine  miles  south  of 
Ouray;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Grayback  mining  camps;  Ironton,  San  Juan 
Co.;  along  carriage  road  to  Pike’s  Peak;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Trappers’  Lake; 
Cripple  Creek;  La  Plata  Canon;  Gore  Pass;  Mancos;  Leroux  Creek  delta; 
Hahn’s  Peak;  Lake  City. 


73.  HELENIUM  L.  Sneeze- weed. 

1.  Helenium  montanum  Nutt.  ( H .  autumnale  A.  Gray,  in  part;  not  L.) 
In  meadows  from  Minn.,  Sask.  and  Wash,  to  Miss,  and  Colo. — Kremmling. 

74.  GAILLARDIA  Foug. 

Lobes  of  the  disk-corollas  acute.  1.  G.  aristata. 

Lobes  of  the  disk-corollas  short  and  broad,  obtuse.  2.  G.  pinnatifida. 

1.  Gaillardia  aristata  Pursh.  On  hills  and  plains  from  Sask.  and  B.  C.  to 
Colo,  and  Ore. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Glenwood  Springs ;  Larimer  Co. ;  Horse- 
tooth  Gulch;  Rist  Canon;  Westcliffe;  Veta  Pass;  Idaho  Springs;  foot-hills 
west  of  Ft.  Collins;  Empire;  Boulder;  Soldier  Canon;  Monument;  hill  north¬ 
west  of  Soldier  Canon;  Spring  Canon;  Redstone;  forks  of  the  Poudre  and 
Big  South;  Dixon  Canon;  Stove  Prairie  Hill;  Narrows;  Table  Rock. 

2.  Gaillardia  pinnatifida  Torr.  On  dry  plains  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. 
— Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Deer  Run;  Durango;  Walsenburg;  Grand  Junction. 

75.  BOEBERA  Willd.  Fetid  Marigold. 

1.  Boebera  papposa  (Vent.)  Rydb.  ( Dysodia  chrysanthemoides  Lag.)  On 
prairies,  river  valleys,  roadsides  and  waste  places  from  Ohio  and  Mont,  to 
Ark.  and  Ariz. ;  also  Mex. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Cucharas  Valley,  near  La 
Veta;  Ft.  Collins;  Minnehaha;  Boulder;  Lyons;  Colorado  Springs;  North 
Cheyenne  Canon. 

76.  LOWELLIA  A.  Gray. 

1.  Lowellia  aurea  A.  Gray.  ( Hymenatherum  aureum  A.  Gray)  On  plains 
from  Colo,  to  Texas. — Rocky  Ford,  Otero  Co.;  Canon  City;  Pueblo;  Huer¬ 
fano  ;  Colorado  Springs ;  Denver. 


382 


CARDUACEAE. 


77.  PECTIS  L. 

1.  Pectis  angustifolia  Torr.  In  “  sand-draws  ”  and  on  sandy  hillsides  from 
Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-11,000  ft. — Pueblo;  Rocky  Ford; 
Little  V eta  Mountain ;  Canon  City. 

Tribe  6.  ANTHEMIDEAE. 

78.  ANTHEMIS  L.  May-weed,  Fetid  Camomile. 

1.  Anthemis  Cotula  L.  In  fields  and  waste  places  from  Newf.  and  Yukon  to 
Fla.  and  Calif. — Alt.  about  5000  ft. — Ft.  Collins ;  Hotchkiss. 

79.  ACHILLEA  L.  Yarrow. 

Bracts  with  light  brownish  margins.  1.  A.  lanulosa. 

Bracts  with  dark  brown,  nearly  black  margins.  2.  A.  alpicola. 

1.  Achillea  lanulosa  Nutt.  On  plains  and  mountains  from  western  Ont. 
and  Yukon  to  Ind.  Terr,  and  Calif.;  also  Mex. — Alt.  4000-12,000  ft. — Ft.  Col¬ 
lins;  Arboles;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Cucharas  River,  below  La  Veta; 
Ironton  Park,  nine  miles  south  of  Ouray ;  along  Uncompahgre  River,  near 
Ouray;  Dark  Canon;  Ruxton  Brook;  Seven  Lakes;  Gunnison;  Cerro  Sum¬ 
mit;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Raton  Range;  Dillon  Canon, 
Trinidad;  Pike’s  Peak;  Steamboat  Springs. 

2.  Achillea  alpicola  Rydb.  (A.  lanulosa  alpicola  Rydb.)  On  high  moun¬ 
tains  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  11,000-12,000  ft. — Little  Kate  Mine,  La  Plata 
Mountains ;  Seven  Lakes ;  Mt.  Ouray. 

80.  CHRYSANTHEMUM  L.  Ox-eye  Daisy. 

1.  Chrysanthemum  Leucanthemum  L.  Naturalized  from  Europe  from  Lab. 
to  Fla.,  Colo,  and  Mont. — Along  Platte  River,  near  Denver. 

81.  PICROTHAMNUS  Nutt. 

1.  Picrothamnus  desertorum  Nutt.  ( Artemisia  spinescens  D.  C.  Eaton) 
On  arid  hills  from  Mont,  and  Ida.  to  N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — 
Palisades,  Mesa  Co.;  Hotchkiss;  Grand  River  Canon,  above  Palisades;  Delta 
Co. 

82.  ARTEMISIA  L.  Wormwood,  Sage-brush. 

Heads  heterogamous,  i.  e.,  flowers  unlike ;  disk-flowers  hermaphrodite ;  marginal 
ones  pistillate,  truncate,  2-3-toothed. 

Disk-flowers  sterile  ;  their  styles  mostly  entire,  penicillate  ;  ovary  abortive. 

I.  Dracunculoides. 

Disk-flowers  fertile  ;  their  styles  two-cleft. 

Receptacle  with  long  villous  hairs.  II.  Frigidae. 

Receptacle  glabrous. 

Annuals  or  biennials,  tall.  III.  Annuae. 

Perennials. 

Plants  not  shrubby,  except  at  the  base ;  leaves  not  cuneate  with  3- 
toothed  apex. 

Plant  not  at  all  tomentose  ;  plant  low,  1-3  dm.  high. 

IV.  Arcticae. 

Plant  more  or  less  tomentose,  at  least  on  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves. 
Involucres  densely  tomentose. 


CARDUACEAE. 


383 


Leaves  all  entire  or  the  lower  merely  toothed. 

V.  Gnaphaloides. 

Leaves  at  least  the  lower  ones  pinnately  divided  or  lobed. 

Divisions  of  the  leaves  not  narrowly  linear  or  filiform  ;  margins 

scarcely  revolute.  VI.  Diversifoeiae. 

Divisions  of  the  leaves  narrowly  linear  to  filiform ;  margins 
revolute.  VII.  Stenophyllae. 

Involucres  in  age  glabrous,  only  slightly  tomentose  when  young. 

VIII.  Vulgares. 

Plant  shrubby ;  leaves  cuneate,  3-toothed  at  the  apex. 

IX.  Bigelovianae. 

Heads  homogamous ;  i.  e.,  flowers  all  alike,  hermaphrodite  and  fertile ;  plants 
shrubby.  X.  Tridentatae. 

I.  Dracunculoides. 

Plants  frutescent  only  at  the  base ;  heads  rather  many-flowered,  hemispherical, 
over  1.5  mm.  in  diameter. 

Plants  glabrous,  at  least  in  age  ;  leaves  all,  except  the  lower  ones,  simple  and 
linear. 

Leaves  and  bracts  dark  green  ;  heads  3-4  mm.  wide  ;  flowers  30-40,  brown. 

1.  A.  aromatica. 

Leaves  and  bracts  lighter ;  heads  2-3.5  mm.  wide ;  flowers  yellow  or  light 
brown,  about  20.  2.  A.  dracunculoides. 

Plant  pubescent ;  leaves  nearly  all  pinnatifid. 

Heads  2-3  mm.  wide ;  bracts  glabrous ;  stem  appressed-hairy  or  glabrate ; 
flowers  yellow. 

Stem-leaves  with  1-2  pairs  of  lateral  divisions  close  at  the  base,  or  entire 
grayish  canescent.  3.  A.  glauca. 

Stem-leaves  pinnatifid  or  bipinnatifid  with  distant  divisions,  mostly  green 
at  least  in  age. 

Stem  tall,  5-10  dm.  high,  very  leafy,  in  age  nearly  glabrous;  divisions 
of  the  leaves  linear-filiform.  4.  A.  Scouleriana. 

Stem  lower,  2-6  dm.  high  ;  divisions  of  the  basal  leaves  linear-oblanceo- 
late,  more  or  less  canescent.  5.  A.  Foncoodii. 

Heads  4-5  mm.  wide  ;  bracts  and  stem  at  least  when  young  with  long  silky- 
villous  loose  hairs  ;  flowers  brown.  6.  A.  spithamaea. 

Plant  shrubby;  heads  few-flowered,  1-1.5  mm.  in  diameter;  divisions  of  the 
leaves  filiform.  7.  A.  dlifolia. 

II.  Frigidae. 


Heads  numerous,  4-5  mm.  wide  ;  bracts  light  brown  ;  plants  usually  comparatively 
tall,  3-8  dm.  high.  8.  A.  frigida. 

Heads  few,  6-12  mm.  in  diameter;  bracts  with  dark  brown  or  blackish  margins; 
plant  low,  1-2  dm.  high. 

Heads  several,  spicately  or  racemosely  disposed ;  corolla  pubescent ;  basal 
leaves  and  lower  stem-leaves  bipinnatifid.  9.  A.  scopulorum. 

Heads  solitary  or  2-4  in  a  close  cluster ;  corolla  glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  basal 

A.  Pattersonii. 


11.  A.  biennis. 


leaves  pinnatifid  with  short  divisions. 

10. 

• 

III.  Annuae. 

One  species. 

IV.  Arcticae. 

1 1. 

Plant  pubescent. 

12. 

Plant  glabrous. 

V.  Gnaphaloides. 

13- 

Leaves  in  age  glabrate  above. 

14- 

Leaves  permanently  tomentose 

on  both  sides. 

Heads  erect,  peduncled,  4-5 

mm.  wide  ;  flowers 

brown  .  15. 

14.  A.  silvicola. 


Heads  nodding  or  spreading,  4  111m.  or  less  wide. 


384 


CARDUACEAE. 


Heads  distinctly  pedicelled,  nodding,  on  lax  racemiform  branches. 

1 6.  A.  pudica. 

Heads  subsessile,  conglomerate  on  short  branches. 

Heads  3-4  mm.  wide ;  flowers  dark  or  purplish  brown. 

1 7.  A.  rhizomata. 


Heads  2-3  mm.  wide ;  flowers  light  brown. 
Leaves  lanceolate. 

Leaves  linear  or  nearly  so. 


18.  A.  gnaphaloides. 

19.  A.  pabularis. 


VI.  Diversifoliae. 


Leaves  in  age  greenish  and  more  or  less  glabrate  above. 

Lower  leaves  more  or  less  cuneate-oblanceolate,  lobed  above  the  middle  with 
lanceolate  lobes ;  upper  leaves  entire  ;  plant  usually  cespitose. 

20.  A.  ludoviciana. 

Leaves  nearly  all  deeply  pinnatifid,  with  linear  or  linear-lanceolate  lobes. 

21.  A.  Underwoodii. 

Leaves  permanently  and  almost  equally  white-tomentose  on  both  sides. 

Lower  leaves  cuneate  or  cuneate-oblanceolate,  3-lobed  (more  seldom  5-lobed) 
above  the  middle  with  lanceolate  lobes.  22.  A.  Brittonii. 

Lower  leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  with  long  linear  or  linear-lanceolate  lobes. 

23.  A.  diversifolia. 

VII.  Stenophyllae. 

Leaves  in  age  glabrate  above  ;  inflorescence  lax. 

Heads  erect ;  divisions  of  the  leaves  filiform.  24.  A.  IVrightii. 

Heads  nodding ;  divisions  of  the  leaves  narrowly  linear. 

25.  A.  Bakeri. 

Leaves  permanently  white-tomentose  on  both  sides ;  heads  crowded. 

Leaves,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  with  linear  rather  short  divisions. 

26.  A.  coloradensis. 

Leaves  with  filiform  divisions.  27.  A.  kansana. 


VIII.  Vulgares. 

Divisions  of  the  leaves  broad,  lanceolate  or  oblong. 

Leaves,  except  the  uppermost,  twice  pinnatifid  with  obtusish  lobes,  glabrous 
or  minutely  appressed  canescent  beneath.  28.  A.  fraserioides. 

Leaves,  except  sometimes  the  lowermost,  once  pinnatifid,  with  acute  or  acutish 
lobes,  or  the  upper  entire,  white-tomentose  beneath. 

Tall,  6-10  dm.  high;  upper  leaves  entire;  the  rest  simply  pinnatifid. 

29.  A.  elatior. 

Lower,  2-6  dm.  high  ;  all  leaves  pinnatifid ;  the  lower  often  twice  pinnatifid. 

30.  A.  incornpta. 

Divisions  of  the  leaves  narrowly  linear-lanceolate  or  linear. 

31.  A.  discolor. 

IX.  Bigelovianae. 

One  species.  32.  A.  Bigelovii. 

X.  Tridentatae. 

Leaves  nearly  all  trifid  or  tridentate  at  the  apex. 

Divisions  of  the  leaves  mostly  long,  narrowly  linear,  sometimes  almost  filiform ; 

heads  about  2  mm.  wide.  33.  A.  tripartita. 

Divisions  or  teeth  of  the  leaves  short,  ovate  or  oblong. 

Heads  2-3  mm.  wide. 

Bracts  densely  tomentose ;  inflorescence  rather  congested. 

Shrub  tall ;  inflorescence  much  branched ;  heads  about  2  mm.  wide. 

34.  A.  tridentata. 

Shrub  dwarf ;  inflorescence  rather  simple  and  spike-like ;  heads  3  mm. 
wide.  35.  A.  arbuscula. 

Bracts  of  the  involucres  almost  glabrous ;  inflorescence  lax,  racemiform. 

36.  A.  nova. 


CARDUACEAE. 


385 


Heads  about  5  mm.  wide ;  outer  bracts  only  tomentose  ;  inflorescence  raceme- 
or  spike-like.  37.  A.  spiciformis. 

Leaves  all  linear,  entire,  acute,  or  rarely  a  few  of  them  3-cleft  at  the  apex ; 
heads  3-4  mm.  wide  in  a  compact  inflorescence. 

Leaves  permanently  canescent,  not  viscid.  38.  A.  cana. 

Leaves,  at  least  in  age,  glabrate,  more  or  less  viscid.  39.  A.  viscidula. 

1.  Artemisia  aromatica  A.  Nels.  In  mountain  valleys  from  Alb.  and  Wash, 
to  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  9000  ft. — Breckenridge ;  Ironton  Park,  nine  miles  south 
of  Ouray. 

2.  Artemisia  dracunculoides  Pursh.  On  prairies  and  plains  from  Mont,  and 
Ida.  to  Tex.  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Below  Hot  Sulphur  Springs; 
Middle  Park;  Ft.  Collins;  Iola;  Huerfano  Valley,  near  Gardner;  Table  Rock; 
Elk  River;  Democrat  Mountain. 

Artemisia  dracunculoides  Wolfii  Rydb.  Heads  larger  with  lanceolate  bracts. 
In  mountain  valleys  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  7000-9000  ft. — Hamor’s  Lake, 
north  of  Durango;  Grizzly  Creek;  Honnold;  Twin  Lakes;  Colorado  Springs. 

3.  Artemisia  glauca  Pall.  On  plains  from  Man.  and  Ass.  to  Nebr.  and 
Colo. — Golden. 

4.  Artemisia  Scouleriana  (Besser)  Rydb.  ( A .  desertorum  Scouleriana 
Besser)  In  valleys  from  B.  C.  to  Colo. — Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — New  Windsor; 
Ruxton  Dell ;  Denver. 

5.  Artemisia  Forwoodii  S.  Wats.  ( A .  desertorum  Besser,  in  part;  A.  Cana¬ 
densis  A.  Gray,  in  part;  not  Michx.)  On  plains  and  hills  from  Ass.  and 
Mont,  to  N.  M. — Alt.  5000-7500  ft. — Iola ;  Mt.  Harvard ;  Baxter’s  ranch ; 
Redstone;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Boulder;  Pine  Grove;  Ft.  Collins;  Cipango 
Hill ;  Lake  City ;  Cheyenne  Mountain ;  South  Park. 

6.  Artemisia  spithamaea  Pursh.  ( A .  borealis  A.  Gray,  in  part;  not  Pall) 
On  alpine  peaks  and  in  arctic  regions  from  Lab.  to  Alaska  and  Colo. — Alt. 
11,000-12,500  ft. — Cameron  Pass;  Gray’s  Peak;  mountains  about  the  head¬ 
waters  of  Clear  Creek ;’ Cumberland  Mine,  La  Plata  Mountains;  Berthoud 
Pass;  near  Empire. 

7.  Artemisia  filifolia  Torr.  On  plains  from  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  Tex.  and 
Ariz. ;  also  Mex. — Alt.  4000-5500  ft. — Cheyenne  Wells;  New  Windsor;  near 
Denver;  near  Timnath;  plains  of  the  Platte. 

8.  Artemisia  frigida  Willd.  On  dry  hills  from  Hudson  Bay  to  Alaska,  Tex. 
and  Utah.- — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Chambers’  Lake ;  Pagosa  Springs  ;  Boulder ; 
Graymont;  Bosworth’s  ranch,  Stove  Prairie;  Iola;  Mt.  Harvard;  Cucharas 
Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Denver;  Colorado  Springs;  mountains  of  Larimer  Co.; 
dry  hills,  Lake  John,  North  Park;  Manitou ;  Gunnison;  Twin  Lakes;  Middle 
Park;  Ft.  Collins;  Golden;  Lake  City. 

9.  Artemisia  scopulorum  A.  Gray.  On  high  mountain  peaks  from  Wyo.  to 
Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  11,000-14,000  ft. — Near  Ironton,  San  Juan  Co.;  head¬ 
waters  of  Clear  Creek ;  Pike’s  Peak ;  Seven  Lakes ;  Gray’s  Peak ;  Cumberland 
Mines,  La  Plata  Mountains ;  mountains  above  Como ;  mountains  south  of 
Ward;  Mt.  Garfield;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Franklin;  Beaver  Creek;  Boreas. 

10.  Artemisia  Pattersonii  A.  Gray.  On  alpine  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt.  11,000- 
13,500  ft. — Summit  of  Mt.  Garfield;  west  slope  of  Bald  Mountain;  Bottomless 
Pit ;  Seven  Lakes ;  Saddle,  Pike’s  Peak ;  Gray’s  Peak. 

11.  Artemisia  biennis  Willd.  In  wet  places  from  N.  S.  to  Mackenzie, 

25 


386 


CARDUACEAE. 


Pa.  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Honnold;  Higho;  Ft.  Collins;  Cucharas 
Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Middle  Park;  Poudre  River. 

12.  Artemisia  saxicola  Rydb.  ( A .  Chamissoniana  saxatilis  Besser;  A. 
Norvegica  A.  Gray;  not  Fries)  On  the  higher  rockies  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — 
Alt.  11,000-13,000  ft. — Gray’s  Peak;  Silver  Plume;  Long’s  Peak;  Cameron 
Pass;  Mt.  Harvard;  Berthoud  Pass;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Empire; 
Ethel  Peak. 

13.  Artemisia  Parryi  A.  Gray.  On  alpine  peaks  of  Colo. — Sangre  de  Cristo 
Pass. 

14.  Artemisia  silvicola  Osterh.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — 
Alt.  about  8000  ft. — McIntyre  Creek,  Larimer  Co. ;  near  Pagosa  Peak. 

15.  Artemisia  natronensis  A.  Nels.  In  valleys  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt. 
7000  ft. — Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta. 

16.  Artemisia  pudica  Rydb.  On  dry  ground  in  the  mountains  of  Colo. — 
Alt.  about  7700  ft. — Gunnison. 

17.  Artemisia  rhizomata  A.  Nels.  In  valleys  from  Alb.  and  Ida.  to  Colo. 
— Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Ruxton  Park;  Ruxton  Dell;  Columbine;  Pitkin;  Bos- 
worth’s  ranch,  Stove  Prairie. 

18.  Artemisia  gnaphaloides  Nutt.  On  prairies  and  river  banks  from  N.  D. 
and  Wyo.  to  Ark.  and  Colo. ;  also  introduced  eastward  to  Ont.  and  N.  Y. — 
Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Gunnison;  on  Grizzly  Creek;  Trail  Glen;  Ft.  Collins;  Bos- 
worth’s  ranch,  Stove  Prairie;  above  Poudre;  Middle  Park;  Denver;  New 
Windsor;  Larimer  Co.;  Colorado  Springs. 

19.  Artemisia  pabularis  (A.  Nels.)  Rydb.  ( A .  rhizomata  pabularis  A. 
Nels.)  In  dry  valleys  from  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  Colo. 

20.  Artemisia  ludoviciana  Nutt.  On  prairies  and  in  canons  from  Mo.  and 
Wyo.  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Idaho  Springs;  Engelmann 
Canon ;  Manitou ;  between  Porter  and  Durango ;  near  Empire. 

21.  Artemisia  Underwoodii  Rydb.  On  chaparral-covered  hills  and  moun¬ 
tain  sides  in  Colo. — Alt.  7500-9000  ft. — Ouray;  Georgetown. 

22.  Artemisia  Brittonii  Rydb.  Dry  hills  and  plains  of  Colo,  and  Utah. — 
Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Boulder;  Empire;  Golden;  Poudre  River  flats. 

23.  Artemisia  diversifolia  Rydb.  In  valleys  from  Ida.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo, 
and  Wash. — Pike’s  Peak. 

24.  Artemisia  Wrightii  A.  Gray.  On  dry  plains  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — 
Southern  Colorado ;  exact  locality  not  given. 

25.  Artemisia  Bakeri  Greene.  On  dry  plains  and  in  canons  from  Colo,  to 
N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  up  to  7000  ft. — Black  Canon ;  between  Porter  and 
Durango. 

26.  Artemisia  coloradensis  Osterh.  In  mountain  valleys  from  Colo,  to 
Ariz. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Dale  Creek,  Larimer  Co. ;  Marshall  Pass ;  Pine 
Grove;  Rustic;  Soldier  Canon;  San  Luis  Valley;  Lake  City. 

27.  Artemisia  kansana  Britton.  (A.  stenoloba  Rydb.)  On  dry  plains  from 
Kans.  and  Colo,  to  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Cucharas  Valley,  near  La 
Veta. 

28.  Artemisia  fraserioides  Greene.  In  the  mountains  from  Colo,  to  N.  M. 
and  Mex. — Alt.  about  9000  ft. — Near  Pagosa  Peak;  Roubadeaux  Pass;  Lake 
City. 

29.  Artemisia  elatior  (T.  &  G.)  Rydb.  In  mountain  valleys  from  Macken- 


CARDUACEAE. 


387 


zie  and  Alaska  to  Colo. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Red  Mountain,  south  of  Ouray. 

30.  Artemisia  incompta  Nutt.  Hillsides  from  Mont,  to  northern  Colo. — 
Anita  Peak. 

31.  Artemisia  discolor  Dough  In  the  mountains  from  Alb.  and  B.  C.  to 
Colo.,  Utah  and  Wash. — Lake  City. 

32.  Artemisia  Bigelovii  A.  Gray.  On  dry  plains  from  Colo,  to  Tex.  and 
Ariz. — Arkansas  River. 

33.  Artemisia  tripartita  Rydb.  (A.  trifida  Nutt.)  On  plains  and  hills 
from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Ore. — Exact  locality  not  given. 

34.  Artemisia  tridentata  Nutt.  On  dry  plains  (sage  plains)  from  Neb.. 
Mont,  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-9500  ft. — Grand  River,  Sheeps- 
horn  road;  Grand  River,  near  State  Bridge;  Montrose;  Pitkin;  Gunnison; 
Steamboat  Springs;  near  Empire;  Upper  Laramie  River;  Cimarron;  Durango; 
Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Hotchkiss;  Breckenridge. 

35.  Artemisia  arbuscula  Nutt.  On  dry  mountains  and  high  plains  from 
Wyo.  and  Ore.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Hayden  flats,  Routt  Co. 

36.  Artemisia  nova  A.  Nels.  On  high  plains  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Alt.  about 
7700  ft. — Gunnison. 

37.  Artemisia  spiciformis  Osterh.  On  dry  plains  of  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt. 
about  9000  ft. — West  side  of  North  Park;  Crested  Butte. 

38.  Artemisia  cana  Pursh.  On  dry  plains  and  hills  from  Sasic,  and  Mont, 
to  Colo. — Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Breckenridge;  Marshall  Pass;  west  of  Hebron; 
Hayden  flats,  Routt  Co.;  Timnath. 

39.  Artemisia  viscidula  (Osterh.)  Rydb.  (A.  cana  viscidnla  Osterh.)  On 
dry  plains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Steamboat  Springs. 


Tribe  7.  SENECIONEAE. 

83.  PETASITES  Tourn.  Sweet  Coltsfoot. 

1.  Petasites  sagittata  (Pursh)  A.  Gray.  In  wet  ground  from  Lab.  and 
Alaska  to  Minn,  and  Colo. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Eldora  to  Baltimore ;  George¬ 
town. 

84.  HAPLOESTES  A.  Gray. 

1.  Haploestes  Greggii  A.  Gray.  On  dry  plains  from  Kans.  and  Colo,  to 
Tex.  and  N.  M. — Southeastern  Colorado;  exact  locality  not  given. 

85.  ARNICA  L. 

Heads  radiate. 

Basal  leaves  and  lower  stem-leaves  with  cordate  or  broadly  ovate  blades  and 
slender  petioles. 

Achenes  glabrous  or  glandular  puberulent ;  rarely  with  a  few  silky  hairs  above. 

1.  A.  platyphylla. 

Achenes  densely  hirsute  or  strigose. 

Blades  of  the  leaves  broadly  oval ;  the  basal  ones  with  short  petioles. 

2.  A.  silvatica. 

Basal  and  lower  stem-leaves  with  long  petioles  and  usually  cordate  bases  ; 
involucres  and  peduncles  more  or  less  villous,  slightly  glandular. 

Plant  1-2  dm.  high ;  leaves  thick,  usually  entire.  3.  A.  pumila. 

Plant  2-4  dm.  high ;  leaves  thin,  usually  toothed.  4.  A.  cordifolia. 

Basal  leaves  with  spatulate,  oblanceolate  or  lanceolate  blades. 


388 


CARDUACEAE. 


Stem  leafy  and  usually  with  several  heads ;  stem-leaves  not  much  reduced. 
Leaves  grayish,  densely  villous  or  tomentulose. 

Pubescence  of  the  leaves  soft  and  villous. 

Leaves  broadly  oblanceolate  or  lanceolate.  5.  A.  rhizomata. 

Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  6.  A.  foliosa. 

Pubescence  of  the  leaves  very  short  and  fine ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate. 

7.  A.  celsa. 


Leaves  green,  not  densely  pubescent. 

Plant  sparingly  hirsute  or  glabrate ;  leaves  usually  broad. 

Involucres  and  peduncles  pilose  or  villous,  not  at  all  glandular  or  viscid. 
Stem  tall,  4-6  dm.  high  ;  involucres  hemispherical. 

8.  A.  macilenta. 

Stem  low,  1.5-3  dm.  high,  few-leaved;  involucre  turbinate  or  cam- 
panulate.  9.  A.  Rydbergii. 

Involucres  and  peduncles  hirsute  and  glandular. 

Bracts  oblanceolate.  11.  A.  coloradensis. 

Bracts  linear-lanceolate  1 2.  A.  subplumosa. 

Plant  minutely  glandular  puberulent ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate. 

13.  A.  longifolia. 

Stem  with  a  few  more  or  less  reduced  leaves  and  usually  a  single  head. 

Basal  leaves  not  with  a  tuft  of  brown  hairs  at  the  bases. 

Involucres  turbinate,  as  well  as  the  peduncles  densely  villous,  scarcely 
at  all  glandular ;  stem  glabrous  or  nearly  so  below. 

Leaves  strongly  3-nerved.  .  9.  A.  Rydbergii. 

Leaves  faintly  3-nerved.  10.  A.  tenuis. 

Involucres  hemispherical,  as  well  as  the  peduncles  more  or  less  glandular ; 
stem  pubescent  throughout. 

Involucres  densely  hirsute  and  glandular. 

Stem-leaves  linear.  14.  A. 

Stem-leaves  ovate-lanceolate. 

Involucres  glandular-puberulent. 

Basal  leaves  with  a  dense  tuft  of  brown  hairs  at  their  bases. 

Leaves  linear.  15.  A.  pedunculata. 

Leaves  oblong,  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate.  16.  A.  monocephala. 


fulgens. 
ix.  A.  coloradensis. 
7.  A.  celsa. 


Heads  discoid. 


17.  A.  Parryi. 


1.  Arnica  platyphylla  A.  Nels.  In  the  mountains  of  Mont,  and  Ida.  to 
Colo. — Ragged  Mountain. 

2.  Arnica  silvatica  Greene.  On  wooded  mountains  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — 
Alt.  9000-12,000  ft. — Ruby;  Mt.  Bartlett;  Robinson. 

3.  Arnica  pumila  Rydb.  (A.  parvifolia  Greene)  On  the  mountains  from 
Wyo.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  8000-11,000  ft. — Westcliffe;  hills  about  Box 
Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  Red  Mountain,  south  of  Ouray;  Veta  Pass;  Valley 
Spur;  Mt.  Hesperus;  Marshall  Pass;  Gray’s  Peak. 

4.  Arnica  cordifolia  Hook.  On  wooded  hills  from  Mont,  and  B.  C.  to  Colo, 
and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-11,000  ft. — Rist  Canon;  mountains  about  Ouray;  foot¬ 
hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Bear  Creek  divide,  west  of  Mt.  Hesperus;  Silver  Plume; 
near  Pagosa  Peak;  Wahatoya  Canon;  mountain  near  Veta  Pass;  East  Indian 
Creek;  Chambers’  Lake;  foot-hills  west  of  Ft.  Collins;  Silverton;  Lake  Mo¬ 
raine;  Canon  City;  Tennessee  Pass,  Lake  Co.;  Carson;  Villa  Grove;  Eldora 
to  Baltimore;  Berthoud  Pass;  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Stove  Prairie 
Hill ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  Long  Gulch ;  Clear  Creek  Canon  ;  Massif  de  lf Arapa¬ 
hoe;  near  Denver;  Lake  City. 

5.  Arnica  rhizomata  A.  Nels.  (A.  lanulosa  Greene)  In  valleys  from  Mont, 
and  Ida.  to  Colo. — Alt.  8000-11,000  ft. — Banks  of  Elk  River,  Routt  Co.;  on 
Grizzly  Creek;  Marshall  Pass;  Robinson;  below  Grand  Lake;  Twin  Lakes; 
Crested  Butte. 


CARDUACEAE. 


389 


6.  Arnica  foliosa  Nutt.  In  valleys  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  8000-10,000 
ft. — Silverton  ;  alkali  meadow,  Higho ;  Sargent ;  Parlin. 

7.  Arnica  celsa  A.  Nels.  In  valleys  from  Wyo.  to  Colo. — Estes  Park,  Lari¬ 
mer  Co. ;  Iola ;  Grizzly  Creek. 

8.  Arnica  macilenta  Greene.  In  valleys  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  about  8000 
ft. — Steamboat  Springs ;  Andrews’  Shetland  ranch. 

9.  Arnica  Rydbergii  Greene.  On  hills  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  8000-12,000 
ft. — Lula  Pass,  Larimer  Co. ;  Silver  Plume ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Eldora  to  Bal¬ 
timore;  Hahn’s  Peak;  summit  of  North  Park  Range. 

10.  Arnica  tenuis  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Alt.  9000- 
12,000  ft. — Beaver  Creek. 

11.  Arnica  coloradensis  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Exact  locality 
not  given. 

12.  Arnica  subplumosa  Greene.  (A.  Chamissonis  longinodosa  A.  Nels.) 
In  meadows  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  10,000-12,000  ft. — Mountains  above 
Ouray;  Marshall  Pass;  mountains  east  of  North  Park;  Silver  Plume;  Breck- 
enridge;  Mt.  Harvard;  Berthoud  Pass;  Buffalo  Pass;  Chambers’  Lake; 
Gray’s  Peak;  Fish  Creek  Falls. 

13.  Arnica  longifolia  D.  C.  Eaton.  (A.  polycephala  A.  Nels.)  In  meadows 
from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  10,000  ft. — Keblar  Pass ; 
Ethel  Peak. 

14.  Arnica  fulgens  Pursh.  On  hills  from  S.  D.,  Alb.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo, 
and  Calif. — Alt.  8500  ft. — Empire;  Pinkham  Creek. 

15.  Arnica  pedunculata  Rydb.  On  hills  from  N.  D.  and  Wash,  to  Colo, 
and  Calif. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Vicinity  of  Como;  Clear  Creek;  Estes  Park; 
Horsetooth  Gulch;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  gulch  south  of  Boulder;  Table 
Rock;  Dixon  Canon;  Rist  Canon. 

16.  Arnica  monocephala  Rydb.  On  hills  from  Mont,  and  Ida.  to  Colo. — 
Alt.  6000-12,000  ft. — Dale  Creek,  Larimer  Co.;  Horsetooth  Mountain;  Bert¬ 
houd  Pass. 

17.  Arnica  Parryi  A.  Gray.  (A.  eradiata  (A.  Gray)  Heller)  In  the 
mountains  from  Mont,  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Wash. — Alt.  9000-13,500  ft. — 
Gore  Pass ;  sources  of  Leroux  Creek ;  continental  divide,  Routt  Co. ;  Little 
Kate  Mine,  La  Plata  Mountains ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Mt.  Harvard ;  Silverton ; 
Silver  Plume;  Rogers;  Buffalo  Pass;  Berthoud  Pass;  Caribou;  headwaters 
of  Clear  Creek;  Rabbit  Ears,  Larimer  Co.;  Hahn’s  Peak. 

86.  SENECIO  L. 

Heads  more  or  less  nodding. 

Heads  discoid.  I.  Pudici. 

Heads  radiate.  II.  Amplectentes. 

Heads  not  nodding. 

Heads  over  15  mm.  high  and  20  mm.  broad,  solitary  (seldom  2-3). 

II.  Amplectentes. 

Heads  less  than  15  mm.  high  and  broad. 

Plants  equally  leafy  throughout. 

Leaves  or  their  divisions  not  narrowly  linear  or  filiform. 

Leaves  merely  toothed  and  entire,  not  pinnatifid. 

Leaf-blades  oval,  elliptic  or  obovate,  usually  obtusish ;  heads  few. 

III.  OcCIDENTALES. 

Leaf-blades  triangular  or  ovate  to  linear-lanceolate,  distinctly  acute  ; 
heads  usually  many. 


390 


CARDUACEAE. 


VI.  Crassuli. 
VII.  Rapifolii. 
XVI.  Erimophili. 
XVII.  Longilobi. 


Leaf-blades  at  least  the  lower  ones  triangular  or  cordate. 

IV.  Triangulares. 

Leaf-blades  neither  triangular  nor  cordate. 

Plant  tall,  5-15  dm.  high;  heads  numerous. 

V.  Serrae. 

Plant  low,  2-4  dm.  high ;  heads  few. 

Heads  radiate. 

Heads  discoid. 

Leaves  pinnatifid. 

Leaves  or  their  divisions  linear-filiform. 

Plants  with  the  stem-leaves  more  or  less  reduced  upwards. 

Rootstock  very  short,  erect,  of  short  duration,  with  numerous  fleshy- 
fibrous  roots  ;  leaves  dentate  or  entire. 

Tall  bog-plant,  5-15  dm.  high;  basal  leaves  long-petioled. 

VIII.  Hydrophili. 

Meadow  or  wood  plants,  2-5  dm.  high  ;  basal  leaves  comparatively  short- 
petioled. 

Leaves  sharply  and  densely  dentate.  VI.  Crassuli. 

Leaves  entire-margined  or  denticulate,  seldom  sinuate-dentate. 

IX.  Integerrimi. 

Rootstock  better  developed,  horizontal  or  ascending,  woody. 

Stem  leafy,  more  than  2  dm.  high. 

Stem  stout ;  rootstock  not  cespitose ;  leaves  callous  denticulate  or 
saliently  dentate. 

Heads  discoid  ;  leaves  saliently  dentate. 

Heads  radiate ;  leaves  callous  denticulate. 

Leaves  glabrous. 

Leaves  tomentose. 

Stem  slender ;  rootstock  usually  more  or  less  cespitose ;  leaves  neither 
callous-denticulate  nor  saliently  and  closely  dentate ;  stem-leaves 
in  the  larger  forms  usually  pinnatifid. 

Basal  leaves  entire,  more  or  less  white-tomentose. 

XII.  Cani. 

Basal  leaves,  at  least  most  of  them,  toothed  or  pinnatifid. 

Leaves  and  stem  more  or  less  floccose,  tardily  becoming  glabrate. 

XIII.  Tomentosi. 

Leaves  and  stem  glabrous  or  slightly  floccose  when  young. 

XIV.  Aurei. 

Stem  subscapose,  less  than  2  dm.  high.  XV.  Andicolae. 


VII.  Rapifolii. 

X.  Glaucentes. 
XI.  Atrati. 


I.  Pudici. 


Heads  12-20  mm.  high,  broadly  campanulate. 
Mid-vein  of  the  leaves  long-villous. 

Mid-vein  of  the  leaves  not  villous. 

Involucre  green  ;  plant  more  or  less  hairy. 
Involucres  purple ;  plant  glabrous. 

Heads  8-10  mm.  high,  narrowly  campanulate. 


1.  6'.  scopulinus. 

2.  S.  chloranthus. 

3.  S.  contristatus. 

4.  5.  pudicus. 


II.  Amplectentes. 

Stem-leaves  clasping;  stem  over  15  cm.  high.  5.  .S'.  amplectens. 

Stem-leaves  not  clasping,  usually  short-petioled. 

Stem  3  dm.  or  more  high,  leafy.  6.  .S'.  pagosanus. 

Stem  less  than  2  dm.  high. 

Basal  leaves  gradually  tapering  into  the  petioles. 

Plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so  ;  leaves  dentate ;  bracts  oblong. 

7.  S.  Holmii. 

Plant  arachnoid  ;  leaves  runcinate ;  bracts  narrowly  lanceolate. 

8.  taraxacoides. 

Basal  leaves  abruptly  contracted  into  the  petioles.  9.  .S'.  Soldanella. 


CARDUACEAE. 


391 


III.  OCCIDENTALES. 

Plant  2-3  dm.  high ;  stem-leaves  obovate  or  oblong,  clasping. 

Plant  very  leafy ;  involucres  about  2  cm.  broad,  short-peduncled  or  subsessile  ; 

achenes  strigose.  10.  .S',  carthamoides. 

Plant  less  leafy;  involucres  about  15  mm.  broad,  distinctly  peduncled ;  achenes 
glabrous.  11.  .S',  blitoides. 

Plant  about  1  dm.  high  ;  stem-leaves  spatulate  or  ovate,  not  clasping. 

12.  5'.  invenustus. 

IV.  Triangulares. 

One  species.  13.  V.  triangularis. 

V.  Serrae. 

Heads  12-15  mm.  high;  disk  8-15  mm.  broad;  whole  plant  dark  green. 

14.  V.  admirabilis. 

Heads  8-10  mm.  high;  disk  5-6  mm.  broad;  plant  light  green. 


16.  V.  I apathi folium. 


VI.  Crassuli. 

IS- 

Stem-leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate. 

Stem-leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate. 

Leaves  firm  ;  bracts  thick  and  fleshy. 

Leaves  thin  ;  bracts  not  very  thick. 

16. 

1 7. 

18. 

VII.  Rapifolii. 

One  species. 

VIII.  Hydropiiili. 

19. 

One  species. 

IX.  Integerrimi. 

20. 

Bracts  without 

black  tips ;  leaves  entire-margined. 

21. 

2i.  X.  integerrimus. 
Bracts  usually  black-tipped ;  leaves  more  or  less  dentate  or  denticulate. 

Bracts  of  the  involucres  narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  long  attenuate. 

Leaves  thick ;  basal  ones  obovate,  dentate.  22.  V.  Hookeri. 

Leaves  thin  ;  basal  ones  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  merely  denticulate. 

23.  V.  dispar. 

Bracts  of  the  involucres  linear  or  oblong,  rather  abruptly  acute,  with  lanceolate 
or  triangular  tips. 

Basal  leaf-blades  orbicular  to  broadly  oval,  rather  abruptly  contracted  into 
the  petioles.  24.  .S'.  Flintii. 

Basal  leaf-blades  spatulate  to  linear-oblanceolate  or  rarely  lanceolate,  gradu¬ 
ally  tapering  into  the  petioles. 

Inflorescence  even  in  age  a  flat-topped  corymb  ;  leaves  more  or  less  dentate. 

25.  .S',  coiumbianus. 

Inflorescence  with  a  short-peduncled  terminal  head  and  the  lateral  ones 
usually  very  long-peduncled  ;  leaves  merely  callous  denticulate. 

Basal  leaves  thick ;  their  petioles  shorter  than  the  blades. 

26.  .S’,  perplexus. 

Basal  leaves  thin  ;  their  petioles  usually  longer  than  the  blades. 

23.  V.  dispar. 

X.  Glaucentes. 

One  species. 

XI.  Atrati. 


27.  X.  anacletus. 


Bracts  broadly  linear,  abruptly  acute. 
Bracts  narrowly  linear,  long-acute. 


XII.  Cant. 


Heads  7-8  mm.  high. 

Heads  1  cm.  or  more  high. 


28.  S.  atratus. 

29.  S.  milliilorus. 


30.  X.  Purshianus. 

31.  X.  Harbourii. 


392 


CARDUACEAE. 


XIII.  Tomentosi. 


32. 

53- 


X.  plattensis. 
S.  davulus. 


Basal  leaves  mostly  dentate  or  crenate. 

Basal  leaves  obovate  or  spatulate. 

Lower  stem-leaves  acute ;  plant  dark  green. 

Lower  stem-leaves  obtuse ;  plant  yellowish-green. 

Basal  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate. 

Basal  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate,  serrate. 

Basal  leaves  lanceolate,  sinuate-dentate. 

Some  of  the  basal  leaves  entire  or  dentate,  the  rest  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  lobed. 
Plant  conspicuously  rosulate-stoloniferous ;  stem-leaves  sinuately  round-lobed. 

35.  S.  rosulatus. 

Plant  not  stoloniferous  ;  stem-leaves  pinnatifid  with  toothed  lobes. 

32.  S.  plattensis. 

All  leaves  pinnatifid  with  toothed  segments. 

Caudex  subligneous ;  plant  tomentose ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  disk. 


33.  X.  salicinus. 

34.  S.  canovirens. 


Leaves  mostly  flat  and  deeply  pinnatifid. 
Leaves  very  crisp  with  short-rounded  lobes. 
Caudex  not  subligneous ;  plant  glabrate. 


36.  X.  Fendleri. 

2,7.  S.  lanatifolius. 
38.  S.  multilob atus. 


XIV.  Aurei. 


Basal  leaves  pinnatifid.  38.  S.  multilobatus. 

Basal  leaves  not  pinnatifid. 

Heads  radiate. 

Leaves  thick,  more  or  less  fleshy. 

Basal  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate. 

Plant  low,  less  than  2  dm.  high,  often  with  several  stems  from  the  base ; 
basal  leaves  short-petioled. 

Cyme  dense ;  upper  leaves  generally  pinnatifid  with  narrow  lobes. 

39.  condensatus. 

Cyme  more  open  ;  stem-leaves  entire  or  merely  crenate. 

Basal  leaves  subentire  or  3-toothed  at  the  apex. 

40.  X.  tridenticulatus. 

Basal  leaves  crenate.  41.  S.  oblanceolatus. 

Plant  3-6  dm.  high ;  basal  leaves  1  dm.  or  more. 

42.  S.  longipetiolatus. 

Basal  leaves  cuneate,  spatulate,  broadly  oblanceolate  or  orbicular,  sub¬ 
entire  at  the  base. 

Lower  stem-leaves  spatulate  with  a  broad-winged  petiole ;  upper  ones 
sessile  and  with  much  enlarged  bases.  43.  S.  crocatus. 
Stem-leaves  neither  broad-winged  nor  with  much  enlarged  bases. 

All  leaves  large,  broadly  obovate,  coarsely  toothed. 

44.  S.  oodes. 

Upper  stem-leaves  reduced,  either  pinnatifid  or  very  narrow. 

Basal  leaves  crenate  above  the  middle.  45.  X.  cymbalarioides. 
Basal  leaves  sharply  dentate  or  serrate  above  the  middle. 

46.  S.  subcuneatus. 


Leaves  thin. 

Earliest  basal  leaves  cordate  or  reniform,  rarely  ovate. 

Basal  leaves  entire  or  merely  wavy. 

Stem-leaves  pinnatifid  with  dilated  auricled  bases ;  rays  orange  or  red. 

47.  S.  pyrrochrous. 

Stem-leaves  entire  or  nearly  so,  not  auricled ;  rays  yellow. 

48.  S.  Tracyi. 

Basal  leaves  serrate  or  crenate. 

Basal  leaves  usually  coarsely  serrate;  heads  8-10  mm.  high. 

49.  5'.  pseudaureus. 

Basal  leaves  small,  crenate ;  heads  8  mm.  or  less  high. 

50.  .S'.  Hartianus. 

Basal  leaves  obovate  or  oval,  crenate  or  sinuate-dentate. 


CARDUACEAE. 


393 


52.  S'.  nephrophyllus. 

53.  S’.  Havulus. 

54.  S'.  fedifolins. 


Stem-leaves  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate  in  outline,  with  narrow  segments. 

53.  S'.  Havulus. 

Stem-leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate  in  outline,  with  short  and  broad 
segments.  51.  S’.  mutabilis. 

Heads  discoid. 

First  basal  leaves  reniform. 

None  of  the  leaves  reniform. 

Plant  yellowish  or  light  green,  3-5  dm.  high. 

Plant  dark  green,  about  1.5  dm.  high. 

XV.  Andicolae. 

Blades  of  the  basal  leaves  reniform,  orbicular,  obovate  or  cuneate  ;  toothed  at  least 
at  the  apex,  obtuse. 

Rays  golden  yellow.  55.  S',  petrocallis. 

Rays  pale-yellow. 

Involucre  hemispherical  to  campanulate. 

Flowering  stems  about  2  dm.  high;  heads  9-10  mm.  high;  basal  leaves 
crenate-serrate,  except  at  the  very  base.  56.  S.  cognatus. 

Flowering  stems  less  than  1.5  dm.  high;  heads  10-12  mm.  high. 

Heads  several ;  leaf-blades  obovate  or  ovate,  slightly  tomentose. 

57.  S’.  pentodontus. 

Heads  solitary ;  leaf-blades  reniform,  glabrous.  58.  S'.  Porteri. 

Involucre  turbinate.  59.  S',  turbinatus. 

Blades  of  the  basal  leaves  elliptical  to  linear,  entire  or  very  rarely  some  of  them 
3-toothed  at  the  apex,  acute. 

Leaves  elliptic ;  heads  about  1  cm.  high.  60.  S',  perennans. 

Leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate ;  heads  7-8  mm.  high  or  the  central  one  rarely 
1  cm.  61.  S',  werneriaefolius. 


XVI.  Erimophili. 


One  species. 


62.  S'.  MacDougalii. 


XVII.  Longilobi. 


Plant  more  or  less  permanently  tomentose.  63.  S'.  Hlifolius. 

Plant  glabrous,  at  least  in  age. 

Leaves,  except  those  of  the  branches,  pinnately  divided. 

Heads  campanulate;  bracts  12-15.  64.  S’.  Riddellii. 

Heads  almost  cylindrical;  bracts  8-10.  65.  S',  multicapitatus. 

Leaves  entire,  linear-filiform  or  some  rarely  with  a  pair  of  filiform  lobes. 

66.  S.  spartioides. 

1.  Senecio  scopulinus  Greene.  (S'.  Bigelovii  Hallii  A.  Gray)  In  the  moun¬ 
tains  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — North  Park;  Parlin;  Veta 
Pass;  Yampa;  Empire;  Steamboat  Springs;  Grizzly  Creek. 

2.  Senecio  chloranthus  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  9000-11,000 
ft. — Coffee  Pot  Springs;  White  River  Plateau;  Marshall  Pass;  near  Pagosa 
Peak;  Ruxton  Dell;  La  Plata  River;  Alpine  Tunnel;  Bald  Mountain;  Vance 
Junction;  Medicine  Bow  Range;  Twin  Lakes. 

3.  Senecio  contristatus  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about 
10,000  ft. — Keblar  Pass. 

4.  Senecio  pudicus  Greene.  (S',  cernuus  A.  Gray;  not  L.)  In  the  moun¬ 
tains  of  Colo. — Alt.  7000-12,000  ft. — Clear  Creek ;  Georgetown ;  Mt.  Harvard ; 
Como;  Mt.  Ouray;  Black  Canon;  Bear  Creek  Canon,  near  Pike’s  Peak;  Ute 
Pass;  Cheyenne  Canon;  Pike’s  Peak;  Twin  Lakes;  west  of  Ouray;  between 
Pallas  and  Sydney;  Grand  Lake;  Minnehaha;  Empire;  between  Sunshine 
and  Ward;  Como;  Marshall  Pass;  Lake  City. 

5.  Senecio  amplectens  A.  Gray.  In  alpine  and  subalpine  regions  of  Colo. — 
Alt.  9000-13,000  ft. — Peak  near  White  House;  Silverton;  Mt.  Harvard;  Gray’s 


394 


CARDUACEAE. 


Peak;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Ruby;  mountains  above  Ouray;  Berthoud  Pass; 
headwaters  of  Clear  Creek. 

6.  Senecio  pagosanus  Heller.  (S.  lactucinus  Greene  of  1900;  not  of  1893) 
In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  10,000-12,000  ft. — Little  Kate  Mine,  La  Plata 
Mountains;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  mountains  above  Ouray;  Mt.  Harvard. 

7.  Senecio  Holmii  Greene.  On  alpine  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt.  10,000-14,000  ft. 
— Ragged  Mountain;  Keblar  Pass;  Mt.  Princeton;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Mt. 
Harvard ;  Cameron  Pass ;  mountains  above  Boreas. 

8.  Senecio  taraxacoides  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  (S.  amplectens  taraxacoides  A. 
Gray)  On  alpine  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt.  10,000-13,000  ft. — Cameron  Pass;  Mt. 
Garfield;  Pike’s  Peak;  Mt.  Harvard;  Bottomless  Pit,  near  Pike’s  Peak;  West 
Spanish  Peak;  Gray’s  Peak. 

9.  Senecio  Soldanella  A.  Gray.  On  alpine  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt.  11,000-14,000 
ft. — Mt.  Princeton ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Boreas ;  Cumberland  Mine,  La  Plata 
Mountains ;  mountains  above  Cameron  Pass ;  South  Park. 

10.  Senecio  carthamoides  Greene.  ( S .  Fremontii  A.  Gray,  in  part;  not  T. 
&  G.)  In  rocky  wet  places  on  alpine  peaks  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Alt.  9000- 
13,000  ft. — Ragged  Mountain;  mountains  of  Estes  Park;  Gray’s  Peak;  West 
Spanish  Peak;  Pike’s  Peak;  Silver  Plume;  Mt.  Harvard;  summit  of  Mt. 
Garfield;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Upper  La  Plata  River;  Keblar  Pass;  Berthoud 
Pass;  Chambers’  Lake;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Massif  de  l’Arapahoe. 

n.  Senecio  blitoides  Greene.  (S.  Fremontii  A.  Gray,  in  part;  not  T.  &  G.) 
In  wet  rocky  places  on  the  higher  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  8000-12,000  ft. — 
Mountains  above  Ouray;  Crested  Butte. 

12.  Senecio  invenustus  Greene.  On  the  higher  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt.  about 
12,000  ft. — Near  Pagosa  Peak;  Pike’s  Peak. 

13.  Senecio  triangularis  LI 00k.  In  wet  places,  especially  along  mountain 
streams,  from  Alb.  and  Alaska  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  8000-11,000  ft. — 
Mt.  Harvard ;  Ruby ;  Upper  La  Plata  River ;  Steamboat  Springs ;  Cameron 
Pass;  headwaters  of  Pass  Creek;  Delta  Co.;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Mt.  Ouray; 
Marshall  Pass;  Red  Mountain  road,  south  of  Ouray;  between  Sunshine  and 
Ward;  Buffalo  Pass;  Berthoud  Pass;  Hematite;  Gore  Pass;  Beaver  Greek; 
Michigan  Creek;  Breckenridge ;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  summit  of  North 
Park  Range. 

14.  Senecio  admirabilis  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — 
Alt.  7500-10,000  ft. — Twin  Lakes;  Four-mile  Hill,  Routt  Co.;  Trappers’  Lake; 
Breckenridge;  Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  Mt.  Harvard;  Keblar  Pass;  Mar¬ 
shall  Pass;  Empire;  Vance  Junction. 

15.  Senecio  serra  Hook.  In  valleys  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and 
Ore. — Gunnison  Co. ;  Grizzly  Creek. 

16.  Senecio  lapathifolium  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about 
12,000  ft. — Mountains  above  Ouray;  Mt.  Harvard. 

17.  Senecio  crassulus  A.  Gray.  In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  and  Ida.  to 
Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  8000-13,000  ft. — Silver  Plume;  Ward,  Boulder  Co.; 
Trappers’  Lake;  Cameron  Pass;  mountains  above  Ouray;  North  Park;  moun¬ 
tain  sides  near  Empire ;  Little  Kate  Mine  and  Cumberland  Mine,  La  Plata 
Mountains;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Eldora  to  Baltimore;  head  of  the  Red  River, 
Franklin;  mountain  northeast  of  Boreas;  Gray’s  Peak;  Boreas;  headwaters 


CARDUACEAE. 


395 


of  Clear  Creek;  Rabbit-Ears,  Larimer  Co.;  summit  of  North  Park  Range, 
Routt  Co. 

18.  Senecio  semiamplexicaulis  Rydb.  In  meadows  from  Mont,  and  Ida.  to 
Colo,  and  Utah. — Foot  of  Mt.  Richtofen  on  the  Michigan ;  Chambers’  Lake. 

19.  Senecio  rapifolius  Nutt.  In  the  mountains  from  S.  D.  and  Ida.  to 
Colo. — Alt.  7500-8500  ft. — Andrews’  Shetland  ranch ;  Bosworth’s  ranch,  Stove 
Prairie;  mountains,  Larimer  Co. 

20.  Senecio  hydrophilus  Nutt.  In  shallow  water  and  swampy  ground  from 
Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Grizzly  Creek,  North  Park; 
Montrose;  six  miles  above  Wolcott;  swampy  places  near  Yampa;  Upper 
Laramie  River;  North  Fork,  Larimer  Co. 

21.  Senecio  integerrimus  Nutt.  In  valleys  from  S.  D.  to  Neb.  and  Colo. — 
Alt.  5000-10,000  ft. — Wolcott,  Eagle  Co.;  mountain  near  Veta  Pass;  head¬ 
waters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Owl  Canon,  Larimer  Co. 

22.  Senecio  Hookeri  A.  Gray.  In  the  mountains  from  Alb.  and  B.  C.  to 
Colo. — Alt.  8500-9500  ft. — Eldora  to  Baltimore. 

23.  Senecio  dispar  A.  Nels.  In  mountain  valleys  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Steam¬ 
boat  Springs. 

24.  Senecio  Flintii  Rydb.  Hills  of  southwestern  Colo. — Exact  locality  not 
given. 

25.  Senecio  columbianus  Greene.  (N.  lugens  A.  Gray,  mainly;  not  Richard¬ 
son;  Y.  atriapiculatus  Rydb.)  In  valleys  from  Sask.  and  Alaska  to  Minn, 
and  Colo. — Alt.  5000-13,000  ft. — Hills  southeast  of  La  Veta;  Calhan;  Ojo; 
Tennessee  Pass;  Veta  Mountain;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Rist  Canon; 
Horsetooth  Gulch ;  gulch  west  of  Soldier  Canon ;  Horsetooth  Mountain ; 
Gray’s  Peak;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek;  Los  Pinos. 

26.  Senecio  perplexus  A.  Nels.  In  mountain  valleys  from  Wyo.  and  Ida. 
to  Colo. — Alt.  8000-10,500  ft. — Robinson;  Ojo;  Chicken  Creek,  west  of  Mt. 
Hesperus;  Mt.  Harvard;  Veta  Mountain;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo 
Creek;  Bob  Creek,  west  of  Mt.  Hesperus;  Cimarron;  Eldora  to  Baltimore; 
Boulder ;  Horsetooth  Gulch ;  Horsetooth  Mountain ;  Gore  Pass ;  Lake  City. 

27.  Senecio  anacletus  Greene.  (Y.  Toluccanus  microdontus  A.  Gray;  Y. 
microdontus  Heller)  In  valleys  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. ;  also  in  Mex. 
— Alt.  8000-11,000  ft. — Mt.  Harvard;  Veta  Mountain;  Dolores;  Redcliffe; 
headwaters  of  Pass  Creek;  Tennessee  Pass;  Little  Kate  Mine,  La  Plata  Moun¬ 
tains;  Hematite;  mountains  north  of  Dolores;  Leroux  Parks;  Silverton; 
Beaver  Creek ;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek. 

28.  Senecio  atratus  Greene.  (Y.  lugens  foliosus  A.  Gray)  In  the  moun¬ 
tains  of  Colo. — Alt.  7500-13,000  ft. — West  of  Ouray;  Red  Mountain  road, 
south  of  Ouray;  Ragged  Mountain;  vicinity  of  Como;  West  Spanish  Peak; 
La  Plata  Canon;  Ward;  mountains  above  Ouray;  Marshall  Pass;  Como, 
South  Park ;  Georgetown ;  Mt.  Princeton ;  Mt.  Harvard ;  Eldora  to  Balti¬ 
more;  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Berthoud  Pass;  Marshall  Pass;  Clear 
Creek  Canon,  above  Georgetown;  Como;  Silverton;  mountain  sides  near  Em¬ 
pire;  Lake  City. 

29.  Senecio  milliflorus  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Pagosa  Springs. 

30.  Senecio  Purshianus  Nutt.  (S.  canus  A.  Gray,  in  part;  not  Hook.)  In 
the  mountains  from  Sask.  and  B.  C.  to  Tex.  and  Utah. — Alt.  6000-13,000  ft. — 
Mountain  northeast  of  Boreas ;  Rabbit-Ears,  Larimer  Co. 


396 


CARDUACEAE. 


31.  Senecio  Harbourii  Rydb.  Mountains  of  Colorado. — Alt.  9000-13,000  ft. 
— Silver  Plume;  mountains  south  of  Ward,  Boulder  Co.;  mountains  between 
Sunshine  and  Ward;  Boreas. 

32.  Senecio  plattensis  Nutt.  On  prairies  and  in  river  valleys  from  western 
Ont.  and  S.  D.  to  Tex.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — Cache  la  Poudre  River ; 
Ft.  Collins;  New  Windsor;  Boulder;  Horsetooth  Gulch;  Cimarron;  Florence. 

33.  Senecio  salicinus  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  5000-6000  ft. 
— Foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  Veta  Pass;  Owl  Canon,  Larimer  Co. 

34.  Senecio  canovirens  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt. 
6000-10,000  ft. — Florence;  Williams  Canon;  Colorado  Springs;  Manitou ; 
Georgetown;  Pike’s  Peak;  Buckhorn  Creek. 

35.  Senecio  rosulatus  Rydb.  On  hills  and  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  5000- 
13,000  ft. — Cameron  Pass;  Dillon  Canon;  Trinidad;  Pike’s  Peak;  foot-hills 
west  of  Ft.  Collins ;  Georgetown ;  Chambers’  Lake ;  Gray’s  Peak ;  Sangre  de 
Cristo  Creek ;  Manitou ;  Grayback  mining  camps ;  Artists’  Glen,  near  Pike’s 
Peak;  Green  Mountain  Falls;  North  Cheyenne  Canon;  mountain  sides  near 
Georgetown;  Silver  Plume;  New  Windsor;  Marshall  Pass;  Dark  Canon; 
Horsetooth  Gulch;  dry  hills  near  Wood’s  ranch;  near  Narrows;  Howe’s 
Gulch ;  Rist  Canon ;  Baxter’s  ranch ;  above  Beaver  Creek ;  Caribou  ;  Cheyenne 
Mountain;  mountain  sides  near  Golden;  Bottomless  Pit;  Twin  Lakes;  Canon 
City;  Empire;  Boulder;  between  Sunshine  and  Ward. 

36.  Senecio  Fendleri  A.  Gray.  On  mountains  from  Colo,  to  Utah  and  N.  M. 
— Alt.  8000-13,000  ft. — Manitou;  Mt.  Ouray;  Bottomless  Pit;  Ojo;  hills  north 
of  Cascade ;  mountains  near  Colorado  Springs ;  Grayback  mining  camps ; 
Clear  Creek;  Hematite. 

37.  Senecio  lanatifolius  Osterhout.  (S.  Fendleri  lanatus  Osterhout)  In 
the  mountains  of  Colo. — Wolcott,  Eagle  Co. 

38.  Senecio  multilobatus  T.  &  G.  On  dry  plains  of  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt. 
about  7000  ft. — Dolores ;  Canon  of  the  Grand,  above  Palisades ;  Steamboat 
Springs;  Grand  Junction;  Mancos;  Minturn. 

39.  Senecio  condensatus  Greene.  (S',  aureus  compactus  A.  Gray;  N.  com- 
pactus  Rydb.)  On  dry  plains  and  in  sandy  soil  in  Neb.  and  Colo. — Trinidad; 
Table  Rock;  Colorado  Springs. 

40.  Senecio  tridenticulatus  Rydb.  On  dry  plains  from  Colo,  to  Tex. — Alt. 
7000-S000  ft. — Cottonwood  Creek,  Buena  Vista;  hills  southeast  of  La  Veta. 

41.  Senecio  oblanceolatus  Rydb.  On  dry  plains  and  hills  from  Wyo.  to  Tex. 
— Alt.  4000-10,000  ft. — Arboles;  Los  Pinos;  Pike’s  Peak;  Calhan;  Como, 
South  Park ;  El  Paso  Co. ;  mesas  near  Colorado  Springs ;  Cucharas  Valley, 
near  La  Veta;  plains  near  Denver;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Turkey  Creek 
and  tributaries;  Cottonwood  Creek,  near  Buena  Vista;  Quimby;  hills  about 
Trinidad;  Como;  Clear  Creek. 

42.  Senecio  longipetiolatus  Rydb.  In  valleys  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  up 
to  9000  ft. — Medicine  Bow  Range;  Hamor’s  Lake,  north  of  Durango. 

43.  Senecio  crocatus  Rydb.  (S.  aureus  croceus  A.  Gray;  N.  dimorphophyl- 
lus  Greene ;  .S',  heterodoxus  Greene)  On  the  higher  mountains  of  Wyo.  and 
Colo. — Alt.  10,000-14,000  ft. — Pike’s  Peak  Valley;  Mt.  Harvard;  near  Pagosa 
Peak;  Cameron  Pass;  summit  of  mountains  west  of  North  Park;  Little  Kate 
Mine,  La  Plata  Mountains;  Alpine  Tunnel;  South  Cottonwood  Gulch,  Chaffee 
Co. ;  Long’s  Peak ;  Red  Mountain ;  Berthoud  Pass ;  Grass  Creek ;  Red  River ; 
Beaver  Creek;  Gray’s  Peak;  summit  of  North  Park  Range,  Larimer  Co. 


CARDUACEAE. 


397 


44.  Senecio  oodes  Rydb.  Mountains  of  Colo. — Mt.  Harvard;  Robinson. 

45.  Senecio  cymbalarioides  Nutt.  (S.  aureus  borealis  T.  &  G.)  In  mead¬ 
ows  from  the  Mackenzie  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt.  7000-13,000  ft. — West 
Spanish  Peak;  Marshall  Pass;  Rabbit-Ear  Range;  Mt.  Harvard;  Redcliffe; 
peak  near  White  House;  Hematite;  Mancos. 

46.  Senecio  subcuneatus  Rydb.  In  meadows  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Alt.  7000- 
8500  ft. — Arboles  ;  Grizzly  Creek ;  Hamor’s  Lake ;  Mancos ;  Lake  City. 

47.  Senecio  pyrrochrous  Greene.  In  wet  meadows  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — 
Alt.  8000-9500  ft. — Mt.  Harvard;  Hamor’s  Lake,  north  of  Durango;  Sar¬ 
gents;  Marshall  Pass;  Medicine  Bow  Range;  Sheephorn  Divide,  Middle  Park; 
Jack’s  Cabin;  Rico;  Silverton. 

48.  Senecio  Tracyi  Rydb.  Mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  10,500  ft. — Bob  Creek, 
west  of  Mt.  Hesperus. 

49.  Senecio  pseudaureus  Rydb.  In  wet  meadows  from  the  Mackenzie  and 
B.  C.  to  N.  M.  and  Nev. — Alt.  7000-13,000  ft. — Mancos;  Long’s  Peak;  Grizzly 
Creek. 

50.  Senecio  Hartianus  Heller.  In  wet  meadows  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  7000-9000  ft. — Minturn,  Eagle  Co. ;  Cucharas  River,  below  La 
Veta;  headwaters  of  Sangre  d*e  Cristo  Creek;  Veta  Pass;  along  the  Conejos 
River,  north  of  Antonito. 

51.  Senecio  mutabilis  Greene.  (S.  aurellus  Rydb.)  In  valleys  of  Colo. — 
Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Hotchkiss;  Cimarron;  Lake  John,  North  Park;  La  Plata 
Canon;  Sapinero;  Cucharas  River,  below  La  Veta;  Arboles;  Mancos;  Los 
Pinos;  Rico;  Hotchkiss;  Florence;  Colorado  Springs. 

52.  Senecio  nephrophyllus  Rydb.  In  wet  meadows  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — 
Near  Lake  John,  North  Park. 

53.  Senecio  flavulus  Greene.  (S.  Havovirens  Rydb.)  In  wet  meadows  from 
Mont,  and  Ida.  to  Colo. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — Gypsum  Creek  Canon ;  Walton 
Creek,  Routt  Co. ;  Dolores ;  Laramie  Plains  ;  La  Veta;  New  Windsor;  Arboles; 
Sapinero;  Black  Canon;  Brant’s  Soda  Spring;  Walton  Creek;  Horsetooth 
Gulch;  Walden. 

54.  Senecio  fedifolius  Rydb.  Wet  places  in  alpine  regions  of  Colo. — South 
Park. 

55.  Senecio  petrocallis  Greene.  (S.  petraeus  Klatt)  On  alpine  peaks  of 
Colo. — Alt.  11,000-13,000  ft. — Near  Pagosa  Peak;  mountains  above  Ouray; 
Gray’s  Peak;  Lake  City. 

56.  Senecio  cognatus  Greene.  On  high  mountains  of  Colo. — Piedra. 

57.  Senecio  pentodontus  Greene.  On  alpine  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo.  • 
• — Alt.  10,000-12,000  ft. — Upper  La  Plata  Canon;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Car- 
son;  Lake  City;  Chicken  Creek,  west  of  Mt.  Hesperus. 

58.  Senecio  Porteri  Greene.  (S.  renifolius  Porter)  Alpine  regions  of  Colo. 
— Alt.  13,000  ft. — White  House  Mountain. 

59.  Senecio  turbinatus  Rydb.  Mountains  of  Colo. — Lake  City. 

60.  Senecio  perennans  A.  Nels.  On  the  higher  mountains  of  Wyo.  and 
Colo. — Alt.  8000-10,500  ft.- — Grayback  mining  camps;  Hahn’s  Peak;  Red¬ 
cliffe;  Silver  Plume. 

61.  Senecio  werneriaefolius  A.  Gray.  On  the  peaks  of  Colo. — Alt.  8000- 
10,000  ft. — Empire;  Cameron  Pass. 

62.  Senecio  MacDougalii  Heller.  (S.  eremophilus  A.  Gray,  mainly;  not 


398 


CARDUACEAE. 


Richardson)  In  wet  wooded  places  from  N.  D.  and  Mont,  to  N.  M.  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Four-Mile  Hill,  Routt  Co. ;  Pandora ;  Ute  Pass ; 
Chambers’  Lake;  mesa  near  Yampa;  Green  Mountain  Falls;  Parlin;  Ruxton 
Park;  Parrott  City;  Gunnison;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Steamboat  Springs;  near 
Colorado  Springs;  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Silver  Plume;  La  Veta;  Ward; 
Spring  Canon ;  Georgetown ;  above  Beaver  Creek ;  canon  west  of  Palmer 
Lake ;  Hotchkiss ;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek. 

63.  Senecio  filifolius  Nutt.  (S.  Douglasii  A.  Gray,  in  part;  not  DC.)  In 
valleys  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Tex.  and  Ariz.;  also  in  Mex. — Florence; 
Westcliffe;  Estes  Park,  Larimer  Co.;  Canon  City;  Pueblo. 

64.  Senecio  Riddellii  T.  &  G.  (Y.  filifolius  Fremontii  T.  &  G. ;  A.  Dou¬ 
glasii  A.  Gray,  in  part;  S'.  Fremontii  Rydb. ;  not  T.  &  G.)  On  plains  and  in 
valleys  from  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Brantly 
Canon;  Boulder;  Ft.  Collins;  Cimarron  and  Squaw  Hill. 

65.  Senecio  multicapitatus  Rydb.  On  plains  and  in  valleys  from  Colo, 
to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  7000-11,000  ft. — Huerfano  Valley,  near  Gardner; 
Mt.  Princeton  Station. 

66.  Senecio  spartioides  T.  &  G.  {S.  Douglasii  A.  Gray,  in  part)  On  plains 
and  in  valleys  from  Neb.  and  Wyo.  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-9500  ft. — 
Ft.  Collins ;  Idaho  Springs ;  Engelmann  Canon ;  along  the  Uncompahgre 
River,  near  Ouray;  Gunnison;  Salida;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Pike’s 
Peak;  Antonito;  Empire;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Rist 
Canon;  Cache  la  Poudre  River;  Buena  Vista;  Golden;  Colorado  Springs. 

87.  TETRADYMIA  DC. 

Shrub  not  spiny. 

Primary  leaves  oblanceolate.  1.  T.  inermis. 

Primary  leaves  linear.  2.  T.  linearis. 

Shrub  spiny.  3.  T.  spinosa. 

1.  Tetradymia  inermis  Nutt.  Dry  hills  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Nev. — 
Alt.  4000-9000  ft. — Gunnison;  North  Park,  Larimer  Co.;  La  Veta;  Cerro 
Summit;  Leroux  Creek;  North  Fork,  Larimer  Co. 

2.  Tetradymia  linearis  Rydb.  On  dry  hills  and  plains  of  Colo,  and  Utah. — 
Alt.  about  7700  ft. — Gunnison;  La  Veta. 

3.  Tetradymia  spinosa  H.  &  A.  On  dry  hills  and  plains  from  Mont,  and 
Ore.  to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  4500-7000  ft. — Mancos ;  near  Wyoming  line, 
Routt  Co.;  Hotchkiss;  Mancos  Canon;  Grand  Junction;  Palisades. 

Tribe  9.  CYNAREAE. 

88.  CARDUUS  L.  Thistle. 

Bracts  of  the  involucres  conspicuously  arachnoid-pubescent,  neither  reflexed  nor 
spreading,  except  the  tips. 

Inner  bracts  with  conspicuously  dilated  tips.  I.  Viridiflori. 

Inner  bracts  long-attenuate,  rarely  slightly  dilated.  II.  Eriocephali. 

Bracts  of  the  involucres  not  arachnoid  or  only  slightly  so  on  the  margins, 

Bracts  not  with  a  dorsal  glandular  ridge. 

Bracts,  except  the  outermost,  with  dilated  fimbriate  tips. 

III.  Carlinoides. 

Bracts,  except  the  innermost,  not  with  dilated  tips. 

Bracts  not  squarrose,  except  the  spines  or  the  loose  tips. 


CARDUACEAE. 


399 


Innermost  innocuous  bracts  not  conspicuously  elongated ;  their  tips 
usually  crisp  or  twisted,  sometimes  erose  or  laciniate. 

IV.  Scariosi. 

Innermost  innocuous  bracts  conspicuously  elongated  and  more  or  less 
reddish,  straight,  neither  dilated,  crisp,  twisted,  nor  erose. 

Bracts  squarrose  or  the  lower  reflexed. 

Bracts  with  glandular  dorsal  ridge. 

Flowers  perfect. 

Leaves  tomentose  on  both  sides. 

Leaves  glabrate  above. 

Flowers  dioecious. 

I.  V IRIDIFLORI. 

One  species. 

II.  Eriocephali. 

Anthers  glabrous. 

Lobes  at  least  of  the  larger  leaves  elliptic  or  ovate,  obtuse ;  spines  of  the 
bracts  stout.  '  2.  C.  Osterhoutii. 

Lobes  of  the  leaves  triangular  or  lanceolate,  acute  ;  spines  of  the  bracts  slender, 
yellow. 

Stem  tomentose  or  glabrous. 

Involucres  densely  arachnoid. 

Outer  bracts  with  longer  spines,  almost  equalling  the  inner ;  flowers  red. 

3.  C.  Hookerianus. 

Outer  bracts  much  shorter  than  the  inner ;  flowers  whitish. 

4.  C.  araneosus. 

Involucres  sparingly  arachnoid.  5.  C.  oreophilus. 

Stem  arachnoid  hairy.  6.  C.  scopulorum. 

Anthers  pubescent.  7.  C.  hesperius. 

III.  Carlinoides. 

Bracts  all  linear-lanceolate,  not  very  unlike  in  length,  with  long  stout  flat  spines. 

8.  C.  griseus. 

Bracts  with  short  weak  spines ;  the  outer  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate ;  the  inner 
with  broad  dilated  tips. 

Flowers  ochroleucous ;  bracts  not  at  all  glandular  ridged. 

Heads  campanulate ;  tips  of  the  bract  fimbriate.  9.  C.  Centaureae. 

Heads  hemispherical;  tips  of  the  bracts  erose.  10.  C.  erosus. 

Flowers  red ;  bracts  with  a  more  or  less  distinct  glandular  ridge. 

11.  C.  perplexans. 

IV.  Scariosi. 

Plants  acaulescent  or  nearly  so. 

Bracts  all  with  short  spines.  12.  C.  acaulescens. 

Bracts,  at  least  the  middle  ones,  with  long  spines  equalling  the  disk. 

13.  C.  americanus. 

Plants  distinctly  caulescent. 

Tips  of  the  inner  bracts  usually  more  or  less  dilated ;  at  least  the  terminal 
head  3-4  cm.  wide. 

Bracts  thin  and  flat,  greenish  or  brownish.  14.  C.  foliosus. 

Bracts  thick  and  firm,  yellowish,  only  the  tips  brownish,  more  or  less  rounded 
or  carinate  on  the  back,  ovate. 

Divisions  of  the  leaves  broad,  ovate.  15.  C.  coloradensis. 

Divisions  of  the  leaves  narrow,  linear-lanceolate.  16.  C.  scariosus. 

Tips  of  the  inner  bracts  usually  not  at  all  dilated ;  heads  2-2.5  cm.  in  diameter. 
Bracts  narrowly  lanceolate,  usually  arachnoid-hairy,  gradually  tapering  to 
long,  flat  spines.  5.  C.  oreophilus. 

Bracts  broadly  lanceolate,  scarcely  arachnoid  with  a  very  short  spine. 

17.  C.  spathulatus. 


V.  PULCHELLI. 

IX.  Neo-mexicani. 


VI.  Undulati. 
VII.  Altissimi. 
VIII.  Arvenses. 


1.  C.  Parryi. 


400 


CARDUACEAE. 


V.  PULCHEI.LI. 


Leaves  not  white-tomentose  beneath. 

Leaves  sparingly  floccose  when  young,  or  glabrate. 
Leaves  glabrous,  the  lower  twice  pinnate. 

Leaves  white-tomentose  beneath. 

VI.  Undulati. 


1 8.  C.  truncatus. 

19.  C.  bipinnatus. 

20.  C.  pulchellus. 


Flowers  ochroleucous  ;  bracts  very  viscid,  with  broad  glandular  dorsal  ridges. 

Tips  of  the  inner  bracts  more  or  less  dilated  and  crisp ;  involucre  of  the  ter¬ 
minal  head  4-5  cm.  in  diameter.  21.  C.  plattensis. 

Tips  of  the  inner  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  neither  dilated  nor  crisp  ;  involucres 
usually  3  cm.  wide  or  less.  22.  C.  Tracyi. 

Flowers  rose  or  purple,  rarely  white ;  glandular  ridge  not  so  prominent. 
Involucres  less  than  3  cm.  wide. 

Spines  of  the  middle  bracts  5-10  mm.  long,  erect  or  ascending. 

23.  C.  canescens. 

Spines  of  the  middle  bracts  5  mm.  or  less  long,  weak  and  spreading. 

Leaves  entire  or  slightly  lobed.  24.  C.  oblanceolatus. 

Leaves  pinnately  divided  or  deeply  lobed. 

Leaves  deeply  pinnatifid  with  narrow,  linear-lanceolate  lobes ;  plant 
often  yellowish.  25.  C.  Flodmanii., 

Leaves  with  triangular  or  ovate-lanceolate  lobes. 

Bracts  with  a  very  inconspicuous  glandular  ridge,  not  at  all  viscid. 

26.  Hoccosus. 

Bracts  with  a  conspicuous  glandular  ridge,  surrounded  by  a  viscid  area. 

27.  C.  undulatus. 

Involucres  4-6  cm.  in  diameter. 

Spines  of  the  involucral  bracts  scarcely  over  5  mm.  long ;  leaves  very  broad. 

28.  C.  megacephalus. 

Spines  of  the  involucres  1  cm.  long;  leaves  narrow.  29.  C.  ochrocentrus. 


One  species. 
One  species. 
One  species. 


VII.  Altissimi. 

VIII.  Arvenses. 
IX.  Neo-mexicani 


30.  C.  filipenduliis. 

31.  C.  arvensis. 

32.  C.  neo-mexicanus. 


1.  Carduus  Parryi  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Cnicus  Parryi  A.  Gray)  In  the 
mountains  of  Colo.,  Utah  and  N.  M. — Alt.  5000-11,000  ft. — Marshall  Pass; 
La  Veta;  along  the  Uncompahgre  River,  near  Ouray;  Steele  Canon,  Villa 
Grove;  Redcliffe;  Marshall  Pass;  Echo  Creek,  near  La  Veta;  Veta  Pass; 
near  Pagosa  Peak;  Boulder;  near  Empire;  Twin  Lakes. 

2.  Carduus  Osterhoutii  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Redcliffe;  Ten¬ 
nessee  Pass. 

3.  Carduus  Hookerianus  (Nutt.)  Heller.  ( Cnicus  Hookerianus  A.  Gray) 
In  the  mountains  from  Alb.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo. — Alt.  11,000-12,000  ft. — Bert- 
houd  Pass. 

4.  Carduus  araneosus  Osterhout.  Mountains  of  Colo. — Redcliffe. 

5.  Carduus  oreophilus  Rydb.  In  wooded  valleys  of  Colo. — Alt.  6000-12,000 
ft. — Banks  of  Larimer  Co. ;  Silver  Plume ;  Georgetown ;  Pagosa  Springs ; 
Steamboat  Springs ;  Boreas ;  Garland. 

6.  Carduus  scopulorum  Greene.  ( Cnicus  eriocephalus  A.  Gray)  In  the 
mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  9500-12,000  ft. — Ward ;  Mt.  Harvard ;  head  of 
Beaver  Creek ;  Ruxton  Dell ;  Mt.  Baldy,  Pike’s  Peak ;  Cameron  Pass ;  Bert- 
houd  Pass. 


CARDUACEAE. 


401 


7.  Carduus  hesperius  (Eastw.)  Heller.  ( Cnicus  hesperius  Eastw.)  In 
mountains  of  Colo.,  above  timber  line. — Mt.  Hesperus. 

8.  Carduus  griseus  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  12,000  ft. 
— Trappers’  Lake;  Bos  worth’s  ranch,  Stove  Prairie;  Steamboat  Springs; 
Happy  Hollow;  Ward;  Marshall  Pass;  Telluride. 

9.  Carduus  Centaureae  Rydb.  ( Cnicus  Americanus  A.  Gray,  in  part)  In 
the  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Bosworth’s  ranch ; 
Stove  Prairie;  mountains,  Larimer  Co.;  Four-mile  Hill,  Routt  Co.;  Penn’s 
Gulch;  Steamboat  Springs;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Hins¬ 
dale  Co. 

10.  Carduus  erosus  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Southern  Colo. — Alt.  about 
7500  ft. — Durango. 

11.  Carduus  perplexans  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  7000 
ft. — Cimarron. 

12.  Carduus  acaulescens  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Cnicus  Drununondii  acaules- 
cens  A.  Gray)  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Banks  of 
Laramie  River;  on  Grizzly  Creek;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co.;  Columbine;  Mar¬ 
shall  Pass ;  Empire. 

13.  Carduus  americanus  Rydb.  ( Cirsium  acaule  Americanum  A.  Gray)  In 
mountain  valleys  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  10,000  ft. — Silver  Plume;  Como;  South 
Park. 

14.  Carduus  foliosus  Hook.  ( Cnicus  foliosus  Gray)  In  the  mountains 
from  S.  D.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo. — Dillon. 

15.  Carduus  coloradensis  Rydb.  ( Cnicus  Drummondii  A.  Gray,  in  part) 
In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  about  7500  ft. — Pagosa  Springs ;  Gunnison ; 
W  olcott. 

16.  Carduus  scariosus  (Nutt.)  Heller.  ( Cnicus  scariosus  A.  Gray)  In  the 
mountains  of  Wyo.,  Utah  and  Colo. — Alt.  about  8500  ft. — Columbine. 

17.  Carduus  spathulatus  Osterhout.  Hills  of  Colorado. — North  Park. 

18.  Carduus  truncatus  Greene.  On  sage  plains  of  Southern  Colo. — West  of 
Mancos. 

19.  Carduus  bipinnatus  (Eastw.)  Heller.  ( Cnicus  bipinnatus  Eastw.)  In 
canons  of  southwestern  Colo.  It  is  scarcely  distinct  from  the  preceding. — 
Johnston  Canon,  near  Mancos  River. 

20.  Carduus  pulchellus  Greene.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Piedra. 

21.  Carduus  plattensis  Rydb.  On  sand  hills  of  Neb.  and  Colo. — New 
Windsor,  Weld  Co.;  Wray. 

22.  Carduus  Tracyi  Rydb.  On  dry  fields  of  Colo. — Alt.  5000-7000  ft. — 
Green  Mountain  Falls;  Mancos;  Ft.  Collins  and  La  Porte. 

23.  Carduus  canescens  Nutt.  On  dry  plains  and  hills  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — 
Alt.  7500-8500  ft. — Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray. 

24.  Carduus  oblanceolatus  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — 
Twin  Lakes. 

25.  Carduus  Flodmanii  Rydb.  {Cnicus  undulatus  canescens  A.  Gray, 
mainly;  not  Cirsium  canescens  Nutt.;  Carduus  canescens  Pammel)  In  river 
valleys  from  Minn,  and  Mont,  to  Iowa  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Cache 
la  Poudre;  Ft.  Collins;  La  Porte;  Westcliffe;  New  Windsor,  Weld  Co. 

26.  Carduus  floccosus  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Wolcott,  Eagle  Co. 

27.  Carduus  undulatus  Nutt.  {Cnicus  undulatus  A.  Gray)  On  dry  plains 
26 


402 


CARDUACEAE. 


and  hills  from  Mich.,  Ass.  and  Mont,  to  Tex.  and  Utah. — Alt.  4000-7000  ft. — 
Georgetown;  near  Grand  Junction;  Durango;  Wolcott;  Golden. 

28.  Carduus  megacephalus  Nutt.  ( Cnicus  undulatus  megacephalus  A.  Gray) 
On  prairies,  plains  and  hills  from  S.  D.  and  Ida.  to  Mo.,  Tex.  and  Colo. — 
Alt.  4000-7500  ft. — Idaho  Springs;  Boulder;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta; 
Ft.  Collins;  Spring  Canon;  Turkey  Creek. 

29.  Carduus  ochrocentrus  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Cnicus  ochrocentrus  A. 
Gray)  On  plains  from  Neb.  and  Colo,  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. 
— Ft.  Collins;  New  Windsor. 

30.  Carduus  filipendulus  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Cirsium  dlipendulum  Engelm. ; 
Cnicus  altissimus  filipendulus  A.  Gray)  On  prairies,  valleys  and  waste 
places  from  Colo,  to  Tex. — Clear  Creek  Valley;  Ft.  Collins. 

31.  Carduus  arvensis  (L.)  Robs.  ( Cnicus  arvensis  Hoffm.)  In  fields  and 
waste  places;  an  introduced  weed  from  Europe  and  naturalized  from  Newf. 
and  Ida.  to  N.  J.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-5000  ft. — Livingstone;  Ft.  Collins. 

32.  Carduus  neo-mexicanus  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Cnicus  Neo-Mexicanus 
A.  Gray;  C.  leucopsis  Greene)  On  plains  from  Colo,  to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — 
Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — Grand  Junction;  Arboles;  Rifle,  Garfield  Co. 


Family  134.  CICHORIACEAE  Reich.  Chicory  Family. 


I.  Pappus  of  plumose  bristles,  often  more  or  less  paleaceous  at  the  base. 
Achenes  truncate  at  the  apex,  not  beaked. 

Flowers  yellow;  simple  plants  with  fusiform  roots.  1.  Ptilocalais. 

Flowers  pink,  rose  or  white ;  branched  plants  with  rush-like  stems. 

2.  Ptiloria. 


Achenes  with  long  beaks ;  simple  plants  with  fistulose  leaves. 


3.  Tragopogon. 


II.  Pappus  not  plumose. 

A.  Pappus  consisting,  at  least  partly,  of  chaffs  or  these  reduced  and  united  into 

a  crown. 

Involucres  simple  and  naked,  i.  e.,  without  smaller  calyculate  bracts  below; 

pappus  of  both  chaffs  and  bristles ;  flowers  yellow.  4.  Adopogon. 
Involucres  double,  either  imbricated  or  with  smaller  calyculate  bracts  below ; 
flowers  blue.  5.  Cichorium. 

B.  Pappus  of  capillary  bristles,  not  plumose,  slightly  if  at  all  broadened  below. 
1.  Achenes  not  flattened. 

a.  Pappus-bristles  promptly  deciduous,  mainly  together ;  only  a  few  of  the 

stouter  ones  in  some  species  remaining.  6.  Malacothrix. 

b.  Pappus  persistent,  tardily  falling  off  separately,  or  together  only  by 

the  breaking  off  of  the  beak. 

Beaks  of  the  achenes  none  or  a  mere  attenuation. 

Flowers  rose  or  purplish. 

Stems  rush-like  and  striate ;  leaves  narrowly  linear  or  reduced ; 

achenes  tapering  at  the  summit.  7.  Lygodesmia. 

Stems  not  rush-like ;  leaves  ample ;  achenes  tapering  to  the  base. 
Annuals ;  heads  4-5-flowered ;  achenes  with  4-5  strong  ribs. 

8.  Prenanthella. 

Perennials ;  heads  8-30-flowered  (rarely  less)  ;  achenes  terete  or 
4-5-angled.  9.  Nabalus. 

Flowers  yellow  or  white. 

Heads  several,  rarely  solitary ;  stem  leafy. 

Achenes  tapering  upwards ;  pappus  white ;  bracts  in  fruit  more 
or  less  thickened  at  the  base  or  on  the  mid-rib. 

10.  Crepis. 

Achenes  not  tapering  upwards ;  pappus  in  ours  sorded  or  reddish ; 
bracts  not  thickened.  11.  Hieracium. 


CICHORIACEAE. 


403 


Heads  solitary  on  leafless  scapes.  12.  Nothocalais. 

Beaks  of  the  achenes  distinct  and  slender ;  plants  scapiferous. 

Achenes  10-ribbed  or  10-nerved,  not  spinose-muricate ;  involucres  more 
or  less  imbricated.  13.  Agoseris. 

Achenes  4-5-ribbed,  muricate-spinulose  at  least  near  the  apex;  in¬ 
volucres  of  a  single  series  of  principal  bracts  and  several  or  numer¬ 
ous  calyculate  ones  below.  14.  Taraxacum. 

2.  Achenes  flattened ;  leafy-stemmed  plants  with  paniculate  heads. 

Achenes  narrowed  at  the  top  or  beaked ;  pappus-bristles  falling  separately ; 

involucres  cylindraceous.  15.  Lactuca. 

Achenes  truncate  at  the  top ;  pappus-bristles  falling  off  more  or  less  in 
connection ;  involucres  hemispherical  or  campanulate. 

1 6.  Sonchus. 

1.  PTILOCALAIS  Greene. 

1.  Ptilocalais  nutans  (Geyer)  Greene.  ( Microseris  nutans  A.  Gray)  Wet 
meadows  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — 
Minturn,  Eagle  Co.;  Cerro  Summit;  Silver  Plume. 

2.  PTILORIA  Raf. 

Perennials. 

Pappus  plumose  to  the  base,  white ;  leaves,  at  least  the  lower  ones,  broad, 
oblanceolate  in  outline  and  runcinate.  .  1.  P.  ramosa. 

Pappus  merely  scabrous  at  the  base,  brown ;  leaves  often  runcinate,  but  narrow. 

2.  P.  paucidora. 

Annuals  or  biennials. 

Pappus  plumose  to  the  base,  not  paleacous-dilated ;  plant  strict,  virgate ;  leaves 
entire  or  sinuate.  3.  P.  virgata. 

Pappus  plunrose  above  the  middle,  dilated  and  paleaceous  at  the  base ;  leaves 
pinnatifid  or  bipinnatifid  or  the  upper  bract-like.  4.  P.  exigua. 

1.  Ptiloria  ramosa  Rydb.  On  dry  plains  and  in  “bad-lands”  from  Neb. 
and  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  4000-6000  ft. — New  Windsor;  Boulder. 

2.  Ptiloria  pauciflora  (Torr.)  Raf.  ( Stephanomeria  runcinata  Nutt.)  On 
plains  and  hills  from  Colo,  and  Nev.  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  4500-8000  ft. — 
Buena  Vista;  Villa  Grove;  Mancos;  Ft.  Collins;  Grand  Junction;  Deer  Run; 
New  Windsor;  near  Boulder;  Hotchkiss;  Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta; 
Canon  City;  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Boulder. 

3.  Ptiloria  virgata  (Benth.)  Greene.  ( Stephanomeria  virgata  Benth.)  In 
arid  places  from  Colo,  and  Nev.  to  Calif. — Alt.  about  4500  ft. — Grand  Junc¬ 
tion. 

4.  Ptiloria  exigua  (Nutt.)  Greene.  Dry  places  from  Wyo.  to  N.  M.,  Calif, 
and  Nev. — Grand  Junction  {Eastwood) . 

3.  TRAGOPOGON  L.  Salsify,  Oyster  Plant. 

Flowers  yellow ;  involucral  bracts  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  ligules. 

1.  T.  pratense. 

Flowers  purple ;  involucral  bracts  much  longer  than  the  ligules. 

2.  T.  porrifolius. 

1.  Tragopogon  pratensis  L.  In  fields  and  waste  places  from  N.  B.  and  Man. 
to  N.  J.  and  Colo. ;  naturalized  from  Europe. — Ft.  Collins ;  Boulder. 

2.  Tragopogon  porrifolius  L.  In  fields  and  waste  places  from  Ont.  and 
Minn,  to  N.  C.  and  Colo.  Escaped  from  cultivation. — Ft.  Collins ;  Colorado 
Springs. 


404 


CICHORIACEAE. 


4.  AD0P0G0N  Necker.  Goat’s  Beard. 

1.  Adopogon  virginicum  (L.)  Kuntze.  ( Krigia  amplexicaulis  Nutt.)  In 
moist  woods  and  meadows  from  Ont.  and  Man.  to  Ga.  and  Colo. — Alt.  6000- 
8500  ft. — Colorado  Springs;  mouth  of  Cheyenne  Canon;  near  Pike’s  Peak; 
North  Cottonwood  Creek. 

5.  CICHORIUM  L.  Chickory. 

1.  Cichorium  Intybus  L.  On  roadsides,  fields  and  waste  places  from  N.  S. 
and  Minn,  to  N.  C.  and  Colo.  Naturalized  from  Europe. — Alt.  about  5000 
ft. — Ft.  Collins ;  La  Porte,  Larimer  Co. ;  Denver. 

6.  MALACOTHRIX  DC. 

1.  Malacothrix  sonchioides  T.  &  G.  On  plains  from  Neb.  and  Nev.  to  Kans. 
and  Calif. — Alt.  4500-8000  ft. — Grand  Junction;  McCoy’s,  Eagle  Co. 

7.  LYGODESMIA  D.  Don. 

Perennials. 

Involucres  15-25  mm.  high,  6-io-flowered.  1.  L.  grandiUora. 

Involucres  about  10  mm.  high,  usually  5-flowered;  upper  leaves  reduced. 

2.  L.  juncea. 

Annuals;  leaves  narrowly  linear;  involucres  10-15  mm.  high.  3.  L.  rostrata. 

1.  Lygodesmia  grandiflora  T.  &  G.  On  gravelly  hills  from  Wyo.  and  Ida. 
to  Colo,  and  Ariz. — Alt.  up  to  7000  ft. — Mancos ;  Glenwood  Springs ;  Hotch¬ 
kiss ;  Grand  Junction;  Gypsum,  Eagle  Co. 

2.  Lygodesmia  juncea  (Pursh)  D.  Don.  On  prairies  and  plains  from  Minn., 
Sask.  and  Alb.  to  Mo.  and  N.  M. — Alt.  4000-12,000  ft. — Gunnison;  New 
Windsor;  Ft.  Collins;  Denver;  Pueblo;  West  Spanish  Peak;  Pagosa  Springs; 
Table  Rock;  Fossil  Creek;  Manitou;  Colorado  Springs. 

3.  Lygodesmia  rostrata  A.  Gray.  In  canons  and  on  sandy  plains  from  S.  D. 
and  Sask.  to  Kans.  and  Colo. — New  Windsor;  Greeley. 

8.  PRENANTHELLA  Rydb. 

1.  Prenanthella  exigua  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Lygodesmia  exigua  A.  Gray) 
On  stony  hills  from  Colo,  and  Utah  to  Tex.  and  Ariz. — Grand  Junction. 

9.  NABALUS  Cass.  Rattlesnake-root. 

1.  Nabalus  racemosus  (Michx.)  DC.  ( Prenanthes  racemosa  Michx.)  In 
moist  ground  from  N.  B.  and  Sask.  to  N.  J.  and  Colo. — Alt.  5000-9500  ft. — 
Westcliffe;  Estes  Park,  Larimer  Co.;  Cabin  Canon,  near  Pike’s  Peak. 

10.  CREPIS  L.  Hawk’s-beard. 

Achenes  not  discoid-dilated  at  the  insertion  of  the  pappus ;  plants  tall. 

Plants  neither  canescent  nor  furfurascent ;  heads  hemispherical  to  turbinate. 
Involucres  glabrous  or  tomentulose  when  young ;  neither  hirsute  nor  glandular. 
Involucres  and  peduncles  tomentulose,  at  least  when  young. 

1.  O.  tomentulosa. 

Involucres  glabrous  or  slightly  puberulent  when  young. 

2.  C.  glauca. 


CICHORIACEAE. 


405 


Involucres  and  peduncles  hirsute  or  glandular  or  both. 

Leaf-blades  oblanceolate  or  oblong  to  linear-oblanceolate. 

Leaves  long-petioled ;  petioles  one-half  as  long  to  fully  as  long  as  the 
blades,  not  winged. 

Blades  of  the  basal  leaves  broadly  oblanceolate ;  stem  usually  with  1-2 
leaves ;  involucres  over  1  cm.  high.  3.  C.  petiolata. 

Blades  of  the  basal  leaves  narrowly  linear-lanceolate  or  linear-oblan¬ 
ceolate  ;  stem  scapiform ;  involucres  less  than  1  cm.  high. 

4.  C.  glaucella. 

Leaves  subsessile  or  with  short,  winged  petioles. 

Leaves  glabrous ;  involucres  with  a  few  short  hairs. 

5.  C.  perplexa. 

Leaves  and  involucres  hairy.  6.  C.  runcinata. 

Leaf-blades  obovate ;  involucres  and  peduncles  densely  glandular  hispid 
with  long  hairs. 

Involucres  over  1  cm.  high;  leaves  hairy,  1.5-2  dm.  long. 

7.  C.  rip  aria. 

Involucres  1  cm.  high  or  less ;  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

8.  C.  denticulata. 

Plant  more  or  less  canescent  or  furfurascent,  especially  the  leaves. 

Involucres  glabrous,  5-7-flowered.  9.  C.  acuminata. 

Involucres  canescent. 

Involucres  and  peduncles  without  black  hairs. 

Principal  bracts  of  the  involucres  5-8 ;  flowers  of  the  same  number. 
Blade  proper  broadly  lanceolate ;  lobes  usually  directed  downward. 

10.  C.  intermedia. 

Blade  proper  narrowly  lanceolate  to  almost  linear ;  lobes  curved  up¬ 
wards.  11.  C.  angustata. 

Principal  bracts  of  the  involucres  9-14;  flowers  10-20;  plant  low. 

12.  C.  pumila. 

Involucres  and  peduncles  with  some  black  hairs  intermixed  with  the  to- 
mentum ;  principal  bracts  9-10. 

Hairs  glandular.  13.  C.  occidentals. 

Hairs  not  glandular.  14.  C.  scopulorum. 

Achenes  with  a  more  or  less  dilated  disk  bearing  the  deciduous  pappus ;  plant 
dwarf,  less  than  1  dm.  high.  15.  C.  nana. 

1.  Crepis  tomentulosa  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  near  Pike’s  Peak,  Colo. — 
Alt.  nearly  10,000  ft. — Ruxton  Dell. 

2.  Crepis  glauca  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.  (C.  lancifolia  Greene  ?)  In  valleys  from 
Mont,  to  Colo,  and  Nev. — Alt.  4500-10,000  ft. — Clear  Creek,  below  George¬ 
town;  Ft.  Collins;  Doyle’s;  Garland;  Wahatoya  Creek;  Eagle  River. 

3.  Crepis  petiolata  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  7000- 
9000  ft. — Along  Bear  River,  five  miles  east  of  Hayden ;  Georgetown. 

4.  Crepis  glaucella  Rydb.  In  wet  meadows  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  about 
7500  ft. — Wahatoya  Creek. 

5.  Crepis  perplexa  Rydb.  In  valleys  from  N.  D.  and  Alb.  to  Neb.  and  Colo. 
— Alt.  5000-9000  ft. — Sterling,  Logan  Co. ;  Garland ;  Parlin ;  Sangre  de  Cristo 
Creek;  South  Park;  Pagosa  Springs;  Empire;  Bosworth’s  range;  La  Porte; 
Georgetown;  Moon’s  ranch;  Table  Rock;  Beaver  Creek;  Tobe  Miller’s  ranch; 
Walden. 

6.  Crepis  runcinata  T.  &  G.  In  valleys  from  N.  D.  and  Alb.  to  Colo.— 
Westcliffe. 

7.  Crepis  riparia  A.  Nels.  On  river  banks  of  Neb.  and  Colo,  and  Utah. — 
Yampa;  Steamboat  Springs. 

8.  Crepis  denticulata  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo.,  Wyo.  and  Utah. — 
Near  Lake  John,  North  Park. 


406 


CICHORIACEAE. 


g.  Crepis  acuminata  Nutt.  On  hillsides  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to  Colo, 
and  Calif. — Alt.  7000-8000  ft. — Van  Boxle’s  ranch,  above  Cimarron;  Middle 
Park ;  near  Manitou ;  Deadman  Canon ;  Mancos. 

10.  Crepis  intermedia  A.  Gray.  On  hillsides  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to 
Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  about  7000  ft. — Big  Creek  Gulch,  Routt  Co. ;  Ragged 
Mountain,  Gunnison  Co. ;  Mancos ;  Cedar  Edge. 

11.  Crepis  angustata  Rydb.  On  hillsides  from  Mont,  and  Wash,  to  Colo, 
and  Oregon. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — North  Park;  Howe’s  Gulch. 

12.  Crepis  pumila  Rydb.  On  hillsides  from  Mont,  and  Ida.  to  Colo,  and 

Calif. — Soda  Springs. 

# 

13.  Crepis  occidentalis  Nutt.  On  plains  and  hillsides  from  Mont,  and  Wash, 
to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-8000  ft. — Denver;  Dolores;  Thompson’s  Park, 
east  of  Mancos ;  Boulder ;  McCoy’s,  Eagle  Co. ;  Mancos. 

14.  Crepis  scopulorum  Coville.  In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  to  Colo,  and 
Utah. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Cerro  Summit. 

15.  Crepis  nana  Richardson.  Arctic-alpine  localities  from  Lab.  to  Colo., 
Calif,  and  Alaska. — Mt.  Lincoln. 

11.  HIERACIUM  L.  Hawk-weed. 

Achenes  cylindrical. 

Flowers  yellow. 

Plant  4-10  dm.  high,  leafy.  1.  H.  cynosuroides. 

Plant  low,  1-3  dm.  high,  with  1-3  stem-leaves  and  a  few  heads. 

2.  H.  gracilis. 

Flowers  white  or  ochroleucous.  3.  H.  albidorum. 

Achenes  tapering  gradually  upwards.  4.  H.  Fendleri. 

1.  Hieracium  cynosuroides  Arvet.  On  hillsides  and  in  valleys  from  Mont, 
and  B.  C.  to  Colo. — Breckenridge. 

2.  Hieracium  gracile  Hook.  In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  and  Alaska  to 
Colo,  and  Calif.,  especially  along  streams. — Alt.  9000-12,000  ft. — Cameron 
Pass ;  Chambers’  Lake ;  Caribou ;  Silver  Plume ;  high  mountains  about  Em¬ 
pire;  Gray’s  Peak;  Marshall  Pass;  Berthoud  Pass;  above  Beaver  Creek; 
bank  of  Michigan ;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek ;  Anita  Peak. 

3.  Hieracium  albiflorum  Hook.  Open  woods  from  Yukon  to  Colo,  and 
Calif. — Alt.  8000-10,000  ft. — Keblar  Pass ;  Continental  Divide,  Routt  Co. ; 
Steamboat  Springs;  Mt.  Harvard;  Cameron  Pass;  mountain  between  Sun¬ 
shine  and  Ward;  Buffalo  Pass;  mountains  near  Empire;  Fish  Creek  Falls. 

4.  Hieracium  Fendleri  Schultz  Bip.  In  woods  from  the  Black  Hills  of  S.  D. 
to  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  6000-10,000  ft. — Soldier  Canon;  Horsetooth  Moun¬ 
tain;  Upper  La  Plata  River;  headwaters  of  Pass  Creek;  foot-hills,  Larimer 
Co. ;  mountain  above  Little  South ;  headwaters  of  Clear  Creek. 


12.  NOTHOCALAIS  Greene. 

1.  Nothocalais  cuspidata  (Pursh)  Greene.  ( Troximon  cuspidatum  Pursh) 
On  prairies  from  Ills,  and  S.  D.  to  Mo.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Trini¬ 
dad;  Howe’s  Gulch;  foot-hills,  Larimer  Co.;  hills  southeast  of  La  Veta; 
plains  near  Denver;  South  Cheyenne  Canon;  New  Windsor;  Horsetooth 
Gulch;  Colorado  City. 


CICHORIACEAE. 


407 


13.  AGOSERIS  Raf. 


Beak  short,  scarcely  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  body  of  the  achenes,  striate 
throughout. 

Leaves  decidedly  pubescent,  even  in  age. 

Outer  bracts  lanceolate,  obtuse.  1.  A.  pubescens. 

Outer  bracts  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate.  2.  A.  maculata. 

Leaves  in  age  glabrate  and  glaucous. 

Bracts  villous-ciliate,  at  least  on  the  margins. 

Inner  bracts  long-acuminate ;  plant  less  than  2  dm.  high. 

3.  A.  attenuata. 


Inner  bracts  merely  acute. 

Leaves  obtuse  or  acute,  entire  or  rarely  toothed. 

Outer  bracts  much  broader  than  the  inner,  often  obtusish  ;  plant  gen¬ 
erally  low  and  leaves  short,  obtuse.  4.  A.  pumila. 

Outer  bracts  usually  not  much  broader  than  the  inner ;  plant  3-5  dm. 
high  ;  leaves  long  and  acute.  5.  A.  scorzoneraefolia. 

Leaves  acuminate,  more  or  less  pinnatifid,  lobed  or  toothed. 

Leaves  deeply  pinnatifid ;  flowers  turning  purplish. 

6.  A.  agrestis. 

Leaves  less  deeply  pinnatifid ;  flowers  not  turning  purple. 

7.  A.  Leontodon. 

Bracts  glabrous ;  involucres  if  at  all  hairy,  only  tomentose  at  the  very  base. 
Leaves  entire  or  toothed. 

Outer  bracts  oval  or  ovate,  obtusish ;  leaves  2-3  dm.  long,  oblanceolate ; 

flowers  rose-color.  8.  A.  roseata. 

Bracts  all  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate ;  flowers  yellow. 

Leaves  linear-oblanceolate.  9.  A.  glauca. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear.  10.  A.  parviflora. 

Leaves  pinnatifid  with  narrow  lobes ;  flowers  yellow,  turning  purple. 

Bracts  with  loose  spreading  tips ;  heads  broadly  campanulate. 

11.  A.  rosea. 

Bracts  appressed ;  heads  more  or  less  turbinate.  12.  A.  laciniata. 

Beak  long,  about  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  body  of  the  achene,  scarcely 

striate  at  the  middle. 

Bracts  all  broad,  ovate  to  ellipitical,  abruptly  acuminate. 

13.  A.  montana. 

Bracts,  at  least  the  inner  ones,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute. 

Involucres  more  or  less  regularly  imbricated ;  beak  about  equalling  the  body 
of  the  achenes. 

Leaves  densely  pubescent. 

Plant  low;  flowers  purple.  14.  A.  arachnoidea. 

Plant  tall;  flowers  yellow.  15.  A.  elata. 

Leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Flowers  reddish-brown  or  deep  orange,  changing  into  purplish. 

Bracts  with  purplish  blotches ;  leaves  glaucous. 

16.  A.  purpurea. 

Bracts  not  with  purplish  blotches,  if  at  all  purplish  only  along  the 
mid-rib. 

Leaves  narrowly  linear,  glaucous,  usually  pinnatifid  with  linear  lobes. 

17.  A.  Greenei. 

Leaves  oblanceolate,  usually  entire,  rarely  with  short  broad  lobes 
or  teeth. 

All  bracts  narrowly  linear  and  acute. 

Plant  tall,  slender,  3-5  dm.  high ;  leaves  erect ;  heads  2-3  cm. 

high.  18.  A.  gracilens. 

Plant  low,  1-3  dm.  high;  leaves  spreading;  heads  1.5-2  cm.  high. 

19.  A.  humilis. 

Outer  bracts  oblong  or  lanceolate,  often  obtuse. 

20.  A.  aurantiaca. 

Flowers  light  yellow,  but  often  turning  pinkish ;  inner  bracts  elongated 
in  age. 


408 


CICHORIACEAE. 


Involucres  1—1.5  cm.  in  diameter;  plant  tall  and  stout,  scarcely  glaucous. 

15.  A.  elata. 

Involucres  less  than  1  cm.  in  diameter ;  plant  slender,  glaucous. 

2 1.  A.  arizonica. 

Involucres  of  two  distinct  sets  of  bracts  ;  the  inner  narrowly  linear,  2  to  3 
times  as  long  as. the  ovate  or  oval  outer  ones;  beak  3-4  times  as  long  as 
the  body  of  the  achenes.  22.  A.  rostrata. 

1.  Agoseris  pubescens  Rydb.  On  hillsides  of  Wyo.  and  Colo. — Platte 
Canon ;  Marshall  Pass. 

2.  Agoseris  maculata  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  10,000-13,000 
ft. — Silver  Plume;  Tennessee  Pass. 

3.  Agoseris  attenuata  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  near  10,000 
ft. — Mountains  west  of  North  Park. 

4.  Agoseris  pumila  (Nutt.)  Rydb.  ( Troximon  pumilum  Nutt.)  On  hills 
from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  up  to  12,300  ft. — Red  Mountain;  Silver  Plume. 

5.  Agoseris  scorzoneraefolia  (Schrad.)  Greene.  ( Troximon  glaucum  dasy- 
cephalum  T.  &  G.)  On  hillsides  from  Mont,  and  Alb.  to  Colo. — Alt.  4000- 
8000  ft. — Divide  road  to  Steamboat  Springs ;  Gunnison ;  Four-mile  Hill,  Routt 
Co. ;  Marshall  Pass ;  Gypsum  Creek  Canon. 

6.  Agoseris  agrestis  Osterh.  On  hills  of  Colo. — Alt.  7000-12,000  ft. — Estes 
Park,  Larimer  Co.;  Ojo;  butte,  five  miles  southwest  of  La  Veta;  Berthoud 
Pass. 

7.  Agoseris  Leontodon  Rydb.  On  hills  from  Mont,  and  S.  D.  to  Colo,  and 
Ariz. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Georgetown ;  Cripple  Creek  road,  near  Pike’s 
Peak;  Van  Boxle’s  ranch,  above  Cimarron;  Marshall  Pass;  Gunnison;  Four- 
mile  Hill;  Walton  Creek;  Bear  Creek. 

8.  Agoseris  roseata  Rydb.  On  hills  in  Colo. — Bear  River,  twenty  miles 
below  Steamboat  Springs. 

9.  Agoseris  glauca  (Pursh)  Greene.  ( Troximon  glaucum  Nutt.)  On 
prairies  and  in  meadows  from  Sask.  and  Wash,  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt. 
4000-10,000  ft. — Pitkin;  near  Teller,  North  Park;  Stove  Prairie;  Bosworth’s 
ranch;  Ruxton  Dell;  Wahatoya  Creek;  Mancos;  mountains,  Larimer  Co.; 
swamp  above  Beaver  Creek;  Dolores;  Elk  River;  Conejos  River,  north  of 
Antonito. 

10.  Agoseris  parviflora  (Nutt.)  Dietr.  ( Troximon  glucum  parvidorum  A. 
Gray)  In  meadows  from  N.  D.  and  Alb.  to  Colo. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — 
Chambers’  Lake ;  Gunnison ;  Parlin ;  Steamboat  Springs ;  Mt.  Harvard ; 
Boulder. 

11.  Agoseris  rosea  (Nutt.)  Dietr.  ( Troximon  roseum  Nutt.)  In  valleys 
of  Colo. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Ojo. 

12.  Agoseris  laciniata  (Nutt.)  Greene.  ( Stylosanthus  laciniatus  Nutt.;  not 
Troximon  laciniatum  A.  Gray)  In  meadows  and  valleys  from  Wyo.  and 
Ida.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  5000-9500  ft. — Minturn,  Eagle  Co. ;  Cerro  Sum¬ 
mit;  Los  Pinos;  Durango;  Seven  Lakes,  near  Pike’s  Peak;  Grayback  mining 
camps;  river  bluffs  north  of  La  Veta;  butte,  five  miles  southwest  of  La  Veta; 
headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  Boulder. 

13.  Agoseris  montana  Osterh.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Alt. 
9000-11,500  ft. — Mountains  west  of  North  Park,  along  road  to  Steamboat 
Springs ;  Buffalo  Pass ;  mountainsides  near  Empire. 

14.  Agoseris  arachnoidea  Rydb.  In  valleys  of  southern  Colo. — Alt.  7000- 
9500  ft. — Grayback  mining  camps;  La  Veta. 


CICHORIACEAE. 


(Qjcop  1  .  —  - 


.409 


15.  Agoseris  elata  (Nutt.)  Greene.  ( Troximon  Nuttallii  A.  Gray)  In 
rich  low  ground  from  Mont,  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Calif. — Alt.  7000-10,000 
ft. — Glenwood  Springs;  La  Veta;  Veta  Pass;  Cameron  Pass;  Horsetooth 
Gulch. 

16.  Agoseris  purpurea  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Troximon  auranthiacum  pur- 
pureum  A.  Gray)  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  N.  M. — Alt.  about  9000 
ft. — Table  Rock;  Minnehaha;  near  Pagosa  Peak;  Rogers. 

17.  Agoseris  Greenei  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( Troximon  gracilens  Greenei  A. 
Gray)  In  meadows  from  Alb.  and  B.  C.  to  Colo. — Alt.  about  8000  ft. — Min¬ 
nehaha  ;  Chicken  Creek. 

18.  Agoseris  gracilens  (A.  Gray)  Greene.  ( Troximon  gracilens  A.  Gray) 
In  meadows  and  on  hillsides  from  Mont,  and  B.  C.  to  Colo,  and  Utah. — Alt. 
8000-12,000  ft. — Steamboat  Springs;  West  Indian  Creek;  Bear  River,  Routt 
Co.;  Pike’s  Peak;  Bob  Creek;  mountain  near  Veta  Pass;  Red  Mountain; 
between  Cheyenne  Mountain  and  Seven  Lakes;  West  Mancos  Canon;  Gray- 
back  mining  camps;  Pass  Creek;  Mt.  Harvard;  North  Fork  of  Cache  la  Pou- 
dre  River;  Buffalo  Pass;  Anita  Peak;  summit  of  North  Park  Range,  Routt 
Co. 

19.  Agoseris  humilis  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo,  and  Wyo. — Alt. 
about  9000  ft. — Ironton  Park,  nine  miles  south  of  Ouray;  Breckenridge ;  Ten¬ 
nessee  Pass. 

20.  Agoseris  aurantiaca  (Hook.)  Greene.  ( Troximon  aurantiacum  Hook.) 
In  mountain  meadows  and  on  banks  of  streams  from  Mont,  and  B.  C.  to 
Colo. — Alt.  6000-13,000  ft. — Steamboat  Springs;  Pike’s  Peak;  Tennessee  Pass; 
Delta  Co.;  near  Teller,  North  Park;  Mt.  Hesperus;  near  Ironton,  San  Juan 
Co. ;  Franklin. 

21.  Agoseris  arizonica  Greene.  (A.  elongata  Greene)  In  the  mountains  of 
Colo.,  N.  M.  and  Ariz. — Alt.  7000-9000  ft. — Grayback  mining  camps ;  Black 
Canon ;  near  Pagosa  Peak ;  Piedra. 

22.  Agoseris  rostrata  Rydb.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt.  8000-9000  ft. 
— Lower  Boulder  Canon;  mountains  between  Sunshine  and  Ward;  Bear 
Creek. 


14.  TARAXACUM  Hall.  Dandelion,  Blowball. 

Outer  bracts  (calyculum)  more  or  less  squarrose. 

Outer  bracts  reflexed  from  the  base ;  leaves  deeply  runcinate  with  triangular 
teeth. 

Bracts  numerous ;  leaves  broad  and  the  terminal  lobe  large. 

1.  T.  Taraxacum. 

Bracts  few ;  leaves  narrow  and  the  terminal  lobe  small.  2.  T.  mexicanum. 

Outer  bracts  or  most  of  them  appressed  at  the  base  and  with  spreading  or  re¬ 
flexed  tips ;  leaves  with  short  lobes  or  sinuate. 

Bracts  conspicuously  corniculate ;  the  outer  about  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
inner ;  achenes  spinulose-toothed  above  and  tuberculate  on  some  of  the 
ribs  to  near  the  base.  3.  T.  dumetorum. 

Bracts,  at  least  the  outer  ones,  not  corniculate ;  these  about  half  as  long 
as  the  inner ;  achenes  merely  tuberculate  above,  smooth  below ;  leaves 
dark  green.  4.  T.  leiospermum. 

Outer  bracts  wholly  appressed,  short. 

Plant  not  dwarf;  scape  5-20  cm.  high;  involucres  15  mm.  high  or  more. 

5.  T.  montanum. 

Plant  dwarf ;  scape  2-5  cm.  high  ;  involucres  6-8  mm.  high  and  about  5  mm. 

wide.  6.  T.  scopulorum. 


410 


CICHORIACEAE. 


1.  Taraxacum  Taraxacum  (L.)  Karst.  (T.  officinale  Weber.)  Around 
dwellings,  in  fields  and  on  roadsides  from  Lab.  and  Wash,  to  S.  C.  and  Calif.; 
naturalized  from  Europe— Alt.  4000-7000  ft— Minturn,  Eagle  Co.;  La  Veta; 
Ft.  Collins. 

2.  Taraxacum  mexicanum  DC.  In  mountain  valleys  from  Colo,  to  Mex. 
— Alt.  7000-9000  ft. — Pass  Creek;  Ouray;  headwaters  of  Sangre  de  Cristo 
Creek;  hills  southeast  of  La  Veta;  along  Uncompahgre  River,  near  Ouray. 

3.  Taraxacum  dumetorum  Greene.  (T.  oblanceolatum  A.  Nels.)  In  moun¬ 
tain  valleys  from  Ass.  to  Colo. — Alt.  7000-10,000  ft. — Columbine;  mountain 
near  Veta  Pass;  Cucharas  River,  below  La  Veta;  Mancos;  Seven  Lakes;  Ft. 
Collins ;  Halfway  House,  Pike’s  Peak. 

4.  Taraxacum  leiospermum  Rydberg.  In  the  mountains  of  Colo. — Alt. 
about  10,000  ft. — Tennessee  Pass;  Seven  Lakes;  Cripple  Creek. 

5.  Taraxacum  montanum  Nutt.  (T.  officinale  alpinum  A.  Gray,  in  part) 
In  the  mountains  from  Mont,  to  Colo. — Alt.  about  9500  ft. — Chambers’  Lake; 
source  of  Leroux;  Camp  Creek. 

6.  Taraxacum  scopulorum  (A.  Gray)  Rydb.  ( T .  officinale  scopulorum  A. 
Gray)  On  the  higher  peaks  in  damp  places  from  B.  C.  to  Utah,  Colo,  and 
Mont. — Alt.  10,000-13,000  ft. — West  Spanish  Peak;  Mt.  Hesperus. 

15.  LACTUCA  L.  Lettuce. 

Achenes  with  a  slender  beak ;  pappus  white. 

Outer  bracts  (calyculum)  not  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  bracts  proper ; 
flowers  yellow,  rarely  tinged  with  blue. 

Heads  6-8-flowered ;  achenes  several-nerved,  not  rugose ;  leaves  spinulose 
on  the  ribs.  1.  L.  virosa. 

Heads  12-20-flowered ;  achenes  1-3-nerved,  transversely  rugose. 

Involucres  about  1  cm.  high.  2.  L.  canadensis. 

Involucres  1.5-2  cm.  high. 

Leaves  obovate  or  oblanceolate  in  outline  with  broad  lobes,  often  spinu¬ 
lose  on  the  mid-ribs  beneath.  3.  L.  ludoviciana. 

Leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate  in  outline,  entire  or  with  narrow  lobes, 
never  spinulose.  4.  L.  graminifolia. 

Outer  bracts  gradually  increasing  inwards ;  a  distinct  calyculum  therefore  not 
evident ;  flowers  blue.  5.  L.  pulchella. 

Achenes  beakless ;  pappus  tawny  or  brown.  6.  L.  spicata. 

1.  Lactuca  virosa  L.  In  waste  places  and  fields  from  Me.  and  N.  D.  to 
Ga.  and  Calif. ;  introduced  from  Europe. — Alt.  5000  ft. — Ft.  Collins ;  Poudre 
flats. 

2.  Lactuca  canadensis  L.  In  moist  open  places  from  N.  S.  and  Sask.  to 
Fla.  and  Colo. — Alt.  4000-6500  ft. — La  Porte,  Larimer  Co. ;  Hotchkiss ;  gulch 
west  of  Soldier  Canon. 

3.  Lactuca  ludoviciana  DC.  River  banks  and  moist  places  from  Minn,  and 
Mont,  to  Mo.  and  Tex. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — New  Windsor;  between  Sun¬ 
shine  and  Ward;  Denver. 

4.  Lactuca  graminifolia  Michx.  In  rich  soil  from  N.  C.  and  Colo,  to  Fla. 
and  Ariz. — Alt.  up  to  7500  ft. — Along  the  Uncompahgre  River,  near  Ouray. 

5.  Lactuca  pulchella  DC.  In  wet  meadows  from  Sask.  and  Wash,  to  Mo., 
N.  M.  and  Calif. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Cucharas  Valley,  near  La  Veta;  Ft. 
Collins;  Durango;  Clear  Creek;  Gunnison;  Parlin,  Gunnison  Co.;  McCoy; 
Walsenburg;  Montrose;  Boulder;  Gypsum;  Table  Rock;  Fortification,  Routt 
Co. 


CICHORIACEAE. 


411 


6.  Lactuca  spicata  (Lam.)  Hitchk.  (L.  leucophaea  A.  Gray)  In  moist 
ground  from  Newf.  and  Man.  to  N.  C.  and  Colo. — Boulder;  Steamboat 
Springs. 

1 6.  SONCHUS  L.  Sow-thistle;  Milk-thistle. 

Involucres  glandular-pubescent;  heads  about  25  mm.  high.  1.  .S',  arvensis. 

Involucres  glabrous;  heads  about  15  mm.  high. 

Auricles  of  the  leaves  acute ;  achenes  transversely  wrinkled.  2.  .S',  oleraceus. 
Auricles  of  the  leaves  rounded ;  achenes  not  transversely  wrinkled. 

3.  .S',  asper. 

1.  Sonchus  arvensis  L.  In  fields  from  Newf.  and  Minn,  to  N.  J.  and  Colo.; 
also  on  the  Pacific  Coast;  introduced  from  Europe. — Walsenburg. 

2.  Sonchus  oleraceus  L.  In  fields  and  waste  places  from  N.  S.  and  Wash, 
to  Fla.  and  Calif. ;  introduced  from  Europe. — Alt.  5000  ft. — Ft.  Collins. 

3.  Sonchus  asper  (L.)  All.  In  waste  places  and  fields  from  N.  S.  and  B.  C. 
to  Fla.  and  Calif. ;  introduced  from  Europe. — Alt.  4000-8000  ft. — Along  Un- 
compahgre  River,  near  Ouray;  Cerro  Summit;  Glenwood  Springs. 


412 


SUMMARY. 


Number  of  Genera  and  Species  Listed  in  Each  Family  and  Order. 


Order. 

Family. 

Genera. 

Species. 

Genera. 

Species. 

Ophioglossales  . 

. .  Ophioglossaceae  . . 

1 

3 

1 

3 

Filicales  . 

. .  Polypodiaceae  .... 

14 

25 

14 

25 

Salviniales . 

. .  Marsiliaceae  . 

I 

1 

I 

1 

Equisetales  . . . . 

. .  Equisetaceae  . 

1 

4 

I 

4 

Isoetales  . 

. .  Isoetaceae  . 

I 

2 

1 

2 

Lycopodiales  . . . 

. .  Lvcopodiaceae  .... 

I 

1 

Selaginellaceae  . . . 

1 

4 

2 

. 

5 

Total  Pteridophyta . 

20 

40 

Pinales  . 

. .  Pinaceae . 

6 

1 1 

Juniperaceae . 

2 

6 

8 

17 

Gnetales . 

. .  Ephedraceae . 

1 

3 

1 

3 

Total  Gymnosperm.e . 

9 

20 

Pandanales  . . . . 

. .  Typhaceae  . 

1 

1 

Sparganiaceae  .... 

1 

4 

2 

5 

Naiadales  . 

. .  Zanichelliaceae  . . . 

2 

13 

Naiadaceae  . 

1 

1 

3 

14 

Alismales  . 

. .  Scheuchzeriaceae  . 

1 

2 

Alismaceae . 

2 

5 

3 

7 

Hydrocharitales 

..Elodiaceae  . 

1 

2 

1 

2 

Poales  . 

. .  Poaceae . 

70 

267 

Cyperaceae  . 

8 

101 

78 

368 

A.rales . 

. .  Araceae . 

1 

1 

Lemnaceae  . 

1 

3 

2 

4 

Xyridales  . 

. .  Commelinaceae  . . . 

2 

3 

Pontlderiaceae  .... 

1 

1 

3 

4 

Liliales  . 

. .  Melanthaceae . 

0 

6 

Juncaceae  . 

2 

27 

Alliaceae  . 

1 

13 

Liliaceae  . 

5 

6 

Convallariaceae  ... 

4 

8 

Dracaenaceae . 

2 

4 

Calochortaceae _ 

1 

3 

Trilliaceae  . 

1 

I 

Smilacaceae  . 

1 

1 

20 

69 

Amaryllidales  . . 

. .  Ixiaceae . 

2 

5 

2 

5 

Orchidales  . 

. .  Orchidaceae  . 

12 

24 

12 

24 

Total  Monocotyledones . 

126 

502 

Salicales  . 

. .  Salicaceae . 

2 

33 

2 

33 

Fagales . 

. .  Betulaceae  . 

2 

3 

Corylaceae  . 

1 

1 

• 

Fagaceae  . 

1 

1 1 

4 

15 

Urticales  . 

. .  Urticaceae  . 

2 

4 

Cannabinaceae  .... 

1 

1 

Ulmaceae  . 

1 

I 

4 

6 

Santalales  . 

. .  Loranthaceae  . 

2 

6 

Santalaceae  . 

1 

1 

3 

7 

Polygonales  .  . . 

. .  Polygonaceae . 

7 

94 

7 

94 

Chenopodiales-  . 

. .  Chenopodiaceae  . . 

14 

54 

Amaranthaceae  . . . 

4 

1 1 

Corrigiolaceae  .... 

1 

6 

Allioniaceae  . 

5 

18 

SUMMARY. 


413 


Number  of  Genera  and  Species  Listed  in  Each  Family  and  Order. 

( Continued .) 


Order. 

Family. 

Tetragoniacese  ... 
Portulacaceae  .... 

Alsinacae . 

Caryophyllaceae  . . 

Ranales  . 

.  .  Ceratophyllaceae  . . 
Ranunculaceae  .... 
Nymphaeaceae  .... 
Berberidaceae  .... 

Papaverales  . . . 

. .  Papaveraceae . 

Fumariacese  . 

Brassicaceae  . 

Capparidaceae  . . . . 

Rosales  . 

Saxifragaceae 
Parnassiaceae 
Hydrangeaceae  . . . 
Grossulariaceae  . . . 

Rosaceae  . 

Malaceae . 

Amygdalaceae  .... 

Mimosaceae  . 

Cassiaceae  . 

Fabaceae  . 

Geraniales  .... 

Linaceae  . 

Oxalidaceae  . 

Zygophyllaceae  . . . 
Rutaceae  . 

Polygalales  . . . 

. .  Polygalaceae  . 

Euphorbiales  . 

. .  Euphorbiaceae  .... 
Callitrichaceae  .  . .  . 

Sapindales  .... 

Spondiaceae  . 

Celastraceae  . 

Aceraceae  . 

Rhamnales  .... 

Vitaceae . 

Malvales  . 

. .  Malvaceae . 

Hypericales  . . . 

. .  Elatinaceae  . 

Frankeniaceae  .... 

Hypericaceae . 

Cistaceae . 

Violaceae  . 

Opuntiales  .... 

. .  Loasaceae  . 

Cactaceae  . 

Thymeliales  .  . 

. .  Elaeagnaceae  . 

Myrtales  . 

Epilobiaceae  . 

Gunneraceae  . 

Umbellales  .... 

Cornaceae  . 

Ammiaceae . 

Ericales  . 

Pyrolaceae  . 

Ericaceae . 

Vacciniaceae  . 

Genera. 

Species. 

Genera. 

Species 

I 

I 

8 

14 

7 

41 

3 

14 

43 

159 

i 

I 

i7 

92 

i 

I 

2 

3 

21 

97 

2 

4 

2 

4 

27 

144 

4 

8 

35 

160 

4 

5 

12 

28 

1 

3 

3 

5 

1 

12 

21 

89 

4 

14 

1 

4 

2 

2 

2 

3 

36 

185 

CO 

350 

2 

1 1 

1 

7 

2 

3 

2 

3 

2 

3 

9 

27 

1 

4 

1 

4 

8 

25 

1 

1 

9 

26 

1 

1 

2 

3 

2 

3 

2 

4 

7 

1 1 

2 

6 

2 

3 

4 

9 

7 

16 

7 

16 

1 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

2 

16 

6 

22 

3 

20 

4 

23 

7 

43 

1 

2 

1 

2 

2 

2 

16 

62 

2 

2 

20 

66 

1 

1 

2 

3 

27 

58 

30 

62 

1 

1 

3 

8 

4 

4 

1 

3 

9 

16 

414 


SUMMARY. 


Number  of  Genera  and  Species  Listed  in  Each  Family  and  Order. 

( Continued .) 


Order. 

Family. 

Genera. 

Species. 

* 

Genera. 

Species. 

Primulales  . . 

. Primulaceae  . 

6 

19 

6 

19 

Oleales  . 

_ Oleaceae  . 

2 

2 

2 

2 

Gentianales  . 

....  Gentianaceae  . 

9 

26 

Menyanthaceae  . . . 

i 

I 

10 

27 

Asclepiadales 

....  Apocynaceae  . 

2 

7 

Asclepiadaceae  . . . 

3 

i5 

5 

22 

Polemoniales 

....  Cuscutaceae  . 

I 

7 

Convolvulaceae  . . . 

3 

8 

Polemoniaceae  .... 

9 

58 

Hydroleaceae . 

5 

16 

Heliotropaceae  . . . 

2 

2 

Boraginaceae . 

II 

76 

Verbenaceae . 

2 

6 

Lamiaceae . 

20 

38 

Solanaceae  . 

9 

3i 

Rhinanthaceae  .... 

18 

106 

Pinguiculaceae  . . . 

i 

2 

Orobanchaceae  . . . 

2 

3 

Martyniaceae . 

I 

1 

84 

354 

Plant'aginales 

....  Plantaginaceae  . . . 

I 

7 

1 

7 

Rubiales . 

I 

1 1 

Caprifoliaceae  .... 

5 

14 

Adoxaceae  . 

i 

1 

7 

26 

Campanulales 

....  Cucurbitaceae  _ 

2 

2 

Campanulaceae  . . . 

2 

6 

Lobeliaceae  . 

I 

1 

5 

9 

Valerianales  . 

I 

7 

1 

7 

Carduales  . . . 

6 

13 

Carduaceae  . 

88 

568 

Cichoriaceae . 

16 

71 

1 10 

652 

Total  Dicotyledones . 

1 

547 

2,35o 

Summary. 


Orders. 

Families. 

Genera. 

Species. 

Pteridophyta . 

6 

7 

20 

40 

Spermatophyta : 

Gymospermae  . 

2 

3 

9 

20 

Angiospermae : 

126 

Monocotyledones. . . 

10 

24 

502 

Dicotyledones  . 

31 

100 

547 

2,350 

49 

134 

702 

2,912 

Contour  Map  of  Colorado,  Showing  Counties,  County  Seats  and 

Principal  Streams. 


416 


COLORADO 


GAZETTEER  OF  LOCALITIES  MENTIONED  GIVING 
LOCATION  AND  ELEVATIONS. 


The  variation  of  elevation  in  Colorado  from  3,350  to  14,483  feet  at  the  high¬ 
est  peaks,  introduces  a  corresponding  range  in  climate  and  consequently  great 
differences  in  flora.  Within  a  short  distance  there  may  be  a  change  in  eleva¬ 
tion  which  entirely  changes  the  character  of  the  flora,  or  alters  the  season 
of  the  year.  The  elevation  becomes,  therefore,  often  a  more  important  guide 
than  latitude. 

Accordingly  pains  have  been  taken  to  give  the  elevations  of  the  localities. 
The  names  are  so  often  local,  frequently  changing,  that  it  was  thought  best 
to  identify  them  so  far  as  possible,  and  to  give  the  elevation.  This  list  is 
therefore  not  a  gazetteer  of  the  State,  but  intended  to  give  only  the  localities 
mentioned  in  the  Flora.  Where  there  are  several  localities  of  the  same  name, 
as  is  frequently  the  case,  the  ones  where  collections  were  made  are  intended 
to  be  given.  The  extreme  elevations  of  streams  are  usually  given,  though 
not  always. 

The  State  has  an  area  of  104,500  square  miles,  an  area  nearly  as  large  as 
the  six  states  of  New  England  and  the  State  of  New  York  in  addition. 
Speaking  broadly,  the  eastern  half  forms  part  of  the  Great  Plains.  The  rise 
from  the  eastern  border  of  the  State  is  steady  but  gentle  to  the  foothills,  where 
there  is  an  abrupt  rise,  and  the  remaining  half  of  the  State  may  be  considered 
mountainous,  broken  by  numerous  parks.  The  larger  parks,  as  North  Park, 
Middle  Park,  South  Park  and  the  San  Luis  Valley,  are  of  considerable  size, 
the  latter  being  nearly  4,000  square  miles,  and  at  an  elevation  of  about  7,000 
to  8,000  feet.  There  are  many  other  parks,  as  Estes  Park,  Egeria  Park,  and 
hundreds  of  moderate  size.  In  general,  timber  line  is  found  at  about  11,500 
feet,  variations  of  500  feet  above  or  below  being  found,  due  to  local  condi¬ 
tions.  The  local  configuration  influences  the  direction  and  amount  of  wind, 
the  upward  movement  of  the  air,  and  consequently  the  amount  and  distribu¬ 
tion  of  rainfall,  therefore  the  flora.  Hence  these  elements  are  important,  if 
not  controlling,  and  necessary  to  take  into  consideration.  In  addition  the  irri¬ 
gated  sections  introduce  important  modifications.  Irrigation  occurs  princi¬ 
pally  along  the  flanks  of  the  mountain  ranges,  in  the  mountain  valleys,  and 
extending  in  tongues  along  the  principal  streams  like  the  Platte  and  Arkan¬ 
sas,  with  small  patches  in  other  places  where  water  is  available. 

The  range  of  climate  represents  as  great  extremes  as  between  Charleston, 
S.  C.,  and  Spitzbergen.  In  parts  of  the  State  snow  rarely  falls  nor  remains 
for  any  length  of  time,  while  in  the  high  altitudes  snow  falls  in  every  month 
and  lasts  throughout  the  year.  With  these  conditions  it  is  not  surprising 
that  there  is  a  great  number  of  species. 

A  map  of  the  State  is  given  showing  the  contours  at  intervals  of  1,000  feet, 
all  points  on  the  same  line  being  at  the  same  elevation.  From  this  map  the 
general  configuration  of  any  part  of  the  State,  as  well  as  the  elevation  of  any 
portion  may  be  closely  estimated.  The  counties  as  they  now  exist,  the  prin¬ 
cipal  streams,  and  county  seats  are  also  shown. 

Much  more  labor  was  required  to  identify  localities  than  was  anticipated. 
Collectors  have  often  used  names  for  localities  almost  impossible  to  identify, 
especially  where  these  names  depend  on  ephemeral  characters,  as  the  name 
of  an  owner.  Frequently  places  have  changed  names,  as  South  Park  was 
known  to  Fremont  as  Bayou  Salade.  Other  names  once  common  are  now 
disused  or  displaced,  and  sometimes  migrated  to  other  localities. 

The  elevations  are  given  in  most  cases,  and  are  hoped  to  be  essentially 
correct.  L.  G.  C. 


27 


417 


418 


GAZETTEER  OF  LOCALITIES  MENTIONED. 


Alamosa,  Conejos  Co.,  San  Luis  Valley;  alt.  7,550  ft. 

Alpine  Tunnel,  at  Alpine  Pass,  on  C.  &  S.  R.  R.,  Chaffee  Co.;  alt.  11,608  ft 
Anchor,  Clear  Creek  Co. ;  alt.  10,450  ft. 

Andrews’  Ranch  and 

Andrews’  Shetland  Ranch,  on  Cache  la  Poudre;  alt.  7,700  ft. 

Anita  Peak,  Elk  Head  Mountains,  Routt  Co. ;  alt.  10,661  ft. 

Antonito,  station  on  D.  &  R.  G.  R.  R.,  Conejos  Co.;  alt.  7,88 8  ft. 

Apex,  Gilpin  Co.;  alt.  9,858  ft. 

Apishapa  River,  a  tributary  of  Arkansas  River,  near  Rocky  Ford;  heads  near 
the  Spanish  Peaks ;  alt.  from  4,300  to  12,000  ft. 

Arapahoe  Pass,  between  Boulder  and  Grand  counties;  alt.  approx.  12,000  ft. 
Arapahoe  Peak,  Front  Range,  Boulder  Co.;  alt.  13,520  ft. 

Arholes,  station  on  D.  &  R.  G.  R.  R.,  Archuleta  Co. ;  alt.  5,998  ft. 

Argentine  Pass,  between  Clear  Creek  and  Summit  counties;  alt.  13,100  ft. 
Arkansas  Canon,  commonly  restricted  to  portion  above  Canon  City;  alt.  5,500 
to  6,000  ft. 

Arkansas  Junction,  three  miles  west  of  Leadville;  alt.  10,185  ft. 

Arthur’s  Rock  (local),  six  miles  southwest  of  Fort  Collins;  alt.  7,000  ft. 
Artist’s  Glen,  Pike’s  Peak;  alt.  7,000  to  9,000  ft. 

Aspen,  Pitkin  Co. ;  alt.  7,874  ft. 

Aztec,  on  Aztec  Creek,  a  tributary  to  San  Juan  river.  (Some  of  the  plants 
listed  were  perhaps  collected  at  Aztec,  N.  M.,  which  is  not  far  from 
the  Colorado  line.) 

Badito,  on  Huerfano  River,  below  Gardner;  alt.  about  6,500  ft. 

Bahia  Salada,  Spanish  name  of  South  Park;  see  Bayou  Salade. 

Bald  Mountain  (a  very  common  local  name),  eight  miles  west'  of  Loveland; 
alt.  7,200  ft.  See  Mt.  Baldy. 

Baldwin,  Gunnison  Co.,  south  of  Crested  Butte;  alt.  8,720  ft. 

Baltimore,  northern  Gilpin  Co.,  on  Boulder  Creek;  alt.  8,914  ft. 

Bard  Creek  Valley,  near  Empire,  Clear  Creek  Co.;  alt.  8,300  to  12,000  ft. 
Barlow  Ranch,  Larimer  Co.,  near  Livermore;  alt.  about  6,500  ft. 

Barnes’  Camp,  near  junction  of  Beaver  Creek  with  Little  South  Poudre;  alt. 
about  7,200  ft. 

Basin  Creek,  tributary  to  San  Miguel  in  Montrose  Co. ;  alt.  6,000  to  8,000  ft. 
Battlement  Crag,  Pike’s  Peak ;  alt.  about  9,000  ft. 

Baxter’s  Ranch,  west  of  Fort  Collins;  alt.  6,500  to  6,800  ft. 

Bayfield,  see  Los  Pinos. 

Bayou  Salade,  name  of  South  Park  by  early  French  trappers;  alt.  8,000  to 
10,000  ft. 

Bear  Creek  Canon,  near  Ouray;  alt.  8,722  ft. 

Bear  Creek  (a  very  common  name),  near  Pike’s  Peak,  enters  the  Fountain 
at  Colorado  City;  alt.  5,500  to  12,000  ft. 

Bear  River,  a  tributary  of  Yampa  River,  Routt  Co.;  alt.  6,500  to  12,000  ft. 
Beaver  Creek  (a  very  common  name),  Larimer  Co.;  enters  Little  South; 
alt.  6,800-11,900  ft. 

Routt  Co.;  flows  into  Willow  Creek;  alt.  8,200-10,000  ft. 

San  Miguel  Co.;  flows  into  San  Miguel  River;  alt.  7,500  to  12,500  ft. 
Collections  were  made  on  all  the  above  streams. 

Beaver  Park  (also  common),  El  Paso  and  Fremont  counties;  alt.  9,000  to 
10,000  ft. 

Larimer  Co.,  Estes  Park,  above  James’s  Hotel;  alt.  8,500  ft. 

Teller  Co.,  northeast  of  Cripple  Creek;  alt.  about  9,500  ft. 

Bellevue,  Larimer  Co.,  eight  miles  northwest  of  Fort  Collins;  alt.  5,211  ft. 
Bent’s  Fort,  on  Arkansas  River,  eight  miles  west  of  Lamar  to  1852.  then  west 
of  Las  Animas;  alt.  3,700  to  4,000  ft. 

Bergen  Park,  Jefferson  Co.,  southwest  of  Golden;  alt.  7,643  ft. 

Berkeley  Lake,  Jefferson  Co.,  near  Denver;  alt.  5,400  ft. 

Berthoud  Pass,  near  Georgetown;  alt.  11,349  ft. 

Berwind,  Huerfano  Co. ;  alt.  about  6,500  ft. 

Bierstadt  Lake,  near  Flat  Top  trail,  Estes  Park;  alt.  about  10,500  ft. 

Big  Creek  Gulch,  Routt  Co. ;  alt.  about  8,000  ft. 


GAZETTEER  OF  LOCALITIES  MENTIONED. 


419 


Big  Muddy,  western  Gunnison  Co.;  alt.  about  8,000  to  11,000  ft. 

Big  South,  fork  of  Cache  la  Poudre;  alt.  8,000  to  11,000  ft. 

Big  Thompson  Creek,  Larimer  Co.,  from  Estes  Park  to  South  Platte,  near 
Denver;  alt.  4,600  to  12,000  ft. 

Bijou  Basin,  on  the  plains,  El  Paso  Co.,  west  fork  of  Bijou  Creek,  a  tributary 
of  South  Platte. 

Bingham  Hill,  five  miles  northwest  of  Fort  Collins ;  alt.  6,000  ft. 

Bitter  Creek,  Rio  Blanco  Co.,  a  tributary  of  White  River,  below  Coyote  Basin; 
alt.  5,800  to  9,000  ft. 

Black  Canon  of  the  Gunnison,  Gunnison  River  below  Sapinero;  alt.  about 
7,000  ft. 

Black’s  Lake,  now  forms  part  of  Terry  Lake  Reservoir,  two  miles  north  of 
Fort  Collins ;  alt.  5,200  ft. 

Blue  River,  a  tributary  to  Grand  River,  Summit  and  Grand  counties ;  alt.  7,000 
to  12,000  ft. 

Bob  Creek,  west  of  Mt.  Hesperus,  La  Plata  Mountains ;  alt.  8,000  to  10,000  ft. 
Boreas,  on  Breckenridge  Pass,  on  C.  &  S.  R.  R.,  between  Breckenridge  and 
Como;  alt.  11,482  ft. 

Bosworth’s  Ranch,  Stove  Prairie;  alt.  8,000  ft. 

Bottomless  Pit,  Pike’s  Peak;  alt.  13,000  ft. 

Boulder,  Boulder  Co. ;  alt.  5,347  ft. 

Boulder  Canon  (Lower)  ;  alt.  about  5,500  ft. 

Boulder  Creek,  Boulder  Co.,  a  tributary  of  the  Platte  through  the  St.  Vrain; 

alt.  4,800  to  summit  of  range. 

Box  Canon,  west  of  Ouray;  alt.  7,000  to  9,000  ft. 

Brant’s  Soda  Spring,  near  North  Platte  River,  Larimer  Co. ;  alt.  about  8,800  ft. 
Brantly  Canon ,  Las  Animas  Co. ;  alt.  about  5,000  ft. 

Breckenridge,  Summit  Co. ;  alt.  about  9,700  ft. 

Brush  Creek,  Custer  Co. ;  alt.  7,000  to  12,000  ft. 

Brush  Creek,  Gunnison  Co.,  tributary  to  East  River;  alt.  9,000  to  13,000  ft. 
Buckhorn  Creek,  Larimer  Co.,  a  tributary  of  Big  Thompson  Creek;  alt.  about 
5,200  to  8,000  ft. 

Buena  Vista,  Chaffee  Co.,  on  the  Arkansas  River;  alt.  7,967  ft. 

Buffalo  Pass,  Routt  Co.  and  Larimer  Co.,  across  Park  Range,  between  North 
Platte  and  Bear  Rivers ;  alt.  10,650  ft. 

Cabin  Canon,  near  Pike’s  Peak;  alt.  5,000  to  10,000  ft. 

Cache  a  la  Poudre,  now  commonly  written. 

Cache  la  Poudre  River,  Larimer  Co.,  outlet  of  Chamber’s  Lake,  tributary  to 
South  Platte  River  near  Greeley;  alt.  4,500  to  9,100  ft. 

Calhan,  El  Paso  Co.,  station  on  the  C.,  R.  I.  &  P.  R.  R. ;  alt.  6.508  ft. 
Calloway  Hill,  Larimer  Co.,  near  Livermore;  alt.  about'  7,000  ft. 

Cameron’s  Cone,  near  Pike’s  Peak;  alt.  10,605  ft. 

Cameron  Pass,  Medicine  Bow  range,  between  Cache  la  Poudre  and  Michigan 
Creek,  Larimer  Co. ;  alt.  10,300  ft. 

Camp  Creek,  North  Park ;  alt.  6,000  to  8,000  ft. 

Camp  Creek,  Routt  Co.,  Buffalo  Pass ;  alt.  6,700  to  10,600  ft. 

Camp  Creek,  south  of  Gunnison;  alt.  7,400  to  10,000  ft. 

Camp  Hardinge,  near  Pike’s  Peak. 

Campton’s,  on  the  North  Poudre,  Larimer  Co.;  alt.  about  7,800  ft. 

Canon  City,  Fremont  Co. ;  alt.  5,343  ft. 

Caribou,  Boulder  Co. ;  alt.  9,912  ft. 

Carisa, 

Carriso,  in  the  Navajo  settlements;  alt.  8,000  to  9,000  ft. 

Carlton  Lake,  Grand  Co.,  near  Grand  Lake;  alt.  about  8,100  ft. 

Carson,  Hinsdale  Co.,  northeastern  part  (high). 

Cascade  Canon,  Pike’s  Peak;  alt.  7>4°9  ft. 

Cascade,  seven  miles  west  of  Colorado  Springs,  El  Paso  Co.,  on  Colorado 
Midland  R.  R. ;  alt.  7,000  ft. 

Cassell’s,  northern  part  of  Park  Co. ;  alt.  about  9,000  ft. 

Castle  Canon,  Castle  Gulch,  east  of  Jamestown;  alt.  6,800  to  8,000  ft. 

Castle  Rock,  Douglas  Co. ;  alt.  6,219  ft. 


420 


GAZETTEER  OF  LOCALITIES  MENTIONED. 


Cedar  Creek,  Logan  Co.,  tributary  to  Horsetail  Creek. 

Montrose  Co.,  tributary  to  Uncompahgre  River;  alt.  6,000  ft. 

Cedar  Edge  (Cedaredge),  north  central  Delta  Co.;  alt.  about  7,000  ft. 

Cedar  Hills,  northern  part  of  Las  Animas  Co.;  alt.  about  6.000  ft. 

Central  City,  Gilpin  Co.,  on  U.  P.  D.  &  G.  R.  R. ;  alt.  8,515  ft. 

Cerro  Summit,  Montrose  Co.,  between  Cimarron  and  Montrose;  alt.  7,964  ft. 

Chamber’s  Lake,  head  of  Poudre  River,  Larimer  Co. ;  alt.  9,100  ft. 

Cherokee  Hill,  near  Livermore,  Larimer  Co.;  alt.  7,000  to  8,000  ft. 

Cherry  Creek,  tributary  of  South  Platte,  near  Denver,  on  Divide  between 
Platte  and  Arkansas  Rivers ;  alt.  5,00©  to  7,700  ft. 

Cherry  Creek,  Montezuma  Co.,  tributary  to  Rio  de  la  Plata. 

Chester,  Saguache  Co.,  station  on  the  D.  &  R.  G.  R.  R.,  between  Salida  and 
Gunnison ;  alt.  9,397  ft. 

Cheyenne  Canon,  see  North  and  South  Cheyenne  Canons,  Pike’s  Peak;  alt. 
about  6,000  to  9,000  ft. 

Cheyenne  Mountain,  southeast  of  Pike’s  Peak;  alt.  9,407  ft. 

Cheyenne  Wells,  Cheyenne  Co.,  on  the  U.  P.  R.  R. ;  alt.  4,279  ft. 

Chicago  Lakes,  six  miles  southeast  of  Georgetown,  north  slope  of  Mt.  Evans; 
alt.  11,500  ft. 

Chicken  Creek,  west  of  La  Plata  Mountains,  Montezuma  Co. ;  alt.  7,000  to 
9,000  ft. 

Cimarron  Creek,  see  Little  Cimarron  River;  alt.  6,900  to  14,000  ft. 

Cimarron  River,  a  tributary  of  Arkansas  River,  flowing  through  southeastern 
Colorado ;  alt.  about  3,600  to  7,500  ft.  Most  references  are  to  the 
Little  Cimarron,  or  Cimarron  Creek. 

Cimarron  Station,  on  the  D.  &  R.  G.  R.  R.,  at  the  junction  of  the  Little 
Cimarron  and  the  Gunnison ;  alt.  6,906  ft. 

Cipango  Hill,  Larimer  Co.,  west  of  Stove  Prairie ;  alt.  about  8,000  ft. 

Clark’s  Peak,  Larimer  Co.,  near  Chamber’s  Lake;  alt.  13,800  ft.  Sometimes 
locally  called  Cameron  Peak  from  neighboring  Cameron  Pass. 

Clear  Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  South  Platte  River,  at  Denver;  alt.  5,000  to 
12,000  ft.  A  common  name. 

Clear  Creek  Canon,  canon  of  Clear  Creek,  above  Golden. 

Clear  Lake,  three  miles  south  of  Georgetown;  alt.  9,870  ft. 

Cochetopa  Pass,  Saguache  Co.,  between  Cochetopa  Creek  and  Saguache  River; 
alt.  10,032  ft. 

Coffee  Pot  Spring,  Coffee  Pot  Gulch,  southeast  Garfield  Co.;  alt.  above 
10,600  ft. 

Colorado  City,  El  Paso  Co.,  between  Colorado  Springs  and  Manitou;  alt. 
6,110  ft. 

Colorado  College,  Colorado  Springs;  alt.  about  6,200  ft. 

Colorado  Springs,  El  Paso  Co.,  near  Pike’s  Peak;  alt.  6,098  ft. 

Columbine ,  Routt  Co.,  near  Hahn’s  Peak;  alt.  8,000  ft. 

Columbine,  Larimer  Co.,  northern  part  of  Estes  Park;  alt.  about  8,000  ft. 

Como,  Park  Co.,  South  Park;  alt.  9,787  ft. 

Conejos  River,  a  tributary  of  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte;  alt.  from  7,2,00  to 
summit  of  range. 

Corral  Creek,  Grand  Co.,  a  tributary  of  the  Grand  River. 

Cottonwood  Creek,  Fremont  Co.,  a  tributary  of  the  Arkansas  River. 

Cottonwood  Creek,  near  Buena  Vista,  Chaffee  Co.  A  very  common  name. 

Cottonwood  Lake,  near  Buena  Vista ;  alt.  9,977  ft. 

Cowdry,  formerly  Pinkhampton,  North  Park;  alt.  8,200  ft. 

Cozzens,  near  Berthoud  Pass,  Middle  Park. 

Craig,  Routt  Co.,  on  Beaver  River;  alt.  6,050  ft. 

Crags,  The,  northwest  of  Pike’s  Peak;  alt.  10,500  ft. 

Crested  Butte,  Gunison  Co. ;  alt.  8,896  ft. 

Cripple  Creek  Road,  Teller  Co.  (to  Colorado  Springs)  ;  alt.  6,098  to  9,400  ft. 

Cripple  Creek,  Teller  Co.;  alt.  9,400  ft. 

Crow  Creek,  Weld  Co.,  a  plains  tributary  of  South  Platte  River  from  north 
of  Cheyenne;  alt.  4,500  to  6,000  ft. 

Crystal  Creek,  north  of  Glen  Eyrie,  near  Manitou ;  probably  6,000  to  8,000  ft. 

Crystal  Creek,  near  Ouray;  alt.  7,000  to  9,000  ft. 


GAZETTEER  OF  LOCALITIES  MENTIONED. 


421 


Crystal  Park,  between  Manitou  and  Bear  Creek  Canon ;  alt.  about  8,500  ft. 
Cucharas  River,  a  tributary  of  Huerfano  River;  alt.  5,100  to  summit  of  range. 
Cumberland  Mine,  east  La  Plata  Mountains;  alt.  about  12,300  ft. 

Cumbres,  Conejos  Co.,  on  the  D.  &  R.  G.  R.  R.,  between  Alamosa  and  Du¬ 
rango  at  the  summit  of  the  San  Juan  Range;  alt.  10,015  ft. 

Custer  Butte ;  alt.  about  9,000  ft. 

Dale  Creek,  northern  Larimer  Co. ;  alt.  7,500  ft. 

Damdno  Creek,  tributary  of  Encampment  Creek,  northwest  North  Park;  alt. 

about  10,000  ft. 

Dark  Canon,  near  Pike’s  Peak. 

Dark  Canon,  Gunnison  Co.,  south  of  Ragged  Mountain ;  alt.  8,500  ft. 

Dead  Lake,  Pike’s  Peak,  on  divide  between  Beaver  and  Bear  Creeks,  south¬ 
east  of  summit;  alt.  10,800  ft. 

Deadman’s  Canon,  south  of  Cheyenne  Mountain ;  alt.  about  6,500  ft. 

Deep  Creek  Lake,  Garfield  Co. ;  alt.  about  10,000  ft. 

Deep  Creek  Lake,  Routt  Co. ;  alt.  about  9,000  ft. 

Deep  Creek,  Routt  Co.,  a  tributary  of  Williams’  Fork  of  Yampa  River. 

Deep  Creek,  San  Juan  Co.;  alt.  10,000 'to  12,500  ft. 

Deer  River;  alt.  about  4,700  ft. 

Deer  Creek ,  exceedingly  common  name. 

Deer  Run,  Mesa  Co.,  station  on  D.  &  R.  G.  R.  R.  between  Delta  and  Grand 
Junction;  alt.  4,697  ft. 

Delta,  near  mouth  of  Uncompahgre  River ;  alt.  4,980  ft. 

Democrat  Mountain,  northwest  of  Georgetown;  alt.  11,400  ft. 

Denver,  alt.  5,198  ft. 

Devil’s  Causeway,  on  the  headwaters  of  Yampa  River;  alt.  6,182  ft. 

Dillon  Canon,  Trinidad  Co.;  alt.  about  7,000  ft. 

Dillon,  Summit  Co. ;  alt.  8,859  ft- 
Dix,  La  Plata  Co. ;  alt.  7,500  ft. 

Dixon  Canon,  near  Fort  Collins ;  alt.  5,500  to  6,500  ft. 

Dolores,  Montezuma  Co. ;  alt.  6,957  ft. 

Dome  Rock,  Platte  Canon;  alt.  6,211  ft. 

Dome  Rock  Valley,  near  Platte  Canon;  alt.  about  6,000  ft. 

Douglas  Mountain,  Clear  Creek  Co.;  alt.  9,552  ft. 

Doyle,  Gunnison  Co.,  station  on  D.  &  R.  G.  R.  R. ;  alt.  8,047  ft- 
Doyle’s  Ranch,  on  Huerfano  River;  alt.  4.715  ft. 

Dry  Creek,  Larimer  Co. ;  alt.  5,000  to  7,000  ft.  Locally  applied  to  any  inter¬ 
mittent  stream  with  storm  flow.  Very  common. 

Dumont,  Clear  Creek  Co.,  between  Georgetown  and  Idaho  Springs;  alt'. 
7,938  ft. 

Durango,  La  Plata  Co. ;  alt.  6,520  ft. 

Eads,  Kiowa  Co.,  on  the  Mo.  Pac.  R.  R. ;  alt.  4,707  ft. 

Eagle  Cliff,  head  of  Park  Hill,  Estes  Park,  Larimer  Co.;  alt.  8,300  ft. 

Eagle  River,  a  tributary  of  the  Grand;  alt.  6,100  to  10,000  ft. 

East  Indian  Creek,  a  tributary  of  Cucharas  River,  Huerfano  Co. ;  alt.  7,000 
to  10,500  ft. 

East  River,  Gunnison  Co.,  a  tributary  of  Taylor  River. 

East  River,  Teller  Co. 

Echo  Canon,  Lake  Co.,  west  of  Twin  Lakes;  alt.  about  10,000  ft. 

Echo  Creek,  near  La  Veta,  a  tributary  of  Cucharas  River. 

Echo  Creek,  west  of  La  Plata  Mountains;  alt.  9>5°°  to  11,000  ft. 

Egeria  Park,  on  Egeria  Creek,  Routt  Co. ;  alt.  8,000  to  10,000  ft. 

Eldora,  Boulder  Co. ;  alt.  8.543  ft- 
Elizabeth,  Elbert  Co. ;  alt.  6,300  ft. 

Elk  Canon,  on  Elk  River,  Routt  Co. ;  alt.  8,000  ft. 

Elk  River,  Routt  Co.,  a  tributary  of  Bear  River. 

El  Late,  see  Sierra  el  Late,  Montezuma  Co. ;  alt.  9,840  ft. 

Empire,  Clear  Creek  Co. ;  alt.  8,603  ft.  . 

Empire  Pass,  between  Georgetown  and  Empire;  alt.  about  same  as  Empire. 
Encampment  Meadow,  northwest  of  North  Park,  on  Grand  Encampment 
Creek;  alt.  8,171  ft. 


422 


GAZETTEER  OF  LOCALITIES  MENTIONED. 


Engelmann  Canon,  near  Pike's  Peak;  alt.  about  8,000  ft. 

Engineer  Mountain,  San  Juan  Co.;  alt.  13,190  ft. 

Estes  Park,  Larimer  Co.;  alt.  7,500  and  upward  to  8,500  ft. 

Ethel  Peak,  Larimer  Co.,  Park  Range;  alt.  11,976  ft. 

Fish  Creek,  North  Park,  Larimer  Co. ;  also  near  Virginia  Dale,  Larimer  Co. 
Fish  Creek,  Routt  Co.,  a  tributary  of  Bear  River.  Common  name. 

Fish  Creek  Falls,  on  Fish  Creek,  Routt  Co. ;  alt.  about  9,000  ft. 

Flat  Top  Mountain,  Routt  Co.,  also  west  of  Estes  Park;  alt.  13,000  ft. 

Floral  Mountain,  northeast  of  Berthoud  Pass;  alt.  12,378  ft. 

Florence,  Fremont  Co.,  on  the  Arkansas  River;  alt.  5,199  ft. 

Florissant,  Teller  Co.;  alt.  8,177  ft. 

Fontaine  qui  Bouille  River,  tributary  of  Arkansas,  at  Pueblo;  alt.  4,700  to 
9,000  ft. 

Fontaine  qui  Bouille  Valley,  from  Colorado  Springs  south  to  Pueblo;  alt. 
4,600  to  6,000  ft. 

Forester’s  Ranch,  Larimer  Co.,  on  La  Garde  Creek,  near  Wyoming  line ;  alt. 

7.500  ft. 

Fort  Collins,  Larimer  Co. ;  alt.  (Agr’l.  College)  4,994  ft. 

Fort  Garland,  San  Luis  Valley;  alt.  7,937  ft. 

Fortification  Peak,  near  Craig,  Routt  Co. ;  alt.  7,668  ft. 

Fort  Lyon  (near  Las  Animas),  Bent  Co.;  alt.  about  3,910  ft. 

Fort  Morgan,  Morgan  Co.;  alt.  4,319  ft. 

Fossil  Beds,  Fremont  Co.,  south  of  Cripple  Creek;  alt.  6,000  ft. 

Fossil  Creek,  Larimer  Co.,  four  miles  south  of  Fort  Collins ;  alt.  4,800  to 
6,000  ft. 

Four-Mile  Hill,  Routt  Co.,  near  Four-Mile  Creek;  alt.  7,500  to  9,000  ft. 
Franklin,  Las  Animas  Co.,  north  of  Trinidad;  alt.  6,272  ft. 

Garden  of  the  Gods,  north  of  Manitou ;  alt.  6,500  to  7,000  ft. 

Gardner,  Huerfano  Co.,  on  Huerfano  River;  alt.  about  7,000  ft. 

Garland,  five  miles  from  Fort  Garland,  Costilla  Co.;  alt.  8,112  ft. 

Gato,  on  D.  &  N.  W.  R.  R.,  Boulder  Co. ;  alt.  8,000  ft. 

Gato  Creek,  west  side  San  Luis  Valley,  Conejos  Co.;  alt.  8,000  to  10,000  ft. 
Gentian  Ridge,  Pike’s  Peak. 

Georgetown,  Clear  Creek  Co. ;  alt.  8,488  ft. 

Gibbs’  Peak,  Custer  Co. ;  alt.  12,200  ft. 

Glen  Eyrie,  five  miles  from  Manitou,  north  of  Garden  of  Gods ;  alt.  about 

6.500  ft. 

Glen  Mountain  Falls,  near  Pike’s  Peak. 

Glenwood  Springs,  Garfield  Co. ;  alt.  5,758  ft. 

Golden,  Jefferson  Co.,  on  Clear  Creek;  alt.  5,667  ft. 

Goose  Creek,  Mineral  Co.,  tributary  to  Rio  Grande;  alt.  about  9,000  ft. 

Gore  Pass,  across  Gore  Mountains,  border  between  Grand  and  Routt  Co..' 

east  of  Egeria  Park;  alt.  about  9,600  ft. 

Graham’s  Park,  on  D.  &  R.  G.  R.  R. ;  alt.  10,605  ft. 

Granada,  Prowers  Co. ;  alt.  3,493  ft. 

Grand  Canon,  Canon  of  the  Arkansas  River;  alt.  5,500  to  6,000  ft. 

Grand  Lake,  Middle  Park;  alt.  8.153  ft. 

Grand  Mesa,  table  land  between  Mesa  and  Delta  counties;  alt.  9,000  to 
10,000  ft. 

Grand  Junction,  Mesa  Co.,  on  Grand  River,  at  the  junction  of  the  Gunnison; 
alt.  4,594  ft.  ^ 

Grand  River,  the  principal  river  of  western  Colorado,  forming,  with  the 
Green,  the  Colorado  River  of  the  West;  alt.  4,500  to  11,000  ft. 

Granite,  station  on  the  D.  &  R.  G.  R.  R.,  in  Chaffee  Co. ;  alt.  8,930  ft. 

Grant  Lake  (probably  Clear  Lake,  south  of  Georgetown). 

Grayback  Mining  Camps,  near  Grayback,  Sangre  de  Cristo  Range,  east  of 
Sierra  Blanca;  alt.  9,000  to  io.ooo  ft. 

Graymont,  Clear  Creek  Co. ;  alt.  9,783  ft. 

Gray’s  Peak,  Front  Range,  Clear  Creek  Co.;  alt.  14,341  ft. 

Grecian  Bend,  Pike’s  Peak. 

Greeley,  Weld  Co.,  on  Poudre  River;  alt.  about  4,600  ft. 


GAZETTEER  OF  LOCALITIES  MENTIONED. 


423 


Green,  North  Park;  alt.  8,200  ft. 

Greenhorn  Mountains,  Pueblo  and  Huerfano  counties;  alt.  12,340  ft. 

Green  Mountain  Falls,  on  the  Midland  R.  R.,  El  Paso  Co.,  northwest  of 
Pike’s  Peak;  alt.  7,700  ft. 

Green  River,  northwest  Colorado,  unites  with  the  Grand;  alt.  in  Colorado 
about  5,000  ft. 

Gregory  Canon  (Gregorio  River,  San  Luis)  ;  alt.  8,500  ft. 

Grizzly  Creek,  Larimer  Co.,  in  North  Park,  a  tributary  of  the  North  Platte; 
alt.  9,500  ft. 

Grizzly  Creek,  also  five  miles  up  the  Grand  from  Glenwood  Springs. 

Grizzly  Gulch,  west  side  North  Park;  alt.  about  8,500  ft. 

Gunnison,  Gunnison  Co. ;  alt.  7,683  ft. 

Gypsum,  Eagle  Co.,  station  on  D.  &  R.  G.  R.  R. ;  alt.  6,310  ft. 

Gypsum  Creek  Canon,  Eagle  Co.,  a  tributary  of  Eagle  River;  alt.  about 
6,000  ft. 

Halfmoon  Creek,  Lake  Co.,  a  tributary  of  the  Arkansas  River,  southwest  of 
Leadville;  alt.  9,600  to  12,000  ft. 

Halfway  House,  on  Pike’s  Peak  Cog  Road;  alt.  8,400  ft. 

Hamor’s  Lake,  north  of  Durango ;  alt.  about  9,000  ft. 

Hahn’s  Peak,  Park  Range,  Routt  Co. ;  alt.  10,906  ft. 

Happy  Hollow,  fifteen  miles  west  of  Fort  Collins;  alt.  about  6,500  ft. 
Hardin’s  Ranch,  north  of  Manhattan,  Larimer  Co. ;  alt.  about  7,800  ft. 
Hayden,  Routt  Co. ;  alt.  7,500  ft. 

Hayden’s  Ranch,  Lake  Co.,  station  on  the  D.  &  R.  G.  R.  R. ;  alt.  9,141  ft. 
Hebron,  Larimer  Co.,  North  Park;  alt.  8,200  ft. 

Hematite  (Hematite  Gulch,  San  Juan  Co.,  east  of  Silverton)  ;  alt.  10,000  to 
12,500  ft. 

Hermosa,  La  Plata  Co.,  between  Durango  and  Silverton;  alt.  6,630  ft. 

Hill’s  Ranch,  McElmo  Creek,  Montezuma  Co. ;  alt.  5,000  to  8,000  ft. 

Higho,  Larimer  Co.,  near  Lake  John,  North  Park. 

Holdredge  Meadow,  or  Ranch,  on  Michigan  River,  North  Park;  alt.  about 
8,400  ft. 

Home  P.  O.,  Zimmerman’s  Ranch,  Larimer  Co.,  on  Cache  la  Poudre;  alt. 
about  7,500  ft. 

Honnold,  Routt  Co.,  on  Little  Snake  River,  near  Wyoming  line;  alt.  9,158  ft. 
Horseshoe  Mountain,  Summit  Co.,  southeast  of  Leadville;  alt.  13,912  ft. 
Horsetooth  Gulch,  near  Horsetooth  Mountain;  alt.  5,500  to  6,500  ft. 
Horsetooth  Mountain,  seven  miles  southwest  of  Fort  Collins;  alt.  7,160  ft. 
Hortense  Springs,  Chaffee  Co.,  near  Mt.  Princeton;  alt.  7,700  ft. 

Hotchkiss,  Delta  Co.,  between  Delta  and  Paonia;  alt.  5,369  ft. 

Hot  Sulphur  Springs,  Grand  Co.,  Middle  Park;  alt.  7,800  ft. 

Hovenweep  Canon,  Montezuma  Co.,  canon  of  Yellow  Jacket  or  Hovenweep 
Creek;  alt.  6,300  ft. 

Hovenweep  Castle,  Montezuma  Co.;  alt.  5,239  ft. 

Howe’s  Gulch,  Larimer  Co.,  west  of  Fort  Collins;  alt.  5,500  to  7,000  ft. 
Hubbard  Creek,  Delta  Co. 

Huerfano,  Huerfano  Co.,  on  Huerfano  River;  alt.  5,662  ft. 

Huerfano  Valley,  upper  part  of  Huerfano  River,  between  the  Greenhorn 
Mountains  and  the  Sangre  de  Cristo  Range;  alt.  about  8,300  ft. 
Hughes’  Lake,  Ouray  Co. ;  alt.  7,500  ft. 

Hugo,  Lincoln  Co. ;  alt.  5,068  ft. 

Idaho  Springs,  Clear  Creek  Co.;  alt.  7,550  ft. 

Ignacio,  La  Plata  Co. ;  alt.  6,437  ft. 

Indian  Creek  Pass,  Culebra  Range,  from  East  Indian  Creek  to  West'  Indian 
Creek;  alt.  9,803  ft. 

Iola,  Gunnison  Co.,  station  on  D.  &  R.  G.  R.  R. ;  alt.  7,434  ft. 

Iron  Mountain,  east  of  Sierra  Blanca,  Huerfano  Co.;  alt.  11,000  ft. 

Ironton  Park,  nine  miles  south  of  Ouray;  alt.  about  9,500  ft. 

Ivywild,  Pike’s  Peak  Cog  Road;  alt.  about  7,500  ft. 

Jack  Brook,  Pike’s  Peak;  alt.  8,500  to  10,000  ft. 

Jack’s  Cabin,  Gunnison  watershed,  station  on  D.  &  R.  G.  R.  R.,  between  Gun¬ 
nison  and  Crested  Butte;  alt.  8,294  ft. 


424 


GAZETTEER  OF  LOCALITIES  MENTIONED. 


Janies’  Peak,  Gilpin  Co.,  Front  Range;  alt.  13,283  ft.  (Name  originally  given 
to  Pike’s  Peak.) 

Jefferson,  Park  Co.,  South  Park;  alt.  9.502  ft. 

Johnston  Canon,  Mesa  Verde,  near  Mancos  River;  alt.  4,000  to  8,000  ft. 
Julesburg,  Sedgwick  Co.,  on  South  Platte  River;  alt.  3,458  ft. 

Kebler  Pass,  Gunnison  Co. ;  alt.  about  10,000  ft. 

Kelso  Mountain,  southwest  of  Georgetown;  alt.  13,423  ft. 

Kendall  Basin,  near  Silverton. 

Kremmling,  Grand  Co.,  near  Grand  River;  alt.  7,150  ft. 

Lafayette,  Boulder  Co. ;  alt.  5,300  ft. 

Lake  City,  Hinsdale  Co. ;  alt.  8,686  ft. 

Lake  John,  North  Park;  alt.  8,200  ft. 

Lake  Moraine,  on  Ruxton  Creek,  Pike’s  Peak,  east  of  summit;  alt.  10,268  ft. 
Lamar,  Prowers  Co.,  on  Arkansas  River;  alt.  3,592  ft. 

Lamb’s  Ranch,  now  Mills’s,  Long’s  Peak  Inn,  near  Long’s  Peak;  alt.  9,100  ft. 

La  Plata  Mountains,  Montezuma  Co.  and  La  Plata  Co.;  alt.  up  to  14,342  ft. 

La  Plata  Peak,  Saguache  Range,  Chaffee  Co. ;  alt.  14,302  ft. 

La  Plata  River,  Montezuma  Co.,  a  tributary  of  the  San  Juan;  alt.  4,700  to 

13,000  ft. 

La  Porte,  six  miles  northwest  of  Fort  Collins;  alt.  about  5,200  ft. 

Laramie  Plains,  between  Big  Laramie  River  and  Poudre  tributaries ;  alt.  7,000 
to  9,000  ft. 

Laramie  River,  Larimer  Co.;  alt.  (from  Wyoming  line  to  Clark’s  Peak)  7,500 
to  10,000  ft. 

La  Pagosa,  see  Pagosa  Springs. 

La  Salle,  Weld  Co.,  on  South  Platte  River;  alt.  4,665  ft. 

Las  Animas  Perdidas,  La  Plata  Co.,  a  tributary  of  the  San  Juan. 

Las  Animas  Canon,  canon  of  Rio  de  las  Animas;  alt.  11,000  ft. 

La  V eta,  Huerfano  Co.,  on  Cucharas  River;  alt.  7,024  ft. 

Leadville,  Lake  Co. ;  alt.  10,200  ft. 

Lee’s  Lake,  three  miles  west  of  Fort  Collins ;  alt.  5,100  ft. 

Leroux  Creek,  Delta  Co.,  flows  into  North  Fork  of  Gunnison  River;  alt.  5,300 
to  11,000  ft. 

Leroux  Park,  Delta  Co. ;  alt.  5,300  to  8,000  ft. 

Little  Beaver  Creek,  Larimer  Co.,  flows  into  South  Fork  of  Poudre  River; 
alt.  8,000  ft. 

Little  Cimarron  River,  flows  into  the  Gunnison  River;  alt.  6,900  to  14,000  ft. 
Little  Kate  Basin,  Basin  Creek;  alt.  about  10,500  ft. 

Little  Kate  Mine,  La  Plata  Mountains ;  alt.  about  same  as  above. 

Little  South,  a  tributary  of  the  Cache  la  Poudre,  below  the  Rustic,  Larimer 
Co.;  alt.  6,500  to  11,000  ft. 

Little  V eta  Mountains,  west  of  Veta  Mountain,  Huerfano  Co.;  alt.  about 
10,000  ft. 

Livermore,  Larimer  Co.,  on  North  Poudre;  alt.  6,000  ft. 

Lone  Pine  Creek,  Larimer  Co.,  tributary  of  North  Poudre ;  alt.  6,000  to 
9,000  ft. 

Long  Gulch,  Larimer  Co.;  also  Boulder  Co.,  on  the  St.  Vrain;  a  frequent 
name ;  alt.  about  7,500  ft. 

Longmont,  Boulder  Co. ;  alt.  4,947  ft. 

Long’s  Peak,  Front  Range,  between  Boulder  and  Larimer  counties;  alt. 
14,271  ft. 

Los  Pinos,  Conejos  Co.,  on  D.  &  R.  G.  R.  R. ;  alt.  9,622  ft. 

Loveland,  Larimer  Co.,  on  Big  Thompson ;  alt.  4,984  ft. 

Lulu  Pass,  Larimer  Co.,  east  of  Mt.  Richtofen;  alt.  about  12,000  ft. 

Lyons,  Boulder  Co. ;  alt.  about  6,500  ft. 

McCoy,  Eagle  Co.,  on  Grand  River;  alt.  about  8,000  ft. 

McElmo  Canon,  Montezuma  Co.,  Canon  of  McElmo  Creek,  a  tributary  of 
San  Juan  River;  alt.  of  creek  at  head,  7,000  ft.;  at  mouth,  4,566  ft. 
McIntyre  Creek,  Larimer  Co. ;  alt.  7,000  to  10,000  ft. 

Mancos,  Montezuma  Co. ;  alt.  7>°°8  ft- 
Manitou,  east  base  of  Pike’s  Peak;  alt.  6,318  ft. 


GAZETTEER  OF  LOCALITIES  MENTIONED.  425 


Marshall  Pass,  D.  &  R.  G.  R.  R.,  between  the  Arkansas  and  Gunnison  water¬ 
sheds  ;  alt.  10,856  ft. 

Mason’s  River  Front  Farm,  near  Fort  Collins,  Larimer  Co. ;  alt.  about  5,000  ft. 
Massif  de  1’ Arapahoe,  Arapahoe  Peak;  alt.  13,520  ft. 

Meadow  Park,  near  Lyons,  Boulder  Co.;  alt.  about  6,500  ft. 

Medicine  Bow  Mountains,  range  east  of  North  Park,  Larimer  Co.  Highest 
peak  is  Clark’s  Peak;  alt.  13,800  ft. 

Meeker,  Rio  Blanco  Co.;  alt.  6,182  ft. 

Mesa  Verde,  Montezuma  Co.,  table  land;  alt.  6,500  to  8,500  ft. 

Michigan  River,  North  Park,  a  tributary  of  the  North  Platte  River;  alt.  8,000 
to  11,000  ft. 

Middle  Park,  between  the  Front  Range  and  Park  Range  and  drained  by 
Grand  River. 

Miller’s  Ranch,  see  Tobe  Miller;  alt.  about  5,300  ft. 

Minnehaha,  on  Ruxton  Creek,  near  Pike’s  Peak;  alt.  about  8,400  ft. 

Minturn,  Eagle  Co.,  station  on  D.  &  R.  G.  R.  R. ;  alt.  7,825  ft. 

Montclair,  Arapahoe  Co.,  Denver  suburb ;  alt.  5,400  ft. 

Monte  Vista,  Rio  Grande  Co.,  San  Luis  Valley;  alt.  7,665  ft. 

Montezuma,  Summit  Co.;  alt.  10,295  ft. 

Montrose,  Montrose  Co.,  on  Uncompahgre  River;  alt.  5,811  ft. 

Monument,  station  on  D.  &  R.  G.  R.  R.,  El  Paso  Co. ;  alt.  6,974  ft. 
Monument  Park,  El  Paso  Co.,  near  Edgerton  Station;  alt.  about  8,000  ft. 
Moons  Ranch,  west  of  Fort  Collins;  alt.  7,500  ft. 

Moraine,  Sprague’s,  Estes  Park;  alt.  8.000  ft. 

Morrison,  Jefferson  Co.,  on  Bear  Creek;  alt.  5,765  ft. 

Mosquito  Pass,  east  of  Leadville ;  alt.  13,700  ft. 

Mt.  Abram,  near  Ouray;  alt.  12,790  ft. 

Mountain  View,  on  Pike’s  Peak  Cog  Road;  alt.  about  10,000  ft. 

Mt.  Antero,  Saguache  Range,  Chaffee  Co. ;  alt.  14,245  ft. 

Mt.  Baldy,  or  Bald  Mountain  (a  common  local  name),  Larimer  Co.,  west  of 
Loveland ;  alt.  7,000  ft. 

Larimer  Co.,  east  of  Laramie  River;  alt.  11,250  ft. 

Boulder  Co.;  alt.  11,470  ft. 

Delta  Co. ;  alt.  10,632  ft. 

Near  Pike’s  Peak;  alt.  about  12,300  ft. 

Sangre  de  Cristo  Range,  near  Sierra  Blanca;  alt.  14,176  ft. 

Mt.  Bartlett,  Park  Range,  Summit  Co. ;  alt.  about  13,500  ft. 

Mt.  Bross,  Middle  Park,  Park  Range;  alt.  14,100  ft. 

Mt.  Elbert,  Saguache  Range,  Lake  Co. ;  alt.  14,436  ft. 

Mt.  Evans,  west  of  Denver;  alt.  14,260  ft. 

Mt.  Garfield,  near  Pike’s  Peak;  alt.  13,500  ft. 

Mt.  Harvard,  Saguache  Range,  Chaffee  Co.;  alt.  14,375  ft. 

Mt.  Hayden,  near  Ouray;  alt.  13,100  ft. 

Mt.  Hesperus,  La  Plata  Mountains,  Montezuma  Co. ;  alt.  13,376  ft. 

Mt.  La  Plata,  or  La  Plata  Peak,  Saguache  Range,  Chaffee  Co. ;  alt.  14,302  ft. 
Mt.  Lincoln,  Park  Range,  Park  Co. ;  alt.  14,297  ft. 

Mt.  McClellan,  Front  Range,  near  Gray’s  Peak;  alt.  13,423  ft. 

Mt.  Massive,  Saguache  Range,  Lake  Co. ;  alt.  14,271  ft. 

Mt.  Ouray,  Saguache  Range,  Chaffee  Co.;  alt.  14,055  ft. 

Mt.  Princeton,  Saguache  Range,  Chaffee  Co. ;  alt.  14,199  ft. 

Mt.  Richthofen,  Medicine  Bow  Range,  south  of  Cameron  Pass,  Larimer  Co. ; 
alt.  about  13,800  ft. 

Mt.  Robinson,  Summit  Co.,  near  Robinson ;  alt.  10,760  ft. 

Muddy  River,  Middle  Park,  flows  into  Grand  River;  alt.  7,100  to  9,000  ft. 
Narrows,  Cache  la  Poudre  River,  Larimer  Co.;  alt',  about  6,500  ft.  Name 
given  to  a  short  box  canon. 

Navajo  Canon,  on  Navajo  Creek,  a  tributary  of  the  Huerfano  River;  alt. 
8,600  ft. 

Nepesta,  Pueblo  Co.,  on  Arkansas  River;  alt.  4,394  ft. 

New  Castle,  Garfield  Co.,  on  Grand  River;  alt.  5,562  ft. 

New  Windsor,  western  Weld  Co.;  alt.  4,800  ft. 


426 


GAZETTEER  OF  LOCALITIES  MENTIONED. 


North  Cheyenne  Canon ,  foot  of  Cheyenne  Mountain,  east  of  Pike’s  Peak;  alt. 
6,000  to  11,000  ft. 

North  Park,  between  Park  Range  and  Medicine  Bow  Range,  drained  by  North 
Platte  River;  alt.  8,ooo  to  9,000  ft. 

North  Park  Range,  between  Larimer  and  Routt  counties. 

Notch  Mountain,  part  of  Mt.  Richtofen;  alt.  about  13,000  ft. 

Also  near  Mt.  of  the  Holy  Cross. 

Oak  Mesa,  Delta  Co. 

Ojo,  at  the  foot  of  Veta  Mountain,  Huerfano  Co.;  alt.  about  8,000  ft. 

Olathe,  Montrose  Co. ;  alt.  5,352  ft. 

Oro  City,  southeast  of  Leadville ;  alt.  about  10,800  ft. 

Ouray,  Ouray  Co. ;  alt.  7,721  ft. 

Owl  Canon,  Canon  of  Owl  Creek,  North  Park. 

Also  at  head  of  Hook  and  Moore  Glade,  near  Fort  Collins;  alt.  about 
5,600  ft. 

Pagosa  Peak,  San  Juan  Range,  Mineral  Co. ;  alt.  12,674  ft. 

Pagosa  Springs,  Archuleta  Co.;  alt.  7,108  ft. 

Palisade,  Mesa  Co. ;  alt.  about  4,723  ft. 

Pallas,  near  southeast  corner  of  Routt  Co.,  on  Bear  River;  alt.  8,700  ft. 
Palmer  Lake,  summit  of  Divide  between  Arkansas  and  South  Platte  water¬ 
shed,  El  Paso  Co. ;  alt.  7,237  ft. 

Palsgrove  Canon;  alt.  about  9,000  ft. 

Pandora,  San  Miguel  Co.,  southeast  of  Telluride;  alt.  9,000  ft. 

Paonia,  Delta  Co.,  on  North  Fork  of  Gunnison  River;  alt.  about  5,500  ft. 
Park  Range,,  west  of  North  Park;  also  divide  between  South  Park  and  Arkan¬ 
sas  River. 

Parlin,  Gunnison  Co.,  between  Marshall  Pass  and  Gunnison;  alt.  7,937  ft. 
Parrott  City,  La  Plata  Co.,  between  Durango  and  Mancos;  alt.  8,633  ft. 

Pass  Butte,  near  southeast  corner  Routt  Co. ;  alt.  8,265. 

Pass  Creek,  near  Veta  Pass;  alt.  from  7,000  to  9,000  ft. 

Pass  Creek,  Saguache  Co.,  flows  into  Cochetopa  Creek;  alt.  8,000  to  10,000  ft. 
Paxton  Ranch,  near  Mancos ;  alt.  about  7,000  ft. 

Pearl,  North  Park;  alt.  about  8,500  ft. 

Pennock’s  (Pennock’s  Ranch),  about  eight  miles  west  of  Fort  Collins;  alt. 
about  5,500  ft. 

Pennock’s  Mountain  Ranch,  off  Rist  Canon  Road;  alt.  about  8,000  ft. 

Penn’s  Gulch  (Pennsylvania  Gulch)  (?),  east  of  Georgetown. 

Peoria  Creek;  alt.  about  6,000  ft. 

Piedra,  Archuleta  Co.,  on  Rio  Piedra;  alt.  6,520  ft. 

Pike’s  Peak,  El  Paso  Co.;  alt.  14,108  ft. 

Pine  Grove,  on  South  Platte,  Douglass  Co. ;  alt.  6,738  ft. 

Piney  Creek,  Eagle  Co.,  a  tributary  of  Eagle  River;  alt.  about  7,500  ft. 
Pingree  Hill,  Larimer  Co.,  near  Manhattan ;  alt.  7,000  to  8,200  ft. 

Pinkham  Creek,  Larimer  Co.,  North  Park;  alt.  8,400  ft. 

Pinkhampton  (now  Cowdry),  Larimer  Co.,  North  Park;  alt.  8,400  ft. 

Pitkin,  Gunnison  Co. ;  alt.  9,192  ft. 

Placer,  Costilla  Co.,  on  Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek;  alt.  about  8,000  ft. 

Pleasant  Valley,  northeast  of  Greeley;  alt.  4,800  ft. 

Pleasant  Valley,  also  northwest  of  Fort  Collins;  alt.  about  5,200  ft. 

Poncha  Pass,  between  the  Arkansas  River  and  the  San  Luis  River,  D.  &  R.  G. 
R.  R. ;  alt.  8,945  ft. 

Porter,  La  Plata  Co.,  near  Durango ;  alt.  7,009  ft. 

Poudre  Canon,  Canon  of  Cache  la  Poudre  River,  Larimer  Co. ;  alt.  6,000  to 
7,000  ft. 

Poudre  River,  see  Cache  la  Poudre  River. 

Poverty  Ridge,  near  Cimarron;  alt.  about  8,500  ft. 

Pueblo,  Pueblo  Co. ;  alt.  4,672  ft. 

Purgatoire,  or  Purgatory  River,  or  Las  Animas  River,  a  tributary  of  the 
Arkansas  River,  Las  Animas,  Otero  and  Bent  counties ;  alt.  3,800  to 
6,000  ft. 

Quail  Creek,  near  Steven’s  Mine,  Graymont,  Clear  Creek  Co. ;  alt.  up  to 
11,000  ft. 


GAZETTEER  OF  LOCALITIES  MENTIONED. 


427 


Queen’s  Canon,  near  William’s  Canon,  Manitou. 

Quimby,  Arapahoe  Co.,  north  of  Denver;  alt.  about  5,000  ft. 

Rabbit  Ear  Pass ;  alt.  about  9,000  ft. 

Rabbit  Ear  Range,  portion  of  Continental  Divide,  south  of  North  Park. 
Rabbit  Ears,  peaks  southwest  part  North  Park,  Larimer  Co. ;  alt.  10,719  ft. 
Ragged  Mountain,  Gunnison  Co.;  alt.  11,700  ft. 

Raton  Mountains,  southeast  of  Trinidad;  alt.  9,600  ft. 

Recapture  Creek ,  Montezuma  Co. ;  alt.  4,446  ft.  at  mouth. 

Redcliff,  Eagle  Co. ;  alt.  8,608  ft. 

Red  Dirt  Divide  (near  Middle  Park),  Routt  Co.;  alt.  about  8,000  ft. 

Red  Mountain,  south  of  Ouray;  alt.  12,865  ft. 

Red  Mountain  Road,  south  of  Ouray;  alt.  8,0000  to  12,300  ft. 

Red  River,  northern  part  Larimer  Co.,  near  Laramie  River;  alt.  7,100  ft. 

Red  Rock  Canon,  Las  Animas  Co. ;  alt.  5,000  ft. 

Red  Rock  Canon,  Dolores  River;  alt.  6,900  to  8,700  ft. 

Red  Rock  Canon,  near  Pike’s  Peak;  alt.  4,000  to  9,000  ft. 

Redstone,  Larimer  Co. ;  alt.  5,500  to  6,000  ft. 

Redstone,  Pitkin  Co.,  near  Carbondale. 

Rico,  Dolores  Co. ;  alt.  8,737  ft. 

Ridgeway,  or  Ridgway,  Ouray  Co. ;  alt.  7,500  ft. 

Ride,  Garfield  Co. ;  alt.  5,310  ft. 

Rio  Blanco,  Archuleta  Co.,  flows  into  the  San  Juan;  alt.  7,500  to  11,500  ft. 
Rio  Florido,  La  Plata  Co.;  alt.  6,ioo  to  11,000  ft. 

Rio  Grande,  or  Rio  Grande  del  Norte,  rises  in  San  Juan  Mountains;  alt.  in 
Colorado,  7,300  to  12,400  ft. 

Rist  Canon,  west  of  Fort  Collins ;  alt.  5,000  to  6,800  ft. 

Roaring  Fork,  Larimer  Co.,  flows  into  Cache  la  Poudre;  alt.  7,800  to  10,000  ft. 
Robinson,  Summit  Co.,  near  Fremont  Pass;  Fremont  Pass  is  alt.  11,330  ft. 
Robinson,  Bent  Co. ;  alt.  4,007  ft. 

Rocky  Ford,  Otero  Co. ;  alt.  4,180  ft. 

Rogers,  Rogers  Mesa,  Gunnison  Co.,  station  between  Crested  Butte  and 
Florence. 

Also  station  between  Delta  and  Paonia;  alt.  5,443  ft. 

Roubideau  Pass,  northwest  of  Sangre  de  Cristo  Pass,  from  Huerfano  Park  to 
San  Luis  Valley;  alt.  about  8,000  ft. 

Rosita,  Custer  Co. ;  alt.  8,500  ft. 

Roswell,  El  Paso  Co.,  north  of  Colorado  Springs ;  alt.  6,073  ft. 

Royal  Gorge,  narrowest  and  deepest  part  of  the  Canon  of  the  Arkansas  River ; 
alt.  5,500  to  6,000  ft. 

Ruby,  Gunnison  Co.,  above  Crested  Butte ;  alt.  10,500  ft. 

Ruby,  Mesa  Co.,  west  of  Grand  Junction;  alt.  about  4,500  ft. 

Rustic,  Larimer  Co.,  on  the  Poudre,  foot  of  Pingree  Hill ;  alt.  7,000  ft. 
Ruxton  Dell,  on  Ruxton  Creek,  Pike’s  Peak ;  alt.  about  9,000  ft. 

Ruxton  Park,  on  Ruxton  Creek,  Pike’s  Peak;  alt.  about  9,000  ft. 

Ruxton  Ridge,  Pike’s  Peak;  alt.  about  9,000  ft. 

Saddle,  on  Pike’s  Peak  Cog  Road;  alt.  13,000  ft. 

Saddle  Mountain,  Park  Co.;  alt.  10,815  ft. 

Saguache,  Saguache  Co. ;  alt.  7,723  ft. 

Saguache  Creek,  or  River,  a  tributary  of  San  Luis  River,  Saguache  Co. ;  alt. 
7,500  to  13,000  ft. 

Saguache  Range,  separating  the  Arkansas  from  the  Grand  River  and  Gun¬ 
nison  watersheds;  extending  from  Tennessee  Pass  to  near  Salida;  alt. 
to  14,400  ft. 

Salida,  Chaffee  Co. ;  alt.  7,050  ft. 

Sand  Creek  Pass,  Larimer  Co.,  between  North  Park  and  Laramie  watersheds; 
alt.  about  7,400  ft. 

Sangre  de  Cristo  Creek,  a  tributary  of  Trinchera  River,  Costilla  Co.,  near 
Veta  Pass ;  alt.  about  9,000  ft. 

Sangre  de  Cristo  Range,  separates  San  Luis  Valley  from  Arkansas  Valley; 

alt.  to  14,400  ft. 

San  Juan  Pass;  alt.  12,000  ft. 


428 


GAZETTEER  OF  LOCALITIES  MENTIONED. 


San  Juan  Valley,  Montezuma  Co. 

San  Luis  Valley,  around  San  Luis  River  and  the  upper  Rio  Grande;  alt. 
7,500  to  8,000  ft. 

Sapinero,  Gunnison  Co.,  between  Gunnison  and  Montrose;  alt.  7,240  ft. 
Sargent’s,  Saguache  Co.,  on  D.  &  R.  G.  R.  R.,  between  Marshall  Pass  and 
Gunnison;  alt.  8,462  ft. 

Seven  Lakes,  near  Pike’s  Peak ;  alt.  10.800  ft. 

Sheep  Creek,  Larimer  Co.,  empties  into  North  Fork  Cache  la  Poudre;  alt. 
about  8,500  ft. 

Sheephorn  Divide,  southwest  of  Middle  Park;  alt.  6,900  ft. 

Sheephorn  Divide,  North  Park. 

Sherwood,  Eagle  Co. ;  alt.  6,900  ft. 

Sherwood’s  Ranch,  ■  (Glen  Eyre)  Larimer  Co.,  on  the  Laramie;  alt.  about 
7,800  ft. 

Sierra  Blanca,  Sangre  de  Cristo  Range,  Costilla  and  Huerfano  counties ;  alt. 
14,483  ft. 

Sierra  Madre  Range,  name  given  by  Fremont  to  Main  Range  from  George¬ 
town  south. 

Sierra  Sangre  de  Cristo,  or  Sangre  de  Cristo  Range,  separates  the  San  Luis 
from  the  Huerfano  and  Arkansas  watersheds,  Saguache  Co.  Many 
high  peaks,  the  highest  14,483  ft. 

Silver  Plume,  Clear  Creek  Co. ;  alt.  9,188  ft. 

Silver  ton,  San  Juan  Co. ;  alt.  9,201  ft. 

Slide  Rock  Canon,  west  of  La  Plata  mountains,  north  of  Mt.  Hesperus,  alt. 
10,000  to  12,000  ft. 

Smith’s  Fork ,  Delta  Co.,  tributary  of  the  Gunnison ;  alt.  7,000  ft. 

Soda  Creek,  Routt  Co.,  a  tributary  of  Bear  river. 

Soldier  Canon,  west  of  Fort  Collins;  alt.  5,000  ft. 

South  Boulder  Canon,  near  Boulder ;  alt.  5,600  ft.  upward. 

South  Cheyenne  Canon,  foot  of  Cheyenne  Mountain,  southeast  of  Pike’s  Peak; 
alt.  6,000  to  10,000  ft. 

South  Cottonwood  Gulch,  Chaffee  Co.,  near  Buena  Vista;  alt.  about  10,500  ft. 
South  Park,  between  the  Park  Range  and  the  Front  and  Rampart  ranges, 
drained  by  South  Platte  river. 

South  Table  Mountain ,  southeast  of  Golden;  alt.  6,250  ft. 

Spanish  Peaks,  Huerfano  Co.,  two  isolated  peaks  near  Culebra  Range;  alt. 

west  Spanish  Peak,  13,620;  east  Spanish  Peak  alt.,  12,720  ft. 

Spicer,  Larimer  Co.,  on  Grizzly  Creek;  alt.  about  9.000  ft. 

Sprague’s,  Moraine  P.  O.,  Estes'  Park;  alt.  about  8,000  ft. 

Squaw  Hill,  Montrose  Co. ;  above  Cimarron ;  alt.  7,000  to  8,500  ft. 

State  Bridge,  Costilla  Co.,  east  of  Antonito,  Rio  Grand;  alt.  7,348  ft. 

State  Bridge,  Grand  River,  east  of  Delta;  alt.  about  5,000  ft. 

Steamboat  Springs,  Routt  Co.;  alt.  6,500  ft. 

Steele  Canon,  near  Villa  Grove. 

Stephen’s  Mine,  near  Gray’s  Peak,  at  timberline;  alt.  11,500  ft. 

Sterling,  Logan  Co. ;  alt.  3,922  ft. 

Stove  Prairie,  Larimer  Co.,  beyond  Rist  Canon;  alt.  7,600  ft. 

Stove  Prairie  Hill,  head  of  Rist  Canon;  alt.  about  8,000  ft. 

St.  Vrain  Canon,  Canon  of  St.  Vrain  Creek,  Boulder  Co.;  a  tributary  of 
the  South  Platte  River. 

Sugar  Loaf  Mountain,  Eagle  and  Summit  counties;  alt.  12,556  ft. 

Sulphur  Springs,  Grand  Co.;  many  in  various  parts  of  the  state. 

Sunset  Canon,  near  Sunset,  Boulder  Co. ;  alt.  at  Sunset,  7,707  ft. 

Sunshine,  Boulder  Co. ;  alt.  12,945  ft- 

Swallows,  on  Arkansas  River,  between  Pueblo  and  Canon  City;  alt.  4,863  ft. 
Sydney ,  or  Sidney,  Routt  Co.,  on  Bear  River. 

Table  Rock,  east  of  Palmer  Lake;  alt.  7,150  ft. 

Taylor  River,  Gunnison  Co.;  alt.  8,000  tQ  11,000  ft'. 

Teller,  an  abandoned  mining  camp,  south  of  North  Park;  alt.  about  9,000  ft. 
Telluride,  San  Miguel  Co.;  alt.  8,756  ft. 


GAZETTEER  OF  LOCALITIES  MENTIONED. 


429 


Tennessee  Pass,  near  Leadville,  between  the  watersheds  of  the  Arkansas  and 
Eagle  rivers ;  alt.  10,240  ft. 

Thompson’s  Canon,  Long’s  Peak,  drained  by  Thompson  Creek;  alt.  5,500  to 
6,000  ft. 

Thompson’ s  Park,  west'  of  Dix,  La  Plata  Co. ;  alt.  7,576  ft. 

Tie  Siding,  upper  waters  of  Fish  Creek,  Wyoming,  near  Larimer  Co.  line; 
alt.  7,800  ft. 

Timnath,  Eastern  Larimer  Co.;  alt.  4,875  ft. 

Tobe  Miller’s  Ranch,  near  La  Porte,  Larimer  Co.;  alt.  about  5,300  ft. 
Tomichi  River,  tributary  to  Gunnison  River;  alt.  7,600  to  about  11,000  ft. 
Trail  Creek,  Larimer  Co.,  a  tributary  of  North  Poudre;  alt.  6,500  to  7,500  ft. 
Trail  Creek,  on  Pike’s  Peak,  El  Paso  Co. 

Trail  Glen,  Pike’s  Peak;  alt.  about  9,000  ft. 

Trapper’s  Lake,  Garfield  Co.;  alt.  11,000  ft. 

Trimble  Hot  Springs,  La  Plata  Co.,  near  Durango;  alt.  7,000  ft. 

T rinidad,  Las  Animas  Co. ;  alt.  5,994  ft. 

Troublesome,  Grand  Co.,  near  Troublesome  Creek;  alt.  about  7,300  ft. 
Troublesome  Creek,  Grand  Co.,  a  tributary  of  the  Grand  River;  alt  7,300  ft. 
to  11,500  ft. 

Turkey  Creek,  a  tributary  of  Huerfano  River. 

Turkey  Creek,  also  a  tributary  of  Arkansas  River  west  of  Pueblo,  south  of 
Mt.  Rosa;  alt.  5,000  to  11,000  ft. 

Twelve  Mile  Creek,  Park  Co.,  east  of  Weston  Peak. 

Twin  Lakes,  Lake  Co.;  alt.  9,367  ft. 

Uncomp ahgre  Mountains,  between  Gunnison  and  Hinsdale  counties. 
Uncompahgre  Peak,  Uncompahgre  Mountains;  alt.  14,419  ft. 

Uncompahgre  River,  a  tributary  of  the  Gunnison  River;  alt.  4,000  to  7,000  ft. 
Ute  Creek,  Hinsdale  Co.,  a  tributary  of  the  Rio  Grande. 

Ute  Creek,  Costilla  Co.,  a  tributary  of  Trinchera  River. 

Ute  Pass,  west  from  Manitou,  followed  by  Colorado  Midland  P.  R. ;  alt. 
9,100  ft. 

Valley  Spur,  east  of  Pitkin,  Gunnison  Co.,  station  on  the  C.  &  S.  R.  R. 
Valmont,  Boulder  Co.;  alt.  5,200  feet. 

Valverde,  Arapahoe  Co.,  Denver  suburb;  alt.  5,212  ft. 

Van  Boxle’s  Ranch,  above  Cimarron;  alt.  4,000  to  8,000  ft. 

Vance  Junction,  San  Miguel  Co.,  near  Telluride;  alt.  8,101  ft. 

V eta,  see  La  Veta. 

V eta  Mountains,  Huerfano  Co.;  alt.  11,176  ft. 

Veta  Pass,  between  Cucharas  and  Trincheras  watershed,  Culebra  Range; 
alt.  9,242  ft. 

Victoria,  Larimer  Co. ;  alt*.  8,000  to  9,000  ft. 

Villa  Grove,  Saguache  Co.;  alt.  7,9 72  ft. 

Wagon  Wheel  Gap,  Mineral  Co.,  on  the  Rio  Grande;  alt.  8.449  ft. 

W ahatoya  Canon,  between  the  two  Spanish  Peaks,  Huerfano  Co.;  alt.  6,489  ft. 
Walden,  North  Park,  Larimer  Co.,  on  Coal  Creek;  alt.  8,050  ft. 
Walsenburg,  Huerfano  Co. ;  alt.  6,187  ft. 

Walton  Creek,  Eastern  Routt  Co.;  alt.  6,800  ft. 

Ward,  Boulder  Co.,  on  “Switzerland  Trail;”  alt.  9,217  ft. 

Webster,  Park  Co.,  on  C.  &  S.  R.  R. ;  alt.  8,979. 

West  Cliff,  or  Westcliffe,  Custer  Co.;  alt.  7,861  ft. 

West  Indian  Creek,  Costilla  Co. 

West  Mane  os  Canon,  canon  of  the  Rio  Mancos,  Montezuma  Co. 

Weston  Pass,  south  southeast  of  Leadville;  alt.  11,930  ft. 

West  Spanish  Peak,  see  Spanish  Peaks. 

Westwater,  Utah  line,  just  west  of  Grand  Junction. 

Whitehouse  Mountain,  west  of  Ouray;  alt.  13,496  ft. 

White  River  Plateau,  divide  between  White  and  Grand  rivers;  alt'.  11,000. 
William’s  Canon,  near  Manitou;  alt.  about  7,500  ft. 

Willis  Gulch,  Gilpin  Co.,  near  Central  City;  alt.  about  8,800  ft'. 

Willow  Creek,  Routt  Co. 

Willow  Creek,  Teller  Co.,  souhwest  of  Cripple  Creek. 


430 


GAZETTEER  OF  LOCALITIES  MENTIONED. 


Windy  Point,  Pike’s  Peak  Cog  Road;  alt.  12,300  ft. 

Wolcott,  Eagle  Co.;  alt.  7,000  ft. 

Wood’s  Ranch ,  on  Trail  Creek,  Larimer  Co.;  alt.  about  7,500  ft. 
Wray,  Yuma  Co.;  alt.  3,512  ft. 

Yampa,  Routt  Co.;  alt.  about  7,000  ft. 

Yuma,  Yuma  Co.;  alt.  4,138  ft. 

Zada,  or  Zola,  Routt  Co.,  near  Pass  Butte  (?) 

Zimmerman’s,  see  Home  P.  O. 


INDEX. 


The  English  names  are  given  in  common  small  letters,  the  Latin  generic 
names  in  italic,  and  the  names  of  Tribes,  Families,  Orders,  and  the  higher 
divisions,  in  small  capitals. 


Abies ,  9 
Abronia,  122 
Abutilon,  231 
Acer,  226 
Acerace^e,  226 
Acerates,  270 
Achillea,  382 
Achyropappus,  377 
Acnida,  121 
Aconite,  139 
Aconitum,  139 
Acorus,  74 
Acroanthes,  89 
Acrolasia,  236 
Actcea,  135 
Actinella,  379,  380 
Acuan,  194 
Adder’s  Mouth,  89 
Adder’s-tongue,  83 
Adder’s-Tongue  Family,  1 
Adelia,  264 
Adenostegia,  318 
Adopogon,  404 
Adoxa,  324 
Adoxace^e,  324 
JEgilops,  55 
Agastache,  296 
Agoseris,  407 
Agrimonia,  189 
Agrimony,  189 
Agropyron,  52 
Agrostide^e,  23 
Agrostis,  30 
Alder,  97 
Aletes,  252 
Alexanders,  252 
Alfalfa,  202 
Alfilaria  (Er odium) 
Alisma,  14 
Alismace^e,  14 
Alismales,  13 
Alkali-grass  ( Distichlis ) 
ALLIACF.iE,  81 
Allionia,  123 
Allioniace^e,  122 
Allioniella,  123 
Allium,  81 
Allocarya,  288 
Alnus ,  97 


Alopecurus,  28 
Alsinace^e,  127 
Alsine,  127 
Alsinopsis,  131 
Alum-root,  172 
Alyssum,  161 
Amaranth,  120 
Amaranthace.e,  120 
Amaranth  Family,  120 
Amaranthus,  120 
Amarella,  265 
Amaryllidales,  86 
Ambrosia,  328 
Ambrosiace^e,  327 
Amelanchier,  19 1 
American  Cowslip,  263 
American  Ivy,  228 
American  Laurel,  260 
Ammania,  240 
Ammiace^e,  250 
Amorpha,  213 
Amphiophis,  19 
Amsonia,  269 
Amygdalace^e,  193 
Anaphalis,  370 
Anchusa,  289 
Androcera,  302 
Andropogon,  19,  20 
Andropogonece,  19 
Androsace,  261 
Anemone,  140 
Anemone,  140 
Angelica,  255 
Angelica,  253,  255 
Angiosperm.e,  11 
Anisolotus,  202 
Anogra,  244 
Antennaria,  367 
Anticlea,  76 
Anthemide^e,  382 
Anthemis ,  382 
Antheropogon,  36 
Anthopogon,  263 
Aphyllon,  320 
Apinus,  8 

Aplopappus,  343,  346 
Apocynace^e,  269 
Apocynum,  269 
Apple  Family,  191 


431 


432 


INDEX. 


Aquilegia,  1 36 
Arabis ,  164,  166 
Arace^e,  74 
Arag alius,  212 
Arales,  74 
Aralia ,  249 
Archemora ,  254 
Arctostaphylos,  259 
Arenaria,  130,  132 
Argemone,  148 
Argentina ,  186 
Argythamnia,  222 
Aristida,  23 
Arnica,  387 
Arrow-head,  14 
Arrow-grass,  14 
Arrow-grass  Family,  14 
Arrow-leaf  ( Balsamorrhiza ) 
Arrow-wood,  323 
Artemisia,  382 
Arum  Family,  74 
Asclepiadace^e,  270 
Asclepiadales,  269 
Asclepias,  270 
Asclepiodora,  271 
Ash,  264 

Ash,  Mountain,  193 
Ash,  Water,  221 
Ash-leaved  Maple,  227 
Aspen,  91 
Asplenium,  4,  5 
Aster,  351 

350,  351,  357 
Astere^e,  337 
Astragalus,  203-212 
Atelophragma,  205 
Athyrium,  4 
Atragene,  141 
A  triplex,  116 
Aulospermum,  253 
Avena,  34 
Avene^e,  33 
Avens,  187 

Avens,  Mountain,  188 

Bacharis,  366 
Bahia,  377 
Ball-cactus,  237 
Balsam  Apple,  325 
Balsam  Fir,  9 
Balsamorrhiza,  372 
Balsam-root,  372 
Balsams,  9 
Bane-berry,  135 
Barbarea,  160 
Barberry,  148 
Barberry  Family,  148 
Barnyard-grass,  21 
Barley,  55 
Bartonia,  2 36 


Basil-weed,  299 
Bastard  Toad-flax,  101 
Batrachium,  142 
Bear-berry,  259 
Beard-grass,  20,  30 
Beard-tongue,  306 
Beckmannia,  35 
Bedstraw,  321 
Beech  Family,  97 
Beech-Fern,  2 
Beggar-ticks,  375 
Bell-flower,  325 
Bell-flower  Family,  325 
Bell-rue,  141 
Belvisia,  5 
Bent-grass,  30 
Berberidace^e,  148 
Berberis,  148 
Bergamot,  Wild,  298 
Berthelotia,  367 
Berula,  253 
Besseya,  313 
Betula,  96 
Betulace^e,  96 
Bidens,  375 
Bigelovia,  341 ,  343 
Bilberry,  260 
Bindweed,  273 
Birch,  96 
Birch  Family,  96 
Bird’s-foot  Trefoil,  202 
Bistort,  1 12 
Bistort  a,  112 
Bitter-cress,  163 
Bitter-root,  126 
Blackberry,  180 
Black  Grama,  20 
Black  Henbane,  303 
Black-eyed  Susan,  371 
Black  Pine,  8 
Black  Saltwort,  264 
Bladder-Fern,  3 
Bladder-pod,  154 
Bladder-pod,  Double,  154 
Bladderwort,  319 
Bladderwort  Family,  319 
Blanket-flower  ( Gaillardia ) 
Blazing  Star,  336 
Blepharineuron,  28 
Blite,  Sea,  119 
Blite,  Strawberry,  116 
Blitum,  11 6 
Blowball,  409 
Bluebell,  325 
Blue-berry,  260 
Blue  Flag,  86 
Blue-grass,  40 
Blue-eyed  Grass,  86 
Blue-eyed  Mary,  305 
Blue  Flag  (Iris) 


INDEX. 


433 


Blue-joint,  31 
Blue  Spruce,  8 
Blue-stem,  20 
Blue  Tulip  ( Pulsatilla ) 
Bcebera,  381 
Bog  Orchid,  88 
Borage  Family,  284 
Boraginace^e,  284 
Botrychium,  1 
Bottle-brush,  249 
Bouteloua,  36 
Boykinia,  173 
Box-elder,  227 
Brachyactis,  350 
Bracken,  3 
Bramble,  180 
Brassica,  160 
Brassicace^e,  15a 
Brauneria,  371 
Bread-root,  Indian,  213 
Brickellia,  336 
Brier,  190 
Brittonastrum,  296 
Briza,  40 
Bromus,  51 
Brooklime,  312 
Broom-grass,  19,  51 
Broom-rape,  320 
Broom-rape  Family,  319 
Buchloe,  37 
Buckbean,  268 
Buckbean  Family,  268 
Buckthorn,  £27 
Buckthorn  Family,  227 
Buckwheat,  False,  113 
Buckwheat  Family,  101 
Buffalo  Beans,  202 
Buffalo-berry,  239 
Buffalo-grass,  37 
Buffalo-grass,  False,  37 
Bug-seed,  119 
Bulbilis,  37 
Bull  Pine,  7 
Bull-rush,  58 
Bunch-berry,  249 
Bunch-flower  Family,  76 
Bunch-grass,  19,  40 
Bur-grass,  22 
Bur-marigold,  375 
Bur-reed,  11 
Bur-reed  Family,  n 
Bursa,  153 
Butter-and-eggs,  305 
Butter-cup,  142 

Cabbage,  160 
Cactace^e,  237 
Cactus,  237 
Cactus  Family,  237 
Calamagrostis,  31  £ 

28 


Calamovilfa,  32 
Calamus,  74 
Calceolaria,  234 
Callirrhoe,  229 
Callitrichace^e,  225 
Callitriche,  225 
Calochortace^e,  85 
Calochortus,  85 
C  alt  ha,  135 
Caltrop  Family,  220 
Calypso,  89 
Calypso,  89 
Camass,  Death,  77 
Camass,  Poison,  77 
Campanula,  325 
Campanulace^e,  325 
Campanulales,  325 
Campion,  132 
Canada  Fleabane,  366 
Canary-grass,  22 
Cancer-root,  320 
Cane-grass  ( Phragmites ) 
Canchalagua,  265 
Cannabinace^e,  ioo 
Cantua ,  27 9 
Caper  Family,  168 
Capnoides,  149 
Capparidace^e,  168 
Caprifoliace^e,  323 
Caraway,  251 
Cardamine,  163 
Cardaria,  151 
Cardinal-flower,  326 
Carduace^e,  329 
Carduales,  327 
Carduus,  398 
Carex,  60 

Carpet-weed  ( Chamcesyce ) 
Carpet-weed  Family,  124 
Carrion-flower,  86 
Carrot  Family,  250 
Carum,  251,  252  , 

Caryophyllace^e,  132 
Caryopitys,  8 
Cassia,  194 
Cassiace^e,  194 
Castilleja,  314  , 

Catabrosa,  39 
Catchfly,  132 
Catch-fly  Grass,  22 
Catnip,  297 
Cat’s-eye  ( Pulsatilla ) 

Cat’s-foot,  367 
Catmint,  297 
Cat-tail,  11 
Cat-tail  Family,  11 
Ceanothris,  227 
Cedar,  Red,  9 

Cedar,  Rocky  Mountain  Red,  10 
Celastrace.e,  226 


INDEX. 


434 


Celtis,  ioo 
Cembra  Pines,  8 
Cenchrus,  22 
Centaury,  265 
Cerastium ,  128 
Cerasus,  193 
Ceratophyllacee,  134 
Ceratophyllum,  134 
Cercocarpus,  189 
Cereus,  238 
Ch&nactis,  378,  380 
Chcetochloa ,  21 
Chamcechcenactis,  380 
Chamcecrista,  194 
Chamcenerion,  241 
Chamcerhodos,  187 
Chamcesaracha ,  302 
Chamcesyce,  222 
Cheat  ( Bromus ) 

Cheilanthes,  3 
Cheiranthus,  159 
Chenopodiacee,  1 13 
Chenopodiales,  1 13 
Chenopodium,  114 
Cherries,  193 
Chess,  51 
Chick-weed,  127 
Chick-weed,  Mouse-ear,  128 
Chick-weed  Family,  127 
Chicory,  404 
Chicory  Family,  402 
Chimaphila,  2 58 
Chionophila ,  31 1 
Chives,  81 
Chlorides,  35 
Chondrophylla,  266 
Chrysanthemum ,  382 
Chrysopogon,  20 
Chrysopsis,  339 
Chrysosplenium ,  171 
Chrysothamnus,  340 
Chylisma,  247 
ClCHORIACEE,  402 
Cichorium,  404 
Cicuta,  252 
Cinna,  30 
Cinquefoil,  180 
Cinqufoil,  Shrubby,  187 
Circcea,  248 
Cirsium,  401 
Cistacee,  232 
Cladothrix,  121 
Claytonia,  125,  126 
Clematis ,  141,  142 
Cleome,  168 
Cleomella,  168 
Clementsia,  170 
Clinopodium,  299 
Cloak-Fern,  4 
Closed  Gentian,  266 


Clover,  200 
Clover,  Prairie,  215 
Clover,  Sweet,  202 
Clubmoss,  6 
Clubmoss  Family,  6 
Clubmoss,  Little,  6 
Club-rush,  58 
Cnemidophacos ,  207 
Cnicus,  400 
Cockle  ( Vaccaria ) 
Cocklebur,  329 
Cock-spur,  22 
Cockspur-grass,  21 
Cceloglossum,  87 
Coleogyne,  189 
Coleosanthus,  335 
Collinsia,  305 
Collomia,  276,  279 
Colop  ter  a,  257 

Colorado  Rubber  Plant,  380 
Coltsfoot,  Sweet,  387 
Columbine,  136 
Comandra,  101 
Commelina,  75 
Commelinacee,  75 
Cone-flower,  371,  372 
Conioselinum,  255 
Conringia,  166 
CONVALLARIACEAE,  83 
CONVOLVULACEE,  273 
Convolvulus,  273 
Conyza,  366 
Coral-berry,  323 
Corallorrhiza,  90 
Coral-root,  90 
Cord-grass,  35 
Coral-vine  (Cuscuta) 
Cordylanthus,  318 
Coreopsis,  374 
Coriospermum,  119 
CoRNACEE,  249 
Cornel,  249 
Cornelia,  249 
Cornus,  249 
CORRIGIOLACEE,  1 21 

Corydalis,  149 
CORYLACEE,  97 
Corylus,  9  7 
Cotton-grass,  58 
Cottonwood,  91 
Cotton-weed  ( Epilobium ) 
Covillea,  221 
Cow-bane,  (Cicuta) 

Cow  Cabbage  (Heracleum) 
Cow  Cockle  ( Vaccaria ) 
Cow-herb,  134 
Cow  Parsnip  (Heracleum) 
Cowslip,  American,  263 
Crab-grass,  20 
Crab-grass,  Wild,  36 


INDEX. 


435 


Cranebill,  218 
Crassina ,  37 1 
Crassulace®,  169 
Cratcegus,  192 
Creeper,  Virginia,  228 
Creeping  Juniper,  10 
Creeping  Wintergreen,  260 
Creosote  Brush,  221 
Crepis,  404 
Cristatella,  168 
Crocus  ( Pulsatilla ) 

Croton ,  222 

Crowfoot,  142 

Crowfoot  Family,  134 

Crunocallis ,  126 

Cryptanthe,  289 

Crypto gramma,  3 

Ctenophyllum,  207 

Cucurbita,  325 

Cucurbit  ace.®,  325 

Cudweed,  370 

Currant,  1 76 

Cuscuta,  272 

CUSCUTACE®,  272 

Cut-grass,  Rice,  22 

Cut-leaved  Water  Parsnip,  253 

Cycloloma,  116 

Cymopterus,  252,  254,  257 

Cynare®,  398 

Cynomarathrum,  255 

Cyperace®,  57 

Cy perns,  58 

Cypripedium,  87 

Cyrtorrhyncha,  146 

Cystinm,  204 

Cystopteris,  3 

Cytherea,  89 

Dactylis,  40 

Daisy  ( Erigeron ,  Townsendia ) 
Daisy,  Ox-eye,  282 
Dalea,  214 
Dandelion,  409 
Danthonia,  35 

Death  Camas  ( Toxicoscordion ) 
Dasiphora,  187 
Dasyochloa,  37 
Dasystephana,  266 
Datura,  303 
Day-flower,  75 
Delphinium,  137 
Deschampsia,  33 
Desmanthus,  194 
Deweya,  252 
Dew-flower,  75 
Deyeuxia,  31,  32 
Dichrophyllum,  224 
Dicoria,  328 
Dicotyledones,  91 
Diholcos,  207 


Diplachne,  38 
Disporum,  84 
Distegia,  324 
Distichlis,  40 
Ditaxis,  222 
Dithyrea,  154 
Dock,  107 
Dodder,  272 
Dodder  Family,  272 
Dodecatheon,  262, 

Dogbane,  269 
Dogbane  Family,  269 
Dog-tooth  Violet,  83 
Dog-wood,  249 
Dog-wood  Family,  249 
Dondia,  119 

Double  Bladder-pod,  154 
Douglas  Spruce,  8 
Drab  a,  161 
Drac®nace®,  85 
Draco cephalum,  297 
Dragon’s-head,  297 
Dropseed,  29 
Dry  as,  189 
Drymocallis,  187 
Dryopteris,  2 
Duck-weed,  74 
Duck-weed  Family,  74 
Dugaldia,  381 
Dulichium,  58 
Dwarf  Cornel,  249 
Dysodia,  381 

Eatonia,  39 

Echinocactus,  237 

Echinocereus,  238 

Echinochloa,  21 

Echinocystis,  325 

Echinospermum,  285 

Edwinia,  176 

El®agnace®,  239 

Elatinace®,  231 

Elatine,  231 

Elder,  323 

Elder,  Marsh,  328 

Eleocharis,  59 

Elephantella,  318 

Elephant’s  Head  (Elephantella) 

Ellisia,  282 

Elm  Family,  100 

Elodiace®,  15 

Elymus,  56 

Elyna,  60 

Enchanter’s  Nightshade,  248 
Engelmann  Spruce,  8 
Ephedra,  10 
Ephedrace®,  10 
Epilobiace®,  240 
Epilobium,  241 
Epipactis,  88 
Equisetace®,  s 


436 

Equisetales,  5 
Equisetum ,  5 
Eragrostis,  38 
Ericaceae,  259 
Ericales,  258 
Erigeron ,  359,  366 
Eriocoma,  25 
Eriogonum,  101 
Erioneuron,  37 
Eriophorum,  58 
Eritrichium,  286-289 
Er odium,  219 
Erocallis,  126 
Erysimum,  159 
Erythrcea,  26s 
Erythronium,  83 
Eschenbachia,  366 
Eucephalus,  351 
Euklisia,  1 66 
Eupatoriee,  335 
Eupatorium,  335 
Euphorbia,  223-225 
Euphorbiacee,  222 
Euphorbiales,  22 1 
Euploca,  284 
Eurotia,  118 
Eustoma,  265 
Euthamia,  349 
Evax,  367 

Evening  Primrose,  244 
Evening  Primrose  Family,  240 
Everlasting,  367,  370 
Evolvulus,  273 

Fabacee,  194 
Fagacee,  97 
Fagales,  96 

Fairy  Pink  (Orthocarpus) 
Fallugia,  188 
False  Buckwheat,  113 
False  Buffalo-grass,  37 
False  Dragon’s-head 
False  Gromwell,  293 
False  Indigo,  213 
False  Mallow,  230 
False  Mermaid,  225 
False  Mermaid  Family,  225 
False  Oats,  33 
False  Solomon’s  Seal,  84 
Fame-flower,  125 
Fendlera,  176 
Fern  Family,  1 
Fern-worts,  1 
Fescue-grass,  48 
Festuca,  48 
Festucee,  37 
Fetid  Camomile,  382 
Fetid  Marigold,  381 
Fig-wort,  305 
Figwort  Family,  304 


INDEX. 

Filago,  367 
Filicales,  1 
Filix,  3 

Fimbristylis,  60 
Fire-weed,  241 
Fir,  Balsam,  9 
Fir,  Red,  8 
Fir,  White,  9 
Firs,  9 

Fish-weed  (Potamogeton) 

Five-finger,  180 

Flag,  Blue,  86 

Flag,  Sweet,  74 

Flaveria,  381 

Flax,  219 

Flax  Family,  219 

Fleabane,  359 

Fleur-de-Lis,  86 

Floerkia,  225 

Forestiera,  264 

Forget-me-not,  292 

Forget-me-not,  Mountain,  286 

Forsellesia,  226 

Four-o’clock,  123 

Four-o’clock  Family,  122 

Fox-tail,  28 

Fox-tail  Grass,  21 

Fox-tail  Pine,  7 

Fragaria,  186 

Frangulacee,  227 

Frankenia,  231 

Frankeniacee,  231 

Franseria,  329 

Fraser  a,  268 

Fraxinus,  264 

Fringed  Gentian,  265 

Fringed  Loosestrife,  263 

Fritillaria,  83 

Fritillary,  83 

Froelichia,  121 

Frostweed,  232 

Fumaria,  149 

Fumariacee,  149 

Fumitory,  149 

Fumitory  Family,  149 

Gcertneria,  328 
Gaillardia,  381 
Galegee,  195 
Galingale,  58 
Galium,  321 
Galpinsia,  246 
Garlic,  81 
Gaultheria,  260 
Gaura,  247 
Gaurella,  246 
Gayophytum,  243 
Genistee,  195 
Gentian,  265 
Gentiana,  265-267 


INDEX. 


437 


Gentianace^e,  264 

Gentianales,  264 

Gentianella,  266 

Gentian  Family,  264 

Geoprumnon,  202 

Geraniace^e,  218 

Geraniales,  217 

Geranium,  218 

Geranium,  218 

Geranium  Family,  218 

Gerardia,  314 

Germander,  295 

Geum,  187,  188 

Giant  Bird’s-nest,  258 

Giant-hyssop,  296 

Gilia,  276,  279 

Glass-wort,  119 

Glaux,  264 

Glecoma,  297 

Globe-flower,  135 

Globe-mallow,  230 

Glossopetalon,  226 

Glyceria,  48 

Glycosma,  251 

Glycyrrhiza,  213 

Glycyrrhize^e,  196 

Gnaphalie^e,  367 

Gnaphalium,  370 

Gnetales,  10 

Goat’s  Beard,  404 

Golden  Aster,  339 

Golden  Rod,  346 

Golden  Saxifrage,  171 

Goodyeara,  89 

Gooseberry,  176 

Gooseberry  Family,  176 

Goosefoot,  1 14 

Goosefoot  Family,  113 

Goose-tansy,  186 

Gourd,  325 

Gourd  Family,  325 

Grama,  36 

Grama,  Black,  20 

Grape  Family,  228 

Grapes,  228 

Grapes,  Oregon,  148 

Graphephorum,  34,  38 

Gratiola,  312 

Grass  Family,  15 

Grass-of-Parnassus,  175 

Grass-of-Parnassus  Family,  175 

Grayia,  118 

Grease-wood,  119 

Green  Milkweed,  270 

Grindelia,  338 

Gromwell,  292 

Gromwell,  False,  293 

Grossulariace^e,  176 

Ground-cherry,  300 

Ground  Ivy,  297 


Ground  Plums,  202 
Ground-vine,  323 
Gum  Plant,  338 
Grounsel  Tree,  366 
Gunnerace^e,  248 
Gutierrezia,  337 
Gymnolomia,  371 
Gymnosperm^e,  7 
Gymnosteris,  279 
Gyrostachys,  89 

Habenaria,  88 
Hackberry,  100 
Hair-grass,  30,  33 
Halerpestes,  14  6 
Hamosa,  204 
Haploestes,  387 
Harbouria,  252 
Harebell,  325 
Hawk-weed,  406 
Hawk’s  beard,  404 
Hawthorn,  192 
Hazel-nut,  97 
Hazel-nut  Family,  97 
Heal-all,  297,  305 
Heath  Family,  259 
Hedeoma,  299 
Hederaceze,  249 
Hedgehog-thistle,  237 
Hedge  Hyssop,  312 
Hedge  Mustard,  157 
Hedge  Nettle,  297 
Hedysare^e,  196 
Hedysarum,  215 
Helenie.e,  376 
Helenium,  381 
Helianthe^e,  371 
Helianthella,  374 
Helianthemum,  232 
Helianthus,  373 
Heliopsis,  371 
Heliotropace.e,  284 
Heliotrope,  284 
Heliotrope  Family,  284 
Heliotr opium,  284 
Hellebore,  White,  76 
Helleborine,  88 
Hemlock  Parsnip,  255 
Hemp  Family,  100 
Hemp,  Indian,  269 
Hemp,  Water,  121 
Henbane,  Black,  303 
Heracleum,  255 
Herb-Sophia,  157 
Herd-grass,  30 
Hesperaster ,  236 
Heteranthera,  75 
Heuchera,  172 
Hickory  Pine,  7 
Hieracium,  406 


INDEX. 


438 


Hierochloe,  23 
Hilaria,  20 
Hippurus,  249 
Hoff  manse  ggia ,  194 
Hog’s-bean,  303 
Hogs’  Potatoe,  77 
Hog-weed,  328 
Holly-Fern,  2 
Holodiscus,  188 
Holy  Grass,  23 
Homalobus ,  208 
Homalocenchrus,  22 
Honey  Clover  ( Melilotus ) 
Honeysuckle  Family,  323 
Hop-tree,  221 
Hops,  100 

Hoarhound,  Water,  299 
Hoarhound,  White,  296 
Horded,  52 
Hordeum,  55 
Horkelia,  185 
Horse-mint,  298 
Horseweed,  366 
Horsetail,  5 
Horsetail  Family,  5 
Hosackia,  202 
Huckleberry,  260 
Huckleberry  Family,  260 
Humulus,  100 
Hungarian  Grass,  21 
Hyndrangeacee,  175 
Hydrangea  Family,  175 
Hydrocharitales,  15 
Hydroleacee,  281 
Hydrophyllum,  282 
Hymenatherum,  381 
Hymenopappus ,  376 
Hymenoxis,  380 
Hyoscyamus,  303 
Hypericacee,  231 
Hypericales,  231 
Hypericum ,  23  x 
Hyssop,  Hedge,  312 

Ibidium,  89 

Indian  Bread-root,  213 
Indian  Hemp,  269 
Indian  Mallow,  231 
Indian  Millet  ( Eriocoma ) 
Indian-pipe  Family,  258 
Indian  Grass,  20 
Indigo,  False,  213 
Ionoxalis,  220 
Ionidium,  234 
Ipomcea  273 
Iris,  86 
Iris,  86 

Iris  Family,  86 
Iron  Weed,  335 
Isocoma,  342 


Isoetacee,  5 
ISOETALES,  5 

Isoetes,  5 
Italian  Millet,  21 
Iva,  328 

Ivy,  American,  228 
Ivy,  Poison,  225 
Ivy  Family,  249 
Ixiacee,  86 

Jacob’s  Ladder,  280 
Janie  si  a,  176 
Jimson-weed,  303 
Joe-Pye  Weed,  335 
Johnson  Grass,  20 
Joint-firs,  10 
Joint-fir  Family,  10 
J onesiella,  206 
Juncacee,  77 
Juncoides,  80 
J  uncus,  77 
June-berry,  191 
June-grass,  38 
J  UNIPERACEE,  9 
Juniper,  Creeping,  xo 
Juniper,  Low,  9 
Juniper,  Mountain,  9 
Juniper  Family,  9 
Junipers,  9 
Juniperus,  9,  10 
Jussicea 

Kalmia,  260 
Kalstrcemia,  220 
Kentrophyta,  208 
Kinnikinick,  259 
Kitten-tails  ( Besseya ) 

Knot-weed,  109 
Kobresia,  60 
Kochia,  119 
Koeleria,  38 
Krynitzkia,  286-289 
Kuhnia,  335 
Kunzia,  189 

Laciniaria,  336 

Lactuca,  410 

Ladies’  Slipper,  87 

Ladies’  Tresses,  89 

Lady-Fern,  4 

Lady’s  Thumb,  1 1 1 

Lamb’s  Quarters,  114 

Lamiacee,  294 

Lappula,  285 

Larkspur,  137 

Larrea,  221 

Lathyrus,  21 6,  217 

Laurel,  American  or  Swamp,  260 

Lavauxia,  246 

Lead-plant,  213 


INDEX. 


439 


Leather-flower,  141 
Leek,  81 
Lemna,  74 
Lemnace^e,  74 
Leonurus,  297 
Lepachys,  372 
Lepargyrcea,  239 
Lepidium,  151 
Leptasea,  174 
Leptilon,  366 
Leptochloa,  37 
Leptodactylon,  279 
Leptotcenia,  258 
Lesquerella,  154 
Lettuce,  410 
Leucampyx,  377 
Leucelene,  358 
Leucocrinum,  83 
Lewisia,  126 
Liatris,  336 

Ligusticum,  253,  255,  256 
Liliace^e,  82 
Liliales,  76 
Lilium,  83 
Lily,  83 

Lily,  Mariposa,  85 

Lily,  Sego,  85 

Lily,  Tiger,  83 

Lily  Family,  82 

Lily-of-the-valley  Family,  83 

Limnanthace^e,  225 

Limnia,  126 

Limnorchis ,  88 

Limosella,  312 

Linace^e,  219 

Linanthus,  276 

Linaria,  305 

Linncea,  323 

Linum,  219 

Lion’s-heart,  297 

Lip-Fern,  3 

Lippia,  294 

Liquorice,  Wild,  213 

Listera,  89 

Lithophragma,  171 

Lithospermum ,  292 

Little  Clubmoss,  6 

Little  Red  Elephant,  318 

Lloydia,  83 

Loasace^e,  234 

Loasa  Family,  234 

Lobelia ,  326 

Lobeliace^e,  326 

Lobelia  Family  326 

Loco  Weed,  203 

Locust-tree,  202 

Lodge  Pole  Pine,  8 

Lolium,  57 

Lomatium,  256 

Long-bracted  Orchis,  87 


Lonicera,  324 
Loosestrife,  240 
Loosestrife  Family,  240 
Loosestrife,  Fringed,  263 
Loosestrife,  Tufted,  265 
Lophanthus,  296 
Loranthace^e,  1 00 
Lote^e,  195 
Lousewort,  318 
Lovace,  253 
Love- vine  ( Cuscuta ) 
Lowellia,  381 
Low  Juniper,  9 
Lucerne,  202 
Lungwort,  289 
Lupine,  197 
Lupinus,  197 
Luzula,  80 
Lychnis,  133 
Lycium,  303 
LycopodiacejE,  6 
Lycopodiales,  6 
Lycopodium,  6 
Ly copus,  299 
Lycurus,  28 
Lygodesmia,  404 
Lyme-grass,  56 
Lythrace^e,  240 
Lythrum,  240 
Lysiella,  88 

Machcer  anther  a,  356 
Macrocalyx,  282 
Macronema,  345,  346 
Madder  Family,  321 
Madia,  376 
Madronella,  299 
Malace^e,  191 
Malacothrix,  404 
Male-Fern,  2 
Mallow,  229 
Mallow,  False,  230 
Mallow,  Indian,  231 
Mallow  Family,  229 
Malva,  229,  231 
Malvaceae,  229 
Malvales,  229 
Malvastrum,  230 
Mamillaria,  237 
Manna-grass,  48 
Maple,  226 
Maple  Family,  226 
Mare’s-tail,  249 
Marigold  ( Tetraneuris ) 
Marilaunidium,  284 
Mariposa  Lily,  85 
Mariposa  Lily  Family,  85 
Marsh  Elder,  328 
Marsh-grass,  35 
Marsh-marigold,  135 


INDEX. 


440 

Marsh  Pea,  217 
Marsh  Spike-grass,  40 
Marsh  Trifoil,  268 
Marsilia,  5 
Marsiliace^e,  5 
Marsilia  Family,  5 
Martynia,  320 
Martyniace^e,  320 
Marubium,  296 
Matrimony  Vine,  303 
May-flower  ( Pulsatilla ) 
May-weed,  382 
Meadow-gowan,  135 
Meadow-grass,  40,  48 
Meadow-grass,  Reed,  48 
Meadow  Parsnip,  252 
Meadow-Rue,  147 
Medic,  202 
Medicago,  202 
Melampodium,  371 
MELANTHACE/E,  76 
Melica,  39 
Melic-grass,  39 
Melilotus,  202 
Melosmon,  295 
Mentha,  300 
Mentzelia,  235-237 
Menyanthace^e,  268 
Menyanthes,  268 
Mereolix,  247 
Mermaid,  False,  225 
Mertensia,  289 
Mesquite,  2p 
Mesquite-grass,  36 
Micrampelis,  32 5 
Micranthes,  173 
Microphacos,  207 
Microseris,  403 
Microsteris,  276 
Milfoil  ( Achillea ) 

Milfoil,  Water,  249 
Milk-thistle,  41 1 
Milk  Vetch,  203 
Milkweed,  270 
Milkweed  Family,  270 
Milkwort,  221 
Milkwort,  Sea,  264 
Milkwort  Family,  221 
Millet,  21 

Millet,  Indian  ( Eriocoma ) 
Millet,  Italian,  21 
Mimosace^e,  193 
Mimosa  Family,  193 
Mimosa,  Prairie,  194 
Mimulus,  31 1 
Mint,  300 
Mint  Family,  294 
Mirabilis,  123 
Mistletoe  Family,  100 
Mitella,  171,  172 


Mitre-wort,  171,  172 
Mock  Apple,  325 
Mock  Orange,  176 
Moehringia,  130 
Monarda,  289 
Monardella,  299 
Moneses,  258 
Monkey-flower,  31 1 
Monk’s-hood,  139 
Monocotyledones,  11 
Monolepis,  116 
Monotropace.e,  258 
Moonwort,  1 
Morning-glory,  273 
Morning-glory  Family,  273 
Morongia,  194 
Moschatel,  324 
Moschatel  Family,  324 
Motherwort,  297 
Mountain  Ash,  193 
Mountain  Avens,  188 
Mountain  Forget-me-not,  286 
Mountain  Juniper,  9 
Mountain  Laurel  ( Ceanothus ) 
Mountain  Mahogany,  189 
Mountain  Rice,  25 
Mountain  Sorrel,  109 
Mouse-ear  Chick-weed,  128 
Mouse-tail,  142 
Mud-purslane,  231 
Mudwort,  312 
Muhlenbergia,  25 
Mullen,  305 
Munroa,  37 
Muse  aria,  173 
Musenion,  253 
Musk-root,  324 
Musquash  Root,  252 
Mustard,  Hedge,  157 
Mustard,  White,  160 
Mustard,  Wild,  160 
Mustard,  Tansy,  157 
Mustard  Family,  150 
Myosotis,  292 
My  o  sums,  142 
Myriophyllum,  249 
Myrtales,  240 
Myzorrhiza,  320 

Nabalus,  404 
Naiadace^e,  13 
Naiadales,  12 
Naias,  13 
Naias  Family,  13 
Nama,  284 
Nasturtium,  156 
N aumburgia,  263 
Navarretia,  279 
Nemexia,  86 
Nemophila,  282 


INDEX. 


441 


Nepeta,  297 

Nettle,  99 

Nettle  Family,  99 

New  Jersey  Tea,  227 

Nicotiana,  304 

Nigger-head  ( Rudbeckia ) 

Night-shade,  302 

Night-shade,  Enchanter’s,  248 

Night-shade  Family,  300 

Nine-bark,  179 

Nodding  Violet,  234 

Nolina,  85 

Nothocalais,  406 

N otholccna,  4 

Nut-grass,  58 

Nut  Pines,  8 

Nymphcea,  147 

Nymphzeaceze,  147 

Oak,  97 

Oak,  Poison,  225 
Oat-grass,  23,  34 
Oat-grass,  Wild,  35 
Oats,  34 
Oats,  False,  33 
Oats,  Wild,  23 
Odostemon,  148 
CEnothera,  244-247 
Oleace^e,  264 
Oleales,  264 
Oleaster  Family,  239 
Oligoneuron,  349 
Olive  Family,  264 
Omphalodes,  286 
Onagra,  244 

One-flowered  Wintergreen,  258 

Onion,  81 

Onion  Family,  81 

Onobrychis,  216 

Onosmodium,  293 

Oonopsis,  344 

Ophioglossace^e,  1 

Ophioglossales,  1 

Ophrys,  89 

Opulaster,  179 

Opuntia,  238 

Opuntiales,  234 

Orache,  116 

Orchard-grass,  40 

Orchidace^e,  87 

Orchidales,  87 

Orchid  Family,  87 

Orchid,  Bog,  88 

Orchid,  Long-bracted,  87 

Oregon  Grapes,  148 

Oreobatus,  180 

Oreobroma,  126 

Oreocarya,  286 

Oreochrysum,  345 

Oreoxis,  252 


Orobanchace^e,  319 
Orobanche,  320 
Orogenia ,  254 
Orophaca,  21 1 
Orpine,  170 
Orpine  Family,  169 
Orpine,  Red,  170 
Orthocarpus,  317 
Oryze^e,  22 
Oryzopsis,  25 
Osmorrhiza,  2$i 
OxALIDACEjE,  220 
Oxalis,  220 
Ox-eye,  371 
Ox-eye  Daisy,  382 
Oxybaphus,  124 
Oxy polls,  254 
Oxyria,  109 
Oxytenia,  328 
Oxytrope,  212 
Oxytropis,  212 
Oyster  Plant,  403 
Ozomelis,  172 

Pachylophus ,  245 
Pachystima,  226 
Painter’s  Brush,  314 
Painted  Cup,  314 
Pandanales,  1 1 
Panice^e,  20 
Panic-grass,  21 
Panicularia,  48 
Panicum,  21 
Papaver,  148 
Papaverace^e,  148 
Papaverales,  148 
Papyrus,  58 
Parietaria,  99 
Parnassia,  175 
Parnassiace^e,  175 
Paronychia,  121 
Parosela,  214 
Parsley-Fern,  3 
Parsnip,  255 
Parsnip,  Meadow,  252 
Parthenice,  371 
Parthenocissus,  228 
Pasque  Flower,  140 
Pastinaca ,  255 
Pea,  Marsh,  217 
Pea,  Turkey,  254 
Pea  Family,  194 
Pearly  Everlasting,  370 
Pearl-wort,  130 
Pectiantia,  171 
Pectis,  382 
Pedicularis,  318 
Pellcua,  3,  4 
Pellitory,  99 
Penny-grass,  152 


INDEX. 


442 


Pennyroyal,  299 
Pencil  Tree,  366 
Pentstemon,  306 
Pepper-grass,  151 
Peramium,  89 
Peraphyllum,  192 
Pericome,  376 
Peritoma,  168 
Persicaria,  1 1 1 
Petalostemon,  215 
Petasites,  387 
Peteria,  202 
Petradoria,  349 
Peucedanum,  256 
Phaca,  205-210 
Phacelia,  282 
Phacopsis,  206 
Phalaride.®:,  22 
Phalaris,  22 
Phegopteris,  2 
Phellopterus ,  254 
Philadelphus,  1 76 
Phileozera,  381 
Philotria,  1 5 
Phippsia,  28 
Phleum,  28 
Phlox,  274 
Phlox,  274 
Phlox  Family,  274 
Phoradendron,  100 
Phragmites,  37 
Phyla,  294 
Phyllodoce,  260 
Phy sails,  300 
Physaria,  154 
Physocarpus,  179 
Physostegia,  297 
Picea,  8 

Pickerell-weed  Family,  75 
Picradenia,  380 
Picradeniopsis,  377 
Picrothamnus,  382 
Pigmy-weed,  169 
Pig-weed,  114,  120 
Pinace^e,  7 
PlNALES,  7 
Pine  Drop,  258 
Pine  Family,  7 
Pines,  7,  8 

PlNGUICULACEJE,  319 

Pink  Family,  132 
Pinons,  8 
Pinus,  7,  8 
Piperia,  88 
Pipsissewa,  258 
Piptocalyx ,  286 
Plantaginace^e,  320 
Plantaginales,  320 
Plant  ago,  320 
Plantain,  320 


Plantain,  Rattlesnake,  89 
Plantain  Family,  320 
Platyschkuhria,  377 
Pleurogyne,  267 
Pluchea,  367 
Plum  Family,  193 
Plums,  193 
Poa,  40,  50 
Poacee:,  15 
Poales,  15 
Podalyriee:,  195 
Poison  Camass,  77 
Poison  Ivy,  225 
Poison  Oak,  225 
Poinsettia,  225 
Polanisia,  168 
POLEMONIACEE:,  274 
POLEMONIALES,  27 1 
Polemonium,  280 
Poliomintha,  298 
Poly  gala,  221 

P OL YGALACE.E,  221 
POLYGALALES,  22 1 
POLYGONACEE:,  10 1 
POLYGONALES,  I  01 
Polygonatum,  85 
Polygonum,  109,  m-113 
Polypappus,  367 

P OLYPODI ACEEJ,  I 

Polyp  odium,  2 
Polypody,  2 
Polypogon,  30 
Polypteris,  377 
Polystichum,  2 
Pome  Blanche,  213 
Pond-weed,  12 
Pond-weed  Family,  12 

P ONTEDERI  ACEEi,  75 

Poplar,  91 
Poppy,  148 
Poppy,  Prickly,  148 
Poppy  Family,  148 
Poppy  Mallow,  229 
Populus,  91 
Porcupine  Grass,  23 
Portulaca,  126 
Portulacacee:,  125 
Potamogeton,  12 
Potato,  302 
Potatoe,  Hogs’,  77 
Potentilla,  180,  186,  187 
Poverty  Grass,  23,  29 
Powder-horn,  128 
Prairie  Bean  ( Thermopsis ) 
Prairie  Clover,  215 
Prairie-grass,  38 
Prairie  Mimosa,  194 
Prenanthella,  404 
Prenanthes,  404 
Prickly  Pear,  238 


INDEX. 


443 


Prickly  Poppy,  148 

Primrose,  261 

Primrose  Family,  261 

Primula,  261 

Primulace^:,  261 

Primulales,  261 

Prionopsis,  345 

Prosartes,  84 

Prunella,  297 

Prunus,  193 

Pseudocymopterus,  256 

Pseudotsuga,  8 

Psilostrophe,  376 

Psoralea,  213 

Psoralen 

Ptelea,  221 

Pteridium,  3 

Pteridophyta,  1 

P ter is,  3 

Pterospora,  258 

Pteryxia,  254 

Ptilocalais ,  403 

Ptiloria,  403 

Puccinellia,  48 

Puccoon,  292 

Pulsatilla ,  140 

Pumpkin,  325 

Purple  Cone-flower,  371 

Purple  Ground-cherry,  302 

Purple  Virgin’s  Bower,  141 

Purs  hi  a,  189 

Purslane,  126 

Purslane  Family,  125 

Pussley,  126 

Pyrola,  259 

Pyrolace.®,  258 

Pyrrocoma,  344 

Pyrus,  193 

Quack-grass,  52 
Quaking-grass,  40 
Quamoclidion,  123 
Quercus,  97 
Quillwort,  5 
Quillwort  Family,  5 
Quincula,  302 

Rabbit-brush,  340 
Rag-weed,  328 
Rag- weed  Family,  327 
Ram’s-horn,  320 
Ranales,  134 
Ranunculace^:,  134 
Ranunculus,  142,  146 
Raspberry,  180 
Raspberry,  Flowering,  180 
Ratibida,  372 
Rattle-snake  Plantain,  89 
Rattlesnake-root,  404 
Razoumofskya,  100 


Red  Cedars,  9 

Reddeldia,  38 

Red  Fir,  8 

Red  Orpine,  170 

Red-top,  30 

Red  Willow  ( Svida ) 

Reed,  37 

Reed-grass,  31,  32 
Reed-grass,  Wood,  30 
Reed  Meadow-grass,  48 
Resin-weed,  338 
Ribes,  176 

Rib-grass  ( Plantago ) 

Rice  Cut-grass,  22 

Rice,  Mountain,  25 

Riddellia,  376 

Rhamnales,  227 

Rhamnus ,  227 

Rhinanthace^;,  304 

Rhinanthus ,  319 

Rhodiola,  170 

Rhus,  225,  226 

Robinia,  202 

Rock-brake,  4 

Rock-cress,  164 

Rock  Rose  ( Pachylophus ) 

Rock-rose  Family,  232 

Rocky  Mountain  Red  Cedar,  10 

Rocky  Mountain  White  Pine,  8 

Rocky  Mountain  Yellow  Pine,  7 

Roripa,  155 

Rosa,  190 

Rosacea,  178 

Rosales,  169 

Rose,  190 

Rose  Family,  178 

Rose-root,  170 

Rose-wort,  170 

Rubacer,  180 

Rubber  Plant,  Colorado,  380 

Rubiace^e,  321 

Rubiales,  321 

Rubus,  180 

Rudbeckia,  371 

Rue  Family,  221 

Rulac,  227 

Rumex ,  107 

Running  Pine,  6 

Rush  Family,  77 

Rushes,  77 

Russian  Thistle,  120 

Rutace^e,  221 

Rydbergia,  380 

Rye,  Wild,  56 

Rye-grass,  57 

Sabina,  9 
Sage,  298 
Sage,  White,  118 
Sage,  Winter,  118 


444 


INDEX. 


Sage-brush,  382 
Sagina,  130 
Sagittaria,  14 
SalicacE^e,  91 
Salicales,  91 
Salic  ornia,  119 
Salix,  92 

Salmon-berry,  180 
Salomonia,  85 
Salsify,  403 
Salsola ,  120 
Salt-grass,  40 
Salt-wort,  120 
Salt-wort,  Black,  263 
Salvia,  298 
Salviniales, 5 
Sambucus,  323 
Sandal-wood  Family,  101 
Sand-bur,  22 
Sand-foin,  216 
Sand-grass,  32,  37 
Sand  Lily  ( Touterea ) 
Sand  Puffs  ( Abronia ) 
Sand-spur,  22 
Sand  Spurry,  132 
Sandwort,  130,  131 
Sanicula,  251 
Santalace^e,  ioi 
Santalales,  1 00 
Sapindales,  225 
Saponaria,  134 
Sarcobatus,  1 19 
Savastana,  23 
Savins,  9 

Savin,  Trailing,  10 
Saxifraga,  1 73-175 
Saxifragace^e,  170 
Saxifrage,  173 
Saxifrage,  Golden,  171 
Saxifrage  Family,  170 
SCHEUCHZERIACEJE,  14 

Schedonardus,  36 
Schizachyrium,  19 
Schkuhria,  377 
Schleropogon,  37 
Schmaltzia,  226 
Schcenocrambe,  157 
Schrankia ,  194 
Scirpus,  58 

Scorpion-weed  ( Phacelia ) 
Scrophularia,  305 
Scullcap,  296 
Scurvy-grass,  160 
Scutellaria,  296 
Sea  Blite,  119 
Sea  Milkwort,  264 
Sea-purslane,  124 
Sedge,  60 
Sedge  Family,  57 
Sedum ,  170 


Seed-bearing  Plants,  7 
Sego  Lily,  85 
Selaginella,  6 

SELAGINELLACE.E,  6 

Selaginella  Family,  6 

Self-heal,  297 

Senecio,  389 

Senecionide^e,  387 

Senna  Family,  194 

Sensitive-brier,  194 

Service-berry  ( Amelanchier ) 

Sessuvium ,  124 

Set  aria,  22 

Shepherdia,  239 

Shepherd’s  Purse,  153 

Shooting  Star,  263 

Shrubby  Cinquefoil,  187 

Sibbaldia,  187 

Sida,  231 

Sidalcea,  229 

Sideranthus,  343 

Sieversia,  188 

Silene,  132 

Silkweed,  270 

Silver-leaf,  186 

Silver  Plant  ( Eriogonum ) 

Sinapis,  160 

Sisymbrium,  157 

Sisyrinchium,  86-159 

Sit  anion,  55 

Sium,  254 

Skeleton-weed  ( Lygodesmia ) 
Skunk-cabbage,  76 
Skunk-grass,  38 
Skunk-weed  (Polemonium) 
Slough-grass,  35 
Smart-weed,  1 1 1 
Smelowskia,  153 
Smilacace;e,  86 
Smilacina,  84 
Smilax,  86 
Smilax,  86 
Smilax  Family,  86 
Snake-root,  251 
Snapdragon  ( Mimulus ) 
Sneeze-weed,  381 
Snow-ball,  323 
Snow-berry,  323 
Snow-on-the-mountain,  224 
Soap-weed  (Yucca) 

SoLANACE^E,  300 

Solanum,  302 
Solidago,  346 

Solomon’s  Seal  (Salomonia) ,  85 

Solomon’s  Seal,  False,  84 

Sonchus,  41 1 

Sophia,  157 

Sophora,  196 

Sophore^e,  195 

Sorbus,  193 


INDEX. 


445 


Sorghastrum,  20 
Sorghum ,  20 
Sorrel,  107 

Sorrel,  Mountain,  109 
Sourgrass,  220 
Sow-thistle,  41 1 
Spanish  Bayonet,  85 
Spanish  Lettuce,  126 
Spanish  Needles,  375 
Sparganiace^e,  11 
Sparganium,  1 1 
Spartina,  35 
Spatularia,  174 
Specularia,  326 
Speedwell,  312 
Spermatophyta,  7 
Spheralcea,  230 
Spherostigma,  247 
Spiderwort,  75 
Spiderwort  Family,  75 
Spike-grass,  Marsh,  40 
Spikenard,  Wild,  84 
Spike-rush,  59 
Spirea,  189 
Spiranthes,  89 
Spleenwort,  4 
Spondiace^e,  225 
Sporobolus,  27,  28,  29 
Spring  Beauty,  125 
Spring  Beauty,  Water,  126 
Spring  Lily  ( Leucocrinum ) 
Spruces,  8 
Spurge,  222,  224 
Spurge  Family,  222 
Squaw  root  ( Carum ) 

Squirrel-grass,  55 
Stachys,  297 
Staff-tree  Family,  226 
Stanleya,  167 

Star  of  Bethlehem  ( Leucocrinum ) 

Starwort,  127 

Starwort,  Water,  225 

Steironema,  263 

Stenophragma,  159 

Stenosiphon,  247 

Stenotus,  345 

Stephanomeria,  403 

Stick-seed,  285 

Stink-grass,  38 

Stipa,  23 

Stitchwort,  127 

St.  John’s  Wort,  231 

St.  John’s  Wort  Family,  231 

Stone-crop,  170 

Strawberry,  186 

Strawberry  Blite,  116 

Strawberry  Tomato,  300 

Streptanthus ,  166 

Streptopus,  84 

Sueda,  120 


Suckleya,  1 18 
Sugar  Corn,  20 
Sullivantia,  173 
Sumac,  226 
Sumac  Family,  225 
Sun-flower,  373 
Svida,  249 
Swamp  Laurel,  260 
Swamp  Potato  ( Sagittaria ) 
Sweet  Cicely,  251 
Sweet  Clover,  202 
'Sweet  Coltsfoot,  387 
Sweet  Flag,  74 
Swertia,  267 
Switch-grass,  21 
Symphoricarpos,  323 
Syntherisma,  20 
Synthyris,  313 
Syringa,  176 

Talinum,  125 
Tansy-mustard,  157 
Tape-grass  Family,  15 
T araxacum ,  409 
Taraxia,  247 
Tar-weed,  376 
Telesonix,  173 
Tellima,  171 
Tetradymia,  398 
Tetragoniace^e,  124 
Tetraneuris,  378 
Teucrium,  295 
Thalesia,  320 
Thalictrum,  147 
Thamnosma,  221 
Thaspium,  257 
Thelypodium,  1 66 
Thelesperma,  375 
Thermopsis,  197 
Thistle,  398 
Thistle,  Russian,  20 
Thistle  Family,  329 
Thlaspi,  152 
Thorough-wort,  335 
Thorn-apple,  303 
Thymeliales,  239 
Tickle-grass,  30 
Tick-seed,  374 
Tiger  Lily,  83 
Tilled,  169 
Tilleastrum,  169 
Timothy,  28 
T  iniaria ,  1 1 3 
Tiorin,  30 
Tissa,  132 
Tithy malus ,  224 
Tium,  204 
Toad-flax,  305 
Toad-flax,  Bastard,  101 
Tobacco,  304 


INDEX. 


446 


Tonestus,  345 
Touterea,  234 
Townsendia,  349 
Toxicoscordion,  77 
Tr achy phy turn ,  236 
Tradescantia,  75 
Tragi  a,  222 
Tragopogon,  403 
Trailing  Savin,  10 
Tribulus,  220 
Trichachne,  21 
Tridens,  38 

Trifoil,  Birdsfoot,  202 
Trifoil,  Marsh,  268 
Trifolie^e,  195 
Trifolium,  200 
Triglochin,  14 
Trilliace^e,  86 
Trillium,  86 
Trillium  Family,  86 
Triodia,  37,  38 
Triplasis,  37 
Trisetum,  33,  34 
Trollius,  135 

Troximon,  406,  408,  409 
Tufted  Loosestrife,  263 
Turkey  Pea,  254 
Turnips,  160 
Turritis,  157 
T  way  blade,  89 
Twin-flower,  323 
Twisted-stalk,  84 
Typha,  1 1 
Typhace^:,  11 

Ulmace^e,  ioo 
Umbellales,  249 
Umbrella-wort,  123 
Unamia,  351 
Unicorn-plant,  320 
Unicorn-plant  Family,  320 
Urtica,  99 
Urticace^:,  99 
Urticales,  99 
Utricularia,  319 

Vaccaria,  134 
Vacciniace^e,  260 
Vaccinium,  260 
Vagner  a,  84 
Valerian,  326 
Valeriana,  326 
Valeri  an  ace^e,  326 
Valerianales,  326 
Valerian  Family,  326 
Vanilla  Grass,  23 
Vase-vine,  141 
Velvet-leaf,  231 
Venus’  Looking-glass,  326 
Venus’  Slipper  ( Cytherea ) 


Veratrum,  76 
Verbascum,  305 
Verbena,  294 
Verbenace^e,  294 
Verbesina,  374 
Vernonie^e,  335 
Vernonia,  335 
Veronica,  312 
Vervain,  294 
Vervain  Family,  294 
Ve  sic  aria,  155 
Vetch,  216 
Vetchling,  217 
Viburnum,  323 
Vicia,  216 
Vicicle,  196 
Vilfa,  27 
Viola,  232 
Violaceje,  232 
Violet,  232 

Violet,  Dog-tooth,  83 
Violet,  Nodding,  234 
Violet  Family,  232 
Violet  Wood-sorrel,  220 
Viorna,  141 
Virginia  Creeper,  228 
Virgin’s  Bower,  141 
Virgin’s  Bower,  Purple,  141 
Vitace^e,  228 
Vitis,  228 

Wake-robin,  86 

Water  Ash,  221 

Water-cress,  155 

Water-crowfoot,  White,  142 

Water  Hemlock,  252 

Water  Hemp,  121 

Water  Hoarhound,  299 

Water-leaf,  282 

Water-leaf  Family,  281 

Water  Lily,  Yellow,  147 

Water-lily  Family,  147 

Water  Milfoil,  249 

Water  Milfoil  Family,  248 

Water  Parsnip,  254 

Water  Parsnip,  Cut-leaved,  253 

Water-plantain,  14 

Water-plantain  Family,  14 

Water  Spring  Beauty,  126 

Water  Starwort,  225 

Water  Starwort  Family,  225 

Water-weed,  15 

Water-wort,  231 

Water-wort  Family,  231 

Water  Whorl-grass,  39 

Washingtonia,  251 

Wedelia,  124 

Wheat-grass,  52 

White  Evening  Primrose,  244 

White  Fir,  9 


INDEX. 


447 


White  Hellebore,  76 

White  Hoarhound,  296 

White  Mustard,  160 

White  Sage,  118 

White  Spruce,  8 

White  Water-crowfoot,  142 

Whitlow-grass,  161 

Whitlow-wort,  121 

Whitlow- wort  Family,  121 

Whorl-grass,  Water,  39 

Wild  Bergamot,  298 

Wild  Crab-grass,  36 

Wild  Liquorice,  213 

Wild  Morning-glory,  273 

Wild  Mustard,  160 

Wild  Oat-grass,  35 

Wild  Oats,  23 

Wild  Rye,  56 

Wild  Sarsaparilla,  249 

Wild  Spikenard,  84 

Willow,  92 

Willow  Family,  91 

Willow-herb,  241 

Wind-flower,  140 

Winter-cress,  160 

Wintergreen,  259 

Wintergreen,  Creeping,  259 

Wintergreen,  one-flowered,  258 

Wintergreen  Family,  258 

Winter  Sage,  118 

Wire  Grass,  23,  29 

Witch-grass,  21 

Wood-Fern,  2 

Wood  Reed-grass,  30 


Wood-rush,  80 
Woodsia,  2 

Wood-sorrel,  Violet,  220 
Wood-sorrel,  Yellow,  220 
Wood-sorrel  Family,  220 
Wormwood,  382 
Wulfenia,  313 
Wyethia,  372 

Xanthium ,  329 
Xanthoxalis,  220 
Ximenesia,  374 
Xylophacos,  20 6 
Xylorrhiza,  351 
Xyridales,  75 

Yard-grass  ( Polygonum ) 
Yarrow,  382 
Yellow-rattle,  319 
Yellow  Water-lily,  147 
Yellow  Wood-sorrel,  220 
Yucca,  85 
Yucca,  85 
Yucca  Family,  85 

Zanichellia,  13 
Zanichelliace^e,  12 
Zinnia,  371 
Zizia,  2  52 
Zoysie^e,  20 
Zygadenus,  76,  77 
Zygophyllace^e,  220 
Zygophyllidium,  224 


ERRATA. 


Page  2,  line  15,  Northolaena  read  Notholaena. 

Page  55>  Ageliops,  read  Aegilops. 

Page  120,  lines  5,  7,  10,  13,  “  Swaeda,”  read  “Suaeda.” 

Page  131,  line  18  “  Callian,”  read  “  Calhan.” 

Page  150,  lines  19  and  20  go  out,  and  the  numbers  for  Roripa ,  Turritis, 
Schoenocrambe  and  Sisymbrium  become  9,  10,  11,  and  12  re¬ 
spectively. 

Page  155-167,  the  numbers  of  Roripa  and  the  following  genera  of  Brassi- 
caceae  should  be  changed  to  agree  with  the  numbers  in  the  key. 

Page  171,  Pectianthia,  read  Pectiantia. 

Page  189,  line  21,  “  Mountain  Holly,”  read  “  Mountain  Mahogany.” 

Page  190,  The  numbers  in  the  key  to  Rosa  should  be  changed  to  agree  with 
those  in  the  list  following. 

Page  192,  The  first  five  localities  under  Amelanchier  alnifolia  belong  to  A. 
oreophila  instead. 

Page  201,  Trifolium  pratensis  read  Trifolium  pratense. 

Page  202,  line  30  “  Bird’s-foot  Treefoil”  read  Bird’s-foot  Trefoil. 

Page  208,  Numbers  in  the  key  of  Kentrophyta  should  be  changed  to  cor¬ 
respond  with  those  of  the  following  list. 

Page  216,  The  number  of  Vida  should  be  35  instead  of  33  and  on 

Page  217,  that  of  Lathyrus  36  instead  of  34. 


448 


Bulletin  ioi.  April,  1905. 

The  Agricultural  Experiment  Station 

OF  THE 

Agricultural  College  of  Colorado. 


The  Western  Cricket. 


LIFE  HISTORY  AND  REMEDIES 

—  BY  — 

C.  P.  GILLETTE. 


MIGRATORY  HABITS 

—  BY  — 

S.  ARTHUR  JOHNSON. 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE  EXPERIMENT  STATION 
Port  Collins,  Colorado. 

1905 


•v 


The  flgrieultaFal  Experiment  Station, 

FORT  COLLINS,  COLORADO. 


THE  STATE  BOARD  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


Hon.  P.  F.  SHARP,  President , . 

Hon.  JESSE  HARRIS, . 

Hon.  HARLAN  THOMAS, . 

Mrs.  ELIZA  F.  ROUTT, . 

Hon.  JAMES  L.  CHATFIELD,  .... 

Hon.  B.  U.  DYE,  - . 

Hon.  B.  F.  ROCKAFELLOW,  -  -  -  - 

Hon.  EUGENE  H.  GRUBB,  ------ 

Governor  JESSE  F.  McDONALD,  [  ~  . 

President  BARTON  O.  AYLESWORTH,  \ex-°JJlGl0 


Denver. 

Term 

Expires 

1905 

Fort  Collins. 

1905 

Denver. 

1907 

-  Denver. 

1907 

Gypsum. 

1909 

Rockyford. 

1909 

Canon  City. 

1911 

Carbondale. 

1911 

Executive  Committee  in  Charge. 

P.  F.  SHARP,  Chairman. 


B.  F.  ROCKAFELLOW. 


JESSE  HARRIS. 


STATION  STAFF. 

L.  G.  CARPENTER,  M.  S.,  Director,  -  -  -  Irrigation  Engineer 

C.  P.  GILLETTE,  M.  S.,  -  Entomologist 

W.  P.  HEADDEN,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D.,  . Chemist 

WENDELL  PADDOCK,  M.  S., . -  Horticulturist 

W.  L.  CARLYLE,  B.  S.,  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  Agriculturist 

G.  H.  GLOVER,  B.  S.,  D.  V.  M.,  ------  Veterinarian 

W.  H.  OLIN,  M.  S.,  -  - . -  Agronomist 

C.  J.  GRIFFITH,  B.  S.  A.,  -----  Animal  Husbandman 

R.  E.  TRIMBLE,  B.  S.,  -  -  -  -  Assistant  Irrigation  Engineer 

F.  C.  ALFORD,  M.  S.,  -  -  -  -  Assistant  Chemist 

EARL  DOUGLASS,  M.  S.,  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  Assistant  Chemist 

A.  H.  DANIELSON,  B.  S.,  -  -  -  -  -  Assistant  Agriculturist 

S.  ARTHUR  JOHNSON,  M.  S.,  -  -  -  -  Assistant  Entomologist 

B.  O.  LONGYEAR,  B.  S., . Assistant  Horticulturist 

P.  K.  BLINN,  B.  S.,  -  -  Field  Agent,  Arkansas  Valley,  Rockyford 


officers. 

President  BARTON  O.  AYLESWORTH,  A.  M.,  LL.  D. 

L.  G.  CARPENTER,  M.  S.,  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  Director 

A.  M.  HAWLEY, . -  Secretary 

MARGARET  MURRAY, . Stenographer  and  Clerk 


THE  WESTERN  CRICKET. 

(. Anabrus  simplex  Hald.) 


LIFE  HISTORY  AND  REMEDIES. 

BY  C.  P.  GIIvBKTTe;. 

This  so-called  cricket,  which  is  really  a  grasshopper  with  very 
short  wings,  attracted  attention  as  an  injurious  insect  in  Colorado 
for  the  first  time  last  year.  The  insect  is  not  in  any  sense  new,  for 
it  was  here  long  before  any  white  man  set  foot  upon  American  soil. 
This  grasshopper  and  its  habit  of  marching  in  great  armies  have 
,  been  written  about  for  more  than  50  years.*  Judging  from  many 
published  reports,  this  insect  occurs  in  greatest  numbers  over  the 
sage  brush  plains  and  hills  drained  by  the  Snake  river  and  by  Great 
Salt  Lake,  in  Southern  Idaho,  and  Northern  Nevada  and  Utah. 
The  occurrence  of  large  swarms  of  the  “crickets”  in  Southwestern 
Wyoming  or  Northwestern  Colorado  is  not  common,  to  say  the 
least.  Where  it  was  most  numerous  in  Routt  county  the  past  sum¬ 
mer  in  the  vicinity  of  Eddy,  Dunkley  and  Hayden,  the  ranchmen 
declared  that  the  visitation  of  the  past  two  or  three  years  in  that 
region  is  the  first  in  the  memory  of  the  oldest  inhabitants.  Such 
an  unusual  invasion  is  not  likely  to  continue  through  many  years. 

When  the  seriousness  of  the  Routt  county  invasion  became 
known  to  this  office,  Mr.  S.  A.  Johnson  started  on  an  overland  trip 
through  the  infested  area  to  learn  as  much  as  possible  of  the  migrat¬ 
ing  habits  and  the  past  history  of  this  insect,  and  the  writer  went 
directly  to  Steamboat  Springs,  Eddy  and  Dunkley  to  study  the 
habits  and  possible  remedies  where  some  of  the  worst  injuries  were 
being  inflicted.  I  was  fortunate  in  falling  into  the  hands  of  Mr. 
John  A.  Whetstone  and  Mr.  W.  W.  Miles  of  Eddy,  who  showed  me 


*  Some  of  the  more  important  publications  upon  this  insect  are  Stansb. 
Explorations  of  Utah,  1852,  p.  372;  Glover,  Rep.  U.  S.  Dep.  Agr.,  1871,  p.  79; 
Thomas, Ann.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  of  Terr.,Vol.V,  p.  438;  Bruner,  Rep.  U.  S. 
Entomological  Com.,  Vol.  II,  p.  163,  and  Vol.  Ill,  p.  61,  and  Bull.  27,  U.  S.  Dep. 
of  Agr.,  Div.  of  Entomology,  p.  31;  Doten,  Bull.  56,  Nevada  Exp.  Sta.,  Reno 
(This  bulletin  would  be  of  special  interest  to  ranchmen);  Aldrich,  Bull.  41, 
Idaho  Exp.  Sta.,  Moscow;  Gillette,  Entomological  News,  Vol.  XV,  p.  321 
(giving  breeding  and  egg-laying  habits). 


4 


Bulletin  ioi. 


every  courtesy  and  gave  valuable  assistance  in  carrying  on  my  in¬ 
vestigations. 

I  reached  Steamboat  Springs,  July  24th,  where  I  found  nearly 
everyone  had  heard  of  the  swarms  of  black  crickets  that  had  over¬ 
run  the  town  of  Hayden,  and  had  invaded  various  ranches  between 
that  place  and  Eddy,  and  were  wanting  to  know  if  there  was 
any  danger  of  their  reaching  Steamboat  Springs  in  their  eastward 
march.  I  left  for  Eddy  on  the  morning  stage  of  the  25th  of  July, 
but  was  soon  met  by  Mr.  John  A.  Whetstone,  who  took  me  to  his 
home  near  Eddy,  where  there  was  a  rather  large  swarm  of  the 
crickets  camping  upon  a  large  “hog  back”  just  west  of  his  ranch. 
The  crickets  had  been  down  to  an  irrigating  ditch  along  the  west 
side  of  the  ranch,  but  had  not  crossed  in  sufficient  numbers  to  do 
any  harm,  though  there  was  no  telling  how  soon  they  might  do  so. 
Mr.  W.  W.  Miles,  postmaster  at  Eddy,  was  also  afraid  that  the 
crickets  might  destroy  his  crops,  and  they  did  do  considerable  in¬ 
jury  to  a  field  of  oats  and  a  field  of  rye  belonging  to  him.  This 
swarm  had  ceased  its  regular  migrations,  and  for  some  two  weeks 
Mr.  Miles  said  the  hoppers  had  been  wandering  about,  going  down 
the  hills  to  a  ditch  or  stream  of  water  and  then  returning  to  the  hill 
tops.  The  swarm  was  one  of  medium,  or  rather  large  size,  and,  as 
near  as  I  could  estimate,  when  all  moving  in  one  direction,  they 
covered  an  area  about  300  yards  across  by  half  of  a  mile  in  length. 
This  seemed  a  favorable  location,  so  I  stayed  a  few  days  to  make 
observations  and  try  a  few  experiments. 

APPEARANCE  OE  THE  CRICKETS. 

At  the  time  of  my  arrival  at  Eddy,  the  crickets  were  all  quite 
dark  in  color ;  a  casual  observer  would  call  them  black.  I  was  told 
they  were  more  reddish  in  color,  earlier,  and  probably  this  is  spec¬ 
ially  true  just  after  molting  (shedding  their  skin).  The  real  color 
was  a  dark  brown,  tinged  with  olive  green  and  more  or  less 
mottled,  especially  upon  the  abdomen  and  legs,  with  yellowish 
brown.  Specimens  from  Nevada,  sent  me  by  Professor  Doten, 
were  distinctly  more  rufous  in  color.  Both  males  and  females 
measure  from  about  1  1-3  to  1  1-2  inches  in  length.  The  females 
are  easily  distinguished  by  the  long  “tails,”  or  ovipositors,  measur¬ 
ing  about  7/%  of  an  inch  in  length  and  nearly  straight,  but  slightly 
curved.  See  Plate  I,  Fig.  A,  which  shows  the  female  life  size.  In 
place  of  the  ovipositor,  the  males  have  a  pair  of  double  hooks,  or 
clasping  organs,  with  which  they  hold  to  the  female  during  copula¬ 
tion.  These  are  shown  at  E  in  the  same  plate.  The  wings  are 
very  small,  the  front  pair  being  largest,  and  are  used  by  the  males 
for  the  purpose  of  making  the  chirping  or  squeaking  noise  that  is 
always  heard  when  one  disturbs  or  frightens  them.  The  noise  is 
made  by  rubbing  one  wing  over  the  other.  Ordinarily  the  wings 


The  Western  Cricket. 


5 


are  entirely  hidden  by  the  large  cape,  or  pronotum,  back  of  the 
head,  but  this  can  be  raised,  exposing  the  wings  to  view.  The  an¬ 
terior  pair  of  wings  of  the  male  are  shown  twice  natural  size  at 
Plate  I,  Fig.  F. 

OBSERVATIONS  ON  HABITS. 

Breeding  Habits.  From  about  8  o’clock  in  the  morning  until 
noon  or  a  little  after,  I  noticed  many  of  the  females  carried  about 
with  them,  at  the  end  of  the  abdomen,  a  large  mass  of  white,  jelly- 
like  material  (See  Plate  I,  Figs.  C  and  D).  Suspecting  that  this 
phenomenon  was  connected  in  some  way  with  the  breeding  habits 
of  the  crickets,  I  made  observations  which  resulted  in  learning  that 
this  white,  blubber-like  mass  is  received  entirely  from  the  male 
while  in  copula.  So,  whenever  these  white  bodies  are  observed, 
one  may  know  that  the  egg-laying  season  is  already  on  or  about  to 
begin.  Mr.  W.  W.  Miles  told  me  that  he  saw  a  great  many  of  the 
females  with  these  masses  attached  to  them  on  his  ranch  on  June 
27.  This  would  indicate  that  egg-laying  begins  about  the  first  of 
July,  which  agrees  well  with  observations  by  Mr.  John  L.  Yoast, 
who  told  me  that  egg-laying  began  in  1903  about  July  1st,  and 
lasted  till  the  10th  of  September,  at  least. 

The  crickets  were  laying  eggs  freely  during  all  the  time  of  my 
visit.  Dr.  W.  P.  Headden  was  in  Routt  county  in  August,  and 
reported  the  females  depositing  eggs  freely  on  the  hills  between 
Trout  Creek  and  Grass  Creek,  two  miles  northwest  of  Dunkley, 
August  17. 

The  Eggs ,  when  ready  to  be  deposited,  are  dark  chocolate 
brown  in  color,  but  when  the  surface  has  dried  off,  the  color  is 
a  uniform  light  gray.  The  eggs  are  about  one-quarter  of  an  inch 
in  length  by  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch  long,  and  are  nearly  straight. 
They  are  not  deposited  in  compact  clusters,  but  are  distributed 
loosely  to  the  depth  of  about  an  inch,  those  at  the  surface  often 
protruding  a  little.  They  are  shown,  natural  size,  at  Plate  I,  Fig.G. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  anywhere  that  the  female  is  able  to  in¬ 
sert  her  ovipositor  as  the  crickets  are  wandering  about  after  the 
active  migrating  season  is  over,  but  they  prefer  hill  tops  or  hill 
sides,  and  soil  that  is  not  very  hard.  On  the  hills  near  Eddy,  where 
the  swarm  under  observation  was  staying,  I  saw,  on  different  days, 
one  favorite  area  of  several  acres  where  the  females  were  busy  egg- 
laying.  The  ground  was  literally  blackened  with  them,  but  at  my 
approach,  they  would  draw  out  their  ovipositors,  which  are  in¬ 
serted  almost  vertically,  and  go  hopping  away.  Two  samples  of 
surface  soil  were  taken  at  random  from  the  top  of  this  hill  and  the 
eggs  counted.  In  one  instance  there  were  over  2,000,  and  in  the 
other  over  3,000  eggs  to  the  square  foot  of  surface.  If  the  eggs 
should  all  hatch,  there  would  barely  be  standing  room  for  the  young 
hoppers,  and  the  egg-laying  season  was  only  nicely  begun. 


6 


BUEEETIN  io t. 


How  many  eggs  a  female  may  lay  was  not  accurately  deter¬ 
mined,  but  in  one  female  I  counted  133  eggs  in  different  stages  of 
development.  The  eggs  are  not  all  deposited  at  one  time,  neither 
do  the  eggs  seem  to  develop  in  sets  or  broods,  for  in  a  single  female 
would  be  found  ova  that  were  very  small,  and  all  gradations  be¬ 
tween  these  and  those  that  were  fully  grown  and  ready  to  be  de¬ 
posited.  On  July  27,  I  counted  the  eggs  in  the  ovaries  of  a  number 
of  females  that  were  carrying  about  the  sperm  masses  and  found 
the  immature  eggs  to  range  between  the  numbers  34  and  46,  and 
the  mature  eggs  to  range  between  10  and  35. 

The  Chirping,  or  squeaking,  which  is  done  entirely  by  the 
males,  has  two  objects — to  attract  the  females,  and  to  serve  as  a 
note  of  warning.  Early  in  the  morning  one  standing  quietly 
among  the  crickets,  will  hear  the  constant  chirping  of  the  males, 
but  in  the  middle  of  the  day  or  in  the  evening  all  will  be  quite,  as  a 
rule,  until  a  step  is  taken  or  a  motion  is  made,  when  the  chirping 
will  suddenly  begin,  and  all  the  crickets  within  a  radius  of  20  feet 
or  more  will  begin  hopping  or  running  away  as  if  frightened.  When 
traveling  without  being  frightened,  they  always  walk.  When 
night  comes  on  they  climb  into  the  bushes  in  great  numbers  and  re¬ 
main  until  morning.  They  are  very  shy,  however,  and  will  drop 
from  the  bushes  and  weeds  on  the  approach  of  a  moving  object. 

Their  food  is  quite  varied,  but  they  have  their  preferences.. 
They  were  seen  eating  the  leaves  of  sage  brush  ( Artemisia  tri- 
dentata),  but  they  seemed  to  prefer  more  succulent  food,  either 
weeds  or  cultivated  plants.  Oats,  rye,  wheat,  alfalfa,  potatoes  and 
most  garden  vegetables  were  eaten  greedily  by  them,  but  I  was  told 
that  peas  and  timothy  were  hardly  eaten  at  all.  They  are  very 
cannibalistic;  in  fact,  they  seem  to  prefer  a  struggling,  dying  com¬ 
panion  to  anything  else  that  can'be  given  them  as  food.  Mr.  Miles 
told  me  that  he  killed  a  rattlesnake  near  a  swarm  of  the  crickets 
and  a  day  after,  he  was  passing  the  place  and  noticed  the  cleaned 
skeleton  of  the  snake,  which  the  crickets  had  completely  stripped  of 
all  its  flesh.  After  dining  upon  mountain  trout  with  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Miles  and  family,  I  asked  Mrs.  Miles  if  I  might  have  the  bones, 
many  of  which  carried  considerable  meat,  to  feed  to  the  crickets. 
She  gave  her  consent,  and  the  hoppers  ate  of  the  fish  with  apparent 
relish.  They  are  also  very  fond  of  fresh  horse  manure  and  often 
eat  cattle  dung.  Mr.  J.  H.  Yoast  said  they  ate  greedily  of  corn 
meal  which  he  gave  them.  An  insect  with  such  food  habits  is  not 
likely  to  die  very  soon  of  starvation. 

the;  young  crickets. 

On  December  4,  Mr.  J.  H.  Yoast  of  Dunkley,  collected  and 
sent  me  a  large  quantity  of  the  eggs  of  the  cricket,  and  on  the  day 
following,  Mr.  W.  W.  Miles  of  Eddy,  collected  and  sent  a  lot.  As 


The  Western  Cricket. 


7 


soon  as  received,  a  number  of  the  eggs  were  opened  and  the  little 
crickets  were  fully  formed  and  ready  to  emerge.  On  Dec.  12, 
the  young  crickets  began  hatching  and  seemed  perfectly  normal 
and  active  for  a  time,  but  artificial  conditions  did  not  agree  with 
them  and  all  died  after  living  a  few  days. 

A  letter  from  Mr.  J.  H.  Yoast,  dated  March  13,  1905,  stated 
that  the  young  crickets  had  already  hatched  in  millions  on  the  hill¬ 
tops  on  the  south  side,  where  the  snow  was  off. 

DESCRIPTION  OE  YOUNG  CRICKETS. 

When  first  hatched,  the  crickets  are  a  light  flesh  color  through¬ 
out,  except  the  black  eyes,  but  soon  become  quite  black  with  a 
broad,  flesh-colored  stripe  the  entire  length  of  the  back.  Along 
the  middle  of  this  light  dorsal  stripe  are  two  black  lines  separated 
by  a  narrow  line  of  the  flesh  color.  The  hind  margin  of  the  cape, 
or  pronotum,  immediately  above  the  front  pair  of  legs,  is  very  con¬ 
spicuously  light  yellow,  almost  white.  Antennae  somewhat  longer 
than  the  body  and  black. 

MEANS  OF  CONTROL. 

NATURAL  ENEMIES. 

The  greatly  increased  numbers  of  this  grasshopper  are  prob¬ 
ably  due  to  continuous  favorable  conditions  for  their  development, 
especially  proper  climatic  conditions  during  the  winter  and  spring 
months,  and  to  a  decreased  number  of  natural  enemies,  such  as  in¬ 
sect  parasites,  birds  and  certain  mammals.  W e  have  bred  no  para¬ 
sites  from  the  crickets  and  have  found  none  in  their  bodies  upon 
dissection.  Bears  and  coyotes  feed  upon  them,  but  birds  destroy 
them  in  greatest  numbers.  The  birds  I  most  noticed  were  hawks, 
sage  grouse,  and  blackbirds.  The  blackbirds  were  specially  de¬ 
structive,  as  they  would  gather  in  large  flocks,  and  they  did  not  de¬ 
vour  the  crickets  entire,  but  would  eat  only  a  small  part  of  a  single 
cricket,  as  a  rule.  Ptarmagin  and  gulls  have  also  been  reported 
as  feeding  freely  upon  the  crickets,  and  Mr.  John  H.  Yoast  wrote 
me  last  winter  that  the  horned  larks  were  very  active  about  Dunk- 
ley  devouring  the  eggs. 

ARTIFICIAL  REMEDIES. 

This  is  a  difficult  insect  to  cope  with  successfully  and  yet  the 
writer  is  satisfied  that  much  can  be  done  to  prevent  its  depredations 
to  cultivated  crops.  The  remedial  measures  may  be  divided  into 
two  classes — preventive,  and  destructive. 

PREVENTIVE  MEASURES. 

Herding.  One  of  the  simplest  and  most  common  of  these  is 


8 


Bulletin  ioi. 


“herding”  or  driving.  This  consists  in  going  in  front  of  the  swarm 
and  conducting  a  flanking  movement  to  turn  the  line  of  march  to 
the  right  or  left.  I  am  told  by  the  ranchmen  that  it  is  useless  to 
try  to  turn  the  swarm  back,  but  it  may  be  deflected  to  one  side.  This 
is  done  in  various  ways :  sometimes  men,  women  and  children 
go  ahead  of  the  swarm  with  bushes  that  they  use  by  beating  the 
ground  as  they  travel  back  and  forth;  often  saddle  ponies  are 
ridden  back  and  forth,  and  sometimes  bells  are  jingled,  and  tin 
cans  are  beaten  with  sticks  or  stones.  From  some  tests  that  I 
made,  it  seemed  to  me  that  the  hoppers  cared  little  or  nothing  for 
noises,  but  they  are  frightened  by  an  object  in  motion.  Ropes  and 
chains  are  also  used  to  drag  behind  horses  or  between  men  walking 
or  riding. 

Ditching  with  vertical  banks  next  to  the  field  which  is  to  be 
protepted,  and  with  frequent  deep  holes  like  post-holes  in  the  bottom 
into  which  crickets  will  fall  and  pile  up,  have  been  used  with  some 
success,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  there  are  many  cases  where  it  would 
be  practical  to  turn  aside  or  destroy  the  crickets  in  this  manner,  un¬ 
less  a  rapid  flowing  stream  of  water  can  be  kept  running  in  the 
ditch,  in  which  case  the  holes  in  the  bottom  of  the  ditch  would  not 
be  necessary. 

Fencing.  The  crickets  have  the  reputation  of  being  able  to 
climb  a  window  pane  or  any  other  vertical  surface,  no  matter  how 
smooth.  This  was  not  true  of  the  adult  crickets  that  I  made  observa¬ 
tions  upon  at  Eddy.  I  was  unable  to  get  one  to  climb  up  a  vertical 
surfaced  board  until  it  was  inclined  to  a  considerable  angle,  and 
they  were  utterly  unable  to  cling  at  all  to  verticle  tin,  glass,  corru¬ 
gated  iron  roofing,  oilcloth,  or  ordinary  glazed  wrapping  paper, 
such  as  is  used  everywhere  in  meat  markets  and  in  other  stores  to 
wrap  goods  in. 

Professor  Aldrich,  in  Bulletin  41  of  the  Idaho  Experiment 
Station,  reports  the  use  of  boards  eight  inches  wide,  placed  edge¬ 
wise,  end  to  end,  about  a  garden,  with  a  strip  of  tin  on  the  upper 
edge  projecting  horizontally  two  inches  as  a  barrier,  that  the  crickets 
can  not  crawl  over.  Professor  Doten  of  the  Nevada  Experiment 
Station,  printed  a  letter  from  Prof.  Kellogg  of  Stanford  Univer¬ 
sity,  which  says  that  in  Washington  state  six-inch  boards  are  used 
effectually  in  the  same  manner,  except  that  the  tin  strip  is  about  five 
inches  wide  and  is  placed  vertically  and  recurved  outwardly.  I 
tried  the  fence  as  described  by  Prof.  Aldrich,  and  found  it  quite 
satisfactory.  Care  must  be  taken  to  have  the  tin  projecting  fully 
two  inches.  It  seems  to  me  that  the  ideal  way  would  be  to  have 
this  fence  along  the  border  of  a  ditch  on  the  side  next  the  crop,  so 
that  the  crickets  would  fall  back  in  the  water  and  be  carried  down 
stream.  Surfaced  boards  would  be  best,  but  if  only  rough  boards 
were  at  hand,  these  could  be  covered  with  oilcloth  or  glazed  paper. 


mr.  ,1  "m"m> 


Plate  I.  ANABRUS  SIMPLEX. 

A,  adult  female  ;  B,  a  comparatively  straight  ovipositor ;  C,  blubber-like  mass  clasped 
by  the  vulva  of  the  female  ;  D,  the  mass  removed  immediately  after  copulation,  showing 
the  two  small  lobes  that  are  clasped  by  vulva  of  female  ;  E,  end  of  male  abdomen  from 
above,  showing  clasping  organs ;  F,  wings  of  adult  male ;  G,  a  cluster  of  eggs  in  the 
ground,  the  upper  one  protruding  above  the  surface.  All  natural  size,  except  E  and  F, 
which  are  twice  natural  size.  Miss  Miriam  A.  Palmer,  artist.  Original  in  Entomologi¬ 
cal  Neios,  December,  1904. 


Figri  re  I. 


Figure  I.  Young  of  the  Western  Cricket  ( Anabrus  simplex)  only  a  few  hours 
from  the  egg  ;  enlarged  six  times.  Miss  Miriam  Palmer,  artist. 


COLO.  EXP  STA. 


09 

V 

-*-> 

eJ 

■© 

0) 

<o 

Eh 


<19 

C9 

eS 


X 

o 

o 


to 

W  O 

I  3 

-  03 

c<3  o 

<->  O 
W)  -5 

a  o 

w  09 

09  £ 

M 


— 

£ 

+J 

0) 

-a  5 

M 

A* 

& 

Ah 

H 

Cfi 

0 

© 

•CJ  'Q 
te  © 

^  in 

IH 

.  cc 

A 

H 

H 

fl  c* 

~  a 

A 

► — \ 

M 

0 

A  L 

o  ^ 

•S  09 
■jr?  X 

£ 

tf 

09  £3 
09 

«*5 

fH  +, 

•fH  W 

C/3 

IN 

•a  2 

rQ 
09  +> 
rl 

£ 

5  . 

0 

M 

H 

a 

&  a 
%  09 

O  >> 

h 

a 

a 

.3 

<0  09 

c/3  *d 

£ 

M 

-3  ~ 

0 

PH 

g  « 

M 

'd  5r 

Z? 

£  8 

O  09 

t-  t» 
t- 

• 

1— 1 

rt  a 

M 

09  09 

,2  X 

o 

■M 

3 


& 


c 

a 


The  Western  Cricket. 


9 


Where  it  is  obtainable,  long,  narrow  strips  of  corrugated  or  other 
sheet  iron  could  be  used  alone. 

DESTRUCTIVE  MEASURES. 

While  I  was  only  able  to  make  a  few  tests  in  a  small  way  of 
any  means  of  destroying  the  crickets,  it  seems  to  me  that  it  is  here 
that  we  shall  find  some  of  the  most  promising  methods  of  keeping 
these  destructive  insects  in  check.  First,  and  perhaps  most  promis¬ 
ing  among  these  methods,  I  will  mention  the  use  of 

Coal  Oil  or  Petroleum  on  Water.  I  find  some  who  have  used 
coal  oil  on  water,  report  good  success  and  others  report  failure. 
One  party  who  used  the  oil  at  Hayden  last  year  said,  “We  killed 
them  all  right  when  we  used  enough  oil.”  I  am  confident  that 
wherever  a  vertical  ditch  bank  or  a  fence  upon  one  of  the  above 
plans  can  be  used  to  tumble  the  crickets  back  into  the  water  of  a 
ditch  that  they  are  crossing,  that  they  can  be  killed  ift  enormous 
quantities  with  the  oil,  as  follows : 

Throw  a  dam  across  the  ditch,  arranged  so  as  to  allow  the  water 
to  escape  through  an  opening  near  the  bottom  of  the  dam,  but  not 
allowing  it  to  run  over  the  top.  The  water  will  back  up  and  can 
be  covered  with  a  heavy  film  of  oil  that  will  not  run  off,  and,  as  the 
crickets  accumulate  above  the  dam  they  could  be  raked  out  and 
shoveled  into  a  pile.  They  would  make  an  excellent  fertilizer. 

Poisoning.  I  tested  white  arsenic,  dissolved,  and  as  a  powder, 
and  Paris  green  for  the  destruction  of  the  crickets.  I  found  that 
it  was  necessary  to  use  the  poisons  freely  in  order  to  kill  at  all 
quickly.  I  found  that  the  dissolved  arsenic  was  most  satisfactory 
in  its  results.  I  also  found  that  the  crickets  are  very  fond  of  sugar 
and  took  the  poisons  more  freely  when  sweetened.  The  poisons 
were  put  upon  green  vegetation,  such  as  cabbage  leaves  and  beet 
leaves,  and  upon  fresh  horse  manure.  It  seems  probable  that 
poisoned  baits  of  green  food  placed  in  the  track  of  the  crickets,  es¬ 
pecially  in  the  early  morning,  might  be  quite  effectual  in  destroying 
them.  I  would  use  the  poison  in  the  proportion  of  about  i  pound 
to  io  gallons  of  water,  and  thoroughly  moisten  the  food  with  it. 
Enough  sugar  to  sweeten  the  bait  a  little  will  make  it  more  accept¬ 
able.  Poisoned  sweetened  water  put  anywhere  in  the  way  of  the 
crickets  might  serve  to  kill  them. 

Where  the  crickets  are  marching  into  a  field  of  oats,  potatoes 
or  other  cultivated  crop,  I  believe  an  arsenical  poison  in  the  pro¬ 
portions  mentioned  above,  sprayed  upon  the  plants  along  the  border 
of  the  field  where  the  crickets  first  enter,  would  destroy  a  large  pro¬ 
portion  of  them.  The  first  that  die  will  be  eaten  by  their  comrades, 
and  so  one  dose  may  do  double  duty.  It  might  be  practical  to 
poison  the  native  food-plants  where  the  young  feed  before  taking 
on  their  marching  habit. 


10 


Bulletin  ioi. 


If  it  is  desired  to  dissolve  the  arsenic,  this  may  be  done  by 
boiling  a  pound  of  it  in  a  gallon  of  water  with  two  pounds  of  sal- 
soda.  This  may  then  be  diluted  to  io  gallons.  If  living  plants  are 
to  be  sprayed,  it  will  probably  be  better  to  use  the  arsenic  or  the 
Paris  green  without  dissolving;  simply  mix  them  with  the  water. 

Plowing.  Some  times  the  eggs  are  deposited  in  great  num¬ 
bers  where  they  may  be  turned  deeply  under  by  plowing.  This 
would  probably  prevent  the  escape  of  the  little  crickets  when  they 
hatch. 

Burning.  Whenever  there  is  enough  dry  vegetation  to  burn 
on  the  hills  where  most  of  the  eggs  are  laid,  fire  could  be  used  to 
advantage. 

Crushing.  When  a  swarm  is  on  level  ground,  great  numbers 
can  be  killed  by  running  a  roller  over  them. 

Great  numbers  can  often  be  killed  by  driving  sheep  about  over 
the  swarm. 

In  mentioning  remedies,  I  have  been  unable  to  speak  from  any 
practical  experience,  having  had  none.  I  have  done  what  I  could 
to  collect  information  from  the  experiences  and  reports  of  others 
and  have  made  some  observations  and  tests  in  the  field  in  the  vi¬ 
cinity  of  Eddy  and  Dunkley,  and  offer  the  above  remedies  as  sug¬ 
gestions.  I  would  like  to  speak  more  definitely,  positively  and  en¬ 
couragingly  of  some  remedy,  but  can  not  as  yet.  If  the  crickets 
should  continue  to  increase  the  present  year,  I  hope,  with  the  co¬ 
operation  of  the  ranchmen,  to  carry  on  some  tests  of  remedies  in  a 
more  practical  and  extensive  way  in  the  field  the  coming  summer. 
I  shall  be  glad  to  be  kept  fully  informed  of  the  conditions  and  move¬ 
ments  of  the  crickets  during  the  present  season.  If  anyone  should 
test  any  of  the  remedies  suggested,  or  others,  I  should  be  very  glad 
to  be  notified  of  the  results,  whether  successful  or  not.  Valuable 
information  gained  by  the  Experiment  Station  will  be  given  out  to 
the  ranchmen,  and  in  these  ways  we  may  be  mutually  helpful. 


DISTRIBUTION  AND  MIGRATIONS.* * 


BY  S.  ARTHUR  JOHNSON. 

An  extended  trip,  occupying  nearly  two  weeks,  was  taken  in 
the  summer  of  1904  through  that  part  of  Routt  county  which  is 
subject  to  invasion  by  the  western  cricket.  Special  attention  was 
given  to  securing  data  and  observations  on  the  migrations  and 
habits  of  these  insects. 

This  species  was  studied  to  some  extent  during  the  seventies 
and  early  eighties  by  the  Entomological  Commission  of  the  U.  S. 
Government.*  * 

The  observations  made  at  that  time  confirm  the  conclusions 
arrived  at  last  summer,  that  the  cricket  has  its  permanent  home  in 
certain  dry  hills.  They  live  and  prosper  there  every  year,  but  suc¬ 
cess  comes  to  them  as  it  does  to  other  insects,  in  liberal  proportions 
on  certain  years.  The  young  have  a  curious  and  unexplained  habit 
of  migrating.  These  events  appear  to  have  only  slight  connection 
with  the  abundance  of  food,  though  the  most  numerous  bands  travel 
the  greatest  distances.  On  reaching  a  desirable  pasture  they  first 
eat  ravenously  and  then  resume  the  march.  The  latter  part  of  the 
army  crowding  upon  the  leaders  causes  them  to  move  forward.  If 
the  band  is  very  large,  the  crowding  will  give  rise  to  a  more  rapid 
pace  than  where  the  numbers  are  smaller. 

The  migrations  appear  to  have  a  marked  relation  to  the  dis¬ 
tribution  of  the  species.  The  successful  breeding  grounds  are  dry 
hills,  which  are  often  at  considerable  distances  from  each  other. 
Since  the  insects  are  unable  to  fly,  it  would  be  next  to  impossible 
for  isolated  individuals  to  reach  new  territory.  This  can  be,  and 
is,  accomplished  by  the  armies,  which  even  pass  considerable  streams 
in  their  march. 

The  homes,  so  far  as  we  can  learn,  appear  to  be  of  two  kinds : 
permanent,  where  the  insects  are  always  more  or  less  abundant; 
and  temporary,  where  the  migrating  hordes  reach  a  new  locality 


*  A  more  detailed  account  of  this  phase  was  presented  to  the  Associa¬ 
tion  of  Economic  Entomologists  at  their  last  meeting  and  will  appear  with 
the  proceedings  of  that  body. 

*  *  Second  Report  of  the  U.  S.  Entomological  Commission,  pp.  16  3-170. 
Third  Report  of  the  Entomological  Commission,  pp.  61-64. 


12 


Bulletin  ioi. 


which  is  favorable  to  the  laying  of  eggs.  In  the  latter  case  the 
new  grounds  furnish  a  resting  place,  where  the  insects  may  be 
found  for  a  greater  or  less  length  of  time.  If  they  are  successful 
here,  they  may  invade  new  territory,  or,  on  the  other  hand,  they 
may  be  overcome  by  enemies  and  adverse  circumstances  and  dis¬ 
appear. 

A  trait  of  this  species,  as  well  as  some  others  of  the  same 
genus,  is  to  travel  in  bands  of  greater  or  less  magnitude.  When 
the  eggs  hatch  well,  these  bands  assume  almost  incredible  propor¬ 
tions.  Prof.  Bruner  states :  “As  a  rule,  they  collect  into  lines 
varying  from  a  few  to  hundreds  of  yards  in  width,  and  from  a 
few  hundred  feet  to  a  mile  or  more  in  length.”  These  armies  mi¬ 
grate  in  different  directions  from  the  breeding  grounds,  as  if  by 
common  consent.  The  sight  of  an  army  on  the  march  is  one  of 
the  most  wonderful  in  the  insect  world.  The  heads  are  all  in  one 
direction;  the  troops  move  along  in  a  steady  and  orderly  fashion 
without  confusion  or  much  noise,  the  members  traveling  on  “all 
sixes.”  The  sight  of  a  band  in  its  progress  reminds  one  of  the 
movement  of  a  full  stream.  There  is  the  same  steady  motion  and 
ceaseless  flow.  So  far  as  we  observed,  it  was  only  when  alarmed 
that  the  insects  began  to  jump,  and  the  sharp,  warning  notes  of  the 
males  set  the  surrounding  members  in  commotion  and  precipitous 
flight.  Most  observers  state  that  the  line  of  direction  is  not  changed ; 
that  the  insects  will  cross  streams  and  ditches,  climb  cliffs  and  go 
over  houses  and  fences,  rather  than  change  their  purpose.  This  can 
be  true  only  in  part.  It  is  well  known  that  many  separate  armies 
have  followed  rather  tortuous  courses  during  their  periods  of  wan¬ 
dering.  They  are  commonly  diverted  from  entering  cultivated 
fields  by  herding.  Many  original  armies  appear  to  have  been  split 
into  different  bands  and  thereafter  to  have  pursued  widely  diverg¬ 
ing  lines.  All  of  the  things  mentioned  above  are  true,  but  their 
persistence  in  a  distinct  direction  in  any  particular  case  is  prob¬ 
ably  due  to  the  pressure  of  their  companions  on  all  sides,  which 
makes  a  change  impossible. 

W e  lack  definite  data  regarding  the  exact  period  in  the  insect's 
life  when  the  migrations  begin,  but  observers  say  that  when  they 
are  first  herded  they  are  of  all  sizes,  and  some  report  that  at  the 
first  appearance  the  insects  are  very  small. 

The  length  of  time  employed  in  travel  depends  largely  upon 
the  time  of  maturing  of  the  insect.  During  the  summer  of  1904, 
the  forward  march  was  not  continued  beyond  the  middle  of  July. 
The  visitation,  however,  was  said  to  be  earlier  than  usual,  owing 
to  the  nature  of  the  spring,  which  caused  the  eggs  to  hatch  at  an 
early  date. 

When  the  egg-laying  period  is  reached,  the  insects  retire  to 
the  dry  hills,  where  they  spend  their  time  providing  for  their  off- 


The  Western  Cricket. 


!3 


spring.  The  migrations  after  this  period  begins  consist  only  in 
short  trips  from  the  breeding  grounds  to  feeding  places  and  back. 
When  in  the  neighborhood  of  water  they  have  been  observed  to  go 
to  it,  drink  and  retire.  The  gregarious  habit  still  prevails.  The 
bands,  though  somewhat  scattered,  still  maintain  their  entity.  Usu¬ 
ally  the  lines  marking  the  margins  of  a  group  are  sharply  defined 
and  only  a  few  stragglers  are  to  be  found  beyond  its  limits. 

The  distances  to  which  the  insects  may  travel  during  the  mi¬ 
grations  and  the  rate  of  travel  vary  greatly.  The  bands  which 
reached  Eddy  and  came  within  five  miles  of  Steamboat  Springs 
may  have  traveled  between  fifteen  and  thirty  miles.  It  is  not  al¬ 
together  certain  where  the  starting  point  was.  The  band  which 
reached  Lay,  traveled  much  farther.  With  regard  to  the  rate  of 
travel  we  have  one  authentic  record.  The  army  which  found  its 
resting  place  at  Pagoda  was  reported  by  telephone  from  four  miles 
up  the  fork  a  week  before  it  reached  that  place.  That  is,  it  trav¬ 
eled  at  the  rate  of  something  over  half  a  mile  per  day. 

The  traveling,  so  far  as  we  observed,  was  done  entirely  by 
daylight.  At  night  the  insects  mass  themselves  upon  the  sage  brush 
or  other  vegetation  and  remain  there  until  daylight.  The  Ento¬ 
mological  Commission  records  that  the  invasions  were  made  at 
night,  but  such  was  not  our  observation.  Reports  were  made, 
however,  of  insects  being  found  in  the  houses  in  large  numbers 
early  in  the  morning. 

Several  localities  were  found  where  the  insects  were  oviposit¬ 
ing.  They  were  invariably  dry  knolls,  which  were  nearly  or  quite 
barren  of  vegetation,  and  where  the  soil  was  soft  and  usually  clayey. 
The  eggs  did  not  appear  to  be  numerous  in  any  locality  west  of 
Dunkley.  At  Pagoda  four  counts  were  made  of  separate  deposits 
which  contained  18,  4,  9  and  14  eggs,  respectively. 

There  is  but  little  doubt  that  the  western  cricket  is  perma¬ 
nently  located  in  the  Danforth  hills  (See  map)  south  and  west  of 
Axiel.  A  lady  living  there  reported  that  on  her  ranch  seven  miles 
east,  it  was  necessary  to  fight  the  insects  almost  every  year.  They 
come  in  from  the  west  and  travel  east  and  up  canons,  and  are  kept 
off  the  crops  by  herding  and  noise.  The  insects  are  sometimes 
quite  young  when  they  appear,  and  the  invasions  are  liable  to  con¬ 
tinue  until  they  are  full  grown  and  retire  to  the  hills. 

At  Hamilton,  a  town  perhaps  twenty  miles  east  of  Axiel  on 
the  William’s  Fork  of  Bear  river,  we  were  able  to  obtain 
definite  data  regarding  them. 

The  first  observations  were  made  by  Mr.  T.  H.  Hamilton  in 
1879.  He  kindly  gave  me  the  following  notes:  From  here  the 
insects  travel  northeast,  and  to  accomplish  this  it  is  necessary  for 
them  to  cross  William’s  Fork,  which  flows  quite  rapidly  at  this 
point.  In  making  the  attempt,  immense  numbers  were  drowned 


14 


Bulletin  ioi. 


and  floated  down  the  river,  but  the  rest  succeeded  in  crossing.  A 
glance  at  the  map  will  show  that  they  found  themselves  immediately 
in  the  William’s  River  mountains.  Here  they  located  and  laid 
eggs  which  hatched  the  following  spring  as  soon  as  the  snow  began 
to  melt.  The  young  endured  the  rigors  of  the  season  without 
apparent  inconvenience.  Frequently  at  night  they  would  freeze, 
only  to  thaw  out  the  next  day  and  renew  operations.  Sometimes 
they  were  buried  beneath  the  snow,  where  they  remained  until  that 
was  melted. 

Three  years  later  (1882),  a  horde  visited  Hayden,  a  town 
north  and  east  of  Hamilton  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  William’s 
River  mountains.  During  this  visitation  they  did  considerable 
damage  to  gardens  and  crops,  which  at  that  time,  however,  were 
not  so  important  a  feature  as  they  have  since  become.  It  seems 
probable  that  the  drove  which  visited  Hayden  were  the  descendants 
of  those  at  Hamilton  three  years  before.  The  first  brood  may  have 
found  a  temporary  home  in  the  William’s  River  mountains,  in 
which  they  gathered  sufficient  strength  to  make  the  invasion  into. 
Hayden. 

We  have  two  records  of  the  next  great  migration,  which  oc¬ 
curred  in  1895.  They  were  made  at  Hamilton  and  at  Lay.  The 
first  was  observed  by  Mr.  Hamilton,  and  the  second  by  Mrs.  Calla¬ 
han.  Lay  is  located  thirty  miles  west  of  Hayden  and  seven  miles 
north  of  Bear  river.  The  drove,  which  was  not  very  large  at  this 
place,  came  from  the  southwest  and  went  north.  The  remarkable 
feature  is  that  the  insects  must  have  come  across  Bear  river,  since 
there  are  no  hills  between  this  and  the  river  where  they  are  lo¬ 
cated.  The  original  brood  must  have  been  enormous,  for  even 
the  large  numbers  at  Hayden  this  year  failed  to  effect  a  crossing. 
The  band  was  evidently  following  up  the  valley  of  Juniper  creek. 
It  is  not  an  uncommon  habit  for  the  insects  to  follow  a  river  valley 
when  migrating.  The  general  direction  of  the  broods  must  have 
been  more  northerly  than  usual,  for  this  is  the  only  record  we  have 
of  a  visit  to  this  locality. 

The  third  great  migration  reached  Hamilton  in  1900  and  a 
second  wave  followed  in  1902.  Both  crossed  the  William’s  Fork 
as  the  previous  broods  had  done.  During  the  last  trip  they  de¬ 
stroyed  twenty-five  acres  of  grain  belonging  to  Mr.  Hamilton,  who 
herded  them  off  the  garden  with  partial  success.  Attempts  were 
made  to  poison  the  insects  with  Paris  green  and  to  kill  them  with 
kerosene  oil,  but  owing  to  the  immense  numbers  these  methods 
were  of  little  avail. 

Eggs  were  laid  again  in  the  Hayden  divide  and  apparently,  at 
least,  gave  rise  to  the  unprecedented  numbers  of  1904.  It  is  not 
quite  certain  how  long  the  insects  have  been  located  on  the  Hayden 
divide.  Some  say  that  they  have  been  there  for  the  past  ten 


The  Western  Cricket. 


i5 


years,  which  would  throw  their  existence  back  to  the  brood  of 
1895.  Observations  by  ranchmen  are  intermittant  and  occasional. 
The  country  is  extensive  and  seldom  visited  by  the  people  in  every 
locality.  Owing  to  the  gregarious  habits  of  the  pest,  it  is  quite 
possible  that  small  bands  could  exist  in  the  hills  for  years  without 
being  observed.  In  any  case,  the  migrations  of  1900  and  1902 
must  have  been  an  important  factor  in  overpopulating  the  breeding 
grounds. 

The  spring  of  1904  opened  very  early,  and  in  the  first  part  of 
summer  the  hordes  began  to  come  down  among  the  ranches  from  the 
Hayden  divide.  Judging  from  the  directions  in  which  the  broods 
traveled,  eggs  must  have  been  deposited  the  previous  year  over  a 
large  proportion  of  the  range. 

At  Hayden  the  insects  appeared  about  the  first  of  June,  travel¬ 
ing  east  and  northeast.  On  reaching  the  ditch  between  the  hills 
and  cultivated  fields,  they  leaped  into  it  and  crossed.  Many  dead 
and  living  floated  down  the  ditch,  where  they  lodged  against  a  dam, 
making  a  mass  forty  feet  long,  one  foot  deep  and  perhaps  four  feet 
wide. 

The  chief  injuries  were  to  potatoes,  alfalfa  and  young  clover. 
No  remedies  were  effective.  Coal  oil  was  permitted  to  drip  from 
the  bottom  of  a  can  into  the  ditch.  This,  floating  over  the  surface 
of  the  water,  did  good  service,  but  the  price  of  coal  oil  in  this  lo¬ 
cality  is  so  high  that  the  remedy  is  an  expensive  one. 

The  army  traveled  on  until  it  came  into  contact  with  a  bend 
in  the  Bear  river,  when  it  was  deflected  from  its  course,  and,  follow¬ 
ing  the  current  of  water,  visited  Hayden  a  second  time  a  few  weeks 
later.  At  the  time  of  our  visit,  during  the  latter  part  of  July,  the 
adults  were  to  be  found  in  considerable  numbers  in  the  hills  south 
of  Hayden,  where  they  were  ovipositing.  Search  was  made  for 
eggs,  but  they  did  not  appear  to  be  abundant. 

Swarms,  coming  apparently  from  the  eastern  end  of  the  divide, 
invaded  the  country  toward  Eddy  and  Steamboat  Springs.  There 
seems  to  have  been  several  divisions  of  this  migration.  At  Dunk- 
ley,  Mr.  Yoast  herded  them  off  his  crops  for  weeks,  after  which 
they  seemed  to  retire  to  the  Hayden  divide,  which  is  contiguous  to 
this  place.  An  immense  swarm  reached  Eddy  and  located  in  the 
hills  at  that  place,  where  eggs  were  laid  in  greater  abundance  than 
was  noted  at  any  other  locality. 

Still  another  band,  taking  a  northeasterly  direction,  made  its 
way  to  within  a  few  miles  of  Steamboat  Springs. 

A  very  large  band  entered  the  valley  of  the  William’s  Fork 
and  followed  it,  traveling  west  to  Pagoda,  at  which  place  it  was 
within  twelve  miles  of  the  spot  where  the  original  migrants  crossed 
the  fork  at  Hamilton.  The  numbers  were  so  great  that  they  were 
piled  in  the  road  several  inches  deep.  Numbers  died  in  the  ditches, 


i6 


Bulletin  ioi. 


but  others  entered  the  alfalfa  fields,  which  they  destroyed  for  a  dis¬ 
tance  of  thirty  or  forty  feet,  eating  the  leaves  and  tender  shoots, 
but  leaving  the  bare  stems  standing.  Garden  crops  suffered  severe¬ 
ly  and  a  field  of  oats  was  eaten  almost  to  the  ground.  They  were 
herded  off  the  crops  with  bells  and  riding  horsemen,  but  this  was 
only  partially  successful.  The  insects  persisted  in  their  attacks 
for  two  weeks,  after  which  they  retired  to  the  hills. 

As  already  stated,  the  Entomological  Commission  studied  this 
insect  in  the  latter  seventies.  Prof.  Packard  records  its  injuries 
from  1865  to  T^79  Utah,  Idaho  and  Nevada,  and  states  that  the 
insects  were  becoming  less  destructive  than  formerly.  From  that 
time  until  recently  but  little  attention  has  been  given  to  them.  In 
March,  1904,  Prof.  Aldrich  devoted  a  portion  of  Bulletin  41  of 
the  Idaho  Station,  to  its  injuries  and  control.  It  appears  that  the 
insect  gives  some  annoyance  in  parts  of  Southern  Idaho  almost 
every  year. 

In  Eastern  Nevada  the  crickets  have  been  very  common  and 
destructive  for  several  years.  Prof.  Doten,  in  Bulletin  56  of  the 
Nevada  Station,  has  given  an  excellent  account  of  the  life  habits, 
and  suggests  remedies. 

The  reasons  for  the  periodic  outbreaks  of  the  pest  are  un¬ 
known,  but  it  is  probable  that  they  are  mostly  climatic.  Springs 
which  are  favorable  to  the  hatching  of  the  eggs,  followed  by 
scarcity  of  food  in  mountain  valleys,  are  doubtless  important  items. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS-URBANA 

630.7C71B  C001 

BULLETIN.  FORT  COLLINS 
100-101  1905 


3  0112  019442729 


